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RJ's got my bags. Now, make sure that you all run at least two miles a day. It's never

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too early to get a start on your preparation. And you remember to report daily about what

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you've learned about working and living in space. Even areas that aren't directly involved

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with astronauts. You know man and I'm man. Of course. Are you running in those shoes?

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You need better arch support. Have a nice trip, Bianca. Keep in touch. See ya.

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So what's up? Will Bianca's training pay off? Will she have the right stuff for space

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camp? Will RJ keep up his fitness training? Find out in the next episode of The Case of

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the Great Space Exploration.

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Don't forget to look for the answers to the following questions.

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Why is it important to exercise in space?

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Why are calories important?

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Why are robots important to the future of space travel?

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Welcome to Huntsville, Alabama. A home space camp where kids get the chance to get behind

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the controls of a NASA space shuttle and simulate a mission in space. It's the next best thing

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to being a real astronaut. In fact, you spend the entire week doing exactly what they do.

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Training, working in teams, problem solving, and of course flying missions. But I'm getting

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ahead of myself. I've got to meet my team members, but I'll be sure to keep you posted

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as I learn more.

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There you are. Where were you? We were supposed to meet at the track to run this morning.

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I've been all day.

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What happened?

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It turns out Bianca's right.

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I know. She usually is. Isn't that why we're all getting in shape?

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No, I mean the shoes. After careful study, it's clear that the shoes, though very cool,

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are not the best things for running.

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I never really took that kind of thing seriously.

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Remember last spring when you tried to catch up to the bus in your dress shoes?

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Sure.

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And you could barely walk for the next few days. That could have been a result of bad equipment.

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Wow. If something as simple as shoes can make such a difference, then I wonder what kind

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of equipment they use in space when they exercise.

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Me too. That's exactly why I'm here. Research.

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I thought you were focusing on unmanned missions in space.

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I am, but Catherine called me last night. She's going down to Houston with her dad for

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the rest of the week.

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What for?

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She's going to meet with Dr. Grant Shaffner to learn about the effects of space travel

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on the body.

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Okay, but I still don't understand why that was sent to the library. Not that there's

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anything wrong with the library.

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Oh, sorry. The connection to space travel. If it has an effect on human beings, then

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it must also have a significant impact on cameras, robots, sensors, and everything else

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that's involved in the missions.

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So I came here to learn what space is really like.

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Wow. I think I'll head back to the treehouse and catch everyone up on our progress.

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Let me know how it ends.

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No problem.

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Dr. Shaffner works with fitness testing and exercise equipment at NASA Johnson Space Center.

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We met at the bioastronautics lab.

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I hear you want to learn how space affects the body.

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Yes. We're doing research on the future of space exploration, and we're curious as to

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what the effect of long-term space flight will have on the human body.

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NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology

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Exposure to space flight is very similar to prolonged bed rest.

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During prolonged exposure to weightlessness, the body gradually degrades and loses bone mass,

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muscle mass, and endurance capacity.

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Can these problems be prevented?

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We're not sure if they can be totally prevented, but with proper exercise and nutrition,

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the effects are minimized.

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We know how important it is to be in good physical condition, even if you aren't an astronaut.

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But do astronauts have to be in super condition?

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Actually, there are no physical requirements other than to be healthy and to pass a physical examination.

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But all astronauts should be in good physical condition.

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How is exercise in space different from regular exercise?

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Exercises performed in space are similar to exercises done on Earth, but with a few differences.

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Astronauts use a cycle ergometer, treadmill, and resistive exercise devices

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for strength training both on Earth and in space.

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However, the equipment is just designed a little differently for space.

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How is the equipment different?

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The equipment has to be lighter because it is very expensive to carry mass into space.

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When you exercise on Earth, you work against your own body weight.

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What do astronauts do in a weightless environment?

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We use bungees or other devices to simulate gravity loading while running on a treadmill.

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And we increase the amount of resistance for some resistive exercises.

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Why is it important to exercise while in space?

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In space, exercise helps limit the amount of bone or muscle loss.

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Astronauts who are able to complete the exercise program return to Earth in better shape and recover faster.

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What happens if they don't exercise while in space?

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Those astronauts are at greater risk for bone fractures and have to complete a longer rehabilitation program.

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What concerns are there for the astronauts that are going to Mars and beyond?

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One concern is that the exercise equipment be very reliable.

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If it breaks down and is not repairable, then there would be serious health risks to the crew.

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Also, due to the small space, only a limited number of devices can be used.

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If exercising is important in space, isn't eating right also important?

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You bet. But the real expert is Miss Davis-Street.

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Let's see if she can meet with you.

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Dr. Shatner said you had some questions about nutrition in space.

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I'm curious. Are nutritional needs different in space?

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Good nutrition is critical for all aspects of human health on Earth.

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While there are some specific differences during spaceflight, just like on Earth,

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we need to make sure that astronauts are able to do their jobs while they're on the mission.

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How do you do that?

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We make sure they have enough calories, vitamins and minerals to maintain energy levels and good health.

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What are calories?

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Food provides us with the energy to perform our daily activities.

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The term calorie is a way to measure energy, either in the foods we eat or in the activities we perform.

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Why are calories important?

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To maintain an appropriate body weight, we must balance the energy in the foods we eat

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with energy we expend during physical activity.

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In other words, calorie intake must match calories burned or you will lose or gain body weight.

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How do we know how many calories we need?

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There is a formula to calculate a person's resting calorie needs, or BMR, basal metabolic rate.

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Once you know your BMR, you multiply it by a factor depending on low, medium or high activity level.

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To learn more about BMR, visit the NASA SAFIRE's website.

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So calories are pretty important.

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Yes, but remember, it's not just important to eat food to the right number of calories.

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They also need to be nutritious.

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How can you determine if the foods you eat are nutritious?

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One way is to follow the food pyramid as a guide to healthy eating.

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There are six food groups, grains, vegetables, fruits, milk, meat, fat and sweets.

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Each level of the pyramid represents the correct number of servings of each group.

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What is a serving?

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A serving is a recommended portion size and is usually measured in ounces, cups, teaspoons or pieces,

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depending on the type of food.

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Is there anything else that we can do to make sure that we eat healthy?

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Yes, you can also read nutritional labels to find foods low in saturated fats and sugar

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and higher in fiber, protein, vitamins and minerals.

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So how do astronauts make sure that they eat healthy and get the right number of calories while in space?

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Nutrition experts help the astronauts plan proper menus for space flight.

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Astronauts like to have a choice in their diet,

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so various foods are prepared just like they will be in space.

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Variety in menus is always very important.

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Variety in menus is always very important.

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Then the astronauts conduct taste tests to select their favorite foods

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while creating a nutritionally balanced meal.

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It doesn't sound that much different than going to a restaurant that serves nutritionally balanced meals.

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It is very similar.

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We also help astronauts keep track of what they eat on orbit to make sure they maintain a healthy diet.

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Thanks for all your help, Ms. Davis-Street.

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You're welcome. Call if you have any other questions.

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I will. Bye.

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Bye.

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Bye.

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Hello, R.J. What's in the bag?

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New shoes.

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Actually, I think you'll be fine.

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What do you mean?

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Well, I've been going over to Catherine's get-up-and-go sheet from her visit with NASA Johnson Space Center.

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Apparently, you don't need to be a marathon runner to be an astronaut.

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I know. I also checked out her report.

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Isn't that good news? You can just take the shoes back.

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I think I'm going to keep them.

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They're hard to physically fit, and good shoes are important for healthy feet.

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I just hope Bianca will lighten up a bit.

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I sent her Catherine's report, and it looks like we have a pretty good handle on how manned missions will affect the body.

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Yes, but I think we need to learn more about an astronaut's diet in space.

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Ms. Davis-Street made it sound pretty important.

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I've got just the thing.

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The NASA Sci-Files Kids Club?

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You got it.

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It looks like Maryvale Elementary School in Rockville, Maryland, is studying nutrition.

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Cool.

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Some of our mentors from the Society of Women Engineers are helping out.

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To learn more about the Society of Women Engineers, or where you can get a free classroom mentor, visit the NASA Sci-Files website.

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Here they are now.

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Hi, I'm Josh.

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And I'm Tracey.

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You're just in time.

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You're ready to evaluate our astronaut menus.

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Wow, that sounds like a difficult task.

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How do you know what to plan for an astronaut?

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Right, like you can order a pizza in orbit.

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At first, we didn't.

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We just planned what we thought would be a good diet for an astronaut.

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Then we decided to look at our own diets and wrote down everything we ate the day before.

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Next, with the help of our mentors from the Society of Women Engineers, we did some research to learn about serving sizes.

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We were surprised to find out that a serving size is not what we thought it was.

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What do you mean, not what you thought it was?

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We learned that serving sizes listed on nutrition facts labels are often larger than serving sizes listed on guides to healthy eating.

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For example, did you know that a large bagel is actually about three and a half servings of grain instead of one?

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That's a big difference.

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Large bagel with cream cheese.

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What other factors do you consider when planning a menu?

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We learned that calories are very important in order to maintain appropriate weight and to give you enough energy for the day.

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And that the number of daily required calories is determined by your age, weight, height, and activity level.

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Although everyone is different for this exercise, we estimated that an average astronaut would need about 3,000 calories.

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Many very large bagels, extra cream cheese.

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And the calories need to be balanced throughout the day to help maintain a good energy level all day long.

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That's a lot to remember in planning a menu.

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It becomes even more complicated when you consider nutrition.

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We learned from Miss Davis-Street that the Food Pyramid can help you with nutrition.

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Yes, the Food Pyramid showed us how many servings of each food should be consumed in a day.

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Did you know that you need 6 to 11 servings of grain, 3 to 5 servings of vegetables, 2 to 4 servings of fruit, 2 to 3 servings of milk, 2 to 3 servings of meat, but only one serving of fats and sweets?

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Candy bars aren't considered grain, are they?

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No. I think we need to make some major changes to our diet.

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That's exactly what we thought.

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We found out that astronauts say that fruit tastes different in space.

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They also like a lot of variety in their diet.

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They also like spicy fruits, such as salsa.

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And we didn't even think about crumbs floating around in space, so no crackers for the astronauts.

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Did you know that they don't even have a refrigerator on the space shuttle?

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That would be rough. No frozen pizzas.

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Well, after we finished our research, we began to evaluate our menu.

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We think we have a good menu now for our astronauts.

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Well, we are going to share it with our class and get their suggestions.

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That's great. It's always good to get advice from lots of people.

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You never know where you'll get a good idea.

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Well, we better get back to the discussions. We'll post our results on the website.

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We'll be sure to check it out.

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Thanks for sharing your research with us.

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You're welcome.

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Goodbye from Maryborough Elementary School in Rockville, Maryland.

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Wow. I never knew there was so much to think about in planning a healthy diet.

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All this talk about nutrition and calories is making me hungry.

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Me too. Hey, why don't we stop by my house to grab a quick bite?

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Cool. I'll meet you there. But first, I need to stop by Dr. D's.

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I have a few questions I'd like to ask him.

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What questions?

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Well, we have a good idea about the body and how to prepare it for space travel and keep it fit while in space,

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but we still need to learn more about unmanned missions.

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We know space is an extremely harsh environment for people, but what about robots?

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I'm sure Dr. D would have some ideas.

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Hi, Dr. D.

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It's nice to see you're finally taking a break.

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Break? This is serious robotics research.

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It looks like Lego, Dr. D.

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It is Lego, but it's also a computerized robot.

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That's pretty cool. What does it do?

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Here, let me show you. This robot is programmed to go forward and avoid obstacles.

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And how does it do that?

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It has a bumper with a touch sensor, which causes it to back up and then move around any object that it runs into.

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That's pretty important, especially if a robot is exploring Mars,

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where there is about a 10-minute time delay between questions sent and answers received.

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So are there other ways to avoid obstacles than just knowing how to back up when you hit one?

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Yes. One example is the Mars Exploration Rovers that use pairs of cameras spaced some distance apart.

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Those cameras like two eyes, so the rover has depth perception and it can tell how far away things are.

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That's right. 3D images help the onboard computer plot a path that avoided obstacles.

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Didn't the rovers only go a short distance from their spacecraft landers?

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Actually, the Mars rover named Spirit did travel for only about 10 seconds at a time before it had to stop and consider its next step.

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But it did travel a total of several kilometers.

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So what else can your robot do?

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If I place these light sensors on the robot, it will follow this black line.

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It is programmed to go forward until it hits black and turn away from the black and go forward again.

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Cayley learned that robots are very important to the future of space travel.

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That's correct. Robotic explorers will lead the way, followed by human explorers who will conduct in-depth research.

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Aren't robotic probes also able to collect data for long periods of time?

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Very good. For a Mars mission, robotic explorers are especially important,

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because travel to Mars is a very lengthy process for human beings.

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Doesn't it take just as long for a machine to get to Mars?

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Yes, it takes about eight months to get to Mars, but you don't have to bring a robot back to Earth.

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I guess 16 months of food, oxygen and water could be a challenge.

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Actually, it's a lot longer than 16 months.

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Travel to and from Mars requires proper planetary alignment.

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Once you get to Mars, you'll probably have to wait 10 months or longer for the alignment is correct to come back.

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We learned that the harshness of space makes it difficult for humans to travel.

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Is the same true for robots?

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That's right. Robots have to be shielded from radiation and also protected from temperature extremes.

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Dr. D, can we borrow your robot and take it back to the treehouse?

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No problem. In fact, let me give you an assignment.

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Try to find several new things for the robot to do, and then we can sell the robots to NASA for future missions.