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Hello everybody, today we're going to be talking about Unit 7, Urbanization, and Cities.

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In this video, we will cover the origin of cities, urban hierarchy, models for American city development,

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and how cities and other continents differ from American cities.

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Origin of Cities

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Permanent settlements started to come around the Neolithic Revolution, or the first agricultural revolution,

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since now they had a steady supply of food for them to eat.

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This era was called the Formative Era, which was between 4000 BCE to 2000 BCE.

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as villages started to become more prominent.

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Around 3000 BCE, villages started to grow bigger

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and more specific jobs started to come around

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since not everyone had to work on the farm.

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The very first cities started to appear in Asia and northern Africa.

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In Africa, they appeared near the Nile River in Egypt.

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Then they moved over to Mesopotamia along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.

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Cities also came around the Indus River in South Asia

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and the Yellow and Yangtze rivers in early China.

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The first cities in Europe started around the Aegean Sea.

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Urban Hierarchy

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For a city to come about, it needs to start off small and get larger.

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A hamlet is the first step to becoming urbanized.

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Hamlets only include a few dozen people and don't offer a lot of services.

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They are clustered around a center, which is usually just a gas station or a general store.

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The next step is to become a village.

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Villages are larger than hamlets and offer more services.

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Instead of just a general store, villages can offer stores that are based in a couple of things, like food or clothing.

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They also gather more people so that the town grows bigger and the center becomes larger as well.

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Next up is becoming a town.

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Towns can consist of 50 people up to a few thousand people.

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They have an urban area with a defined boundary,

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but are still smaller than cities based on the size of the town and its population.

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After towns, the next step is to become a city.

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Cities are larger and more densely populated, which can include tens of thousands of people.

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A lot more services have come around and suburbs start developing

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because people want to stay close to work, but live in a safer environment.

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After cities, megalopolises form.

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Megalopolises have large populations and incorporate large areas.

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They are usually focused around one large city.

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The central city and the suburbs bordered each other, with the suburbs being dependent on the city.

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Models for City Development

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For the models, there are three major models in how cities are shaped.

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They are the concentric zone model, the sector model, and the multinuclear model for American cities.

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The central place theory explains how a city works with goods and services.

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The concentric zone model was made in 1923 by E.W. Burgess.

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It says that a city develops in a series of rings that can vary in size and expand away from the city.

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The inner ring, or ring one, is the CBD or central business district, which contains the commercial and business services and is often called the downtown section of a city.

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The next ring is called the zone of transition, which contains industry and poor quality housing.

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Immigrants and single individuals tend to live in the area, frequently created by subdividing larger houses into apartments.

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Most people in the area rent instead of owning it themselves.

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The zone that is in the middle is called the zone of working class,

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which is composed of modest older houses occupied by working class families

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in which a large percentage of the families rent, but some own their own houses.

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The zone of better residences is zone 4 and contains the newer, more spacious housing.

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This zone is inhibited by the middle class and the houses are mostly owned, not rented.

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The last zone is called the commuter zone, which is located the farthest away from the city.

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This area is mostly upper class residents with very few middle class residents.

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The sector model was made in 1939 by Harmer Hoy.

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It states that a city develops some sections surrounding the CBD

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and that different areas attract different activities by chance or by environmental factors.

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This model has five sections.

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The CBD, industry-slash-transportation, low-class residential, middle-class residential, and high-class residential.

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In the industry section, it is mostly factories and the main public transportation routes that go through the CBD.

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The low-class residential is next to the transportation and industry section and contains low-income housing.

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They live there to reduce transportation costs to help them get closer to their work.

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The middle-class residential section surrounds the other sectors,

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but is further away from the transportation zone, making it more desirable.

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It is the largest residential area and still has access to transportation lines

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for working people that work in the CBD.

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The high-class residential is the outermost edge and furthest away from the industry zone.

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It contains the best housing and has the least traffic.

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The multinuclear model was made in 1945 by Chauncey Harris and Edward Ullman.

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They said that the CBD was losing its importance in relation to the rest of the city and should be seen as a nucleus rather than the focal point.

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The different zones developed into independent areas based off of their activities, and each were near zones that they were compatible with.

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The zones included the CBD, which is at the center, light manufacturing, which is to the left side of the CBD and creates the easy products,

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the low-class residential, which is above the light manufacturing and the CBD, as well as below it,

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The Middle Class Residential, which is located to the right of the CBD.

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The Upper Class Residential, which is located to the right of the Middle Class Zone.

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The Heavy Manufacturing, which is located at the bottom of the Lower Class Residential and takes care of the heavier products that cause more pollution.

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The Outlying Business District, which is located between the Middle Class Residential and the Upper Class Residential and is usually a mall.

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The Residential Suburb, which is located below the Upper Class Residential and contains Upper Middle Class.

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and the industrial suburb, which is located near the heavy manufacturing zone

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and contains the lower-class people that work in the factories.

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The central place theory is a model created by Walter Castelli in 1933.

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The model is in the shape of a hexagon to make sure that no space is left untouched.

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The central place in the middle is the source of service.

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The threshold is the number of people needed to support the service,

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which is the space around the central place.

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The range is how far a service can stretch out to,

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and the market area slash hinterland is the boundary line for the service.

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Castelli came to two conclusions based upon the model.

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One is that towns of the same size are evenly spaced because they are in the center of congruent market areas

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and the towns are part of an interdependent system,

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so if a central place is eliminated, then the entire system readjusts to fill up the hole.

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Cities and other continents.

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European cities are older than American cities and thus have different structures in them.

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The cities are more compact and shorter with skyscrapers placed on the outside of town

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because they have a philosophy that says what is old should be preserved.

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They are also arranged in the opposite ways of an American city,

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because the wealthy live in the central city and the lower classes live in the suburbs.

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European cities also have zoning laws that determine where buildings can be put and how the land can be used.

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The zoning laws are split up into four different types, residential, commercial, industrial, and institutional, but the zones can be mixed.

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Asian cities are mostly located on the coast, which help with the trading that the countries do.

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Many of the cities also have specific zones, but they are for Western companies to locate within their borders, providing thousands of jobs.

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The cities are modernized since they are relatively new and have multiple skyscrapers in the city.

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Office parks are popping up everywhere, which are agglomerations with shared phone and internet services,

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and they share the same transportation infrastructure.

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Asian cities actually don't have a formalized CBD, making growth occur throughout the city,

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but they grow according to the zoning laws and their economies.

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Latin American cities are experiencing one of the world's fastest urban growth rate,

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but still prefer to integrate their native past into their architecture.

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They are growing so fast due to the fact that so many people are coming in from the countryside and building slums to live in the city.

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The cities are actually laid out like a hub and spoke of a bicycle wheel, with the CBD in the center,

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the high residential area extending outwards, the middle class residential filling up a small space, and the slums on the edge of the cities.

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African cities are the fastest growing urban areas in the world today, with most of the people coming in from the poor countryside to look for work.

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Cities in northern Africa that are Muslim-dominated have a high growth rate,

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but the most of the growth occurs in sub-Saharan Africa.

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African cities have three distinct CBDs,

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with the headquarters of the government found in the colonial CBD,

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a market or bazaar to be the consumer section of the city,

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and the traditional CBD, which holds many of the financial institutions

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and the commercial center for the city.

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African cities have the three CBDs with ethnic neighborhoods extending outwards from them,

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and beyond them are the mining and manufacturing zones as well as the squatter settlements.

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African cities lack the transportation systems that other cities have because of the lack of infrastructure or not enough money.

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They are also affected by the high rates of HIV and large numbers of orphaned and homeless children.

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That's the end, and thanks for watching.