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hello today we are going to talk about the economy in the 18th century

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we have seen the characteristics of the society already so we are going to see the main

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characteristics of the economy in this 18th century so let's begin the first thing is we

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need to understand that the economy during the ancient regime it means from the 16th to the 18th

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century is going to be laid into all three pillars it means they are going to

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be three main economic activities that they are going to characterize the

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economy during these centuries okay so that's the important thing which are

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going to be these three main economic activities the first one is going to be

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agriculture of course okay agriculture is going to be the most important one

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during the 16th 17th 18th century also in the Middle Ages okay so in this

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moment in the 18th century of course agriculture is the most important one

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the second one is trade okay it means to exchange products from one place to

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another okay and it's becoming more important why trade is going is becoming

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more important during the 18th century basically thanks to the colonial empires

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remember at in the end on the end of the 15th century America was discovered okay

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America is going to be an important geographical area in order to obtain raw

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materials but also a place to sell the products okay to sell the European

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products and finally the third the third economic activity is going to be

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manufacture and craft work it means all these products the industrial products

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that we are going to produce through or using raw materials it means for example

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a table and scissors nowadays a computer a phone etc those are manufactured

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products okay so the idea is three main pillars three main economic activities

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agriculture, trade, and manufacture and craft work. We are going to talk

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about these three. In this first video we are going to talk about the agriculture.

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So let's see the characteristics of agriculture in the 18th century.

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These characteristics are going to be, during the ancient regime, are going to

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be close to the Middle Ages and we will see in the next slide the improvements

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or the change in this 18th century related with agriculture. So the first

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thing and this is going to be a characteristic that we are going to see

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in all the European countries in the 18th century is that the 80% of the

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population the European population are going to be peasants and they are going

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to be working the lands okay but the thing is these peasants are not

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controlling the lands okay remember these are the peasants here is a

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painting from the 19th century okay so you can see these peasants working the

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land remember peasants as we saw in this in the social pyramid are in the bottom

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they are poor they are not a they don't control the lands so the idea is these

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people most of the population in Europe are poor and they are working the lands

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for for who for the church and the nobility so it means a few percentage of the population

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is rich because they control the land those are the nobility and the church this privileged

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position in the society came from the middle ages remember second of eso okay and these people that

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they control the 90% of the land are controlling of course these peasants

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okay so the idea is the social relations between the poor and the rich people are

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translated into the economy in this relation peasants working the land of

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the church and the nobility okay and these peasants are going to be the vast

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majority of the society, the European society in the 16th, 17th and 18th century, okay?

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So agriculture is characterized by that, by this, okay? The land is going to be in

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hands of the church and nobility, they are going to be a few percentage of the

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population, but they are going to be the rich people, and vast majority of the

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population, this 80% of the European population, they are going to be poor,

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they are going to be peasants, and they are going to be working this nobility

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and church land okay so remember this image sorry representing the nobility

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and representing the the clergy of course this agriculture is going to be

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characterized by by this to be I mean a self-consumption agriculture it means

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that everything or most of the agricultural products produced in Europe

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are going to be used in order to survive it means the noble or the clergy they are

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not thinking of producing a lot of agricultural products to sell them they

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are not part of the bourgeoisie remember they are privileged but they are not

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part of the bourgeoisie so they are thinking okay just to survive they own

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the lands, they control the peasants, and most of the production is going to be

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addressed to survive. Of course there is going to be a small part of this

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production that is going to be used in order to trade, to sell it to the bourgeoisie,

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to the merchants, in order for them to sell this product in different areas,

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geographical areas. So the idea is this agriculture is going to be a

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self-consumption agriculture it means that is the production the

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agricultural production is going to be addressed to make the population survive

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okay not to earn more money just to survive of course there is going to be a

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small part of this agricultural products that they are going to be used for

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trading of course if it's a self-consumption agriculture is because

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is a low productivity agriculture it means the techniques the instruments the

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weapons that they are using in order to produce the agricultural products in

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order to cultivate the crops are going to be old-fashioned it means they are

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not they do not let the peasants to increase the productivity okay they are

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not useless but close to it so the idea is there is going to be a low

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productivity okay they are going to use this old-fashioned instruments or

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weapons the Roman plow is Arado Romano and it's called Roman plow because

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came from the Roman era so it means more than 1,000 years ago so the idea is they

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are using the Roman plow 1,000 years after they have not improved their

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weapons and they are not using even fertilizers so that's the thing they are

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using no fertilizers and they are using traditional instruments or traditional

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weapons okay that came from the Roman era this is a picture from Spain in the

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20th century it means in Spain we are going to still cultivate in the lands

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with Roman plow in the 20th century okay until the 1950s okay so it means to develop new techniques

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or new technologies to increase the productivity is going to happen in the 18th century but it's

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not going to happen in the 16th and 17th century okay so the characteristics of the agriculture

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during the answer regime is this low productivity okay we are going to see in the next slide how

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is going to improve a little during the 18th century due to new technologies

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okay so most of the population are peasants and work in the lands 90% of

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the land belong to the church and nobility self consumption agriculture it

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means to survive not to trade with it and at the vast majority and low

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productivity we are using old-fashioned techniques and instruments of course if

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we have no technologies new technologies the agricultural production is going to

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be depending on the weather it means if we want a crop to grow what we need is

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water and light Sun okay we need the Sun and we need the water okay but imagine a

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season in a year where is not going to rain a lot and it's going to be cloudy

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and there is not going to be enough sunlight hours okay so it means the

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crops are not going to get enough rain it means water and not enough sunlight

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so it means the productivity is going to decrease okay so that's why this

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agriculture that they use old-fashioned instruments okay and techniques okay is

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going to be determined by the weather because depends on the weather if the

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weather is good okay productivity the protein is going to increase if the

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weather is bad the protein is going to diminish it's going to decrease okay and

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finally the last characteristic of this agriculture is that the peasants are

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going to pay high taxes and you know that they are part of the non privileged

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population okay so they pay high taxes so these are the characteristics of the

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agriculture in the 16th 17th and 18th century as I said there are going to be

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some changes in the 18th century okay which are going to be these changes they

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are going to be related with this the productivity that is going to increase

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okay so let's see these changes in the 18th century and the agricultural

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changes in the 18th century okay the thing is they are going to be these

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scientific developments that they are going to improve the agricultural

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production. So that's great, okay. The thing is which type of scientific

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developments? Basically chemistry industries and fertilizers. It means they

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are going to create, they are going, due to these chemistry studies, they are

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going to be able, this population or these people is going to be able to

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produce new fertilizers, chemical fertilizers, that they are going to be

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really effective in order to increase productivity. So that's the point.

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They are going to develop this new technique, sorry, this new technique,

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this new scientific improvements and due to that productivity is going to increase.

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the other part is a new technique they are going to create or they are going to

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develop the triennial rotation what is the triennial rotation okay so first

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thing you need to know is in order to produce a crop to cultivate a crop this

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crop needs water needs sunlight as I said and also they need some energy from

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the ground okay the problem is depending on the crop this crop is going to demand

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or is going to need more energy from the ground than others what does it mean

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imagine we want to produce out okay you see here okay imagine we have only one

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field and everything is produced and we have cultivated only out and we we start

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producing out okay first year Oh great production second years okay the

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production is a little bit less than the the year before third year okay the

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production is really is a few in comparison with the second year and in

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comparison with the first year why because oat is demanding a lot of energy

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from the ground and we are not letting the ground to regain or get energy again

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because we are keeping this a piece of land in production so what they are

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going to create is this system the triennial rotation it means we have a

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field we are going to divide it into three different pieces and we are going

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to we are going to leave one third fallow it means with no crops cultivated

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one third cultivated with wheat and the other cultivated with oat. As oat is

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the one demanding more energy that's why in the next year the area cultivated

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with oat is going to be fallow, it means the piece of this area, this third of the

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land is going to be resting, getting back all the nutrients that the plants are

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going to demand in the next year. As you can see this fallow area is

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rotating year by year in order to keep the whole piece of land with

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energy enough to produce every year a third of oat and a third of wheat

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instead of ending up or killing the ground okay so these are the two

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scientific developments they are going to create this triennial rotation it

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means a technique in order to keep the production steady it means to produce

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and produce every year and every year without ending up or killing the ground

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then all the nutrients of the of the ground and the other one are these

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chemistry studies that they are going to let them use new fertilizers okay that they are going to

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make the lands more productive apart from this we are going to have this commercial bourgeoisie

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remember the bourgeoisie appears in the 18th century and they are going to start they are

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going to start buying some lands in order to increase the productivity remember they have

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money they are trading they are merchants and remember they are going to

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buy the lands for two reasons one we have seen one already that is to to be

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part of the nobility because they wanted to be part of the nobility I have the

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same privileges the second one is to make these lands profitable okay what

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they want is to increase the productivity of the land okay that's

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important thing okay so they want to increase the productivity of the land

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the second thing is related with a commercial bourgeoisie is that communal

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lands are going to be privatized you know that privatized means that you can

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buy this piece of land okay the thing is this commercial bourgeoisie is going to

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buy the lands from the nobility or the clergy okay because imagine I don't know

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I'm a noble I have these pieces of land but I'm not cultivating them and suddenly a bourgeois

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appears and said okay I'm going to buy your lands and I'm going to give you this amount of money and

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I'm going to say okay perfect because I'm getting no money from these lands I don't want to invest

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money on my land so I'm going to sell it to you so that's one way for the bourgeoisie to obtain

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the lands. The other way is this one. Which are communal lands? This is

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important. Imagine that all the class is living in a town, a small

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village. 80% are going to be peasants, some of them could be artisans

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and others are going to be part of the bourgeoisie, nobility or clergy.

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So if you are a peasant, you are working for the noble lands or could be for a bourgeois

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in this case, okay?

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But you are not earning enough money in order to survive, okay?

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So there are going to be part of the lands surrounding the town that they are not going

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to belong to the nobility or the bourgeoisie or the clergy.

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They are going to be communal, they are going to be for the peasants.

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So the peasants can go to this piece of land that belongs to the city hall, it means ayuntamiento,

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and they can obtain wood.

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They can take their cows or their animals to these lands in order to start eating the

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grass, to feed the animals.

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So that's the point of these communal lands, it means to make the peasants' lives easier.

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What they are going to say is, ok, these communal lands are not productive, they are being used

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by peasants that they are poor, of course they are letting these peasants to survive,

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but we do not care about the peasants, what we want is these lands to be productive in

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order to sell the products.

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So what they are going to do is to make these lands private, or let these lands to be private,

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Not to belong to the city hall, but to the bourgeoisie.

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It means the bourgeoisie is going to be able to pay to buy the communal lands, okay?

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So, this is going to happen in the 18th century and basically in England, okay?

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So, the bourgeoisie is going to start buying lands in order to be nobles, to have these privileges,

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and also, of course, they have this mentality, okay, to earn money.

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So, increase the productivity.

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The second part is these communal lands are going to be privatized, they are going to

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be bought by the bourgeoisie in order to do what?

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To of course increase the agricultural productivity and this is going to happen in England.

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The last part of this or the last consequence of this increase of the agricultural productivity

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is that there is going to be a demographic explosion of course if we have more food

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okay there there is there is going to be more population there is going to be more food to

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feed the population so the population is going to survive so the population is going to increase

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do you understand that it means uh if we if we can produce more food it means we can feed

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more people so we can feed more people it means that we the the population is going to increase

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that is what we are going to call demographic explosion okay of course if we have more

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population the population is going to demand more agricultural products so it's a cycle

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so we produce more it means we can have we can we can feed more population and if we can feed

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more population is because these people is demanding the agricultural products so it's

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a great business for the bourgeoisie.

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So the bourgeoisie is going to make money not only with the colonial trade but also

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with this increment of the agricultural productivity.