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Hello, how are you? I hope you all are well, you and your families. I thought it could be a good

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idea if I just record some video lessons just in case this situation just lasts longer than we

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thought. So this is the first time I'm doing this. My media is not especially good so the computer

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is not the perfect one the camera is not the best and the sound is horrible so I

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just hope it's a little bit useful to you at least I have two wonderful

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assistants here here you have so they are Julius Caesar and this is the soldier

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Claudius they are going to help us review all we know about Roman Republic

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and we're going to review the section about the Roman Republic you have in

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your content guide so let's start with it you have in your book here the republic now there

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is no definition about that but remember that somehow we know it so let's just ask Claudius

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if he can just help us Claudius please can you help us yes of course what is a republic

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Well, it is a political system without kings.

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That's the easy answer.

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Do you remember we talked about that in our class time?

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But there is more.

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Claudius, please.

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Of course, a republic is too a political system where there is the rule of law.

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No one, not a few, not a majority, but the law.

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So, we just talked about this in our class and I think this should be familiar to you.

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So let's just go again to our book and let's try just to pass to the next concepts.

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And this is patricians and plebeians.

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So you have it here, but there is one activity.

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Number one, you have it here.

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So let's read the activity first.

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So who are the patricians and the plebeians?

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Disputes over what rights led to a confrontation between them.

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And finally, what was the outcome of the confrontations?

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So we're going just to try to answer this activity.

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Let's just ask Claudius again about this.

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Claudius, please, could you just...

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Oh, you still are with this question here.

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So who were the patricians and the plebeians?

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Now in your book, it tells you that the patricians,

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They were the richest and wealthiest families, and they considered themselves descendants of the founders of Rome.

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They were the first families with Romulus, who were then the Plebeians.

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The Plebeians were the rest of the people, the so-called commoners, common people.

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They were more humble, and although they paid taxes on serving the army, at the beginning they had no political rights.

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they couldn't participate in the political life so what did they just ask for what disputes they

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had about that so they really they wanted to achieve rights and in that way they just confronted

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the patricians they did in a very peculiar manner they made a strike you cannot imagine in such

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early times they just left the city and they say they went they weren't back till they have the

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rights so the patricians they couldn't live without the commoners they were the people

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working so they just had to accept so what was the outcome of these confrontations so at the end

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they had access to the main magistracies and the achievement of similar political rights so

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good idea okay so now let's pass to the next keyword and that's a difficult keyword so you

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have it in your book you have it in a very tiny place let's go to your book

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again let's just delete these ones and you hear see that the Punic Wars is

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mentioned what were these Punic Wars okay that's difficult it's not mentioned

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here so let's just try just to explain what the Punic War okay so the Punic Wars

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where, here it's Claudius, Claudius please help us, so they were wars between

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Roman and Carthaginians, okay that's the an illustration of the city of Carthage

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the north of Africa you see here that's Carthage, they were a sort of superpower

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look they control all the southern Mediterranean, so when the Romans

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conquered Italy, they just clashed with the Carthaginians. In fact, they just clashed

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here in Sicily. That was the first confrontation and the Romans won. For

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a long 100 years, the Romans had three wars against the Carthaginians. At the end,

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they just were able to defeat them. Now, the most famous of these wars was the

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second one. The Romans had just to fight against Hannibal. Hannibal was one of the

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best generals in history. He is famous because he crossed the Alps, he started

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in Spain, followed this way, he crossed the Alps with a big army and some

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elephants. Well, the elephants, they died while they were crossing, but it was just

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really an epic moment in history when he just reached Italy with his army he

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defeated Roman armies for ten years at the end Rome resisted after every

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defeat Rome was able to engage new people to fight against Hannibal and

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they were able to defeat Hannibal at the door of doors of Carthage so really

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it's really peculiar so Hannibal is one of the best generals in history and this is one of these

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so to say epic historical episodes so let's try now just to summarize what you know about the

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Punic Wars so of course this is too much so I am going to ask you now to do something please

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you're going to try to summarize in just a few lines what you have just learned about the Punic

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words okay so you can just pause the video you can watch it again and try to

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write two or three lines with your definition okay so see you yes in a

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couple of minutes pause the video and try just to do that okay so now it's

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time to answer the only question we have on our content guide what were the

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fundamental institution of the Roman Republic so you have it here you have it

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here you see and you have this activity here to review we're going just to solve

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all this activity and then we will learn about the main institutions okay so

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let's go to the presentation institutions of the Republic now so

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Romans remember they expelled the Kings the last King Tarquin the proud was

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considered responsible very bad things and when he was expelled the Romans

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promised themselves not to have a king anymore never a king again so they had

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just to found a new political regime and what they did is just to learn from the

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Greeks all the different political regimes and try just to make a mix of

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them. So we know from the Greeks that they just distinguish between a monarchy

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ruled by one, an oligarchy ruled by a few, and a democracy ruled by a majority of

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the people. So the Romans tried to create a mixed regime taking a little bit of

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monarchy and then they created the magistrates there were many of them but

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there were these two consuls that made the role of two kings for just one year

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but they have power over the army so does it familiar to you?

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Oh, yes. Sparta. Do you remember? Thank you.

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Now, they mixed a lot of oligarchy with the Senate.

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The Senate, composed of 300 former magistrates, was the one in control.

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And finally, they took a little bit of democracy through the popular assemblies.

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All citizens belonged to the popular assemblies and they could vote.

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Not everything, but they could vote.

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So, Cesar, what do you say?

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Ah, you say that the best way probably is a sort of monarchy, a dictatorship?

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Well, you will meet Julius Cesar in a video on the virtual classroom

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to see what was the result of his dictatorship.

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So, really not a good one.

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finally we're going to solve the last activity you have here okay number three

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on page 185 so this one okay we're going just to solve this activity and in order

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to do so, we have just to try to answer and fill the gaps. So, let's just look in your

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book. What were the members of popular assemblies and magistrates? And you will find that all

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the people, citizens, both patricians and plebeians. Now, the roles of the popular assemblies

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was mainly passing the laws and electing the magistrates.

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They couldn't vote.

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Every time, not everyone voted at the end.

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But at least remember there's a little bit of democracy.

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So the magistrates, it depends.

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It was mainly the role of what today we call the government.

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Of all of them, we have to learn the consuls who led the army

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and presided over elections and the Senate.

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The Senate was formed by 300 former magistrates.

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Normally, they belonged to the most important and wealthy families,

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but there were some people coming from the plebeians that they were able just to enter the Senate.

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So, yes, it was an oligarchy, but with a mix of democracy.

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So what was the role of the Senate?

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control the magistrates and direct foreign policy. At the end, the Senate had total control

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over government and war, because controlling the magistrates, remember, they control somehow

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the consuls. So, if we have just to summarize what was really the Roman Republic, yes, it

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was a mixed system of monarchy oligarchy democracy but mainly a mixed system that

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we could define as a complex oligarchy okay so now it's time just to finish this short video

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we're going just to finish this short video okay so you see i've not a lot of practice

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so thank you very much for your attention i hope somehow it's useful to you i will try

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just to upload more videos in the virtual classroom you're going to find

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some activities to talk about Spartacus and to talk about Julius Caesar these

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are the two last things we have left in your first section about the Roman

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Republic so Spartacus you will have a video you have activity number four on

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page 185 I think and Julius Caesar is the last term you have in your keywords

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so I think it's time now for our soldiers to say goodbye so say goodbye

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vale vale vale well yes vale is the way they say goodbye in their letters and it

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means stay strong stay healthy so I wish you all are healthy and we see soon

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thank you very much