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Hello everyone, today we are going to start with the Unit 7, as you can see in the title, Europe in the age of Carlos V and Felipe II.

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So we are going to start studying the 16th century.

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You know, we have seen the Catholic monarchs, the Catholic monarchs reigned in Castile and Aragon in the 16th century, at the end of the 15th century and in the early 16th century.

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So, you know, Carlos V is going to succeed the Catholic monarchs and he is going to be the king of Castile and Aragon at the same time and other territories in Europe along with America.

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So, let's check the index of this unit.

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We are going to start with the Protestant Reformation.

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This is what we are going to start seeing now.

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After that, we will talk about the religious work and the Counter-Reformation.

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If you check by the names, we are going to start with this religious movement and then we are going to explain how the Catholics are going to react against this movement.

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After that, we will talk about the Habsburg dynasty.

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This is the new dynasty in Spain and it is going to start with Carlos V and it is going to continue with Felipe II.

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finally this last point spanish culture in the 16th century we are not going to see it because

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you are going to study it in literature and language okay so you're going to study this

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with tema so what we are going to do is to study the first five points and we are going to be

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with the protestant reformation so let's check the protestant reformation the point number one

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so the first thing is you need we are going to see a brief introduction in order to understand

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why there is going to be a protestant reformation or why this religious movement is going to begin

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or is going to start in europe in the 16th century so the first thing you need to know

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is the characteristics of this church of the church in the early modern age remember we are

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talking about catholicism we are talking about the catholic church we are talking about the pope

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the cardinals all of the different people working for the church the clergy etc so the first thing

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is that they are going to have an important social weight it means the society in the society the

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church is going to have a really important role okay so it means everyone believe in god

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okay so everyone in the society in the 16th century is going to believe in god and is going

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to explain everything based on god you can think okay but we have talked about humanism okay and

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this humanism and the renaissance is going to be against this idea that everything is going to be

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explained by god that is true but the problem is renaissance and humanism is only going to affect

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to a small quantity of people it means it's going to affect to the intellectuals but in this case

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when we are talking about the society in general the peasants we are going to talk about the clergy

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part of the nobility and the king they are going to believe in god remember the king his power

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is based on god like god has chosen this king in order to be the king okay so everyone is going to

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believe in god so thanks to this they are going to give extremely importance to the church okay

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the second idea is the culture was deeply influenced by religion what does that mean

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it means for example the production the artistic production is going to be based on religiousness

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is going to be based on jesus christ jesus christ jesus christ the virgin mary okay why is here

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David. David is related to the Bible, is one of the, or is related with one of the stories

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in the Bible. So everything in the end is related with Catholicism. As you can see they

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are representing the bodies perfectly, not in this case because this is Gothic art, it's

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in the end of the 15th century, but these ones are in the 16th century. They are going

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to represent the human body perfectly okay so the culture it means how they understand the world

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how they look at the world how they explain the world is going to be based on religion the next

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step is every town and city had a church or cathedral it is really important check these

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two towns what is the most important building if you check the landscape okay the most important

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building is the bigger one and is the highest one so is the church if you check the church is in the

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center more or less is in the center of the town so the church if you remember from last year

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they have the bells and with the bells they are going to give information to the whole town

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they are going to tell if there is they are going to notice to the population if there is for example

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a fire, if someone has death, etc. So the idea of the church or the importance of the

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church in the 16th century is clear if we also check the structure of the different

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towns. The church is in the center, the church is the biggest and highest building and remember

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everyone here is going to go to mass in order to listen to the priest. So as you can see

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The social weight of the church in the 16th century is really important because everyone believes in God.

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Second, the culture is going to be deeply influenced by the religion.

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It means how they are going to understand the world, how they are going to explain the world, how they are going to behave is going to be based on the Catholic dogma.

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It means they are going to follow the Catholic rules given by the Pope or the priest in the church, okay? Or the cathedral, depending on the size of the city.

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Also remember, the clergy, the church is a privileged institution, it means, remember the clergy is part of the privileged social groups, they are not unprivileged, they are privileged, and as they are privileged, as they have this privilege, they do not pay taxes.

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So thanks to this, okay, they do not pay taxes, but also they are going to obtain or collect taxes from the humble people, from the unprivileged people.

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I don't know if you remember this from last year, but we saw these five type of incomes of the church.

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Okay, we talk about the church having different houses or buildings and renting them.

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Second, we talk about donations.

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so if I'm going to die

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in my will I'm going to write

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I want all my possessions to

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be inherited by the church

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so what I want is the church

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to have my belongings

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my properties

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also remember

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they are going to sell different products

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if you go to a convent

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or if you go to

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a monastery

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you can buy different things

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you can buy for example different products

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produced by the friars or the priests, okay? Also, what we are going to find is

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manorial rights. What is this? I don't know if you remember, but the clergy, as

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they are privileged, they are part of the population that they have... they are

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feudal lords, to sum up. They are going to be feudal lords. It means they control a

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piece of land and they are going to have peasants working these lands so part of

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the production of the lands is going to go to the clergy it means imagine a

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cardinal the cardinal has a big piece of land okay so in that situation he is

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going to have or she or he is going to have sorry different peasants working

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the lands or taking care of the livestock. Part of the production extracted from this livestock

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or from the different lands is going to go to the church, is going to go to the cardinal.

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So part of the yield, the production, is going to go to the cardinal. Apart from these four

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different type of incomes, we are going to have the fifth one. One really important, the tithe.

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I do not remember, I don't know if you remember what is the tithe.

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The tithe means everyone, every person that is part of the non-privileged people has to pay 10% of their harvest.

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It means the peasants need to pay 10% of their harvest to the cardinal, to the priest, to the abbot, etc.

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So it means everyone that is having or having lands producing agricultural products needs to pay the 10% of this production to the clergy, to the priest or to the cardinal, etc.

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so thanks to these taxes

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and that they are not paying taxes

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they are going to be rich

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so the cardinals are going to be rich

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part of the priests are going to be rich

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of course not those that they are going to live

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in a small town

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so these ones that they are going to have

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of course most of the lands

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that they do not pay taxes

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that they have these specific religious taxes

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are going to be rich okay so this is the idea what we have is a church that has

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an important social weight in the society and also that they are going to

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be a privileged institution that they are not going to pay taxes that they are

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going to collect these five type of taxes and they are going to control most

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of the land so now let's begin with the reformation okay what is the reformation

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Let's read first this introduction. The Reformation was a religious movement. It's inside the church. This movement is going to start inside the church. And it's going to begin in the first half of the 16th century. We are talking about the early 16th century. We are not talking about the 15th century. We are talking about the 16th century.

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So the problem is this reformation, reformar, to change, cambiar, this movement is going to provoke the division in the Christian church.

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It means inside the Catholic church we are going to have a division.

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Those that they are going to be in favor of the Pope and those that they are going to be in favor of the reformation.

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okay so inside the church we are going to have a group of people that they are going to criticize

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the church itself and they want to change it that's the reformation a religious movement

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that wants to change the church the catholic church okay and thanks to this movement the

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church is going to be divided in two different areas or two different branches sorry one that

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is going to support the pope and the church itself and the other that is going to support

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to change this church in a different way the thing is before explaining exactly what they want

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we need to understand how was the church in this moment what are the causes the characteristics of

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the catholic church that is going to make this movement this reformation this religious movement

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to appear so there are going to be five main different causes okay the first one is the low

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clergy's lack of training it means if you go to a small village you are going to find a priest there

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okay he is going to be poor but it's not only going to be poor because he has no money he's

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going to be poor because he has no knowledge maybe they are going to be illiterate it means

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they do not know how to write

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they do not know how to read

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apart from that

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they are not going to behave properly

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what does it mean to not behave properly?

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it means that they are not going to follow

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the Christian dogma or the Catholic dogma

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it means, for example

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this low clergy could have a baby

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they are not supposed to

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but they are going to have it

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or they are not going to follow some of the rules related with, for example, what to eat or what not to eat.

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For example, during Easter, Semana Santa, you know that if you are Catholic, you cannot eat meat.

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Maybe this type of clergy is going to eat meat.

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Maybe because he doesn't know he is not supposed to eat meat.

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or because he is going to take advantage of his position

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and he is going to admit, okay?

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The second characteristic is that a high cleric is going to be a bad example

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and they are going to be a bad example because of what I was saying

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related with a lack of training in the low cleric

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because in this case they are going to have a lot of money, okay?

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And they are not going to respect, okay, these morals that they are preaching.

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It means, for example, they are going to have babies.

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For example, they are going to have a lot of money.

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For example, they are going to collect taxes from the humble people.

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It means they are rich and they are going to be richer thanks to these humble people, these poor people, okay?

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So this is the third course, the church wealth, okay?

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So the first one is we are going to have a low clergy with lack of training.

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It means they are going to be illiterate or they are not going to behave properly.

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They are going to be doing things or behaving in not a Christian way.

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Second, the high clergy is going to be a bad example.

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They are going to show a bad example to the society.

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They are going to be rich, they are going to have babies,

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they are going to use their power to control the society.

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Third, the church wealth.

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It means the church is going to have a lot of money,

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and they are going to acquire part of this money

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thanks to the taxes obtained from the humble population.

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It means they are going to obtain money out of the poor,

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out of the poor people.

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So this is not the Christian way to do things.

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Are you understanding now why this reformation movement is going to appear?

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is because they are against all these different characteristics

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of the church in the Sistine Center.

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Remember St. Peter in the Vatican City.

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To build this, you need a lot of money

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and they are going to obtain this money thanks to their taxes

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and other different ways.

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We are going to see it right now.

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Remember the luxury of this type of churches

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or cathedrals or basilicas.

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so of course they are going to obtain money also selling possessions but with all this wealth they

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are going to buy also buildings they are going to buy ships they are going to buy anything they need

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anything they want okay so what we are going to talk is about a privileged social class that they

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have a lot of money they are going to have an extraordinary social weight and they are going

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to have also an important political power the last part is the sale of indulgences what is

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what are indulgences okay let's try to explain this easily so let's go back to Easter let's go

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back to Semana Santa as I said in Semana Santa if you are a Catholic you cannot eat meat for example

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Okay, you cannot admit on Friday. So, if you want to admit because you are a noble, you have money, you said, okay, I want to admit, I do not want to follow, okay, this Catholic dogma or this custom, okay, this religious custom.

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In order to do that, the church is going to say, okay, perfect, do you want to admit this day? Perfect, there is no problem, I am going to give you an indulgence. What is an indulgence? An indulgence is a paper that says, okay, the priest, this priest or this clergy, I mean this cardinal, etc., is allowing this people or this person to admit that day, okay?

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In exchange of this indulgence, he, the noble or her or she, the noble is going to pay money for this indulgence. So thanks to this money, the church can buy different possessions.

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the church is going to be wealthy okay and also this high clergy is going to have a lot of money

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so if you check this is one of the ways not only the taxes to acquire money okay the church

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so the church is going to get money from these taxes and also selling indulgences so these people

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that they are going to start this religious movement

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the reformation that wants to change

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all of this is because of these

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five causes because the church

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is not giving

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training to the

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its low clergy

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they are going to have

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a high clergy that is not going to be

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a bad example for the society

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they are going to have a lot of money

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they can buy and sell

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different possessions and finally

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they are selling these indulgences

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okay indulgencias in spanish okay so it means these papers that they are going to let people

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not to follow okay part of the customs or the morals that the different clergy the clergy

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is preaching okay for example they are talking about sins pecados so i have committed a sin

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So, if I do not change this situation, I will go to hell when I'm dead.

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So, the idea is, in order to go to heaven, I'm going to pay for this paper that is going to say,

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there is no problem, we are going to accept your money in exchange of this indulgence

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that is going to let you go to heaven when you will die.

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so when we talk about the reformation

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it is this religious movement

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that is going to attack

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not attack exactly, it is going to criticize

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the situation of the church in this moment

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in order to understand

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why is really important this religious movement

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you need to understand

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the social weight

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the economic and political power of the church

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in the 16th century

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that we have seen

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and also the characteristics of this church

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that is making these people

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ok wanted to change the situation