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Hello everyone, we are going to continue with this video lesson of the unit date of population

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and the topic of today is going to be the point number 2, the demographic structure

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but basically how to study a population pyramid.

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Before we start with that I want to explain you a little bit which is the demographic structure by economy

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and in this case we are going to have two types by level of activity and by

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economic sector in the first one we are going to divide the population depending

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on if they are active or inactive population the active population is the

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people that can work people that are working trabajadores unemployed parados

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and job seekers and the inactive population is the people

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that don't contribute economically to the society because they are students

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retired people or people that are unable to work normally the active population

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work and sustain the inactive population and by economic sector we divide the

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population depending in the sector of the economy they are working on in the

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primary secondary tertiary or quaternary these are two pie charts that show the different

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distribution of this population but anyway i just wanted to tell you a little bit about this because

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it may appear during the unit but you will study all of this in third grade so now

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regarding the study of population pyramids there is information in the book on the pages 136 and

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There are some definitions, some exercises, but I think that in my presentation everything

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is explained better, so I'm not going to use the information of the book.

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First of all, we need to know what is a population pyramid, and this will be the definition.

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It is a bar chart, un grafico de barras, that is used to represent the demographic structure,

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The population divided by age, por edad, and sex, por sexo, si son mujeres o hombres.

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And this population pyramid will show the information in a specific place and time.

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In this example, you have the population pyramid of the planet, of the world, in the year 2015.

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The population pyramids like this one are going to show us a lot of information that

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is really useful for geographers and also for politicians because it's going to let

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us predict what is going to happen in the future because we can see the number of people

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that were born in some years and what will happen to them next.

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Sometimes in the population pyramids we are going to have the GES when the different groups

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of population were born on the left side but normally this doesn't appear.

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In the horizontal axis that is this one, this second square, we are going to have the percentage

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of the population that this represents but sometimes we can also have the absolute value

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in millions of people or thousands of people

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in this case you can see that there is the symbol of percentage

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then we are going to have different groups of people

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that are represented by the different bars on the vertical axis

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and each age group is going to represent five years so for example the first

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group is from zero to four years old the second from five to nine

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and so on until in this pyramid until 85 years old and finally there are three big groups of

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population normally the population pyramids are divided in these three parts the base the trunk

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and the top and in the base from 0 to 14 years old we're going to have the young population

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then when we're going to have in the trunk the adult population from 15 to 64 years old and

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finally on the top we have the elderly population normally the retired people from 65 until

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it can be more than 85 it can be 100 and so it depends why is this important because um

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the majority of the population that work are going to be the adult population so if we know

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the number of people that are in this part of the pyramid we know the number of people that

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are maintaining the young population that are supposed to be learning and

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studying and the elderly population that need people to take care of them okay

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let's continue the pyramids the population pyramids are going to have

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different shapes that are going to allow us as I said in the presentation to spy

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the past because they don't only show the births and the deaths like the

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demographic indicators. We can also see migrations, the consequences of wars, epidemics,

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the infant mortality.

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We can also use them to predict what is going to happen in the future.

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For this reason, the geographers have divided the types of pyramids depending on their shape.

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There are triangular shapes that are called expanding pyramids, bell shapes that are called stable pyramids,

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and wolf shapes that are called contracting pyramids well the stable can be also called

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stationary here you have the information for the different pyramids so in the triangular

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shaped pyramid normally this one corresponds to underdeveloped countries in which there are a lot

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of birds and a lot of deaths the life expectancy normally is very short so people don't live

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normally more than 60 years old they are not 60 more than 60 years old and the majority of the

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population are the young population then the adult population are a little bit less and the elderly

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population are not common then in develop or developing countries we have a stationary

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pyramids in which the birth rate is declining slowly the death rate has declined a lot as

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the life expectancy is getting better and the majority of the population are adult then young

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population and finally elderly population and in some of the most developed countries like

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spain or japan we have the wolf-shaped pyramid that is contracted is contracting

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the birth rate is very low the death rate is also very low it can increase because

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of the amount of elderly population, and the life expectancy is long, es decir, la gente

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vive mucho.

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The majority of the people are adults, but then, instead of young population, most of

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the people are elderly population.

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Which are the factors that influence this?

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Basically, the factors that we studied the other day about the birth rate and the death

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rate depending on the developing of a country or a region the society the culture and so on

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we are going to see some examples in this population pyramid of chile what would you

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say is an expecting pirate an expanding pyramid a contracted and stationary in this case is

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stationary because as you can see the population is stable even it is the

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number of birds is declining a little bit in Austria obviously the number of

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birds is very low so it will be a contractive pyramid in Mozambique that

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is unless the one of the least developed countries you can see that the number of

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birds is really high but then the population decrease a lot so it will be

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an expansive pyramid and finally in india you can see that the situation is changing

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slowly it used to be an expansive pyramid but now it's getting stationary stable okay

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so let's see this example in this pyramid you can see that the birth rate is super high

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the death rate is also high because you can see that the population is declining with the age

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So, we can say that this type of population pyramid is or belongs to one of the poorer areas of the world or one of the less economically developed countries.

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That is what this stands for. It's an expansive pyramid.

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it in bangladesh that is also an expensive pyramid you can see that the number of birds decline a

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little bit and this is because some countries are going to let's see if you remember think

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they are going to apply demographic policies in which they are going to try the people of their

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country to have less children so in this case the number of birds decrease a lot

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then in this type of pyramid you can see that the birth rate is low and the death rate is also low

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the category that is bigger is the people that are more than 40 years old like nowadays in Spain

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more or less and the number of people in each group is about the same in these categories the

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elderly population is the only one that is smaller and obviously it is because there is more people

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that die at this age. So in this population pyramid you can see that this

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is a developed country and it's a stationary pyramid. And finally if you can

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see that the birth rate or the number of births is low, the young population is

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low and the largest group is the adult population, normally this is going to be

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What we say normally with this type of population in which the amount of elderly people is increasing

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a lot, es decir, la población anciana crece muchísimo y va a crecer mucho más porque

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estos adultos dentro de unos años van a pertenecer a ese grupo, we call it aging population,

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envejecida and this is going to be a big issue or a big problem for countries

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because normally the elderly population are retired, están jubilados, they don't work

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but we have to maintain them with the work of the adult population so that's

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why for example in the European Union they are postponing the age of

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population it used to be 65 and in some countries nowadays is 70 years old there

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has to be new plans to see what to do with these elderly people and normally

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this is going to happen in the richer countries as I told you Spain Sweden

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Japan Canada all these countries are having or experiences changes in the

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population finally we can see that there are some pyramids that are a little bit

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different like this one this type of pyramids belong to countries in which

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there are a lot of temporary workers, normally male, es decir, normalmente hombres que trabajan

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de forma temporal, that migrate to a country for a specific period of time.

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This population pyramid normally can be typical of countries like Saudi Arabia, Qatar, United

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Arab Emirates, countries that are very rich in resources and that are getting industrialized

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slowly. But if we cut these people that are immigrants and workers the

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population pyramid will be expansive. And we can also see in population pyramids

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like this one of Japan some details that are going to give us information about

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their history. For example in this population pyramid of Japan you can see

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that something happened with the population around these years if we take

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the year 2000 that is the year of the pyramid and we discount this number of

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years for example 50 what happened in Japan around the 1950s it was after the

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end of the Second World War so this is why there were less birds and more

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people died during that period that's why there is less inhabitants during

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those years the population recovered later and now this Japan has a

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contracted pile in the future of Japan what is going to happen the adult

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population are going to be elderly population and they will need to take

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care of these people what are the Japanese doing because they are very

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smart they are building a lot of robots that are going to take care of the

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elderly population now why am i explaining all of this because there is an exercise that you

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will have to do that is to analyze a population pyramid i'm going to upload a document in aula

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virtual with all this information okay but we're going to see one example here and obviously this

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example is going to be the example of spain so in the first part of the analysis you have to start

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with the introduction to say what it is that always is going to be a population

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pyramid and specify the year and the location when and where then in the

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analysis you have to explain what you can see with your eyes in the pyramid

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which are the largest group of population the smallest one if there are

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more men or women how many people are in the base the trunk or the top and why is

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that happening is it because the birth rate is high low declining the death

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rate you have to guess all of this but is better if we if I explain it with the

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example so for example in Spain we start with the introduction and we are going

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to say that it's a bar chart called population pyramid that is showing us

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the demographic structure of Spain in which year 2015 and that is divided by

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by ages you can see around here and sex male and female then secondly you have to start with the

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analysis and which is the group with the largest population in spain is obvious the adult population

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that is in the trunk especially which group the people that are between 35 and 39 years old can

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Can you see?

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The smallest groups of population

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are going to be the elderly population, as you can see,

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specifically the people that have more than 85 years old.

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But that's common sense because normally

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the elder you are, the more chances you have to die.

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Then you have to describe the different parts of the pyramid.

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So the base of the pyramid, that is the young population,

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is going to be very narrow, as you can see.

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There is only one bar that has a little bit more population,

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that is the population that are between five

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and nine years old, and this is because

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there were more migrants before the crisis,

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and this is the group of population

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that represents that migrants, okay?

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Because they normally have more children.

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Also because a previous government,

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the government of Zapatero, was giving money

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for the people to have children.

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And some people got encouraged by that,

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that but the what we call the cheque bebet what you can see also is that there are more girls

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than boys no more boys than girls sorry but only a little bit then you have to move to the trunk

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that correspond to the adult population between 15 and 64 years old the people that normally are

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active population and work this group is going to maintain the other two and as i told you before

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the largest group is between 35 and 44 years old and finally at the top you have the elderly

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population in this case what you can see is a gender difference because more women than men

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survive and the reason for that is because traditionally men had bad habits like smoking

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drinking also more dangerous works so more male population died and also

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because a male population are more likely to suffer some heart diseases or

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brain diseases that kill them faster than they kill women to continue with

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this you have to go to the demographic indicators that you studied in the

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previous lesson and can you guess if the birth rate is low or high if you see

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that the number of people that are young population is so small you can guess

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that the birth rate obviously is low what about the death rate if all these

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adult population are surviving and this group is large and you know that the

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Spain is a developed country you can guess that the death rate is also very

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low and about the life expectancy if you can see that the number of elderly population is very

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similar to the number of young population it means that the people live very long in this country in

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spain the life expectancy is over 80 years old so you have to say that the life expectancy is high

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why is all this happening in spain you have to specify the reasons that make spain different

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to other countries so in this case you have here an explanation of why the birth rate is so low

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basically because in spain religion is less important nowadays than in the past people

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use contraceptives anticonceptivos for having less children women have access to education

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and to labor to work and in other countries they don't and there is also another important factor

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that i explained the other day that is urbanization more people live in cities and the people that

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live in cities normally have less children regarding the life expectancy why do you think

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it is long why do you think people die less and live longer this is because in spain we have a

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great advances in medicine and we have vaccination since you are born and we have clean and drinkable

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water we have enough food to have a good nutrition we have good hygiene there are not very

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bad diseases that can that can kill a lot of population and this is why people live longer

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and normally women are going to live longer than men as i told you due to biological reasons and

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also because as I told you men used to have bad habits in the past but nowadays people

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are smoking less drinking less and this is why they live longer if you drink if you smoke

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and you make the stupid lot there is more chances to die finally in the conclusion what

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you have to say is the type of population pyramid that it is in this case it is a contractive

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pyramid but imagine that you have Nepal it will be expansive pyramid the shape

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is a wolf shape it is typical in developed countries like Spain and in

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this case we can see or we need to predict the future

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Spain is an aging population

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this adult population will be elderly in the future and the amount of people that

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will be taking care of them are going to be very small and we can also guess that

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there is no generational replacement, there is no generational replacement because what you

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can see is that the people that are having children are not going to

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be having more than two kids that's why we have this difference okay in the

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future what is this going to cause in Spain lack of workers is decir van a

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faltar trabajadores en la economía there is going to be a lot of inactive

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elderly population mucha población que no trabaja y que va a estar retirada o

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and there will be a lot of people that will need resources but we

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don't know yet from where to take them so this will be the analysis in general

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about the Spain in the booklet you have the population pyramid of Europe but we

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are not going to do that yet okay this is the prediction of the population

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pyramid of Spain in the future so as you can see the amount of elderly population

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is going to be a lot and we're going to have a lot of problems with the retirement plans

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con la pensiones and what i want you to do for homework about this topic is two definitions

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aging population and demographic policies but i think i told you to do this one the other day

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and one task that is related with your project you have to enter in this website that is

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populationpyramid.net and that is this one and here you have to

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research your country to find your population pyramid so for example

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imagine that you have Syria you enter Syria and you can copy the population

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pyramid okay if you are not able to save it like this like this clicking in

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download you can also take a screenshot of your screen and copy the

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pyramid so this website is going to give you information about the pyramid and on

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the right side you have also information about the number of people in the

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country in the different years and the prediction in the future and what I find

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really interesting for example in Syria is that you can see that the population

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was increasing but when the civil war of Syria started the population decreased a

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lot and they are expecting now that the war is almost over the population to

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increase so as you can see you will have a lot of information here you have to

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follow the steps to analyze a population pyramid that I'm going to upload in

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aula virtual and this will cover in your project the point five point one point

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three that is called demographic structure this one if you have any more

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questions ask me and this will be all about about this unit of the population

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You have my email, you can write me to Aula Virtual, and I think we are going to have

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a conference probably next week in which you will be able to ask me any questions, okay?

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I hope you are all feeling well, and a big hug, bye bye!