1 00:00:00,430 --> 00:00:06,870 Good morning everyone, we start with the second point of our unit of the circulatory system. 2 00:00:07,009 --> 00:00:13,169 We have seen that we have some extracellular fluids in our body and one of them was the blood plasma. 3 00:00:13,650 --> 00:00:19,609 So today we are going to study that blood plasma but also the cell related to that blood plasma. 4 00:00:20,070 --> 00:00:22,929 So we are on point number 2, blood. 5 00:00:32,759 --> 00:00:39,200 We need to make this outline on our notebook. I am going to fill it while speaking. 6 00:00:39,200 --> 00:00:45,200 So, don't focus just on writing, but also on the explanation that I give you. 7 00:00:45,200 --> 00:00:49,200 So, blood is a compound of two different things. 8 00:00:49,200 --> 00:00:59,729 One of them that is liquid, which is the plasma, and one of them that are solid, which are cells. 9 00:00:59,729 --> 00:01:03,729 So, the plasma is liquid, whereas the cells are solid. 10 00:01:03,729 --> 00:01:06,730 So, what is the plasma compound of? 11 00:01:06,730 --> 00:01:16,870 Every liquid that we have in our body, every fluid, basically is composed of water, and 12 00:01:16,870 --> 00:01:22,010 then since the plasma, the function is to transport things around the body, we're going 13 00:01:22,010 --> 00:01:23,769 to have the things that are transported. 14 00:01:23,769 --> 00:01:35,780 For example, nutrients that we see in the digestive system, how the nutrients are transported 15 00:01:35,780 --> 00:01:40,280 from the intestine where they are absorbed to the different cells of our body. 16 00:01:40,280 --> 00:01:48,980 We also have minerals, mineral salts, which we need for several functions. 17 00:01:48,980 --> 00:01:50,980 What else do we transport? 18 00:01:50,980 --> 00:02:03,980 Last unit we studied the respiratory system and we have seen that the blood carries oxygen and also carbon dioxide, two gases in the blood. 19 00:02:03,980 --> 00:02:16,770 What else? Waste products, in order to eliminate them from the body. 20 00:02:16,770 --> 00:02:24,770 Second part, the cells. We have three different types of cells in our body, in our blood, okay? 21 00:02:24,770 --> 00:02:29,770 The first one are the red blood cells or erythrocytes. 22 00:02:29,770 --> 00:02:47,569 Yes, we need to learn the name of them and yes, you need to make the drawings, the squares and everything which appears in the outline. 23 00:02:47,569 --> 00:02:57,889 how many erythrocytes we have in our body look we have about four to five million of them 24 00:02:57,889 --> 00:03:10,800 on each cubic millimeters so in a single drop of salt you have from four to five millions of 25 00:03:10,800 --> 00:03:18,800 red blood cells and make your image do you remember the tissue when we saw the blood 26 00:03:18,800 --> 00:03:28,280 and that appear that everything was full of erythrocytes also they have a protein inside 27 00:03:28,280 --> 00:03:45,659 which is the hemoglobin which is the responsible for carrying the oxygen hemoglobin if this is our 28 00:03:45,659 --> 00:03:52,280 blood cell inside here remember that they are cells okay they have the membrane they have the 29 00:03:52,280 --> 00:03:57,840 cytoplasm but the erythrocytes are special because they do not have nucleus okay important 30 00:03:57,840 --> 00:04:05,120 they do not have nucleus but inside the cytoplasm they have a protein which is called a hemoglobin 31 00:04:05,120 --> 00:04:13,680 which is going to pick up the oxygen inside the erythrocyte to move it all around the body okay 32 00:04:13,680 --> 00:04:24,980 and this hemoglobin as i said transport oxygen it's transport oxygen so the cells can do the 33 00:04:24,980 --> 00:04:38,060 cellular respiration and the shape is a big concave disc so that shape and because with 34 00:04:38,060 --> 00:04:43,660 that shape is easier to plus pass through the capillaries when they are very thick 35 00:04:44,860 --> 00:04:57,360 next cell that we have a we have the white blood cells they are the one which are responsible for 36 00:04:57,360 --> 00:05:11,680 the defense of our body we have about 300 000 of them per cubic millimeter so also we have a lot 37 00:05:11,680 --> 00:05:17,439 of them it depends this quantity changes depending if you are sick or not if you have an illness 38 00:05:17,439 --> 00:05:23,040 inside yourself you have more white blood cell that if you are sane because that means that 39 00:05:23,040 --> 00:05:30,800 your body is reacting to help you fighting the infection also what is this function basically 40 00:05:31,360 --> 00:05:43,660 fight fight what did i say fight infection infection it could be bacteria virus protozoa 41 00:05:43,660 --> 00:05:51,339 fungi um worms i know any type of infection is tied by the white blood cell the problem is that 42 00:05:51,339 --> 00:05:57,180 sometimes the white blood cells are not working correctly and they find our own cells because they 43 00:05:57,180 --> 00:06:04,139 think that they are dangerous for us okay for example in some self-immune diseases 44 00:06:04,139 --> 00:06:10,620 that's what happened for example in leucemia in leucemia leucemia in spanish that's what happens 45 00:06:10,620 --> 00:06:16,300 white blood cells think that our own cells are dangerous and they fight against them 46 00:06:17,019 --> 00:06:29,540 okay what's the shape they are spherical oops i think i made a mistake here sorry guys 47 00:06:29,540 --> 00:06:34,579 this is not a hundred thousand is eight thousand okay they're not that many 48 00:06:36,100 --> 00:06:44,180 have something changed here okay eight thousand okay and last cells that are in our body in fact 49 00:06:44,180 --> 00:06:51,519 they are not really cells they are part of cells and they are the platelets which in spanish we 50 00:06:51,519 --> 00:07:00,720 call them plaquetas okay the these are the ones that are 300 000 per millimeter per cubic 51 00:07:00,720 --> 00:07:15,740 millimeter and they help with coagulation what is coagulation when we have a um when we hurt 52 00:07:15,740 --> 00:07:24,459 ourselves and we have blood getting out okay if something doesn't stop it we will die because 53 00:07:24,459 --> 00:07:31,980 the blood keeps going out and out so platelets help with the coagulation closing okay all the 54 00:07:31,980 --> 00:07:39,899 holes that can be on the skin inside our body okay they help with the coagulation and they are 55 00:07:39,899 --> 00:07:56,350 pieces of cells and they are irregular. So the platelets are not really really cells but also 56 00:07:56,350 --> 00:08:04,589 big cells that cut in different places and help with coagulation. Next step, what is the function 57 00:08:04,589 --> 00:08:11,310 in general of the blood? It has three basic functions. The first one is to transport things, 58 00:08:11,310 --> 00:08:18,660 it can transfer oxygen, it can transfer nutrients, it can transfer waste products, 59 00:08:18,660 --> 00:08:27,579 also regulation regulation for example temperature regulation is one of them 60 00:08:27,579 --> 00:08:38,200 and also defense so these are the three function of the blood we are going to 61 00:08:38,200 --> 00:08:43,460 learn some more about the erythrocyte the red blood cell maybe you have heard 62 00:08:43,460 --> 00:08:51,620 that you have a blood type which is a positive a B negative or zero positive 63 00:08:51,620 --> 00:08:59,700 zero negative, a, b, okay? Those are log types. We're gonna learn a little bit more about it. So, 64 00:09:00,340 --> 00:09:12,629 2.1, log types. We're gonna make this a square, okay, and this is a square, and we're gonna 65 00:09:12,629 --> 00:09:22,789 divide it into the four different log types, a, b, a, b, and zero. Maybe, and I'm going to 66 00:09:22,789 --> 00:09:28,470 ask you in the exercise you can ask at home which is your blood type okay or what which are your 67 00:09:28,470 --> 00:09:35,029 parents blood type or your grandparents or your own your uncle your brother your sister okay to 68 00:09:35,029 --> 00:09:40,470 compare the different types of blood types that you have in your family okay that is really really 69 00:09:40,470 --> 00:09:47,190 interesting now let's see why we have these blood types these blood types depend on the red blood 70 00:09:47,190 --> 00:09:54,710 cells okay the retrocyte the red blood cells they are cell remember they have membrane they 71 00:09:54,710 --> 00:10:01,830 have cytoplasm the only difference is that they do not have a nucleus okay so on their membrane 72 00:10:02,710 --> 00:10:09,990 they have different proteins different carbohydrates actually different carbohydrates 73 00:10:09,990 --> 00:10:17,429 that they are going to mark if they are a b a b or zero i have made circles underscore but they do 74 00:10:17,429 --> 00:10:25,669 not have that shape okay it's just an imaginary shape so we have something on the membrane that 75 00:10:25,669 --> 00:10:35,750 is going to tell you if you are a b etc and what happens that in um these these things that we have 76 00:10:35,750 --> 00:10:45,269 outside we call it antigens so in the red blood cell we have an antigen with this shape which is 77 00:10:45,269 --> 00:11:03,490 the a antigen okay and on a b type red blood cell we have the square antigen which is the b antigen 78 00:11:03,490 --> 00:11:10,889 In Spanish we call them antígenos. 79 00:11:10,889 --> 00:11:19,509 What happens in the AB that we have both types, we have the B and we have the A? 80 00:11:19,509 --> 00:11:33,190 So we have A antigen and B antigen. 81 00:11:33,190 --> 00:11:38,570 But one thing, what happens in the 0 type, O type, in English is O type, in Spanish we 82 00:11:38,570 --> 00:11:39,570 call it 0. 83 00:11:39,570 --> 00:11:48,570 Okay, so what happens in the O-type? It has no antigen on their membrane, none at all, so, no. 84 00:11:48,570 --> 00:11:57,330 Okay, now we know that it has antigen on the red blood cells, only on the red blood cells. 85 00:11:57,330 --> 00:12:06,330 What happens with the rest of the blood? That in the plasma, there are antibodies against the other groups. 86 00:12:06,330 --> 00:12:18,409 For example, in the A-type, we have an antibody which has this shape, which is anti-B. 87 00:12:21,200 --> 00:12:25,799 It's like, oh, we don't like you B, we don't want you to be here in our blood. 88 00:12:26,240 --> 00:12:28,480 So, they have anti-B bodies. 89 00:12:29,379 --> 00:12:35,379 What happens when a B-type red blood cell gets into an A-type plasma? 90 00:12:35,379 --> 00:12:37,679 Imagine I'm A, for example. 91 00:12:37,679 --> 00:12:48,379 And I receive blood from a B-type that my antibodies, they are going to say, oh, this is an enemy, let's fight against it. 92 00:12:48,620 --> 00:12:56,700 And they're going to be against the B-type and, well, they don't do, but basically they kill these red blood cells. 93 00:12:57,320 --> 00:13:00,120 So my body will collapse and I will die. 94 00:13:00,919 --> 00:13:05,740 So that's what happens when we receive a blood that is not ours. 95 00:13:05,740 --> 00:13:12,059 Well, we can receive, maybe if I receive blood from another A type, there's no problem, 96 00:13:12,539 --> 00:13:18,139 because he or she has the same antigens and the same antibodies that they have, 97 00:13:18,580 --> 00:13:23,259 but not from another person who's got B or AB or 0, okay? 98 00:13:23,659 --> 00:13:25,519 So, now, let's continue. 99 00:13:26,440 --> 00:13:28,360 So, the A has anti-B. 100 00:13:28,779 --> 00:13:29,779 What happens with B? 101 00:13:30,960 --> 00:13:32,220 Yes, a little bit. 102 00:13:32,220 --> 00:13:41,100 that the bee will have antibodies with this shape that are going to match with the antigens, 103 00:13:41,100 --> 00:13:45,230 so they have anti-bee. 104 00:13:45,230 --> 00:13:55,429 So imagine, I'm a bee type person, yes, I'm a bee type person, I receive blood from my 105 00:13:55,429 --> 00:13:56,429 mane. 106 00:13:56,429 --> 00:13:57,429 Ah! 107 00:13:57,429 --> 00:13:58,429 Collapse. 108 00:13:58,429 --> 00:13:59,429 That's it. 109 00:13:59,429 --> 00:14:00,429 The end. 110 00:14:00,429 --> 00:14:01,429 Okay. 111 00:14:01,429 --> 00:14:02,429 What happens? 112 00:14:02,429 --> 00:14:04,570 Now comes the interesting part. 113 00:14:04,570 --> 00:14:12,149 happens with the AB? We say that we have B antigen and we have A antigen. So we 114 00:14:12,149 --> 00:14:16,809 cannot have this anti-B because if not I will die because I will attack my own 115 00:14:16,809 --> 00:14:26,710 cells. And I cannot have... Sorry, I wrote anti-B and it's anti-A. Sorry. So I cannot have anti-B or 116 00:14:26,710 --> 00:14:34,409 anti-A because if not I will die. So what happens? That I have no antibodies. None. 117 00:14:34,570 --> 00:14:42,230 So, basically, I could receive blood from A and from B, because there's not a problem, 118 00:14:43,230 --> 00:14:47,429 because I have antigens for the both. 119 00:14:47,929 --> 00:14:52,029 I can receive from A and B, and also from my own type, of course, AB. 120 00:14:52,870 --> 00:14:54,450 Now, serotype. 121 00:14:55,309 --> 00:14:56,490 What happens with the serotype? 122 00:14:56,490 --> 00:15:07,870 we say that we have no antigens. But we have antibodies for both types. We have anti-B 123 00:15:07,870 --> 00:15:24,230 and we've got anti-A. So, if I receive blood from A type, these antibodies will come 124 00:15:24,230 --> 00:15:29,710 and kill themselves. If I receive from a B type, these antibodies will come 125 00:15:29,710 --> 00:15:35,649 and if I receive from A, B, and basically I guess, okay? 126 00:15:36,110 --> 00:15:40,570 So what happens is I can only receive blood from my O type, 127 00:15:40,789 --> 00:15:44,210 from the zero type, from the O type, okay? 128 00:15:45,009 --> 00:15:50,169 So I'm going to ask you to look for your blood type 129 00:15:50,169 --> 00:15:55,450 and guess which blood group you can receive blood from. 130 00:15:55,450 --> 00:16:04,490 At the beginning I said that maybe you have found that you are A positive, A negative or 0 positive, 0 negative 131 00:16:04,490 --> 00:16:09,230 The positive and negative works more or less the same as this 132 00:16:09,230 --> 00:16:13,350 That we are not going to go into this year 133 00:16:13,350 --> 00:16:18,049 But it's also about antibodies and antigens 134 00:16:18,049 --> 00:16:29,590 Okay, so look for your blood type and check which group could you get the blood from and to whom you can donate blood. 135 00:16:31,379 --> 00:16:36,360 That's all for today. Work hard and see you next day. 136 00:16:49,360 --> 00:16:51,460 Ha! Ha! Ha! Ha! Ha! Ha!