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Hi, I'm Jack Hanna, and I work with some of the world's most interesting and exciting

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animals.

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Some are cute and cuddly, and some are scary and dangerous.

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If you really want to learn more about animals and how they behave, you need to learn about

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the world in which they live, their habitats.

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Stay tuned to learn about habitats on this episode of the NASA Hawaii Files, The Case

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of the Inhabitable Habitat.

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Here we go!

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Hey you, come see our clubhouse and our tree.

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We are kids on a mission to educate ourselves about the NASA vision.

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Come explore math and science, cause that's what makes our Alliance.

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We are the Wild Birds Club, we yearn to learn and want to see everything that we can be.

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So come join us on our journey, don't you touch that doll, and welcome to the NASA

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Hawaii Files.

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Join the Treehouse Detectives on their latest project.

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You can help by answering the following questions.

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Why is Mars called the Red Planet?

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What is a habitat?

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And what are the basic needs of plants?

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And don't forget, when you see this NASA Hawaii Files logo, the answer is near.

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Kaylee, hey Kaylee, wait up!

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Jacob, what are you doing here?

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I hope you're not thinking of going swimming in those clothes.

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Forget about swimming, you've got to get back to the treehouse.

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We're starting a new project and you're not going to believe what it is.

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Come on, let's go.

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But I really wanted to catch some fish.

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I've been trying for several days and I haven't caught any.

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I wonder if there's a problem with the water.

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Forget about the fish, we're going to build a habitat for Mars.

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How long have you been in the sun?

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Jacob, I think you need some rest.

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I'm fine, but we better get back to the treehouse.

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Come on.

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Okay, but I wonder what's wrong with the fish?

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Jacob, I think you need some rest.

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I'm fine, but we better get back to the treehouse.

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Come on.

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Okay, but I wonder what's wrong with the fish?

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I'm Ted Toon and Kids Science News Network is interrupting this broadcast for an exciting

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bulletin.

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The young astronauts are at it again, this time with a contest that's out of this world.

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For details, we go to our spaced out correspondent, I Am Listening, who's live on…

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Is this right?

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She's live on Mars?

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Yes, but how is my lipstick going to show if everything is red?

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I just don't…

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What?

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What?

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We're on?

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We're on!

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That's right, Ted, Mars.

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I'm here live on the red planet, an entirely new environment with new and exciting challenges.

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Perhaps the greatest challenge being simply to survive.

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Do you have what it takes to build a model of a Mars habitat?

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If so, visit the NASA Wi-Fi's website for all the details and get to work.

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Be the first kid on your block to discover what life is really like on Mars.

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Back to you, Ted.

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Yes, well, that was I Am Listening on Mars.

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This is Ted Toon, back here on planet Earth, signing off.

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Awesome!

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Can you imagine living on the planet Mars for a year?

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I don't know, it seems great, but don't you think living on another planet could be

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very difficult?

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If I could live with my sister, then living on Mars should be really easy.

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Hi, Jacob.

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Hi, Kaylee.

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Did you guys have any luck at the beach?

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I haven't caught a single fish for weeks.

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Something's definitely wrong, but I can't figure out what it is.

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That seems strange.

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What's in the box, Jacob?

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I brought some stuff from home for our Mars model.

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Have you heard about our latest project?

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Yeah, Jacob told me all about it.

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How are we going to build a habitat for Mars?

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Check this out.

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This will be our recreation module.

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It'll contain a ping pong table, air hockey table, and a garage space for...

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You guys are getting ahead of yourselves.

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Do we even know we will need to live on Mars?

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Remember what we learned at the invention contest?

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We need to do a lot of research and design before we can actually build a model.

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She's right. That's called the editor process.

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So where should we start?

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Hey, SNN said there's a lot of information on the project on the NASA Wi-Fi's website.

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I'm on that website right now.

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What's it say?

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First, the habitat must meet the basic needs to sustain human life on Mars.

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And the model must be divided into three separate sections.

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Also, the habitat must utilize sunlight as a major source of energy.

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And experiments must be planned for both the trip and for Mars.

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Wow. Sounds complicated.

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So where do we begin?

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We begin with the scientific method.

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Or scientific inquiry.

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I know we use the scientific method to solve other mysteries,

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but how are we going to use it to build a model?

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It doesn't matter whether you're solving a mystery or building a model.

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The scientific method is a great tool to use.

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I'm sure we can talk to a lot of experts at NASA about Mars and space.

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And fish.

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Maybe we'll talk to someone who knows about fish habitats

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and they can explain why I haven't caught any lately.

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Great. Let's go to the problem board.

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We know we need to build a habitat that can sustain life on Mars.

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What do we need to know?

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We need to know what Mars is like.

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Yeah. Is it hot or cold?

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And is there anything there we can eat?

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It's kind of like planning for a vacation.

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I don't think that going to Mars is quite like a vacation.

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But you're right. We have to know a little bit about the place we're going.

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So where do we start?

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I'll bet NASA knows lots of information on Mars.

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I'll check out the NASA Langley Research Center's website.

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They've done a lot of research on Mars.

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Great.

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We should go through the library and check out some books on Mars.

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I have some books on planets and solar systems at home.

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I might even have an encyclopedia in my book bag.

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You can't be serious.

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Well, you never know when you need an encyclopedia.

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NASA has had several unmanned missions to Mars.

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I'm sure they'll have a lot of experts.

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With their help, this project will be easy.

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Yep. Here it is.

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It says here that the average temperature is minus 23 degrees Celsius.

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I thought it would be hot.

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It only looks hot because of its red color.

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It's farther away from the sun than we are.

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We'll have to make sure our habitat has a big heater.

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One heavy-duty heater coming up.

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Basically, the average is minus 23 degrees Celsius.

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The low is minus 140 degrees Celsius.

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The high is 20 degrees Celsius.

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You were right, Catherine.

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There are a lot of articles about Mars on the NASA website.

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Here's one about a Mars plane by Dr. Levine.

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He's my mom's friend.

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Maybe we can e-mail him and see if he can help us.

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Print out the get-up-and-go sheet for us to take with us.

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You can go to the NASA Wi-Fi's website on the research track and print out your own sheet.

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I'd love to talk to Dr. Levine about Mars.

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Great. Let's get up and go.

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Hi. Are you Mr. Levine?

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Yes, I am, and you must be the treehouse detectives.

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I understand you want to learn more about planet Mars.

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That's right. We're designing a habitat that will sustain life on Mars.

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So we figured we needed to learn more about the red planet.

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Well, you've come to the right place.

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Mars is a very inhospitable planet, and you must be prepared.

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What's it like on Mars?

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Take a look.

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Mars is a very different planet than the Earth.

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No trees, no flowers, no animals.

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Mars is a very desolate planet.

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Why do they call it the red planet?

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The surface of Mars contains large amounts of rusty iron that give Mars its reddish color.

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In addition, strong winds blow surface material up in the atmosphere, giving the atmosphere a reddish-pink color.

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Does Mars have land features, like Earth?

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Yes, Mars has lowlands, mountainous highlands.

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Mars has the largest volcano in the solar system, and Mars has the longest canyon in the solar system.

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I've seen the Grand Canyon here on Earth, and it was pretty big.

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Oh, it's far bigger than the Grand Canyon.

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Marineris Valley on Mars is about 3,000 miles long, about the same distance as a trip from New York to Los Angeles.

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What kind of atmosphere does Mars have?

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The atmosphere of Mars is very thin, it's cold, and it's dry.

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The atmosphere of Mars is only about 1,200th the thickness of the Earth's atmosphere.

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Is there oxygen, like here on Earth?

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No. In fact, the atmosphere of Mars is 95% carbon dioxide, 3% nitrogen, and 2% argon.

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We'll definitely need to bring our own oxygen.

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How do we know so much about Mars?

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Over the last 30 years, NASA has sent a number of spacecraft to Mars to study the planet.

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Here at the NASA Langley Research Center, we're looking into the possibility of sending the first robotic airplane to Mars.

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That would be so cool.

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Would you like to see what our plane will look like flying through the atmosphere of Mars?

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That would be great.

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Check this out.

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Wow.

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Thanks, Dr. Levine.

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You've given us a lot to consider about our habit.

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You're welcome. Anytime.

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Hey, guys. How was Dr. Levine?

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He was great.

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You wouldn't believe all the missions NASA has sent to Mars.

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I'll enter the details from the Get Up and Go sheet into the computer.

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That's a good idea.

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Wait till you guys read about what we learned.

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I had no idea Mars was so different from Earth.

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Not only was it much colder, but the atmosphere is almost all carbon dioxide.

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So you can't breathe any of it at all.

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There is also no food or drinking water on the planet.

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It doesn't sound very inviting.

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It sounds like we have a lot of things to consider before we design our habitat.

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First, we need to decide what we need to bring.

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Exactly. And to do that, we have to know what makes a habitat.

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Bianca, Catherine, and I are going on vacation to Discovery Cove in Orlando, Florida.

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I'm sure they have lots of information on habitats.

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I'll email them and see if we can meet with one of the experts on habitats while we're down there.

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And Anthony and I can do some more research.

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I bet we'll do lots of research.

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And we'll start getting some materials together so we can design our habitat.

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I bet the researcher there will help me figure out why the fish are missing from the bay.

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We better print out a couple of those Get Up and Go sheets.

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Wow. This park is really cool.

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I can't believe there are so many different habitats.

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I know. We've seen the stingray pool, the bird aviary, and the coral reefs.

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Hi, kids. My name is Laura. You must be the treehouse detectives. How can I help you today?

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Yes, we are. We need to learn more about habitats.

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Well, you've come to the right place.

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Discovery Cove has over seven habitats, and we have over 300 species represented here.

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Wow. That's a lot of different habitats.

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What exactly is a habitat?

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Well, a habitat is an environment that provides the basic necessities to sustain life.

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Things like food, water, and even shelter.

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What are some different types of habitats?

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Different habitats are things like our tropical reef habitat.

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We even have a stingray lagoon.

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But out in the wild, things like the desert, forests, and even ponds.

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Okay. We know that habitats meet the basic needs.

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But is there anything else that makes them different?

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Well, sure. The types of animals and plants that actually live within the habitat make all the difference in the world.

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You might consider animals that live in a tropical reef totally different than something that lives in a rainforest.

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But even within a rainforest, you're going to have different habitats like the canopy or even the floor of the forest.

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Different animals will live in different areas depending on what they need to eat,

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what types of predators live in the area, how they're capable of climbing or even flying.

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We've noticed that there are no fish in the Bay Back Home.

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Could it be because they've moved to a different habitat?

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Yes. Fish will move throughout their lifetime depending on their needs.

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They may move for feeding or even for their breeding behavior.

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I have a friend that works with Signals of Spring.

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He works with sea turtles and studies their migratory patterns.

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Maybe he could help you with your fish problem.

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That would be great. Could you email us his name and number?

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Sure, I could. And if you want to experience a really different habitat, you'll have to swim with the dolphins.

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We can swim with the dolphins?

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That's awesome.

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Come on, I'll show you our dolphin cove.

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Hey guys, that looks pretty good. What is it?

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After we got your email about basic needs, we decided we better get back to the basics.

242
00:13:42,440 --> 00:13:48,440
So we were working on building three different modules to provide the basic needs of air, food, water and shelter.

243
00:13:48,440 --> 00:13:51,440
But we're having some problems.

244
00:13:52,440 --> 00:13:55,440
It just doesn't seem to work to have the three modules separated.

245
00:13:55,440 --> 00:14:01,440
According to my calculations, we probably need three modules just to store enough food and water to survive.

246
00:14:01,440 --> 00:14:04,440
We should call Dr. D. He'll be able to help.

247
00:14:04,440 --> 00:14:08,440
Besides, I wanted to talk to him about the fish problem, too.

248
00:14:08,440 --> 00:14:10,440
Hello?

249
00:14:10,440 --> 00:14:12,440
Hello, Dr. D. This is Bianca.

250
00:14:12,440 --> 00:14:14,440
Hi, Bianca. How can I help you?

251
00:14:14,440 --> 00:14:17,440
We were wondering if you could help us with our latest project.

252
00:14:17,440 --> 00:14:19,440
We're trying to build a habitat on Mars.

253
00:14:19,440 --> 00:14:23,440
Sure, come on over. Right now I'm working on my terrarium. Maybe we can help each other.

254
00:14:23,440 --> 00:14:27,440
Great. We'll be right over. Bye.

255
00:14:27,440 --> 00:14:29,440
Bye.

256
00:14:29,440 --> 00:14:31,440
Hi, Dr. D.

257
00:14:31,440 --> 00:14:32,440
Hi, guys.

258
00:14:32,440 --> 00:14:34,440
Is that the terrarium that you mentioned on the phone?

259
00:14:34,440 --> 00:14:38,440
Yes, it is. A terrarium is a clear container filled with small plants.

260
00:14:38,440 --> 00:14:42,440
Sometimes it's open to the atmosphere, but mine is going to be tightly closed.

261
00:14:42,440 --> 00:14:46,440
It's really tricky to maintain all the basic needs of plants after I close it up.

262
00:14:47,440 --> 00:14:49,440
We learned about the needs of humans and animals.

263
00:14:49,440 --> 00:14:53,440
They include water, shelter, food, and air.

264
00:14:53,440 --> 00:14:55,440
What are the basic needs of plants?

265
00:14:55,440 --> 00:14:57,440
I'm sure they need water. And they need food.

266
00:14:57,440 --> 00:15:01,440
That's right. The most basic food of plants is the carbon dioxide in the air.

267
00:15:01,440 --> 00:15:03,440
And plants also need sunlight.

268
00:15:03,440 --> 00:15:07,440
You bet. If my terrarium is going to be successful, it must meet all these needs.

269
00:15:07,440 --> 00:15:11,440
Hey, I understand you need some help in finding a model for a habitat for Mars.

270
00:15:11,440 --> 00:15:13,440
We're having a little trouble getting started.

271
00:15:13,440 --> 00:15:17,440
The best place to get started is to understand your problem by gathering information.

272
00:15:17,440 --> 00:15:19,440
Do you mean like the scientific method?

273
00:15:19,440 --> 00:15:22,440
That's right. So what do you know about the atmosphere of Mars?

274
00:15:22,440 --> 00:15:26,440
We know that it's mostly made up of carbon dioxide and hardly any oxygen.

275
00:15:26,440 --> 00:15:31,440
That's right. And not only that, but the Martian atmosphere is much less dense than the Earth's atmosphere.

276
00:15:31,440 --> 00:15:35,440
So in addition to not having any oxygen to breathe, there's yet another difficulty.

277
00:15:35,440 --> 00:15:36,440
What do you mean?

278
00:15:36,440 --> 00:15:38,440
Let me show you with this vacuum pump.

279
00:15:39,440 --> 00:15:41,440
Here, touch this water.

280
00:15:41,440 --> 00:15:43,440
What does it feel like?

281
00:15:43,440 --> 00:15:45,440
It's warm, but it's not very hot.

282
00:15:45,440 --> 00:15:48,440
We're going to put this water underneath the bell jar.

283
00:15:48,440 --> 00:15:51,440
And the vacuum pump's going to pull most of the air out of the bell jar.

284
00:15:51,440 --> 00:15:53,440
Let's see what happens.

285
00:15:53,440 --> 00:15:56,440
Wow, the water's starting to boil.

286
00:15:56,440 --> 00:15:58,440
Does that mean it's hot?

287
00:15:58,440 --> 00:16:00,440
Let's find out.

288
00:16:09,440 --> 00:16:11,440
It's even cooler than before.

289
00:16:11,440 --> 00:16:14,440
That's right. The water didn't boil because it was hotter.

290
00:16:14,440 --> 00:16:18,440
It turns out when the atmosphere is less dense, water will just boil at a much lower temperature.

291
00:16:18,440 --> 00:16:24,440
On Mars, you can have ice or water vapor, but any liquid water will simply boil away or freeze.

292
00:16:24,440 --> 00:16:27,440
I guess our habitat had better have a denser atmosphere than Mars.

293
00:16:27,440 --> 00:16:29,440
Thanks, Dr. D.

294
00:16:29,440 --> 00:16:34,440
Oh, and by the way, I'm concerned about why the fish are missing from my favorite fishing spot.

295
00:16:34,440 --> 00:16:36,440
Maybe you should have the water tested.

296
00:16:36,440 --> 00:16:39,440
I also want to contact Ranger Cortez at Sandy Bottom Park.

297
00:16:39,440 --> 00:16:40,440
He may be able to help you.

298
00:16:40,440 --> 00:16:42,440
Thanks, Dr. D. Bye.

299
00:16:42,440 --> 00:16:43,440
Bye-bye.

300
00:16:43,440 --> 00:16:45,440
So what's up?

301
00:16:45,440 --> 00:16:48,440
Is Mars too harsh an environment for exploration?

302
00:16:48,440 --> 00:16:51,440
Will the treehouse detectives be able to take enough food to Mars?

303
00:16:51,440 --> 00:16:54,440
What happened to the fish in the bay?

304
00:16:54,440 --> 00:16:58,440
Find out in the next exciting chapter of The Case of the Inhabitable Habitat.

305
00:17:01,440 --> 00:17:03,440
Check it out.

306
00:17:07,440 --> 00:17:17,440
In part two of The Case of the Inhabitable Habitat, you'll discover what is a food web?

307
00:17:17,440 --> 00:17:20,440
What is transpiration?

308
00:17:20,440 --> 00:17:25,440
And why does NASA want students to grow plants?

309
00:17:37,440 --> 00:17:39,440
Hello, Ranger Cortez.

310
00:17:39,440 --> 00:17:40,440
Hi, Kaylee.

311
00:17:40,440 --> 00:17:42,440
Dr. D. said you might be coming over for a visit today.

312
00:17:42,440 --> 00:17:44,440
What can I help you out with?

313
00:17:44,440 --> 00:17:46,440
I'm concerned about the fish in the bay.

314
00:17:46,440 --> 00:17:48,440
No one has caught any for a long time.

315
00:17:48,440 --> 00:17:51,440
I'm trying to figure out what's happened to them.

316
00:17:51,440 --> 00:17:53,440
Well, what do you think happened to them?

317
00:17:53,440 --> 00:17:56,440
I think it might be because they don't have enough food to eat.

318
00:17:56,440 --> 00:17:57,440
That's possible.

319
00:17:57,440 --> 00:18:00,440
Have you checked to see if anything happened to disrupt the food web?

320
00:18:00,440 --> 00:18:01,440
What's a food web?

321
00:18:01,440 --> 00:18:04,440
Organisms that live together in an area are called a community.

322
00:18:04,440 --> 00:18:08,440
Members of the community depend on each other for survival.

323
00:18:08,440 --> 00:18:10,440
This dependence is called the food web.

324
00:18:10,440 --> 00:18:12,440
How do they depend on each other?

325
00:18:12,440 --> 00:18:17,440
In a typical community, you'll find producers, consumers, and decomposers.

326
00:18:17,440 --> 00:18:20,440
Plants and algae are producers.

327
00:18:20,440 --> 00:18:27,440
They take the energy from life and use that to convert carbon dioxide, water, and minerals into food.

328
00:18:27,440 --> 00:18:29,440
This process is called photosynthesis.

329
00:18:29,440 --> 00:18:31,440
What are consumers?

330
00:18:31,440 --> 00:18:34,440
Organisms that eat other organisms are called consumers.

331
00:18:34,440 --> 00:18:36,440
There are three different kinds of consumers.

332
00:18:36,440 --> 00:18:37,440
Do you know what they are?

333
00:18:37,440 --> 00:18:39,440
I think that one is a herbivore.

334
00:18:39,440 --> 00:18:40,440
They eat plants.

335
00:18:40,440 --> 00:18:41,440
And one is a carnivore.

336
00:18:41,440 --> 00:18:43,440
They eat other animals.

337
00:18:43,440 --> 00:18:44,440
That's right.

338
00:18:44,440 --> 00:18:47,440
And an omnivore is a consumer that eats both plants and animals.

339
00:18:47,440 --> 00:18:49,440
I guess that makes me an omnivore.

340
00:18:49,440 --> 00:18:51,440
You can see how they all depend on each other.

341
00:18:51,440 --> 00:18:54,440
If plants didn't exist, the herbivores would have nothing to eat.

342
00:18:55,440 --> 00:18:59,440
If plants didn't exist, the herbivores would have nothing to eat, and they would not survive.

343
00:18:59,440 --> 00:19:03,440
And if the herbivores didn't survive, then the carnivores wouldn't have anything to eat.

344
00:19:03,440 --> 00:19:04,440
That's right.

345
00:19:04,440 --> 00:19:05,440
You catch on quick.

346
00:19:05,440 --> 00:19:07,440
What are decomposers?

347
00:19:07,440 --> 00:19:09,440
In order for a community to be successful,

348
00:19:09,440 --> 00:19:14,440
there must be a way to return the minerals and other basic ingredients back to the producers.

349
00:19:14,440 --> 00:19:15,440
Decomposers do this.

350
00:19:15,440 --> 00:19:18,440
How do they do that?

351
00:19:18,440 --> 00:19:22,440
Decomposers, bacteria and fungi, feed on dead producers and consumers

352
00:19:22,440 --> 00:19:27,440
and convert them back to the basic materials needed by producers to grow and reproduce.

353
00:19:27,440 --> 00:19:28,440
It's a cycle.

354
00:19:28,440 --> 00:19:29,440
That's correct.

355
00:19:29,440 --> 00:19:33,440
Now what you might want to do is take a look at the ocean

356
00:19:33,440 --> 00:19:37,440
and see if there's anything that happened to disrupt the cycle of the food web.

357
00:19:37,440 --> 00:19:39,440
That's a great idea. Thanks.

358
00:19:39,440 --> 00:19:42,440
Oh, by the way, would you mind taking a couple of plants to Dr. D for me?

359
00:19:42,440 --> 00:19:44,440
They're for his terrarium.

360
00:19:44,440 --> 00:19:45,440
Sure. No problem.

361
00:19:45,440 --> 00:19:46,440
Great.

362
00:19:49,440 --> 00:19:51,440
Hey, Dr. D. Look what I brought you.

363
00:19:51,440 --> 00:19:53,440
Terrific. Looks like you brought something from my terrarium.

364
00:19:53,440 --> 00:19:57,440
Yeah. Ranger Curtis from Sandy Bottom Park said you would like them.

365
00:19:57,440 --> 00:19:58,440
Thank you.

366
00:20:02,440 --> 00:20:04,440
My terrarium is coming along pretty good.

367
00:20:04,440 --> 00:20:07,440
I'm being very careful to only put plants in that only require the same conditions.

368
00:20:07,440 --> 00:20:10,440
Can you tell us more about how a terrarium works?

369
00:20:10,440 --> 00:20:13,440
Sure. My sealed terrarium must be self-sufficient.

370
00:20:13,440 --> 00:20:15,440
The only thing that can come into the terrarium is light.

371
00:20:15,440 --> 00:20:18,440
We already learned that light is a basic need of plants.

372
00:20:18,440 --> 00:20:20,440
Water is recycled in a terrarium.

373
00:20:20,440 --> 00:20:22,440
Plants give off water, which collects on the plastic,

374
00:20:22,440 --> 00:20:26,440
runs down the side into the soil, where it's collected by the roots and recycled.

375
00:20:26,440 --> 00:20:28,440
Wow. That's pretty neat.

376
00:20:28,440 --> 00:20:31,440
I already talked about how the plants basically just carbon dioxide.

377
00:20:31,440 --> 00:20:34,440
Plants consume carbon dioxide and produce oxygen.

378
00:20:34,440 --> 00:20:38,440
But what replaces the carbon dioxide so the plants don't die?

379
00:20:38,440 --> 00:20:41,440
Well, animals breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide,

380
00:20:41,440 --> 00:20:44,440
but obviously there aren't any animals in there.

381
00:20:44,440 --> 00:20:48,440
That's true, but there are decomposers in the soil, like bacteria and fungi.

382
00:20:48,440 --> 00:20:51,440
They also consume carbon dioxide and produce oxygen.

383
00:20:51,440 --> 00:20:55,440
They also break down dead materials to produce the nutrients that the plants need.

384
00:20:55,440 --> 00:20:57,440
It looks like everything gets recycled.

385
00:20:57,440 --> 00:21:00,440
It turns out that plants use some oxygen to produce the energy they need

386
00:21:00,440 --> 00:21:02,440
and give off carbon dioxide in the process.

387
00:21:02,440 --> 00:21:04,440
This is called respiration.

388
00:21:04,440 --> 00:21:07,440
Fortunately, plants produce much more oxygen than they consume.

389
00:21:07,440 --> 00:21:09,440
I'm glad about that.

390
00:21:09,440 --> 00:21:11,440
There's a lot going on in that terrarium.

391
00:21:11,440 --> 00:21:16,440
It would be great if we could make our Mars habitat as self-sufficient as your terrarium.

392
00:21:16,440 --> 00:21:18,440
Yeah, just add sunlight.

393
00:21:18,440 --> 00:21:21,440
We've got to get going. We've got a lot of work to do.

394
00:21:21,440 --> 00:21:22,440
Yeah.

395
00:21:22,440 --> 00:21:23,440
Bye, Dr. D.

396
00:21:23,440 --> 00:21:24,440
Bye.

397
00:21:42,440 --> 00:21:44,440
I don't think this is working.

398
00:21:44,440 --> 00:21:46,440
It's not taking up food with us.

399
00:21:46,440 --> 00:21:49,440
We need to find a food source, a food web.

400
00:21:49,440 --> 00:21:52,440
Ranger Cortez did say that the food web is important.

401
00:21:52,440 --> 00:21:55,440
But how are we going to create a food web on Mars?

402
00:21:55,440 --> 00:21:56,440
Hmm.

403
00:21:56,440 --> 00:21:59,440
Maybe there's a problem with the food web in the bay.

404
00:21:59,440 --> 00:22:01,440
Maybe pollution upset it.

405
00:22:01,440 --> 00:22:03,440
That should be my hypothesis.

406
00:22:03,440 --> 00:22:07,440
If pollution upset the food web in the bay, then the fish would leave.

407
00:22:07,440 --> 00:22:09,440
People create habitats all the time,

408
00:22:09,440 --> 00:22:12,440
like Discovery Cove or even Dr. D's terrarium.

409
00:22:12,440 --> 00:22:13,440
They all have food webs.

410
00:22:13,440 --> 00:22:14,440
That's true.

411
00:22:14,440 --> 00:22:17,440
All we really need to do is find a way to create food in our habitat.

412
00:22:17,440 --> 00:22:19,440
Maybe we can grow food on Mars.

413
00:22:19,440 --> 00:22:20,440
Yeah.

414
00:22:20,440 --> 00:22:21,440
And plants create oxygen.

415
00:22:21,440 --> 00:22:22,440
We need air.

416
00:22:22,440 --> 00:22:23,440
Lots of it.

417
00:22:23,440 --> 00:22:26,440
Guys, we don't even know if plants can grow in space.

418
00:22:26,440 --> 00:22:28,440
We need to do some more research.

419
00:22:28,440 --> 00:22:29,440
The problem board.

420
00:22:29,440 --> 00:22:30,440
Okay.

421
00:22:34,440 --> 00:22:37,440
We know that all plants and animals have basic needs,

422
00:22:37,440 --> 00:22:39,440
and that they all rely on the food web.

423
00:22:39,440 --> 00:22:42,440
We also know that plants play a major part in the food web,

424
00:22:42,440 --> 00:22:44,440
so we need to know can we grow plants in space.

425
00:22:44,440 --> 00:22:46,440
Anthony can check the Internet.

426
00:22:49,440 --> 00:22:51,440
I found something that might help us.

427
00:22:51,440 --> 00:22:54,440
Mr. John Gruner at the Johnson Space Center

428
00:22:54,440 --> 00:22:57,440
is working with plants at the International Space Station.

429
00:22:57,440 --> 00:23:00,440
Let's dial him up and ask him about growing plants in space.

430
00:23:03,440 --> 00:23:04,440
Hi, kids.

431
00:23:04,440 --> 00:23:05,440
I'm Mr. Gruner.

432
00:23:05,440 --> 00:23:06,440
How can I help you?

433
00:23:06,440 --> 00:23:07,440
Hi, Mr. Gruner.

434
00:23:07,440 --> 00:23:09,440
We're the Treehouse Detectives,

435
00:23:09,440 --> 00:23:11,440
and we're trying to design a Martian habitat.

436
00:23:11,440 --> 00:23:14,440
We realize that we have to grow our own food on Mars.

437
00:23:14,440 --> 00:23:16,440
Yeah, because we don't want to go hungry,

438
00:23:16,440 --> 00:23:18,440
and we need to know if plants grow differently in space

439
00:23:18,440 --> 00:23:20,440
than they do here on Earth.

440
00:23:20,440 --> 00:23:22,440
Well, sort of, but plants still need the basics

441
00:23:22,440 --> 00:23:25,440
like light, air, water, nutrients,

442
00:23:25,440 --> 00:23:27,440
and a nice temperature and humidity.

443
00:23:27,440 --> 00:23:30,440
We know that Mars is extremely cold.

444
00:23:30,440 --> 00:23:33,440
And that it doesn't have the same atmosphere as Earth.

445
00:23:33,440 --> 00:23:36,440
Does that mean that we can't grow anything on Mars?

446
00:23:36,440 --> 00:23:38,440
No, it just means you'd have to grow them indoors

447
00:23:38,440 --> 00:23:40,440
in a controlled environment.

448
00:23:40,440 --> 00:23:41,440
How do you do that?

449
00:23:41,440 --> 00:23:44,440
Well, here at NASA, we design plant growth chambers,

450
00:23:44,440 --> 00:23:46,440
or systems, to meet the plants' basic needs.

451
00:23:46,440 --> 00:23:48,440
Kind of like this one here.

452
00:23:48,440 --> 00:23:51,440
Do you have to use special seeds to make the plants grow in space?

453
00:23:51,440 --> 00:23:54,440
No, we use the same seeds as we do here on Earth.

454
00:23:54,440 --> 00:23:57,440
However, we do conduct experiments and collect data

455
00:23:57,440 --> 00:24:00,440
to see what effect low gravity and increased radiation

456
00:24:00,440 --> 00:24:03,440
has on the way plants produce seeds.

457
00:24:03,440 --> 00:24:05,440
Why is that important?

458
00:24:05,440 --> 00:24:08,440
We want to make sure that plants can reproduce in space.

459
00:24:11,440 --> 00:24:15,440
This will help astronauts who live there for a long time.

460
00:24:15,440 --> 00:24:19,440
Can the seeds produced on Mars grow here on Earth?

461
00:24:19,440 --> 00:24:23,440
Yes, and they're able to germinate and grow in the new plants just fine.

462
00:24:23,440 --> 00:24:26,440
Do you only use plants in space for food?

463
00:24:26,440 --> 00:24:30,440
No, we also hope to use plants to produce oxygen in water.

464
00:24:30,440 --> 00:24:32,440
That is so cool!

465
00:24:32,440 --> 00:24:34,440
During a process called photosynthesis,

466
00:24:34,440 --> 00:24:37,440
plants take in carbon dioxide and produce oxygen.

467
00:24:37,440 --> 00:24:40,440
We breathe oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide.

468
00:24:40,440 --> 00:24:42,440
Exactly.

469
00:24:42,440 --> 00:24:46,440
So you see, plants and people can live very well together, trading gases.

470
00:24:46,440 --> 00:24:49,440
Okay, I understand that, but how do they produce water?

471
00:24:49,440 --> 00:24:51,440
Through a process called transpiration.

472
00:24:51,440 --> 00:24:54,440
What's transpiration?

473
00:24:54,440 --> 00:24:57,440
Well, when a plant transpires, it releases water

474
00:24:57,440 --> 00:25:01,440
through tiny holes called pores that are mostly found in the leaves.

475
00:25:01,440 --> 00:25:04,440
And then the water evaporates into the atmosphere,

476
00:25:04,440 --> 00:25:08,440
and we can collect it and turn it back into liquid water on a cold surface.

477
00:25:08,440 --> 00:25:12,440
Oh, you mean just like the water droplets on the outside of my glass of ice water.

478
00:25:12,440 --> 00:25:15,440
That's right. It's called condensation.

479
00:25:15,440 --> 00:25:18,440
I guess it is important to be able to produce water and oxygen,

480
00:25:18,440 --> 00:25:20,440
since it takes a long time to get to Mars.

481
00:25:20,440 --> 00:25:22,440
You bet it is.

482
00:25:22,440 --> 00:25:25,440
It would be very expensive to send space vehicles to resupply the habitat.

483
00:25:26,440 --> 00:25:30,440
Therefore, it is very important for the habitat to be as self-sufficient as possible.

484
00:25:30,440 --> 00:25:33,440
What kind of plants are you growing in your lab?

485
00:25:33,440 --> 00:25:37,440
We are currently experimenting with grains like wheat and rice,

486
00:25:37,440 --> 00:25:40,440
legumes like peas and peanuts,

487
00:25:40,440 --> 00:25:43,440
potatoes, fruits, and salad crops.

488
00:25:43,440 --> 00:25:45,440
I love salad.

489
00:25:45,440 --> 00:25:49,440
That's good, because right now there are no plants to produce any meat.

490
00:25:49,440 --> 00:25:51,440
I don't like just vegetables.

491
00:25:51,440 --> 00:25:53,440
Well, don't get too discouraged.

492
00:25:53,440 --> 00:25:56,440
Meat will still be available in packaged form, but in small quantities.

493
00:25:56,440 --> 00:25:59,440
However, there are still lots of good foods you can make with fruits and vegetables.

494
00:25:59,440 --> 00:26:01,440
Like what?

495
00:26:01,440 --> 00:26:03,440
Well, like peanut butter from peanuts,

496
00:26:03,440 --> 00:26:05,440
jelly from strawberries,

497
00:26:05,440 --> 00:26:07,440
tortillas from wheat,

498
00:26:07,440 --> 00:26:09,440
and potato chips from potatoes.

499
00:26:09,440 --> 00:26:13,440
You could even make tomato sauce from tomatoes for pizza or spaghetti.

500
00:26:13,440 --> 00:26:15,440
That's great.

501
00:26:15,440 --> 00:26:18,440
Now you're talking. That's my kind of meal.

502
00:26:18,440 --> 00:26:20,440
And just like here on Earth,

503
00:26:20,440 --> 00:26:23,440
the most important thing is to eat a balanced and nutritious diet.

504
00:26:23,440 --> 00:26:26,440
That's true. My mom always tells me that.

505
00:26:30,440 --> 00:26:33,440
Would you like to see us harvest some carrots from our chambers?

506
00:26:33,440 --> 00:26:35,440
Yes!

507
00:26:35,440 --> 00:26:37,440
All right.

508
00:26:46,440 --> 00:26:48,440
Thanks, Mr. Cooper.

509
00:26:48,440 --> 00:26:50,440
Good luck with your project, kids.

510
00:26:50,440 --> 00:26:53,440
I can't believe they actually grow plants in space.

511
00:26:53,440 --> 00:26:55,440
For food.

512
00:26:55,440 --> 00:26:57,440
And oxygen.

513
00:26:57,440 --> 00:26:59,440
We definitely need to grow plants in our habitat.

514
00:26:59,440 --> 00:27:03,440
I read on the Internet that some experiments on the ISS are done by kids.

515
00:27:03,440 --> 00:27:07,440
We should check it out and see if anybody on the NASA Wi-Fi's Kids Club grew control plants.

516
00:27:07,440 --> 00:27:10,440
Maybe we could grow our own plants for the model.

517
00:27:10,440 --> 00:27:12,440
It would have to be pretty small to fit in our model.

518
00:27:12,440 --> 00:27:16,440
Mrs. Schwartz's class at Kent Mill Elementary School in Silver Springs, Maryland, participated.

519
00:27:16,440 --> 00:27:18,440
Check it out.

520
00:27:19,440 --> 00:27:21,440
Hi, I'm Bowie.

521
00:27:21,440 --> 00:27:26,440
I'm in Mrs. Schwartz's fourth grade class at Kent Mill Elementary School in Silver Springs, Maryland.

522
00:27:26,440 --> 00:27:31,440
Hi, we read on the Internet that you're participating in a NASA project with SPACES.

523
00:27:31,440 --> 00:27:34,440
Yes, we are growing Arabidopsis plants.

524
00:27:34,440 --> 00:27:36,440
What are Arabidopsis plants?

525
00:27:36,440 --> 00:27:39,440
They are more commonly known as mustard greens.

526
00:27:39,440 --> 00:27:42,440
It has a life cycle of six weeks from seed to seed.

527
00:27:42,440 --> 00:27:45,440
It is easy to grow in small places.

528
00:27:45,440 --> 00:27:48,440
Also, it produces a lot of seeds.

529
00:27:48,440 --> 00:27:51,440
That makes it a great test plant to be grown in space.

530
00:27:51,440 --> 00:27:53,440
How do you get space seeds?

531
00:27:53,440 --> 00:27:58,440
We participate in a NASA experiment through a company called Space Explorers, Inc.

532
00:27:58,440 --> 00:28:04,440
They get the seeds from NASA and distribute them to teachers who have signed up for the program.

533
00:28:04,440 --> 00:28:06,440
Why does NASA want us to participate?

534
00:28:07,440 --> 00:28:11,440
Why does NASA want children to grow the space seeds on Earth?

535
00:28:11,440 --> 00:28:15,440
Whenever you are doing an experiment, you have to have a control group.

536
00:28:15,440 --> 00:28:20,440
We grow the plants as the control group for the experiment on the International Space Station.

537
00:28:20,440 --> 00:28:23,440
We learn about controls from the scientific method.

538
00:28:23,440 --> 00:28:26,440
We measure the plants as they grow and keep accurate records.

539
00:28:26,440 --> 00:28:30,440
This gives NASA a reference point of normal growth and reproduction

540
00:28:30,440 --> 00:28:35,440
to compare with the plants grown on the International Space Station.

541
00:28:35,440 --> 00:28:37,440
Why is that important?

542
00:28:37,440 --> 00:28:43,440
Scientists need to make sure that the plants are growing and producing just like they do on Earth.

543
00:28:43,440 --> 00:28:46,440
Is there anything else that the plants do for the astronauts in space?

544
00:28:46,440 --> 00:28:51,440
Yes, they create a bioregenerative life support system.

545
00:28:51,440 --> 00:28:53,440
What is that?

546
00:28:53,440 --> 00:28:56,440
It's a system that uses plants rather than machines.

547
00:28:56,440 --> 00:29:03,440
The plants release oxygen, help recycle drinking water, and create water vapor through transpiration.

548
00:29:03,440 --> 00:29:05,440
Just like Mr. Gruner mentioned.

549
00:29:05,440 --> 00:29:08,440
We definitely need a bioregenerative system in our habitat.

550
00:29:08,440 --> 00:29:09,440
Thanks for helping us.

551
00:29:09,440 --> 00:29:11,440
You're welcome.

552
00:29:11,440 --> 00:29:13,440
And good luck on your project.

553
00:29:13,440 --> 00:29:15,440
That is so cool.

554
00:29:15,440 --> 00:29:19,440
So we know we can grow plants as a source of food and oxygen.

555
00:29:19,440 --> 00:29:23,440
NASA sure is doing a lot of research on living and working in space.

556
00:29:23,440 --> 00:29:26,440
My mom and I are going down to Johnson Space Center in Houston.

557
00:29:26,440 --> 00:29:28,440
Maybe while I'm down there I can do some more research.

558
00:29:28,440 --> 00:29:31,440
I've never been to Johnson. I'd like to check it out.

559
00:29:31,440 --> 00:29:34,440
Okay, I'll call my mom and see if you can go with us.

560
00:29:34,440 --> 00:29:36,440
So what's up?

561
00:29:36,440 --> 00:29:39,440
Will living on Mars require any special training?

562
00:29:39,440 --> 00:29:42,440
What will Bianca and Anthony learn at Johnson Space Center?

563
00:29:42,440 --> 00:29:45,440
Did pollution kill all the fish in the bay?

564
00:29:45,440 --> 00:29:47,440
Don't leave the planet.

565
00:29:47,440 --> 00:29:51,440
Stick around for the next segment of The Case of the Inhabitable Habitat.

566
00:29:51,440 --> 00:29:54,440
Check it out.

567
00:30:01,440 --> 00:30:05,440
Pay close attention and you'll learn the following.

568
00:30:05,440 --> 00:30:09,440
What is the KC-135 used for?

569
00:30:09,440 --> 00:30:12,440
What is neutral buoyancy?

570
00:30:12,440 --> 00:30:18,440
And what does a spacesuit protect astronauts from?

571
00:30:18,440 --> 00:30:19,440
Hey, guys.

572
00:30:19,440 --> 00:30:21,440
Hey, RJ.

573
00:30:21,440 --> 00:30:23,440
What in the world is that?

574
00:30:23,440 --> 00:30:25,440
You mean what in the Mars is that?

575
00:30:25,440 --> 00:30:27,440
Actually, it's a badminton set.

576
00:30:27,440 --> 00:30:29,440
This is pretty heavy.

577
00:30:29,440 --> 00:30:31,440
Who's going to play badminton with this?

578
00:30:31,440 --> 00:30:35,440
Well, you see there's less gravity on Mars, so the racket needs to be heavier.

579
00:30:35,440 --> 00:30:38,440
This is part of the experiments we're going to be doing on Mars.

580
00:30:38,440 --> 00:30:41,440
Well, we could be the first ones to play badminton on Mars.

581
00:30:41,440 --> 00:30:43,440
Exactly.

582
00:30:43,440 --> 00:30:45,440
Oh, how's the fish problem going?

583
00:30:45,440 --> 00:30:47,440
It's good. I heard back from the EPA.

584
00:30:47,440 --> 00:30:50,440
That's the Environmental Protection Agency.

585
00:30:50,440 --> 00:30:52,440
They said that there's no pollution in the water

586
00:30:52,440 --> 00:30:55,440
and that it's the normal temperature for this time of year.

587
00:30:55,440 --> 00:30:57,440
So I'm still confused.

588
00:30:57,440 --> 00:30:58,440
I'm sure you'll figure it out.

589
00:30:58,440 --> 00:30:59,440
Hey, guys.

590
00:30:59,440 --> 00:31:02,440
Hey, it's an antizombie.

591
00:31:02,440 --> 00:31:03,440
Well, ladies and gentlemen,

592
00:31:03,440 --> 00:31:07,440
I've been told that I Am Listening was not actually on Mars yesterday

593
00:31:07,440 --> 00:31:12,440
but was participating in a simulation of living on Mars.

594
00:31:12,440 --> 00:31:15,440
For this stunt, I mean experiment,

595
00:31:15,440 --> 00:31:19,440
she has now been sealed in a simulated Martian habitat

596
00:31:19,440 --> 00:31:24,440
where she will experience what it will be like for astronauts to live on another world.

597
00:31:24,440 --> 00:31:26,440
We join her now for a live report.

598
00:31:26,440 --> 00:31:29,440
I Am, how's it going?

599
00:31:29,440 --> 00:31:32,440
Ted, you've got to help me get out of here.

600
00:31:32,440 --> 00:31:37,440
I'm down to a packet of tang and two stalks of celery.

601
00:31:37,440 --> 00:31:39,440
I cannot take this anymore.

602
00:31:39,440 --> 00:31:43,440
But you've only been in there for 15 minutes.

603
00:31:43,440 --> 00:31:45,440
And you had enough food for a week.

604
00:31:45,440 --> 00:31:48,440
Ted, help me. Ted!

605
00:31:48,440 --> 00:31:49,440
There you have it, folks.

606
00:31:49,440 --> 00:31:53,440
It looks like it's going to take more effort than locking a reporter in a closet

607
00:31:53,440 --> 00:31:55,440
to figure out how to live on Mars.

608
00:31:55,440 --> 00:31:58,440
Stay tuned for KSNN.

609
00:31:58,440 --> 00:32:01,440
You know, living in space would be quite an adjustment.

610
00:32:01,440 --> 00:32:04,440
I read that astronauts had to train to go to space.

611
00:32:04,440 --> 00:32:06,440
I wonder if we'd have to train to live on Mars.

612
00:32:06,440 --> 00:32:07,440
Of course.

613
00:32:07,440 --> 00:32:11,440
You don't just go seven to eight million kilometers without training.

614
00:32:11,440 --> 00:32:13,440
I wonder how you train.

615
00:32:13,440 --> 00:32:17,440
Looks like it's time for a trip to the problem board.

616
00:32:17,440 --> 00:32:20,440
We know that we have to build a habitat on Mars.

617
00:32:20,440 --> 00:32:23,440
And we know that plants and animals have basic needs.

618
00:32:23,440 --> 00:32:25,440
We also know that there are lots of different habitats,

619
00:32:25,440 --> 00:32:27,440
but they're all basically the same.

620
00:32:27,440 --> 00:32:30,440
Also, the food web is important to all habitats,

621
00:32:30,440 --> 00:32:33,440
and plants can be used as a food source in space.

622
00:32:33,440 --> 00:32:37,440
We need to know how people train to live in space for a long time.

623
00:32:37,440 --> 00:32:38,440
Where should we go?

624
00:32:38,440 --> 00:32:41,440
I saw earlier on the computer that Dr. Textbook has a show

625
00:32:41,440 --> 00:32:45,440
about how people learn to live in space.

626
00:32:45,440 --> 00:32:49,440
Let's check it out.

627
00:32:49,440 --> 00:32:57,440
Dr. Textbook with an exciting look into the history of living in space.

628
00:32:57,440 --> 00:32:58,440
Hello.

629
00:32:58,440 --> 00:33:02,440
Well, today we're going to learn about one of man's greatest challenges,

630
00:33:02,440 --> 00:33:05,440
living in space.

631
00:33:05,440 --> 00:33:09,440
For centuries, people have adjusted to different living conditions,

632
00:33:09,440 --> 00:33:16,440
but none so drastic as going from the surface of our planet into outer space.

633
00:33:16,440 --> 00:33:20,440
Leaving the pull of Earth's gravitational force requires training and discipline.

634
00:33:20,440 --> 00:33:23,440
NASA astronauts use sophisticated simulators and machines

635
00:33:23,440 --> 00:33:26,440
to prepare themselves to leave Earth's gravity.

636
00:33:26,440 --> 00:33:29,440
You experience the same feeling while riding on a roller coaster

637
00:33:29,440 --> 00:33:34,440
or even while spinning on a merry-go-round.

638
00:33:34,440 --> 00:33:38,440
Once you've entered space, however, everything changes.

639
00:33:38,440 --> 00:33:41,440
You've left Earth's gravitational force behind you,

640
00:33:41,440 --> 00:33:45,440
and you've now entered the microgravity zone.

641
00:33:45,440 --> 00:33:51,440
In a microgravity environment, you must be able to work right side up or upside down.

642
00:33:51,440 --> 00:33:54,440
Doing this on Earth can be slightly uncomfortable,

643
00:33:54,440 --> 00:33:56,440
but in space there is no up or down.

644
00:33:56,440 --> 00:34:01,440
It feels the same no matter which way you hang.

645
00:34:01,440 --> 00:34:08,440
Also in microgravity, simple tasks like eating are very challenging.

646
00:34:08,440 --> 00:34:10,440
In the early days of space flight,

647
00:34:10,440 --> 00:34:18,440
astronauts relied on orange-powdered drink mix and freeze-dried food.

648
00:34:18,440 --> 00:34:23,440
Now they enjoy a variety of full-course meals.

649
00:34:23,440 --> 00:34:27,440
Of course, life in space does have its benefits.

650
00:34:27,440 --> 00:34:30,440
On Earth, these weights are difficult to lift,

651
00:34:30,440 --> 00:34:34,440
but if I let go of them in space, they simply stay put.

652
00:34:35,440 --> 00:34:38,440
Not a very good idea!

653
00:34:48,440 --> 00:34:52,440
Poor Dr. Textbook. He didn't seem to adapt.

654
00:34:52,440 --> 00:34:55,440
I guess the fish haven't been able to adapt very well either,

655
00:34:55,440 --> 00:34:57,440
or they'd still be swimming in the bay.

656
00:34:57,440 --> 00:35:00,440
Maybe that should be my new hypothesis.

657
00:35:00,440 --> 00:35:04,440
If the fish can't adapt to their new environment, then they will leave the bay.

658
00:35:04,440 --> 00:35:07,440
But why wouldn't they be able to adapt?

659
00:35:07,440 --> 00:35:09,440
I guess I need to do some more research.

660
00:35:09,440 --> 00:35:12,440
Adapting seems like a difficult process.

661
00:35:12,440 --> 00:35:14,440
Let's go ask Dr. D. He could probably tell us.

662
00:35:14,440 --> 00:35:15,440
Yeah.

663
00:35:15,440 --> 00:35:16,440
Good idea.

664
00:35:16,440 --> 00:35:17,440
Come on.

665
00:35:19,440 --> 00:35:21,440
Hi, Dr. D.

666
00:35:21,440 --> 00:35:23,440
Hi, guys. How's your project going?

667
00:35:23,440 --> 00:35:27,440
It's going well, but we still need to learn more about training and adapting to living in space.

668
00:35:27,440 --> 00:35:29,440
I'll give you an example about adapting here on Earth.

669
00:35:29,440 --> 00:35:33,440
When astronomers go to work at the observatories on top of Mauna Kea in Hawaii,

670
00:35:33,440 --> 00:35:37,440
which is almost 14,000 feet above sea level, they have to adapt to a new environment.

671
00:35:37,440 --> 00:35:40,440
But if it's on Earth, why do they have to adapt?

672
00:35:40,440 --> 00:35:44,440
At that very high elevation, there's much less options than here at sea level.

673
00:35:44,440 --> 00:35:48,440
In order to adapt, astronomers go partway up the mountain to about 9,000 feet,

674
00:35:48,440 --> 00:35:53,440
spend about 24 hours there at this elevation where the conditions are not quite as extreme.

675
00:35:53,440 --> 00:35:55,440
What happens if they don't?

676
00:35:55,440 --> 00:35:57,440
Astronomers might get altitude sickness.

677
00:35:57,440 --> 00:36:01,440
If they take this time to let their bodies get used to less oxygen,

678
00:36:01,440 --> 00:36:06,440
they might not suffer such symptoms as headaches or severe tiredness when they get to the top of the mountain.

679
00:36:06,440 --> 00:36:07,440
That's really interesting.

680
00:36:07,440 --> 00:36:11,440
Let's play a little game to see if you can adapt to a new environment.

681
00:36:11,440 --> 00:36:13,440
Are we going to climb a mountain?

682
00:36:13,440 --> 00:36:15,440
No. I'm going to put you in a mirror image environment.

683
00:36:15,440 --> 00:36:19,440
What you have to do is trace this star looking in the mirror.

684
00:36:19,440 --> 00:36:20,440
Just stay between the lines.

685
00:36:20,440 --> 00:36:23,440
This looks really easy. I want to go first.

686
00:36:23,440 --> 00:36:24,440
Go ahead and give it a try.

687
00:36:28,440 --> 00:36:31,440
Wow. I can't move my hand.

688
00:36:31,440 --> 00:36:33,440
This is really strange.

689
00:36:33,440 --> 00:36:36,440
I bet I could do much better.

690
00:36:36,440 --> 00:36:38,440
It's harder than it looks.

691
00:36:38,440 --> 00:36:41,440
All right. Let me try it again.

692
00:36:41,440 --> 00:36:43,440
All right. Go ahead and let her star.

693
00:36:46,440 --> 00:36:48,440
It's easier this time.

694
00:36:48,440 --> 00:36:51,440
It's still hard, but I'm able to do it better this time.

695
00:36:51,440 --> 00:36:54,440
If you're learning how to adapt to this new environment,

696
00:36:54,440 --> 00:36:57,440
you might want to learn more about how people train to live in space.

697
00:36:57,440 --> 00:36:58,440
Where should we go?

698
00:36:58,440 --> 00:37:00,440
I don't know. You might check out the NASA website.

699
00:37:00,440 --> 00:37:03,440
If anyone knows, they should.

700
00:37:03,440 --> 00:37:05,440
Thanks, Dr. D. Bye.

701
00:37:05,440 --> 00:37:06,440
Bye.

702
00:37:08,440 --> 00:37:10,440
Jacob, what are you doing?

703
00:37:12,440 --> 00:37:15,440
I'm testing my new Mars pogo stick.

704
00:37:15,440 --> 00:37:18,440
I don't think your pogo stick is going to work very well on Mars.

705
00:37:18,440 --> 00:37:19,440
Why not?

706
00:37:19,440 --> 00:37:21,440
Remember the case of the challenging flight?

707
00:37:21,440 --> 00:37:23,440
We learned about Newton's first law.

708
00:37:23,440 --> 00:37:24,440
That's right.

709
00:37:24,440 --> 00:37:28,440
An object in motion stays in motion until a fourth act upon it.

710
00:37:28,440 --> 00:37:32,440
So you see, Jacob, if you jumped on your pogo stick on Mars, you'd end up in space.

711
00:37:32,440 --> 00:37:33,440
Not necessarily.

712
00:37:33,440 --> 00:37:35,440
I did a little research.

713
00:37:35,440 --> 00:37:38,440
I found out that the Apollo astronauts jumped all over the moon,

714
00:37:38,440 --> 00:37:40,440
and the moon has one-sixth the gravity of Earth.

715
00:37:40,440 --> 00:37:42,440
That's less than Mars, which is one-third.

716
00:37:42,440 --> 00:37:47,440
But the Apollo astronauts had suits that weighed 350 pounds.

717
00:37:47,440 --> 00:37:49,440
That's why they didn't jump very high.

718
00:37:49,440 --> 00:37:59,440
That means that on the moon, it would weigh about 58 pounds, or 116 on Mars.

719
00:37:59,440 --> 00:38:01,440
Wow, he's good at math.

720
00:38:01,440 --> 00:38:03,440
So I might be able to use my pogo stick.

721
00:38:03,440 --> 00:38:07,440
Well, you could, but I wouldn't unless I did a lot more research.

722
00:38:07,440 --> 00:38:10,440
Hey, guys, I just got an email from Mr. Del Rosso.

723
00:38:10,440 --> 00:38:13,440
He can tell us how astronauts train to live in space.

724
00:38:14,440 --> 00:38:18,440
Hi, I'm Dom Del Rosso, test director with NASA's Reduced Gravity Airplane.

725
00:38:18,440 --> 00:38:19,440
How can I help you?

726
00:38:19,440 --> 00:38:23,440
We need to learn more about astronauts and how they live and work in space.

727
00:38:23,440 --> 00:38:25,440
Well, they train in many different ways.

728
00:38:25,440 --> 00:38:29,440
One of the ways is aboard our KC-135, the Weightless Wonder.

729
00:38:29,440 --> 00:38:31,440
Why do you call it the Weightless Wonder?

730
00:38:31,440 --> 00:38:35,440
The KC-135 is an airplane we can use to simulate the free fall of zero gravity

731
00:38:35,440 --> 00:38:37,440
so the astronauts can experience weightlessness.

732
00:38:37,440 --> 00:38:40,440
How do you simulate weightlessness in an airplane?

733
00:38:40,440 --> 00:38:44,440
Well, we fly a series of huge arcs in the sky we call parabolas.

734
00:38:44,440 --> 00:38:47,440
It's kind of like riding a giant roller coaster in the sky.

735
00:38:47,440 --> 00:38:51,440
I learned about parabolas in math, and I love roller coasters.

736
00:38:51,440 --> 00:38:54,440
Well, then you would love the KC-135.

737
00:38:54,440 --> 00:38:58,440
We start at an altitude of about 24,000 feet and climb to make an arc.

738
00:38:58,440 --> 00:39:01,440
When the plane reaches the top of the arc at about 33,000 feet,

739
00:39:01,440 --> 00:39:03,440
it dives back towards the Earth.

740
00:39:03,440 --> 00:39:07,440
Anyone inside the airplane is also falling at the same rate that we're diving.

741
00:39:07,440 --> 00:39:09,440
This causes the people to float around inside.

742
00:39:09,440 --> 00:39:12,440
That's really cool. Do they float for very long?

743
00:39:12,440 --> 00:39:16,440
Not really, only for about 20 or 25 seconds in zero-g.

744
00:39:16,440 --> 00:39:20,440
However, we can change the parabola to simulate either the gravity of Moon or Mars,

745
00:39:20,440 --> 00:39:22,440
and they last a little bit longer.

746
00:39:22,440 --> 00:39:25,440
So how does this help the astronauts to train for space?

747
00:39:25,440 --> 00:39:29,440
Well, it gives the astronauts a chance to see how their bodies will react

748
00:39:29,440 --> 00:39:32,440
and adapt to weightlessness, as well as give them a chance to practice

749
00:39:32,440 --> 00:39:34,440
with their experiments before they fly.

750
00:39:34,440 --> 00:39:37,440
We can also use it to verify and help design new hardware

751
00:39:37,440 --> 00:39:39,440
for the astronauts to use later on.

752
00:39:39,440 --> 00:39:41,440
I get sick when I ride roller coasters.

753
00:39:41,440 --> 00:39:44,440
Do people ever get sick on the KC-135?

754
00:39:44,440 --> 00:39:47,440
Well, yes, occasionally an astronaut will get sick,

755
00:39:47,440 --> 00:39:50,440
and that's why sometimes people call it the vomit comet,

756
00:39:50,440 --> 00:39:52,440
but it doesn't happen all that often.

757
00:39:54,440 --> 00:39:57,440
Thanks, Mr. Del Rosso. This really helped.

758
00:39:57,440 --> 00:39:59,440
You're welcome, and good luck on your project.

759
00:39:59,440 --> 00:40:01,440
Goodbye, Mr. Del Rosso.

760
00:40:01,440 --> 00:40:04,440
Wow. It'd be pretty cool to float in space.

761
00:40:04,440 --> 00:40:06,440
Unless you got sick.

762
00:40:06,440 --> 00:40:09,440
You'd have to have a pretty strong stomach to be an astronaut.

763
00:40:09,440 --> 00:40:11,440
You'd have to have a pretty strong stomach to train.

764
00:40:11,440 --> 00:40:14,440
Speaking of training, I just got an e-mail from Bianca and Anthony

765
00:40:14,440 --> 00:40:16,440
down at Johnson Space Center.

766
00:40:16,440 --> 00:40:20,440
They're going to talk to Mr. Utley at the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory.

767
00:40:20,440 --> 00:40:23,440
I think that's where they train for spacewalks.

768
00:40:23,440 --> 00:40:27,440
Well, the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory sounds a lot easier than the vomit comet.

769
00:40:27,440 --> 00:40:31,440
The Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory sounds a lot easier than the vomit comet.

770
00:40:31,440 --> 00:40:33,440
I hope they don't get sick.

771
00:40:34,440 --> 00:40:36,440
I never thought a laboratory would have a swimming pool.

772
00:40:36,440 --> 00:40:39,440
Me either. I wonder what they do here.

773
00:40:39,440 --> 00:40:42,440
I'm glad you asked. You two must be the treehouse detectives.

774
00:40:42,440 --> 00:40:44,440
Yes, we are.

775
00:40:44,440 --> 00:40:48,440
Well, my name is Mr. Utley, and this is the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory, or NBL.

776
00:40:48,440 --> 00:40:53,440
We use this tank to simulate a weightless environment just like you'd see in space.

777
00:40:53,440 --> 00:40:56,440
It sure is big. Just how big is it?

778
00:40:56,440 --> 00:41:00,440
The NBL is 202 feet long. It's 102 feet wide and 40 feet deep.

779
00:41:00,440 --> 00:41:04,440
That means it holds just over 6.2 million gallons of water.

780
00:41:04,440 --> 00:41:07,440
That's as big as 12 Olympic-sized swimming pools all put together.

781
00:41:07,440 --> 00:41:09,440
Wow, that is big.

782
00:41:09,440 --> 00:41:13,440
Why do you need such a big tank? I mean, laboratory?

783
00:41:13,440 --> 00:41:17,440
Well, the International Space Station components are really big,

784
00:41:17,440 --> 00:41:22,440
so we need to have an environment that was big enough to be able to have astronauts practice putting all the components together.

785
00:41:22,440 --> 00:41:24,440
How do the astronauts train in the NBL?

786
00:41:24,440 --> 00:41:28,440
Well, instructors coach the astronauts on tasks and techniques in spacewalks

787
00:41:28,440 --> 00:41:31,440
that they're going to have to do while living and working in orbit.

788
00:41:31,440 --> 00:41:34,440
Spacewalks? Why would they need to walk in space?

789
00:41:34,440 --> 00:41:38,440
Well, sometimes astronauts have to go outside of their space home

790
00:41:38,440 --> 00:41:43,440
to do such things as assemble the space station or even fix the Hubble Space Telescope.

791
00:41:43,440 --> 00:41:45,440
Is there anything else they do in the NBL?

792
00:41:45,440 --> 00:41:50,440
Yes, as a part of spacewalk training, they train on tasks like connecting power supplies,

793
00:41:51,440 --> 00:41:55,440
deploying radiators, deploying solar arrays, or even changing batteries.

794
00:41:55,440 --> 00:41:58,440
Changing batteries? That doesn't sound very hard.

795
00:41:58,440 --> 00:42:01,440
Why do you have to train for such easy jobs?

796
00:42:01,440 --> 00:42:04,440
It may sound easy, but working in space is very challenging.

797
00:42:04,440 --> 00:42:11,440
There is no up or down, and so objects may not be in the same orientation they were in when they were training here in the NBL.

798
00:42:11,440 --> 00:42:14,440
At least all the heavy stuff doesn't weigh as much as it does on Earth.

799
00:42:14,440 --> 00:42:18,440
Well, actually, even though it's weightless in orbit, objects still have their mass,

800
00:42:18,440 --> 00:42:23,440
so you have to be very careful about moving a large object quickly because it will build up momentum.

801
00:42:23,440 --> 00:42:27,440
So astronauts have to train to be able to move things very slowly and deliberately.

802
00:42:27,440 --> 00:42:30,440
This is a lot more complex than we thought.

803
00:42:30,440 --> 00:42:32,440
Why do you use water?

804
00:42:32,440 --> 00:42:35,440
We create a weightless environment by using the principle of neutral buoyancy.

805
00:42:35,440 --> 00:42:37,440
What is neutral buoyancy?

806
00:42:37,440 --> 00:42:43,440
Well, neutral buoyancy is when an object has the same tendency to float as it does to sink,

807
00:42:43,440 --> 00:42:45,440
and that just hovers in the water.

808
00:42:45,440 --> 00:42:48,440
And that is the same property as being weightless on orbit.

809
00:42:48,440 --> 00:42:52,440
So you can take a 190-pound astronaut, put them into a 200-pound spacesuit,

810
00:42:52,440 --> 00:42:59,440
pressurize the suit, and add weights to the chest, back, and arms and legs just so that they're hovering around in the water.

811
00:42:59,440 --> 00:43:02,440
And that gives them the same reactive forces that they would have in orbit.

812
00:43:02,440 --> 00:43:06,440
So when you push yourself away from something, your body is going to continue to float away from it.

813
00:43:06,440 --> 00:43:09,440
If the suit weighs 200 pounds, how do you get them out of the pool?

814
00:43:09,440 --> 00:43:12,440
Actually, we're taking the astronauts out of the water right now.

815
00:43:21,440 --> 00:43:23,440
Wow, those suits are awesome.

816
00:43:23,440 --> 00:43:28,440
If you really want to know more about spacesuits, you should talk to Dr. Ross here at Johnson Space Center.

817
00:43:28,440 --> 00:43:29,440
That would be great.

818
00:43:29,440 --> 00:43:31,440
Well, give her a call and let her know you're coming.

819
00:43:31,440 --> 00:43:32,440
Thanks, Mr. Utley.

820
00:43:32,440 --> 00:43:33,440
Bye.

821
00:43:39,440 --> 00:43:40,440
Hi, Ms. Ross.

822
00:43:40,440 --> 00:43:42,440
I'm Bianca, and this is Anthony.

823
00:43:42,440 --> 00:43:43,440
Hi, it's nice to meet you both.

824
00:43:43,440 --> 00:43:47,440
I understand from Mr. Utley that you want to learn more about the spacesuits that astronauts wear.

825
00:43:47,440 --> 00:43:50,440
Wow, do astronauts really have to wear all this stuff?

826
00:43:50,440 --> 00:43:51,440
Yes, they do.

827
00:43:51,440 --> 00:43:54,440
The spacesuit protects the astronauts from the extreme environment of space.

828
00:43:54,440 --> 00:43:58,440
We know they need a spacesuit for oxygen, but what else does it protect them from?

829
00:43:58,440 --> 00:44:04,440
It protects them from things like extreme temperatures, very small meteoroids, orbital debris, and radiation.

830
00:44:04,440 --> 00:44:07,440
Wow, I didn't know space was so dangerous.

831
00:44:07,440 --> 00:44:08,440
The spacesuit looks big.

832
00:44:08,440 --> 00:44:13,440
It is big, and when an astronaut wears it, it inflates like a balloon to make it even larger.

833
00:44:13,440 --> 00:44:14,440
Why does it inflate?

834
00:44:14,440 --> 00:44:18,440
In space, there's no air pressure, and without air pressure, the astronaut's blood would boil.

835
00:44:18,440 --> 00:44:19,440
That doesn't sound good.

836
00:44:19,440 --> 00:44:20,440
No, it's not.

837
00:44:20,440 --> 00:44:24,440
So the spacesuit provides the air pressure the body needs to keep that from happening.

838
00:44:24,440 --> 00:44:25,440
What are these?

839
00:44:25,440 --> 00:44:27,440
These are the astronaut's long johns.

840
00:44:27,440 --> 00:44:30,440
They keep the astronaut cool while he or she works in space.

841
00:44:30,440 --> 00:44:31,440
How does it do that?

842
00:44:31,440 --> 00:44:34,440
They're little tubes woven into the long johns.

843
00:44:34,440 --> 00:44:36,440
Water flows through the tubes, keeping the astronauts cool.

844
00:44:36,440 --> 00:44:39,440
There are some days I wish I had one of these.

845
00:44:39,440 --> 00:44:41,440
Is that what I think it is?

846
00:44:41,440 --> 00:44:42,440
Yes, it is.

847
00:44:42,440 --> 00:44:45,440
It's called a mag for maximum absorbency garment.

848
00:44:45,440 --> 00:44:47,440
Do astronauts really have to wear that?

849
00:44:47,440 --> 00:44:48,440
Yes.

850
00:44:48,440 --> 00:44:52,440
Spacewalks can last up to eight hours, and that's a long time to go without a bathroom break.

851
00:44:52,440 --> 00:44:53,440
That's for sure.

852
00:44:53,440 --> 00:44:54,440
I couldn't go that long.

853
00:44:54,440 --> 00:44:58,440
Neither can the astronauts, and they are working with billions of dollars of equipment.

854
00:44:58,440 --> 00:45:01,440
They need to be able to concentrate in order to do their job correctly.

855
00:45:01,440 --> 00:45:04,440
And you can't concentrate if you have to go to the bathroom.

856
00:45:04,440 --> 00:45:05,440
Do you make these spacesuits, Ms. Ross?

857
00:45:05,440 --> 00:45:06,440
No.

858
00:45:06,440 --> 00:45:09,440
NASA hires a company to actually make the spacesuits.

859
00:45:09,440 --> 00:45:13,440
My primary job is to test and evaluate the suits so that I can design better spacesuits.

860
00:45:13,440 --> 00:45:15,440
We learned all about that from our invention contest.

861
00:45:15,440 --> 00:45:17,440
It's called the iterative process.

862
00:45:17,440 --> 00:45:21,440
It sounds like you've tested, evaluated data, and redesigned yourselves.

863
00:45:21,440 --> 00:45:24,440
Do astronauts have to wear different suits for different jobs?

864
00:45:24,440 --> 00:45:25,440
Sometimes.

865
00:45:25,440 --> 00:45:30,440
For example, Joe Cosmo and I worked with a company called ILC to build a better spacesuit glove.

866
00:45:30,440 --> 00:45:31,440
Why did they need a better glove?

867
00:45:31,440 --> 00:45:33,440
To build Space Station.

868
00:45:33,440 --> 00:45:36,440
The glove was a Phase VI, and I made sure it was ready to use in space.

869
00:45:36,440 --> 00:45:37,440
Did it really work?

870
00:45:37,440 --> 00:45:38,440
Yes, it did.

871
00:45:38,440 --> 00:45:42,440
The glove was used on the first American Space Station construction mission, STS-88.

872
00:45:42,440 --> 00:45:46,440
That is so cool to know that you actually helped the astronauts build the Space Station.

873
00:45:46,440 --> 00:45:48,440
I might do that someday.

874
00:45:48,440 --> 00:45:49,440
Yes, you might.

875
00:45:49,440 --> 00:45:50,440
Keep up the hard work.

876
00:45:50,440 --> 00:45:51,440
Thanks, Ms. Ross.

877
00:45:51,440 --> 00:45:52,440
We learned a lot.

878
00:45:52,440 --> 00:45:54,440
You're welcome, and good luck on your Marshall Habitats.

879
00:45:54,440 --> 00:45:55,440
Thanks.

880
00:45:55,440 --> 00:45:56,440
Bye.

881
00:45:56,440 --> 00:45:57,440
Bye.

882
00:45:58,440 --> 00:45:59,440
So what's up?

883
00:45:59,440 --> 00:46:01,440
Is the treehouse getting a little messy?

884
00:46:01,440 --> 00:46:03,440
Did the fish migrate from the bay?

885
00:46:03,440 --> 00:46:06,440
Stick around and get all the facts in the final segment of

886
00:46:06,440 --> 00:46:08,440
The Case of the Inhabitable Habitat.

887
00:46:19,440 --> 00:46:23,440
In the conclusion of The Case of the Inhabitable Habitat,

888
00:46:23,440 --> 00:46:24,440
you'll be asked,

889
00:46:24,440 --> 00:46:27,440
How are space trash cans different?

890
00:46:28,440 --> 00:46:31,440
How can space trash be dangerous?

891
00:46:31,440 --> 00:46:33,440
And what is migration?

892
00:46:53,440 --> 00:46:55,440
We only have one more module to go.

893
00:46:55,440 --> 00:46:57,440
The research module connects with the greenhouse.

894
00:46:57,440 --> 00:46:59,440
This is really cool.

895
00:46:59,440 --> 00:47:01,440
I think I could live there.

896
00:47:01,440 --> 00:47:02,440
For a while, anyway.

897
00:47:02,440 --> 00:47:05,440
It's almost as nice as the ISS module we saw in Houston.

898
00:47:05,440 --> 00:47:07,440
We did a good job, guys.

899
00:47:07,440 --> 00:47:08,440
We did.

900
00:47:08,440 --> 00:47:10,440
I wonder what kind of experiments we'll do in our research module.

901
00:47:10,440 --> 00:47:13,440
Well, I've decided to focus on recreation in space.

902
00:47:13,440 --> 00:47:16,440
I think we should look into badminton on Mars.

903
00:47:16,440 --> 00:47:19,440
Or pogo stick as a possible transportation.

904
00:47:19,440 --> 00:47:22,440
But first we need to experiment on how to get rid of all this trash.

905
00:47:22,440 --> 00:47:25,440
I guess it has gotten a little messy in here.

906
00:47:25,440 --> 00:47:28,440
I wonder what they do with trash in space.

907
00:47:28,440 --> 00:47:30,440
I don't think they have garbage trucks on Mars.

908
00:47:30,440 --> 00:47:33,440
I bet Ms. Ross knows someone who could help us.

909
00:47:33,440 --> 00:47:35,440
I'll contact her and see who we should call.

910
00:47:35,440 --> 00:47:38,440
And while you do that, we need to get rid of all this trash.

911
00:47:38,440 --> 00:47:42,440
Make sure you put the paper and plastic into the recycling bin.

912
00:47:52,440 --> 00:47:59,440
Wow.

913
00:47:59,440 --> 00:48:01,440
This looks much better.

914
00:48:01,440 --> 00:48:04,440
I never thought building a model would create so much trash.

915
00:48:04,440 --> 00:48:06,440
I hope it doesn't get that bad on the ISS.

916
00:48:06,440 --> 00:48:08,440
Guys, look.

917
00:48:08,440 --> 00:48:10,440
I found someone who can help us with trash in space.

918
00:48:10,440 --> 00:48:15,440
Hi, I'm Lisa Blansky.

919
00:48:15,440 --> 00:48:19,440
And I work on the International Space Station program at the Johnson Space Center.

920
00:48:19,440 --> 00:48:21,440
What can I do for you today?

921
00:48:21,440 --> 00:48:24,440
I remember wondering how you take out the trash in space.

922
00:48:24,440 --> 00:48:28,440
On the space station, the astronauts have trash cans like we do on Earth.

923
00:48:28,440 --> 00:48:30,440
Except they have a few differences.

924
00:48:30,440 --> 00:48:32,440
What kind of differences?

925
00:48:32,440 --> 00:48:36,440
When you're in a weightless environment, the trash has a tendency to float out of the cans.

926
00:48:36,440 --> 00:48:40,440
So we have special openings to keep it inside, and this way it doesn't bother the astronauts.

927
00:48:40,440 --> 00:48:42,440
Trash is bad enough sitting on the ground.

928
00:48:42,440 --> 00:48:44,440
I wouldn't want it flying around everywhere.

929
00:48:44,440 --> 00:48:48,440
Actually, the astronauts attach the can to the wall so it doesn't float away.

930
00:48:48,440 --> 00:48:52,440
At home, I use the three R's, reduce, reuse, and recycle.

931
00:48:52,440 --> 00:48:54,440
Do astronauts use these in space?

932
00:48:54,440 --> 00:48:58,440
Actually, there's not a whole lot to recycle on the International Space Station.

933
00:48:58,440 --> 00:49:02,440
We try to reduce the amount of items that become trash on orbit before they go up.

934
00:49:02,440 --> 00:49:04,440
How do you do that?

935
00:49:04,440 --> 00:49:07,440
One of the ways is by using more efficient packing material.

936
00:49:07,440 --> 00:49:11,440
We also reuse the clothing items like the shorts and the pants.

937
00:49:11,440 --> 00:49:14,440
If you did have any trash, couldn't you just launch it into space?

938
00:49:14,440 --> 00:49:19,440
One of the reasons we don't launch trash into space is because it becomes space trash.

939
00:49:19,440 --> 00:49:21,440
And that can be very dangerous.

940
00:49:21,440 --> 00:49:24,440
How can space trash be dangerous?

941
00:49:24,440 --> 00:49:28,440
Any trash injected into space travels at a high rate of speed.

942
00:49:28,440 --> 00:49:32,440
And at high speeds, even the smallest piece can do damage to the vehicle.

943
00:49:32,440 --> 00:49:37,440
A piece that is 10 centimeters long can cause as much damage as 25 sticks of dynamite.

944
00:49:37,440 --> 00:49:41,440
25 sticks of dynamite? That's scary.

945
00:49:41,440 --> 00:49:43,440
What do you do with the trash cans when they're full?

946
00:49:43,440 --> 00:49:48,440
When the cans are full, we put it in the Russian unmanned vehicle called Progress.

947
00:49:48,440 --> 00:49:53,440
The Progress undocks from the International Space Station and burns up in Earth's atmosphere.

948
00:49:53,440 --> 00:49:57,440
We also use the space shuttle to return hardware that is reusable.

949
00:49:57,440 --> 00:50:00,440
Wow, that's one way to recycle and reuse.

950
00:50:00,440 --> 00:50:03,440
I didn't know a space shuttle could carry trash.

951
00:50:03,440 --> 00:50:06,440
That's a lot better than having trash fly all through space.

952
00:50:06,440 --> 00:50:08,440
That's exactly right.

953
00:50:08,440 --> 00:50:10,440
Thanks for your help, Ms. Polanski.

954
00:50:10,440 --> 00:50:12,440
My pleasure, kids. Anytime.

955
00:50:12,440 --> 00:50:14,440
So they do recycle in space.

956
00:50:14,440 --> 00:50:20,440
So that means that we definitely have to reuse, reduce, and recycle in our habitat.

957
00:50:20,440 --> 00:50:22,440
It's always a good idea to use the three R's.

958
00:50:22,440 --> 00:50:26,440
Okay, let's get the camera so we can start working on our presentation.

959
00:50:28,440 --> 00:50:31,440
Okay, first let's take a look at the living module.

960
00:50:31,440 --> 00:50:33,440
Who's going to be our narrator?

961
00:50:36,440 --> 00:50:38,440
Come on, Kaylee. Don't you want to be in the presentation?

962
00:50:39,440 --> 00:50:44,440
Yes, but I finally got an email back from Mr. Glenn Schuster of Signals of Spring.

963
00:50:44,440 --> 00:50:49,440
After doing a little research, I figured out that my hypothesis was wrong.

964
00:50:49,440 --> 00:50:53,440
I think Signals of Spring can help me come up with a new hypothesis.

965
00:50:53,440 --> 00:50:55,440
What is Signals of Spring?

966
00:50:55,440 --> 00:50:59,440
Signals of Spring is a project where students use data from NASA and NOAA

967
00:50:59,440 --> 00:51:02,440
to track migratory patterns of loggerhead turtles.

968
00:51:02,440 --> 00:51:06,440
Now, I know what NASA is, but what is NOAA?

969
00:51:06,440 --> 00:51:09,440
It's the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

970
00:51:09,440 --> 00:51:15,440
They're an environmental agency that collects and analyzes data to predict changes in weather.

971
00:51:15,440 --> 00:51:17,440
How are they going to help you?

972
00:51:17,440 --> 00:51:22,440
I asked Mr. Schuster if fish migrated, and maybe that's the reason all the fish are gone.

973
00:51:22,440 --> 00:51:24,440
I think I finally have the answer.

974
00:51:24,440 --> 00:51:30,440
My new hypothesis is, if the fish have migrated, then there will be no fish in the bay.

975
00:51:30,440 --> 00:51:31,440
What did he say?

976
00:51:31,440 --> 00:51:34,440
He said I should contact Burbank Middle School.

977
00:51:34,440 --> 00:51:39,440
Mrs. Stewart's class is helping Signals of Spring track migration patterns of turtles.

978
00:51:39,440 --> 00:51:41,440
That sounds great. Let's call them out.

979
00:51:41,440 --> 00:51:42,440
Okay.

980
00:51:43,440 --> 00:51:48,440
Hi, my name is Jacqueline Dang, and I'm in Mrs. Stewart's class at Burbank Middle School in Houston, Texas.

981
00:51:48,440 --> 00:51:51,440
Hi, I'm Kaylee, and we're the triage detectives.

982
00:51:51,440 --> 00:51:55,440
We think that the fish in the bay at home have migrated.

983
00:51:55,440 --> 00:52:00,440
We definitely can tell you about migration, especially loggerhead turtle migration.

984
00:52:00,440 --> 00:52:02,440
What is migration?

985
00:52:02,440 --> 00:52:04,440
Migration is movement of animals.

986
00:52:04,440 --> 00:52:12,440
Signals of Springs helps us to use NASA real-time satellite imagery and maps to understand the migratory patterns of turtles.

987
00:52:12,440 --> 00:52:14,440
Why do turtles migrate?

988
00:52:14,440 --> 00:52:18,440
They usually migrate when the temperature changes, mostly toward the warmer weather.

989
00:52:18,440 --> 00:52:20,440
Why do they move toward warmer weather?

990
00:52:20,440 --> 00:52:23,440
Their food also migrates, so they follow the food.

991
00:52:23,440 --> 00:52:25,440
How many turtles are you tracking?

992
00:52:25,440 --> 00:52:26,440
Just one.

993
00:52:26,440 --> 00:52:31,440
Our turtle, Marianne, has a sensor glued to her back that sends NASA real-time data showing her location.

994
00:52:31,440 --> 00:52:36,440
The data is put on a website, and we plot the coordinates each week on our map.

995
00:52:36,440 --> 00:52:38,440
Where is she now?

996
00:52:38,440 --> 00:52:47,440
Right now, she's moving south at 35.4 north and 75.4 west, but when we started, she was off the coast of Virginia.

997
00:52:47,440 --> 00:52:49,440
Cool. That's right near where we live.

998
00:52:49,440 --> 00:52:52,440
Do turtles always migrate in the same way?

999
00:52:52,440 --> 00:52:55,440
No, but they follow similar patterns each year.

1000
00:52:55,440 --> 00:52:59,440
Can a change in the environment cause a difference in migration patterns?

1001
00:52:59,440 --> 00:53:03,440
I think so, but you might want to check with the Virginia Marine Science Museum.

1002
00:53:03,440 --> 00:53:05,440
They helped us a lot with our project.

1003
00:53:05,440 --> 00:53:08,440
That's a great idea. Thanks for all your help.

1004
00:53:08,440 --> 00:53:10,440
You're welcome. Good luck with your project.

1005
00:53:12,440 --> 00:53:15,440
I still don't know what happened to make the fish disappear.

1006
00:53:15,440 --> 00:53:19,440
I better email the Virginia Marine Science Museum. Maybe they can help.

1007
00:53:19,440 --> 00:53:22,440
Good idea. And after that, you can help us with our presentation.

1008
00:53:26,440 --> 00:53:30,440
VIRGINIA MARINE SCIENCE MUSEUM

1009
00:53:33,440 --> 00:53:34,440
Hi, Dr. D.

1010
00:53:34,440 --> 00:53:36,440
Welcome, Mars Explorers.

1011
00:53:36,440 --> 00:53:38,440
I see you finished your terrarium.

1012
00:53:38,440 --> 00:53:42,440
Yes, I'm really pleased with it. I think the terrarium is very close to being in equilibrium.

1013
00:53:42,440 --> 00:53:44,440
What's in equilibrium?

1014
00:53:44,440 --> 00:53:46,440
It means that everything is in balance.

1015
00:53:46,440 --> 00:53:53,440
For example, in a balanced system, the amount of carbon dioxide consumed by the plants is equal to the carbon dioxide produced by everything else.

1016
00:53:53,440 --> 00:53:57,440
My completed, sealed-off terrarium is a self-sufficient system.

1017
00:53:57,440 --> 00:54:01,440
That's great, Dr. D. We think we found the solution to our Mars habitat problem.

1018
00:54:01,440 --> 00:54:04,440
We first had to learn a lot about the Mars environment.

1019
00:54:04,440 --> 00:54:07,440
Yes, we learned that it's a pretty harsh environment.

1020
00:54:07,440 --> 00:54:10,440
Cold, with a sparse atmosphere, and hardly any oxygen.

1021
00:54:10,440 --> 00:54:14,440
That meant that our habitat had to be entirely self-contained, except for sunlight.

1022
00:54:14,440 --> 00:54:16,440
That's a major source of energy.

1023
00:54:16,440 --> 00:54:20,440
Don't forget that gravity on Mars is only one-third as strong as that on Earth.

1024
00:54:20,440 --> 00:54:23,440
And we had to watch out for wind storms and meteors.

1025
00:54:23,440 --> 00:54:27,440
Since there's almost no oxygen on Mars, we decided we had better have lots of plants.

1026
00:54:27,440 --> 00:54:30,440
They not only provide us with food, but also oxygen.

1027
00:54:30,440 --> 00:54:34,440
That's right. We had to meet the basic needs of the astronauts.

1028
00:54:34,440 --> 00:54:36,440
Food, water, shelter, and oxygen.

1029
00:54:36,440 --> 00:54:40,440
And we checked into alien environments, and how plants can grow in them.

1030
00:54:40,440 --> 00:54:44,440
I learned that I need to acquire a taste for vegetables, since there won't be any meat.

1031
00:54:44,440 --> 00:54:47,440
One of our models was a trash management facility.

1032
00:54:47,440 --> 00:54:50,440
There are a lot more than the four basic needs that need to be met in our habitat.

1033
00:54:50,440 --> 00:54:54,440
With our module, we also noticed that we had to take into account the adaptations

1034
00:54:54,440 --> 00:54:57,440
that astronauts will have to make to live on Mars.

1035
00:54:57,440 --> 00:55:01,440
That's great. Haley, have you found any more information about your fish problem?

1036
00:55:01,440 --> 00:55:07,440
I talked to Mrs. Stewart's class, and they said that migratory patterns are usually consistent.

1037
00:55:07,440 --> 00:55:09,440
So I don't think the fish have migrated.

1038
00:55:09,440 --> 00:55:12,440
Probably correct. Otherwise, fish would be missing every year.

1039
00:55:12,440 --> 00:55:15,440
They suggested I talk to the Virginia Marine Science Museum.

1040
00:55:15,440 --> 00:55:18,440
And they said there had been an algal bloom in the bay back home.

1041
00:55:18,440 --> 00:55:20,440
But I'm not sure what that is.

1042
00:55:20,440 --> 00:55:22,440
Well, let's do an Internet search.

1043
00:55:22,440 --> 00:55:24,440
Okay, let's pull up a search engine.

1044
00:55:24,440 --> 00:55:27,440
Type in the words algal and bloom.

1045
00:55:27,440 --> 00:55:31,440
Here's a site that says harmful algae paint.

1046
00:55:31,440 --> 00:55:33,440
Okay, click on it and see what they have to say.

1047
00:55:33,440 --> 00:55:36,440
How does an algal bloom make all the fish disappear?

1048
00:55:36,440 --> 00:55:39,440
It says that algae use the nutrients to quickly multiply.

1049
00:55:39,440 --> 00:55:43,440
It also says that some algae are toxic to fish.

1050
00:55:43,440 --> 00:55:45,440
That means that the fish die.

1051
00:55:45,440 --> 00:55:48,440
They can last up to a few days, and in some cases over a year.

1052
00:55:48,440 --> 00:55:50,440
I hope it doesn't last that long.

1053
00:55:50,440 --> 00:55:52,440
Me too.

1054
00:55:52,440 --> 00:55:56,440
Guys, we better get back to the treehouse if we want to see our presentation on KSNN.

1055
00:55:56,440 --> 00:55:58,440
I'm proud of you guys. I can't wait to see the presentation.

1056
00:55:58,440 --> 00:56:00,440
Hey, I've got a present for you.

1057
00:56:00,440 --> 00:56:02,440
There's a terrarium for your treehouse.

1058
00:56:02,440 --> 00:56:04,440
Try to give it lots of indirect sunlight.

1059
00:56:04,440 --> 00:56:06,440
Thanks, Dr. Dean. Bye.

1060
00:56:08,440 --> 00:56:11,440
Well, that was certainly a nice-looking Martian habitat.

1061
00:56:11,440 --> 00:56:15,440
But I don't think the judges will approve of the complete lack of bathrooms.

1062
00:56:17,440 --> 00:56:20,440
No, I don't think so, Ted.

1063
00:56:20,440 --> 00:56:22,440
And next up, the treehouse detectives.

1064
00:56:22,440 --> 00:56:25,440
Always a strong contender with their Martian habitat.

1065
00:56:25,440 --> 00:56:27,440
Here's Bianca with the live report.

1066
00:56:27,440 --> 00:56:30,440
Our habitat has three modules.

1067
00:56:30,440 --> 00:56:33,440
A laboratory for working and conducting experiments.

1068
00:56:33,440 --> 00:56:35,440
A living module for eating and sleeping.

1069
00:56:35,440 --> 00:56:39,440
And finally, a greenhouse for all our food, water, and oxygen.

1070
00:56:39,440 --> 00:56:41,440
And yes, there's even a bathroom.

1071
00:56:42,440 --> 00:56:45,440
These kids have really done their research, Ted.

1072
00:56:45,440 --> 00:56:47,440
Right you are, IM.

1073
00:56:47,440 --> 00:56:50,440
That habitat looks so cool, I'll bet they can't wait to move in.

1074
00:56:50,440 --> 00:56:52,440
Care to join them, IM?

1075
00:56:52,440 --> 00:56:55,440
Ha ha ha, never in a million years, Ted.

1076
00:56:55,440 --> 00:56:58,440
Ha ha, that's great, IM.

1077
00:56:58,440 --> 00:57:02,440
And we'll be back with more of the Young Astronauts' Parade of Martian Habitats.

1078
00:57:02,440 --> 00:57:04,440
Right you are, Ted.

1079
00:57:05,440 --> 00:57:07,440
Vroom, vroom, vroom.

1080
00:57:07,440 --> 00:57:09,440
Hey, Jacob, caught anything?

1081
00:57:09,440 --> 00:57:12,440
I think the algal bloom must still be out there.

1082
00:57:12,440 --> 00:57:14,440
I haven't caught a thing.

1083
00:57:14,440 --> 00:57:16,440
Don't think so.

1084
00:57:16,440 --> 00:57:19,440
Well, mine must have just gotten away.

1085
00:57:19,440 --> 00:57:21,440
Here, let me see.

1086
00:57:21,440 --> 00:57:24,440
Vroom, vroom, vroom.

1087
00:57:30,440 --> 00:57:32,440
Yeah!

1088
00:57:32,440 --> 00:57:35,440
Look forward to even more exciting mysteries next season,

1089
00:57:35,440 --> 00:57:38,440
when the NASA Y-Files becomes the NASA Psi-Files.

1090
00:57:51,440 --> 00:57:54,440
All right, all right.

1091
00:58:21,440 --> 00:58:23,440
All right, all right.

1092
00:58:29,440 --> 00:58:31,440
All right, all right.

1093
00:58:31,440 --> 00:58:35,440
The NASA Y-Files is made possible through the generous support of

1094
00:58:35,440 --> 00:58:39,440
Busch Gardens, SeaWorld, and NASA Langley Research Center's

1095
00:58:39,440 --> 00:58:42,440
Aerospace Vehicle Systems Technology Office.