1 00:00:00,750 --> 00:00:08,130 So, let's begin with the fourth epigraph of this unit, the Thirty Years' War. 2 00:00:08,490 --> 00:00:13,050 So, we are going to see the main conflict that is going to take place in Europe in the 17th century. 3 00:00:13,130 --> 00:00:20,089 It's going to be really important because Spain is going to lose the supremacy, it means the control of the whole continent. 4 00:00:20,690 --> 00:00:30,149 Spain is going to be no longer a superpower and France is going to be the new superpower in Europe. 5 00:00:30,149 --> 00:00:34,829 Okay, so Spain is going to be defeated and France is going to be the new superpower 6 00:00:36,429 --> 00:00:41,909 So let's begin with the 30 years war the thing is this conflict is going to last of course 30 years 7 00:00:41,950 --> 00:00:48,090 That is why it's called 30 years war as you can see 1618 1649. It's just in 48 8 00:00:48,090 --> 00:00:48,750 Okay 9 00:00:48,750 --> 00:00:51,689 So the thing is this this war is going to start 10 00:00:51,950 --> 00:00:56,710 It's gonna start or is going to start as a conflict between Protestant and Catholic people 11 00:00:56,710 --> 00:01:01,469 okay in the Holy Roman Empire and you could say why Spain is going to get 12 00:01:01,469 --> 00:01:05,170 involved in this conflict if it's a conflict inside the Holy Roman Empire 13 00:01:05,170 --> 00:01:11,930 okay the answer to this is remember in Spain is governing the Habsburg dynasty 14 00:01:11,930 --> 00:01:17,170 the Habsburg dynasty is a dynasty it's a German dynasty that came from the Holy 15 00:01:17,170 --> 00:01:22,689 Roman Empire so the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire is part of the family of 16 00:01:22,689 --> 00:01:28,569 the Spanish royal family in this moment so that they are going to intervene in 17 00:01:28,569 --> 00:01:34,549 favor of the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and also in favor of Catholicism 18 00:01:34,549 --> 00:01:39,510 and against Protestantism remember Spain is going to be one of the Catholic 19 00:01:39,510 --> 00:01:44,250 countries that is going to defend Catholicism against Protestantism okay 20 00:01:44,250 --> 00:01:48,590 so let's continue phases of the conflict which are going to be the phases of this 21 00:01:48,590 --> 00:01:53,030 conflict okay the first one we are going to see all the different phases the 22 00:01:53,030 --> 00:01:57,709 first one is or the conflict is going to start with this uprising in Bohemia okay 23 00:01:57,709 --> 00:02:02,010 the Protestant in Bohemia are going to spell the Catholics let's see what is 24 00:02:02,010 --> 00:02:07,010 Bohemia Bohemia is this region here and you should keep this name Bohemia 25 00:02:07,010 --> 00:02:10,389 because you are going to see this region or we are going to talk about this 26 00:02:10,389 --> 00:02:17,349 region in fourth of SO2 this region of Bohemia is nowadays the 27 00:02:17,349 --> 00:02:22,389 Church Republic so in this region in Bohemia that as you can see is part of 28 00:02:22,389 --> 00:02:30,129 the Holy Roman Empire okay so what is going to happen is these nobles these 29 00:02:30,129 --> 00:02:33,129 Protestant nobles are going to spell the Catholics and they are going to 30 00:02:33,129 --> 00:02:38,469 establish a new king a Protestant King what is the problem the problem is first 31 00:02:38,469 --> 00:02:42,610 that they spell the Catholics second that the Emperor of the Empire is 32 00:02:42,610 --> 00:02:49,250 catholic and third the emperor of the the emperor of the empire is also the king of bohemia so of 33 00:02:49,250 --> 00:02:54,289 course he is not going to be very happy when the protestant the protestant nobles or the nobles 34 00:02:54,289 --> 00:02:59,409 that they are protestant in bohemia spell the catholics first and then they proclaim they 35 00:02:59,409 --> 00:03:06,129 appointed a new king and this king is going to be protestant okay so the emperor ferdinand ii 36 00:03:06,689 --> 00:03:12,530 that is from the hasbro dynasty and was also the king of bohemia had to fought against them 37 00:03:12,530 --> 00:03:17,990 of course okay so the thing is the emperor is not starting the war the ones that they are starting 38 00:03:17,990 --> 00:03:25,009 the war are the protestant nobles in this region in bohemia okay here is ferdinand ii okay as you 39 00:03:25,009 --> 00:03:32,210 can see it's really austrian really is part of the habsburg you see the the jaw of the 40 00:03:32,210 --> 00:03:40,810 the head okay it's really it's similar to the habsburgs in spain okay so this the emperor 41 00:03:40,810 --> 00:03:46,689 Ferdinand the second is going to fight against these Protestant nobles in Bohemia because they have 42 00:03:47,629 --> 00:03:52,509 Appointed a new king a Protestant King. So he is not anymore the king of Bohemia 43 00:03:52,509 --> 00:03:58,629 That's that cannot be okay, and they expelled the Catholics from this region. Okay, so 44 00:03:59,689 --> 00:04:01,689 There are going to be two sides 45 00:04:01,909 --> 00:04:07,509 Okay, so there are going to be two sides one side is the Catholic side and the other one is going to be the Protestant 46 00:04:07,509 --> 00:04:15,750 side okay so who is going to be in the catholic side of course the ones that they are going to 47 00:04:15,750 --> 00:04:21,009 be in the catholic side are going to be the emperor of course the german catholics and the 48 00:04:21,009 --> 00:04:25,829 king of spain and portugal remember the king of spain and portugal is the same in this moment 49 00:04:25,829 --> 00:04:32,970 okay so remember the king of spain is a hasburg so it's the same is from the same dynasty as the 50 00:04:32,970 --> 00:04:40,350 the emperor of Germany so what we are going to see in this first side is a is 51 00:04:40,350 --> 00:04:45,449 that is is is this Catholics is these two countries the Germans the Catholic 52 00:04:45,449 --> 00:04:51,069 Germans the Spanish Catholics the King of Spain or the Spanish monarchy sorry 53 00:04:51,069 --> 00:04:57,290 and the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire the German Protestants form an alliance 54 00:04:57,290 --> 00:05:02,550 but they were almost defeated it means in the beginning this war was in favor 55 00:05:02,550 --> 00:05:08,569 of Spain, in favor of the emperor, in favor of the Catholics, okay, the Protestants almost lost the 56 00:05:08,569 --> 00:05:14,129 war, okay, almost, almost lost the war, but there is a problem, something is going to change, okay, 57 00:05:14,490 --> 00:05:20,670 check this map, you see where is Bohemia, okay, where they spell the Catholics, you see the 58 00:05:20,670 --> 00:05:28,649 different countries, the different regions controlled under Spanish control, okay, and we 59 00:05:28,649 --> 00:05:33,629 going to see why these people that they are also in green are going to join this 60 00:05:33,629 --> 00:05:42,029 war okay so let's see the thing is there is going to be an intervention the the 61 00:05:42,029 --> 00:05:46,410 Protestants are losing the war so Denmark is going to intervene why do you 62 00:05:46,410 --> 00:05:50,790 think them and is going to intervene because of one specific reason a 63 00:05:50,790 --> 00:05:57,870 religious reason the king of German Denmark is Lutheran is a Protestant okay 64 00:05:57,870 --> 00:06:07,350 so this Lutheran King Christian is going to intervene in this conflict okay in order to 65 00:06:07,350 --> 00:06:14,009 make the Protestants to win the war okay he is going to be supported by England okay but not 66 00:06:14,009 --> 00:06:20,670 only England and Denmark are going to join the war also the Netherlands the low countries the 67 00:06:20,670 --> 00:06:27,430 United Provinces are going to fight against these Catholics why they are going to fight against the 68 00:06:27,430 --> 00:06:34,069 Catholics because they are going to fight against Spain remember this region the northern low 69 00:06:34,069 --> 00:06:40,730 countries were a region that belonged to Spain belonged to the king of the Hispanic monarchy 70 00:06:40,730 --> 00:06:48,509 they rebel against Philip II against Felipe II and they still keep fighting against 71 00:06:48,509 --> 00:06:55,110 the Spanish monarch okay and they are going to say okay there is a war Spain is fighting in this war 72 00:06:55,110 --> 00:06:59,430 Spain, as a Catholic country, is fighting against the Protestants in Germany. 73 00:06:59,769 --> 00:07:06,430 So, our moment is the perfect moment for us to intervene and fight against Spain in order to achieve independence. 74 00:07:07,209 --> 00:07:11,290 But the situation is not going to be positive for the Protestants either. 75 00:07:11,930 --> 00:07:19,930 Even with Denmark, even with England, even with the low countries fighting in favor of the German Protestants, 76 00:07:20,269 --> 00:07:23,069 they are going to keep losing the war. 77 00:07:23,069 --> 00:07:31,670 So, as you can see, Christian IV of Denmark intervenes, but he will have to retreat quickly 78 00:07:31,670 --> 00:07:36,089 due to the intervention of this imperial army that will end up entering Denmark. 79 00:07:37,410 --> 00:07:43,850 Look well how the Spanish are going to intervene in the United Provinces, in the lower countries, 80 00:07:43,930 --> 00:07:49,730 in the Netherlands nowadays, and they are going to keep fighting and winning. 81 00:07:49,730 --> 00:08:12,089 They are going to conquer Breda. Remember there is a painting painted by Velázquez and in this painting he was representing how the Spanish troops conquered the city of Breda in 1625. 82 00:08:12,089 --> 00:08:21,029 So, this is the point, the Catholics are winning the war, the Catholics in this second phase 83 00:08:21,029 --> 00:08:29,850 are defeated the King of Denmark, the British, the English and also the Dutch, the people 84 00:08:29,850 --> 00:08:35,240 from the United Provinces. 85 00:08:35,240 --> 00:08:41,480 situation when the the the Protestants were losing the war they keep losing the 86 00:08:41,480 --> 00:08:53,360 war even when this is happening okay or due to this fact Sweden is going to 87 00:08:53,360 --> 00:08:57,019 intervene in the war okay so the idea is the Protestant we're losing the way the 88 00:08:57,019 --> 00:09:01,879 war anyway so the king of Sweden is going to intervene and this is crucial 89 00:09:01,879 --> 00:09:06,559 because that the king of Sweden intervening the war is going to change 90 00:09:06,559 --> 00:09:12,360 the situation is going to balance the situation is going to make the 91 00:09:12,360 --> 00:09:19,460 protestant to start winning the war okay here is Sweden Sweden is controlling 92 00:09:19,460 --> 00:09:23,899 Finland too and is going to conquer this small region is going to obtain this 93 00:09:23,899 --> 00:09:32,450 small region in northern Germany in or in the north of the Holy Roman Empire so 94 00:09:32,450 --> 00:09:36,210 intervention of Sweden started made the Catholics to finally sign a treaty under 95 00:09:36,210 --> 00:09:40,970 which religious persecution would be stopped. It means that the Catholics, the 96 00:09:40,970 --> 00:09:44,610 intervention of Sweden, is going to be that important that the Catholics are 97 00:09:44,610 --> 00:09:52,669 going to start accepting to sign a treaty in order to avoid or stop 98 00:09:52,669 --> 00:09:58,629 this religious persecution against the Protestants. So it 99 00:09:58,629 --> 00:10:07,330 That means the Swedish participation was crucial, the intervention of the King of Dermot wasn't 100 00:10:07,330 --> 00:10:12,509 that important as the intervention of the King of Sweden, because in this moment they 101 00:10:12,509 --> 00:10:18,870 were finally balancing the situation and this is going to make the Catholics start finally 102 00:10:18,870 --> 00:10:25,970 thinking of signing a treaty in order to avoid to end with this religious persecution. 103 00:10:25,970 --> 00:10:31,970 But the situation is not going to end here, what I said Sweden is going to gain some new 104 00:10:31,970 --> 00:10:36,409 territories in the area, what I said these territories here in the north, you can see 105 00:10:36,409 --> 00:10:42,009 Sweden was controlling all these territories and also now this part of Germany, of the 106 00:10:42,009 --> 00:10:45,350 Holy Roman Empire. 107 00:10:45,350 --> 00:10:49,830 But the situation is not going to end there, France is going to join the conflict, and 108 00:10:49,830 --> 00:10:52,409 you could say France is going to join the conflict? 109 00:10:52,409 --> 00:11:13,269 France is a Catholic country, so France is going to be in favor of the Catholics, against Denmark, against England, against the Netherlands, against Sweden, no, France is going to join the conflict, even when it's a Catholic country, against Spain, okay, France is going to join the conflict, Spain is losing the war, 110 00:11:13,269 --> 00:11:25,990 So, France is going to say, I'm going to take advantage of the situation, I'm going to intervene, and I want to defeat Spain in order to end with the Spanish dominion over Europe. 111 00:11:27,169 --> 00:11:35,250 So, the Protestants' victory was also a consequence of this French intervention, remember it's a Catholic state, allied with the Protestants. 112 00:11:35,250 --> 00:11:42,029 So, it doesn't make any sense, France is joining the Protestants against the Catholics, but it's a Catholic state. 113 00:11:42,029 --> 00:11:47,009 why because France wants this wants what I said okay France you see here as an 114 00:11:47,009 --> 00:11:53,350 ally of the Protestants he wants to end with a Spanish and German power in Europe 115 00:11:53,350 --> 00:11:58,230 so the idea is he's going to intervene and he's going to start defeating not 116 00:11:58,230 --> 00:12:06,269 only Germany the German troops but also but also the Spanish troops and Spain 117 00:12:06,269 --> 00:12:11,789 is going to lose finally the war okay the French intervention is going to make 118 00:12:11,789 --> 00:12:18,789 the Catholics to lose the war okay is the crucial turning point 119 00:12:18,789 --> 00:12:24,210 el punto inflexión crucial okay France final is going to defeat Spain in the 120 00:12:24,210 --> 00:12:29,769 battle of Rocroi in 1643 okay here is the battle you see is in the borders 121 00:12:29,769 --> 00:12:35,490 with in the in the French border near the French border and the tercios are 122 00:12:35,490 --> 00:12:44,269 going to be defeated here in the battle of Rocroi here there is a there is a 123 00:12:44,269 --> 00:12:50,269 video where they represent this battle in a movie the movie is related with the 124 00:12:50,269 --> 00:12:56,269 Capitana La Triste and in this movie what you are going to see is how Spain 125 00:12:56,269 --> 00:13:02,450 is going to be defeated in this battle of Rocroi so France is going to be the 126 00:13:02,450 --> 00:13:09,470 winner of this war okay so in the end in this war the Protestants are going to 127 00:13:09,470 --> 00:13:16,129 France is going to win, Germany is going to lose, Spain is going to lose. Remember, 128 00:13:16,129 --> 00:13:21,470 in the beginning they were winning the war, but as time goes on new countries 129 00:13:21,470 --> 00:13:31,909 added to the conflict. First Denmark, then Sweden and the Netherlands, Sweden and finally France. 130 00:13:31,909 --> 00:13:38,149 So the war is going to end with this peace treaty, the peace of Westphalia, 131 00:13:38,149 --> 00:13:45,350 La Paz de Westphalia, in 1648. What is going to establish this piece of Westphalia? First, 132 00:13:45,690 --> 00:13:51,409 the Spanish monarchy is going to lose their dominance over Europe. It means Spain is not 133 00:13:51,409 --> 00:13:56,990 anymore a superpower ruling Europe. Who is going to be the new ruler of Europe? France. 134 00:13:58,529 --> 00:14:03,029 The northern lower countries, of course, are going to be independent now, so they are going to achieve 135 00:14:03,029 --> 00:14:11,360 independence so this is the idea france is going to be the new ruler okay spain is going to lose 136 00:14:11,360 --> 00:14:21,580 these territories in red and the the united provinces are going to be independent okay 137 00:14:21,580 --> 00:14:29,379 and france is going to be the new superpower in europe spain is going to lose also portugal 138 00:14:29,379 --> 00:14:35,200 as time goes on okay but it's going to keep Catalonia you'll see these these 139 00:14:35,200 --> 00:14:40,240 these problems in the next point in the point number five related with with the 140 00:14:40,240 --> 00:14:46,370 Spanish house for dynasty so Spain is going to lose their dominance dominance 141 00:14:46,370 --> 00:14:50,690 over Europe and another low low countries achieve independence that's 142 00:14:50,690 --> 00:14:55,129 the most important thing related with Spain the Holy Roman Empire is going to 143 00:14:55,129 --> 00:14:59,990 accept the sovereignty of the German states what does it mean means that the 144 00:14:59,990 --> 00:15:05,690 different states inside the Holy Roman Empire can do anything they want if they 145 00:15:05,690 --> 00:15:09,450 want if they want to be Protestant they could be Protestant if they want to be 146 00:15:09,450 --> 00:15:14,750 Spanish or Spanish Catholic they can be Catholic whatever okay so it means the 147 00:15:14,750 --> 00:15:19,250 German states imagine that the USA the USA is a country but is composed by 148 00:15:19,250 --> 00:15:23,990 different states so the Holy Roman Empire is almost the same one country 149 00:15:23,990 --> 00:15:28,669 with many different states imagine Spain Spain is one country but with many 150 00:15:28,669 --> 00:15:33,769 different communities autonomous more or less the same so imagine after this war 151 00:15:33,769 --> 00:15:41,230 with this peace treaty okay the German states are able to that to decide which 152 00:15:41,230 --> 00:15:45,350 type of religion do they want it means if they want Catholicism or if they want 153 00:15:45,350 --> 00:15:50,990 Protestantism okay so the Holy Roman Empire the Emperor has to accept the 154 00:15:50,990 --> 00:15:58,659 sovereignty of the German states to be recognized and the power of the Emperor 155 00:15:58,659 --> 00:16:04,000 was limited of course if the different German states are going to be are going to have the 156 00:16:04,000 --> 00:16:12,190 power to decide their own religion of course is because the emperor has less power so the 157 00:16:12,190 --> 00:16:17,710 religious tolerance is going to be set in the Holy Roman Empire so these are the two the two 158 00:16:17,710 --> 00:16:22,529 countries that they are going to lose the war Spain is going to lose the dominance over Europe 159 00:16:22,529 --> 00:16:27,389 and is going to accept that the lower country the low countries must be independent the Holy 160 00:16:27,389 --> 00:16:34,070 roman empire is going to accept that the german states are independent enough to decide the 161 00:16:34,070 --> 00:16:38,429 religion so there is going to be religious tolerance and the emperor is going to have less 162 00:16:38,429 --> 00:16:46,370 power sweden is going to be the dominant state in the baltic coast it means in the baltic sea 163 00:16:46,370 --> 00:16:52,289 okay here the baltic sea sweden is going to be the country that is going to have the dominance 164 00:16:52,289 --> 00:17:00,289 in the area is the most important power in this area in the Baltic Sea and France 165 00:17:00,289 --> 00:17:04,890 is going to be the leading power in Europe it means France is going to be 166 00:17:04,890 --> 00:17:09,690 the leading power in Europe while Sweden is going to be the leading power in the 167 00:17:09,690 --> 00:17:17,230 Baltic Sea so this Thirty Years War is going to be negative for the Holy Roman 168 00:17:17,230 --> 00:17:21,490 Empire and Spain and it's going to be positive for Sweden and France okay 169 00:17:21,490 --> 00:17:25,930 Spain is going to lose these territories in red, Spain is going to lose the 170 00:17:25,930 --> 00:17:30,309 dominance over Europe, the Holy Roman Empire is going to accept and Spain 171 00:17:30,309 --> 00:17:34,869 is going to accept the independence of the United Provinces while the Holy 172 00:17:34,869 --> 00:17:39,670 Roman Empire is going to accept that the different German states are independent 173 00:17:39,670 --> 00:17:45,369 enough to decide the religion so they establish a religious tolerance and they 174 00:17:45,369 --> 00:17:51,369 are going to establish the sorry and the power of the Emperor is going to be the 175 00:17:51,369 --> 00:17:57,549 is going to be limited. Sweden is going to be the great power or the 176 00:17:57,549 --> 00:18:02,190 superpower in the Baltic Sea and France the superpower in Europe. And that's it. 177 00:18:02,190 --> 00:18:08,190 In the next video we will explain Spain in the 17th century and we will talk 178 00:18:08,190 --> 00:18:14,589 about this 30 years war that is crucial in order to understand the 179 00:18:14,589 --> 00:18:20,650 evolution of the Spanish policy during the 17th century.