1 00:00:00,370 --> 00:00:07,710 Hello, everybody. This is a video in which we're going to continue with a social science unit called Population, right? 2 00:00:07,790 --> 00:00:13,970 As we do in class, we will start with the summarize of what we learned the previous week. 3 00:00:14,609 --> 00:00:28,949 So the previous week we learned about different concepts that are really important and you have to take into account and you have to learn because you will be asked about them in the exam, right? 4 00:00:29,629 --> 00:00:30,190 Demography. 5 00:00:30,390 --> 00:00:36,469 The first term that we learned last week is that related to demography, which is the study 6 00:00:36,469 --> 00:00:38,429 of human populations, right? 7 00:00:38,549 --> 00:00:40,469 Something really, really important. 8 00:00:40,869 --> 00:00:43,530 Let me underline it for you, right? 9 00:00:44,210 --> 00:00:47,549 Demography is the study of human population, right? 10 00:00:47,609 --> 00:00:49,990 Because population never stay at the same. 11 00:00:50,070 --> 00:00:55,750 They are all the time changing because they are affected by birth rates, death rates, 12 00:00:56,149 --> 00:00:57,710 immigration and emigration. 13 00:00:57,710 --> 00:01:02,710 That's the reason why we have some formulas and concepts that we have to learn about it. 14 00:01:02,710 --> 00:01:07,709 What is one of those concepts? Absolute population. 15 00:01:07,709 --> 00:01:16,709 What is the absolute population of an area? It's the total number of inhabitants in a place or country, right? 16 00:01:16,709 --> 00:01:21,709 So since it's really important too, we are going to underline it. 17 00:01:21,709 --> 00:01:27,750 Total number of inhabitants in a place or country is the absolute population of an area. 18 00:01:28,109 --> 00:01:31,969 How do we calculate the absolute population of an area? 19 00:01:33,310 --> 00:01:39,269 So, we have to take into account the rate of natural increase. 20 00:01:40,010 --> 00:01:41,109 What is natural increase? 21 00:01:41,370 --> 00:01:43,329 Oh, I should change the color, sorry. 22 00:01:43,930 --> 00:01:44,849 Natural increase. 23 00:01:44,849 --> 00:01:57,709 So, natural increase is the difference between the birth rate and the death rate, right? 24 00:01:58,409 --> 00:02:01,329 So, number of births and number of deaths. 25 00:02:02,969 --> 00:02:12,210 And difference, number of births and the number of deaths, which are birth rate and death rate. 26 00:02:12,210 --> 00:02:20,569 can be positive or negative. What is the meaning of a positive natural increase? 27 00:02:21,129 --> 00:02:29,270 So, there are more births than deaths in an area, right? Population increases. So, if I have more 28 00:02:29,270 --> 00:02:35,469 and more people, the population is increasing. But negative, a negative natural increase means 29 00:02:35,469 --> 00:02:39,169 that there are more deaths than births in the area. 30 00:02:39,389 --> 00:02:43,770 So, for instance, a rural area in which we don't have births 31 00:02:43,770 --> 00:02:47,750 and we have deaths, so the population decreases, right? 32 00:02:48,550 --> 00:02:52,770 And we have another concept, actual increase, real, ¿vale? 33 00:02:52,830 --> 00:02:56,710 Actual no significa actual, significa real, ¿vale? 34 00:02:56,870 --> 00:02:59,310 Actual increase, right? 35 00:02:59,710 --> 00:03:03,490 It takes into account a natural increase, 36 00:03:03,490 --> 00:03:08,490 but we also have to count the immigrants and emigrants 37 00:03:08,490 --> 00:03:11,409 because they form, they are part of our population too 38 00:03:11,409 --> 00:03:15,069 and they help us to have a positive, 39 00:03:15,810 --> 00:03:20,110 the population increasing or they change 40 00:03:20,110 --> 00:03:24,169 or in small areas, if we have emigrants, 41 00:03:24,490 --> 00:03:29,889 we have negative rates of population decreasing, right? 42 00:03:30,270 --> 00:03:32,389 So we have to take them into account 43 00:03:32,389 --> 00:03:38,770 And when we do that, we have to talk about the term of actual increase. 44 00:03:39,830 --> 00:03:45,030 The total, add the total number of immigrants to the natural increase, the blue one, right? 45 00:03:45,370 --> 00:03:48,250 And then subtract the number of emigrants. 46 00:03:49,189 --> 00:03:51,490 What means, what can happen? 47 00:03:51,909 --> 00:04:00,789 That the actual increase can be positive or negative too, if we take into account the immigration and emigration figures, right? 48 00:04:00,789 --> 00:04:08,789 Another concept that I mentioned was the census, right? A collection of data to 49 00:04:08,789 --> 00:04:14,530 calculate population changes and you had a look on the page of the INE, Instituto 50 00:04:14,530 --> 00:04:20,790 Nacional de Estadística, so there you found a sample of the last census who 51 00:04:20,790 --> 00:04:28,529 took place nine years ago, right? Here you have the formulas and we will continue. 52 00:04:28,529 --> 00:04:37,350 Yes, I want to save and we will see more concepts that we learned the other day. 53 00:04:37,350 --> 00:04:45,050 Sorry. Population density. Population density describes the number of people 54 00:04:45,050 --> 00:04:51,410 in an area, right? So it's also something important that you need to remember if 55 00:04:51,410 --> 00:04:59,509 we talk about it. Describes the number of people in an area, right? How do we 56 00:04:59,509 --> 00:05:06,329 calculate the population density divided in the number of inhabitants by the size of the area 57 00:05:06,329 --> 00:05:13,209 they live in, right? We talk about squares, kilometers, right? And here you have the formula. 58 00:05:14,089 --> 00:05:21,750 Population densities vary from area to area and they can be high or low. Regions with a low 59 00:05:21,750 --> 00:05:28,610 population density are sparsely populated, which is often the case in rural areas, right? 60 00:05:28,610 --> 00:05:37,170 Low population density, rural areas like Castilla, Soria is one of the places with the lowest population density in Spain. 61 00:05:37,889 --> 00:05:42,069 They have some data that are similar to Siberia, right? 62 00:05:42,189 --> 00:05:47,829 So, imagine Soria is an example of low population density, right? 63 00:05:48,790 --> 00:05:56,610 And regions with a high population density are densely populated, of course, which is often the case in large cities. 64 00:05:56,610 --> 00:06:13,689 So, for instance, we have an example in which we live in, and that example is Madrid, is one city with a high population density because we have many other cities that don't have the high population density, right? 65 00:06:14,370 --> 00:06:20,050 So, this is a case of large cities, London, New York, Barcelona, Madrid, right? 66 00:06:20,550 --> 00:06:24,689 Are examples of this, of the high population density. 67 00:06:24,689 --> 00:06:29,189 What are the factors that can affect population density? 68 00:06:29,670 --> 00:06:41,250 So natural causes such as floods, earthquakes and dots, inundaciones, terremotos y sequías. 69 00:06:41,490 --> 00:06:46,870 Social causes such as hunger and poverty, hambre y pobreza. 70 00:06:47,589 --> 00:06:50,269 Political causes such as wars, guerras. 71 00:06:50,269 --> 00:06:55,410 economic causes such as job opportunities and better wages, right? 72 00:06:56,050 --> 00:07:01,069 Mejor oportunidades de trabajo y mejor calidad de vida, ¿vale? 73 00:07:01,129 --> 00:07:02,389 Salarios, en este caso. 74 00:07:03,149 --> 00:07:03,470 Right. 75 00:07:05,069 --> 00:07:07,889 Satellite photo of Europe at night 76 00:07:07,889 --> 00:07:11,610 and you will see the areas with a high population density. 77 00:07:11,610 --> 00:07:15,649 That is the exercise that I asked you to do on the PowerPoint last week 78 00:07:15,649 --> 00:07:23,550 with a picture of Spain in which you were able to observe the center of Spain with Madrid 79 00:07:23,550 --> 00:07:34,449 illuminated and the center of Spain with not many areas illuminated and the coastal line 80 00:07:34,449 --> 00:07:40,569 to illuminate it too, right? So it was the example I gave you or the exercise I gave you to learn 81 00:07:40,569 --> 00:07:46,990 that aspect. So we are going to continue with this part which is the population 82 00:07:46,990 --> 00:07:52,069 of Europe which is a new point. Europe is a very prosperous highly 83 00:07:52,069 --> 00:07:58,550 populated continent and the population of Europe is about 742 million. Europe is 84 00:07:58,550 --> 00:08:03,449 the second smallest continent and it has the third largest population in the 85 00:08:03,449 --> 00:08:10,410 world after Asia and Africa, right? The population structure of Europe. In Europe 86 00:08:10,410 --> 00:08:18,970 the birth rate is low, but the death rate is also low. So we don't have a lot of babies, 87 00:08:18,970 --> 00:08:29,529 and people live for a long time, right? The average life expectancy in Europe is approximately 88 00:08:29,529 --> 00:08:42,730 80 years, and Spain has the highest average life expectancy in Europe and in the world, right? 89 00:08:43,149 --> 00:08:49,389 Well, it's one of the highest. I think it's the second or the third. The average age of Europeans 90 00:08:49,389 --> 00:08:58,230 is 42.6. Europe has an aging population, which means that the number of people over 65 is almost 91 00:08:58,230 --> 00:09:05,190 the same as the number of young people. So we have an inverted pyramid, right? So it is in the future 92 00:09:05,190 --> 00:09:12,870 is going to be something really difficult to handle, right? Because there will be more people 93 00:09:12,870 --> 00:09:19,669 who need pensions and healthcare, and there will be fewer people to pay for them, which means that 94 00:09:20,470 --> 00:09:26,389 we have the active population, which is the population who is in age of working, right? And 95 00:09:26,389 --> 00:09:34,870 we are going to have just a low number of people with the possibility of working right and the 96 00:09:34,870 --> 00:09:43,190 ones who are working and the one who are paying taxes for the pensions and the healthcare and the 97 00:09:43,190 --> 00:09:52,309 insurance uh the last year right and the social services that we have that are public right and we 98 00:09:52,309 --> 00:10:04,549 won't have enough people to pay for it and we will have people, elder people who will need more 99 00:10:05,909 --> 00:10:13,590 help, who will spend more money in health care and they will get pensions and we won't have 100 00:10:13,590 --> 00:10:19,269 money to pay for them, right? So there will be a problem in the future and we don't know how 101 00:10:19,269 --> 00:10:24,950 are going to handle that, right? In the future there will be more people who need pensions and 102 00:10:24,950 --> 00:10:30,870 health care and there will be fewer people to pay for them. It's gonna be a problem, right? Despite 103 00:10:30,870 --> 00:10:40,870 being an aging continent, Europe's population is still growing mainly due to migratory movements. 104 00:10:40,870 --> 00:10:53,429 So, in 2015, 4.7 million people immigrated to the Europe, so they came to the Europe, European Union, sorry. 105 00:10:53,769 --> 00:10:59,629 The largest number of immigrants went to Germany, Luxembourg, sorry, Germany. 106 00:11:00,009 --> 00:11:06,049 Luxembourg had the highest rate of emigration, emigration, right, not immigration. 107 00:11:06,049 --> 00:11:16,049 Romanians, Polish, and Italians were the biggest groups of European Union citizens in other European Union member states. 108 00:11:16,049 --> 00:11:23,049 They moved from one country to another one, but inside the European Union. 109 00:11:23,049 --> 00:11:28,049 Immigration can have positive effects of a country's population. 110 00:11:28,049 --> 00:11:49,389 For example, it can increase the economically active population, which is the segment of a population that is able to work and who is paying the taxes when they work to support the rest of the welfare state. 111 00:11:49,389 --> 00:11:56,769 del estado de bienestar. Immigration can also result in a higher birth rate, which can help 112 00:11:56,769 --> 00:12:05,450 to reduce the problem of an aging population. Normally, immigrants are young people, so active 113 00:12:05,450 --> 00:12:14,549 population, who have more babies than the people who are from the place, right? So, they can help 114 00:12:14,549 --> 00:12:21,509 us to reduce the problem of the aging population and they can help us to keep the active population 115 00:12:21,509 --> 00:12:28,309 so immigration is really positive for the countries and here you have a table in which a 116 00:12:28,309 --> 00:12:35,750 graph in which you will see this is today right europe and this is the percentage of elder of 117 00:12:35,750 --> 00:12:43,110 young people the percentage of um well it's not a active population because they reach the 80 118 00:12:43,110 --> 00:12:50,389 but here we have the elder people, right, and the young people. And if we move 119 00:12:51,990 --> 00:13:02,789 till in till 2080, in 60 years, we will see that the percentage of young people is almost the same 120 00:13:02,789 --> 00:13:10,950 thanks to immigration, but we will see how the percentage of people who are, I'm gonna move 121 00:13:10,950 --> 00:13:20,549 the recording in which you can write here you will see from 65 up to 79 years and 80 and more 122 00:13:20,549 --> 00:13:28,629 and we see that the percentage is the 30 percent of the total population. They will need pensions 123 00:13:28,629 --> 00:13:35,830 and they will need health care and we won't have enough people to pay for it. It will be the 124 00:13:35,830 --> 00:13:43,110 problem of the future in Europe and in many other places. I think in America they will have the same 125 00:13:43,110 --> 00:13:50,870 problem too. And now let's going to continue with the next point but I am going to have I'm going 126 00:13:50,870 --> 00:13:58,629 to record another video because I am is the 13 minute and I just have 15 so it has no sense to 127 00:13:58,629 --> 00:14:04,789 continue with this recording and I will start the next point in a new video so I'll see you 128 00:14:04,789 --> 00:14:09,190 now in the second video bye bye