1 00:00:01,970 --> 00:00:07,370 In this video we are going to study the last point of the unit, it's going to be Spain in the 18th century. 2 00:00:07,370 --> 00:00:15,970 So what we are going to see in this video is the two main characteristics of Spain in the 18th century. 3 00:00:15,970 --> 00:00:23,170 The first one is going to be the Spanish War of Succession that is going to take place in the 1700s. 4 00:00:23,170 --> 00:00:31,670 The consequence of this war is that the royal dynasty is going to change in Spain. 5 00:00:31,969 --> 00:00:36,210 from the Hasburg dynasty to the Bourbon dynasty. That is the 6 00:00:37,609 --> 00:00:42,270 present-day dynasty because it's Felipe VI is a king 7 00:00:43,189 --> 00:00:49,289 of the Bourbon dynasty that is going to be a French dynasty. And the other part is the characteristics, the 8 00:00:49,469 --> 00:00:52,329 changes that they are going to take place in Spain in 9 00:00:52,969 --> 00:00:54,969 this 18th century 10 00:00:55,189 --> 00:00:57,189 with regard to 11 00:00:57,770 --> 00:00:59,770 this change of dynasty. 12 00:00:59,770 --> 00:01:03,969 So, let's see, let's talk about the world of the Spanish Secession. 13 00:01:03,969 --> 00:01:08,769 The first thing you need to know is that Spain in the 17th century is not Spain, it is the 14 00:01:08,769 --> 00:01:09,769 Hispanic monarchy. 15 00:01:09,769 --> 00:01:15,409 And this Hispanic monarchy is composed by this part of the Iberian Peninsula, it means 16 00:01:15,409 --> 00:01:24,930 Aragon, Castile, Navarre, and then Sardinia, Sicily, Naples, Milan, and Belgium, present-day 17 00:01:24,930 --> 00:01:25,930 Belgium. 18 00:01:25,930 --> 00:01:33,049 So these are going to be the territories controlled by Spain, along with America, in the 17th century. 19 00:01:34,489 --> 00:01:41,090 During the 16th and 17th century, the Hispanic monarchy has been the superpower. 20 00:01:41,870 --> 00:01:44,349 It means the most powerful country in Europe. 21 00:01:45,609 --> 00:01:49,049 And it was a superpower that controls Europe. 22 00:01:49,049 --> 00:01:56,569 Europe. No one in Europe had more power than the Hispanic monarch in the 16th century 23 00:01:57,329 --> 00:02:02,629 and in the 17th century the Hispanic monarchy is going to lose his 24 00:02:03,329 --> 00:02:05,329 his hegemony, his power 25 00:02:05,909 --> 00:02:14,150 in favor of France because France is going to start fighting the Hispanic monarchy and conquer, you see in red, 26 00:02:14,150 --> 00:02:19,949 different territories to the Hispanic Monarchy so what we see is during the 27 00:02:19,949 --> 00:02:23,870 16th and 17th century there is going to be only one superpower and it's going to 28 00:02:23,870 --> 00:02:29,569 be the Hispanic Monarchy however in the 17th century France is going to rise as 29 00:02:29,569 --> 00:02:35,789 one of the most powerful countries in Europe but France is not going to be 30 00:02:35,789 --> 00:02:40,770 more powerful than the Hispanic Monarchy or Great Britain or the Holy Roman 31 00:02:40,770 --> 00:02:47,030 empire that nowadays is Germany makes sense so in the 17th century what we see 32 00:02:47,030 --> 00:02:55,650 is this superpower okay that is not ruling anymore Europe and France that is 33 00:02:55,650 --> 00:03:01,550 the most powerful country in Europe along with Great Britain so let's see 34 00:03:01,550 --> 00:03:07,710 what is going to happen in the 1700 okay charge the second this person here is 35 00:03:07,710 --> 00:03:14,370 going to die and he is going to be he is going to left his kingdoms it means the 36 00:03:14,370 --> 00:03:20,430 Hispanic monarchy to this person Philip V Felipe de Bourbon vale that is 37 00:03:20,430 --> 00:03:29,430 going to be the nephew of Luis XIV Luis XIV was the king ruling France was 38 00:03:29,430 --> 00:03:36,629 the king ruling France during the 17th century it means Luis XIV was the king 39 00:03:36,629 --> 00:03:43,289 ruling France that acquired these red territories or steal these red 40 00:03:43,289 --> 00:03:48,689 territories or conquer these red territories to the Hispanic monarchy so 41 00:03:48,689 --> 00:03:54,610 Charles the second when he died in his will, quiere decir testamento, will es testamento en 42 00:03:54,610 --> 00:04:00,810 sustantivo so Charles the second is going to give all these all his kingdoms 43 00:04:00,810 --> 00:04:07,909 to Felipe V that is the nephew of Luis XIV. There was another option for 44 00:04:07,909 --> 00:04:14,490 Charles II to give his kingdoms to the Archduke Carlos de Austria, it means 45 00:04:14,490 --> 00:04:20,730 from the Habsburg dynasty, the same dynasty as Charles II was. Why 46 00:04:20,730 --> 00:04:27,129 Charles II is going to give the kingdoms to the nephew of Luis XIV to 47 00:04:27,129 --> 00:04:29,069 Philip V or Felipe V 48 00:04:29,069 --> 00:04:30,829 instead of giving 49 00:04:30,829 --> 00:04:32,870 his kingdoms to 50 00:04:32,870 --> 00:04:36,769 the Archduke Carlos de Austria 51 00:04:36,769 --> 00:04:38,329 because 52 00:04:38,329 --> 00:04:40,769 Carlos II thought that 53 00:04:40,769 --> 00:04:42,829 France, that was 54 00:04:42,829 --> 00:04:44,990 one of the most powerful countries in Europe 55 00:04:44,990 --> 00:04:47,110 in that moment, could protect 56 00:04:47,110 --> 00:04:48,810 the kingdoms of 57 00:04:48,810 --> 00:04:50,870 Spain, the different kingdoms 58 00:04:50,870 --> 00:04:52,290 of the Hispanic monarchy, better 59 00:04:52,290 --> 00:04:54,810 than the Holy Roman Empire. 60 00:04:55,589 --> 00:04:56,470 So that's why 61 00:04:57,129 --> 00:05:07,129 Charles II, on his will, is going to give the Hispanic monarchy to the nephew of Louis XIV, to Felipe V. 62 00:05:07,129 --> 00:05:17,129 The problem is England or Great Britain, Portugal, the Netherlands, the Holy Roman Empire, 63 00:05:17,129 --> 00:05:25,129 they are going to see that France and Spain together, controlled by French kings, 64 00:05:25,129 --> 00:05:35,449 kings they could create a superpower that is going to rule Europe so that Great Britain, Portugal, 65 00:05:36,089 --> 00:05:43,449 the Netherlands, the Holy Roman Empire are going to support Archiduque Carlos to be the king 66 00:05:43,449 --> 00:05:49,930 of Spain, of the Hispanic monarchy. Due to this fact, okay, David Baesto, 67 00:05:49,930 --> 00:05:56,709 ok a war is going to break in the Iberian Peninsula and in Europe what we 68 00:05:56,709 --> 00:05:59,509 are going to see is that Felipe Quinto is going to be supported by some 69 00:05:59,509 --> 00:06:04,029 kingdoms and countries and the Archduke Carlos is going to be supported by the 70 00:06:04,029 --> 00:06:08,870 other side by other kingdoms and countries ok so let's see this in order 71 00:06:08,870 --> 00:06:13,750 to avoid a new superpower ruling Europe it means Spain plus France a war started 72 00:06:13,750 --> 00:06:18,490 in Europe with two main battlefields the Iberian Peninsula and Europe so these 73 00:06:18,490 --> 00:06:26,170 These two sides, the supporters of Felipe de Borbón are Castile, France, the American 74 00:06:26,170 --> 00:06:34,350 Viceroyalties, it means the Spanish America, and also these territories in Europe. 75 00:06:34,350 --> 00:06:40,129 It means the Kingdom of Naples, Sicily, Sardinia, Milan and Belgium. 76 00:06:40,129 --> 00:06:43,930 These territories are going to support Felipe V. 77 00:06:43,930 --> 00:06:51,050 However the supporters of Archduke Carlos are going to be the Crown of Aragon, Portugal, Austria 78 00:06:51,850 --> 00:06:59,129 and Great Britain and Savoy. Okay so what they are going to see is all these countries 79 00:06:59,129 --> 00:07:04,569 fighting to see who is going to inherit the Hispanic monarchy. 80 00:07:06,569 --> 00:07:16,470 So this is the Archduke Carlos de Austria. So let's see in the European battlefields Carlos 81 00:07:17,029 --> 00:07:21,509 is going to be winning the war of course england portugal the netherlands the holy 82 00:07:21,509 --> 00:07:29,589 run empire all together against france and castile okay are power are more powerful in europe than 83 00:07:29,589 --> 00:07:35,990 france and castile together however in the iberian peninsula felipe was winning the war 84 00:07:36,709 --> 00:07:44,069 okay so it means felipe was winning and conquering the crown of aragon and this is going to be really 85 00:07:44,069 --> 00:07:49,709 important because if Felipe conquers Aragon what he is going to do is to 86 00:07:49,709 --> 00:07:54,009 banish all the different laws and characteristics of the crown of Aragon 87 00:07:54,009 --> 00:07:59,829 and remember inside the crown of Aragon we have Catalonia and this war is going 88 00:07:59,829 --> 00:08:04,709 to affect to nationalism in Catalonia nowadays you'll see some pictures later 89 00:08:04,709 --> 00:08:11,819 on the turning point means the moment when the war is going to change okay the 90 00:08:11,819 --> 00:08:19,379 the evolution okay so the turning point is going to take place in 1711 when 91 00:08:19,379 --> 00:08:24,660 Carlos de Austria is going to inherit the Holy Roman Empire so that imagine 92 00:08:24,660 --> 00:08:29,519 Archduke Carlos de Austria controlling the Holy Roman Empire and the Spanish 93 00:08:29,519 --> 00:08:37,799 territory okay is almost the same as Spain ruled by Felipe Quinto along with 94 00:08:37,799 --> 00:08:46,120 the support of France so England Portugal the Netherlands and Savoy are 95 00:08:46,120 --> 00:08:50,679 not going to support anymore the Holy Roman Empire because they said okay if 96 00:08:50,679 --> 00:08:55,679 we support Archie Carlos we are going to have again a superpower ruling Europe 97 00:08:55,679 --> 00:09:01,000 because it would be the Holy Roman Empire along with the Spanish 98 00:09:01,000 --> 00:09:06,539 territories so they are going to force this theory the European countries are 99 00:09:06,539 --> 00:09:12,419 going to force to end quickly with the war and they want to end quickly 100 00:09:12,419 --> 00:09:18,419 with the war and you'll see how they are going to avoid any superpower in Europe 101 00:09:18,419 --> 00:09:31,460 what they are going to do is to share the different Spanish territories among 102 00:09:31,460 --> 00:09:36,080 the different countries for example Great Britain is going to aspire Gibraltar 103 00:09:36,080 --> 00:09:42,720 and menorca menorca is going to be recovered by spain during the 18th century but gibraltar no 104 00:09:42,720 --> 00:09:51,759 gibraltar remains in hands of the united kingdom you see the european spanish territories are 105 00:09:51,759 --> 00:09:59,759 going to be in hands of austria now okay and this is important in the beginning sardinia 106 00:09:59,759 --> 00:10:06,639 is going to be for austria and sicily for savoy but later on savoy is going to exchange sicily 107 00:10:07,840 --> 00:10:15,200 for sardinia sorry here sardinia to austria it means austria is going to have belgium luxembourg 108 00:10:15,200 --> 00:10:22,080 milan naples and sicily and sardinia is going to go for savoy okay so later on they are going 109 00:10:22,080 --> 00:10:31,759 to exchange these two territories for savoy is better to have sardinia that is a close is closer 110 00:10:31,759 --> 00:10:39,200 to savoy rather than sicily and for naples is better to have sicily instead of sardinia because 111 00:10:39,200 --> 00:10:45,679 sicily is closer to naples so in order to avoid a new superpower rule in europe what they are going 112 00:10:45,679 --> 00:10:50,720 to do is to divide the hispanic monarchy so the hispanic monarchy is going to disappear 113 00:10:50,720 --> 00:10:56,220 Gibraltar and Menorca to Great Britain and this territory is to Austria and this one to Savoy. 114 00:10:56,220 --> 00:11:03,720 And Spain is going to appear. Spain is going to appear because Philip V, after conquering Aragon, 115 00:11:03,720 --> 00:11:12,919 defeating Aragon, is going to establish the loss of Castile in Aragon, is going to establish all 116 00:11:12,919 --> 00:11:20,100 the different characteristics of Castile in Aragon okay and this is one of the 117 00:11:20,100 --> 00:11:27,879 reasons why nowadays in the Catalonian nationalism they talk about this 118 00:11:27,879 --> 00:11:32,779 specific war so finally the Treaty of Utrecht is the 119 00:11:32,779 --> 00:11:37,340 treaty the peace treaty in 1713 is going to establish this Philip V ending as 120 00:11:37,340 --> 00:11:42,019 king of Spain Philip V or Felipe V of Basel-Rio de España but he is going to 121 00:11:42,019 --> 00:11:45,620 lose the Spanish European possessions Naples, Sardinia, the Netherlands and 122 00:11:45,620 --> 00:11:50,360 Milan. The Netherlands is going to be independent and Great Britain is going 123 00:11:50,360 --> 00:11:55,960 to acquire Gibraltar, Menorca and some American privileges. It means trade with 124 00:11:55,960 --> 00:12:02,080 America. Great Britain is going to be able to trade with the Spanish America. 125 00:12:02,080 --> 00:12:06,919 It was forbidden in the past but now after this war Great Britain is going to 126 00:12:06,919 --> 00:12:16,299 be able to trade with America. As I said for Catalonia is really important this 127 00:12:16,299 --> 00:12:20,059 Spanish War of Succession because Felipe Quinto is going to conquer the 128 00:12:20,059 --> 00:12:25,519 crown of Aragon and is going to end with all the different laws of Aragon that 129 00:12:25,519 --> 00:12:31,700 means also Catalonia. So for example the 11th of September that is the moment 130 00:12:31,700 --> 00:12:39,700 when of 1714 that is the moment when Felipe Quinto ended with this laws and 131 00:12:39,700 --> 00:12:44,779 And the different characteristics of Catalonia and the Anaragon so 132 00:12:45,340 --> 00:12:51,659 They are going to recreate these battles. They are going to dress up as in the 18th century 133 00:12:52,059 --> 00:12:59,179 Okay, and for them. This is the every 11th of September. They are going to 134 00:12:59,980 --> 00:13:01,519 represent this 135 00:13:01,519 --> 00:13:09,379 They are going to commemorate this moment and of course in favor of the independence of Catalonia against the rest of Spain 136 00:13:09,700 --> 00:13:24,700 So the idea is simply that this war of succession is linked to the independence of Catalonia as the moment in which Castile dominated Aragon, Catalonia, and from there Catalonia stopped losing its own characteristics. 137 00:13:24,700 --> 00:13:28,700 So they are now looking for independence. 138 00:13:28,700 --> 00:13:34,440 Even during the Spanish Civil War, the 11th of September appears. 139 00:13:34,440 --> 00:13:40,740 In this case, they said 11th of September of 1938, during the Spanish Civil War, Catalonia, 140 00:13:40,740 --> 00:13:47,539 Catalans, Catalonia is fighting against the invaders, and the invaders are Franco with 141 00:13:47,539 --> 00:13:56,399 his troops, nowadays they are fighting against the invasion of Spain and they want the independence 142 00:13:56,399 --> 00:13:58,000 from Spain. 143 00:13:58,000 --> 00:14:04,320 So everything is related and this specific event, historical event in the 18th century 144 00:14:04,320 --> 00:14:16,330 is going to affect to nowadays, to Catalonia, to Catalonian nationalism. 145 00:14:16,330 --> 00:14:22,649 So the last thing we need to see is the dynasty, the Bourbon dynasty, you see Philip V, he's 146 00:14:22,649 --> 00:14:27,509 going to be succeeded by Ferdinand VI, when he dies he's going to be succeeded by his 147 00:14:27,509 --> 00:14:35,009 brother and finally the last Bourbon the last king in the 18th century is going 148 00:14:35,009 --> 00:14:43,169 to be Charles the fourth maybe you cannot see his face well but he is 149 00:14:43,169 --> 00:14:51,570 similar his face is similar to Juan Carlos Primero's face okay so you can 150 00:14:51,570 --> 00:14:55,830 see that Juan Carlos is part of this family of this French family that is 151 00:14:55,830 --> 00:15:02,669 the Bourbons so let's see the reforms what they are going to do okay they are 152 00:15:02,669 --> 00:15:07,009 going to find or they are going to look for the territorial uniformity what they 153 00:15:07,009 --> 00:15:10,830 want is not to have the kingdom of Aragon and the kingdom of the crown of 154 00:15:10,830 --> 00:15:15,330 Castile they want to have Spain as one kingdom with the same laws the same 155 00:15:15,330 --> 00:15:21,210 characteristics the same coin etc okay so they are going to unify Aragon and 156 00:15:21,210 --> 00:15:27,289 Castile. In the 16th century 17th century what we are going to see is we have two 157 00:15:27,289 --> 00:15:34,909 kingdoms Aragon and Castile with one king but it's two different kingdoms. 158 00:15:34,909 --> 00:15:41,669 After this war of Spanish secession Felipe Quinto is going to unify the two 159 00:15:41,669 --> 00:15:45,990 kingdoms and he is going to establish all the characteristics of Castile in 160 00:15:45,990 --> 00:15:52,470 in aragon so that's why catalonia feels the catalans that they they look for the independence 161 00:15:52,470 --> 00:15:57,269 they feel that this moment the spanish war of succession was the moment when they lost their 162 00:15:57,269 --> 00:16:06,200 identity their independence so in the 18th century what we see is spain as we know it nowadays 163 00:16:06,840 --> 00:16:11,960 okay just the iberian peninsula this part of the iberian peninsula no differentiation between 164 00:16:11,960 --> 00:16:18,990 in Aragon and Castile, only Spain. 165 00:16:18,990 --> 00:16:21,169 The Castilian administrative system is the, 166 00:16:21,169 --> 00:16:23,870 it means the characteristics of the administration 167 00:16:23,870 --> 00:16:27,330 in Castile is going to be imposed in the Crown of Aragon. 168 00:16:28,409 --> 00:16:31,110 And the law that is going to establish this, 169 00:16:31,110 --> 00:16:34,570 this characteristics of Castile in Aragon 170 00:16:34,570 --> 00:16:37,690 is going to be called Nueva Planta Decrees. 171 00:16:39,110 --> 00:16:40,570 That they are going to be enacted, 172 00:16:40,570 --> 00:16:45,250 it means approved between 1707 and 1716. 173 00:16:45,889 --> 00:17:08,890 Okay? So that's the idea. What we have is the Nueva Planta Decrees, and these Nueva Planta Decrees are the laws that they are going to be enacted or approved during these years in order to establish the Castilian characteristics in Aragón, this administrative system in Aragón, in order to unify the two kingdoms. 174 00:17:08,890 --> 00:17:17,589 And also the Spanish territory in this 18th century is going to be divided into provinces with a captain general 175 00:17:18,170 --> 00:17:19,589 governing them 176 00:17:19,589 --> 00:17:23,349 It means the army is going to control the different provinces 177 00:17:23,349 --> 00:17:29,250 But this division into provinces as you can see here is really really close to our 178 00:17:30,329 --> 00:17:34,269 Division nowadays you see Galicia is the same Asturias is the same 179 00:17:34,269 --> 00:17:41,910 So the provinces established in the 18th century are similar to those that we have nowadays 180 00:17:43,089 --> 00:17:45,089 Okay 181 00:17:45,230 --> 00:17:47,049 So that's the idea 182 00:17:47,049 --> 00:17:54,509 when we in the 18th century Spain is going to be divided into provinces and these provinces are going to be almost the same as 183 00:17:55,990 --> 00:17:57,990 Nowadays in the 18th century 184 00:18:03,569 --> 00:18:05,450 finally this 185 00:18:05,450 --> 00:18:07,869 Administrative reorganization. It means to create new 186 00:18:08,869 --> 00:18:13,029 Institutions. Okay means that they are going to establish a centralized system 187 00:18:13,190 --> 00:18:18,509 Every decision is going to be made in Madrid as you can see what this is 18th century. This is a mistake 188 00:18:18,710 --> 00:18:21,190 So the idea is the the different 189 00:18:22,609 --> 00:18:27,089 Roads are going to start in Madrid and they are going to end in the 190 00:18:28,549 --> 00:18:35,210 In the coastal areas of Spain as you can see the center is Madrid and the center is connected by the different 191 00:18:35,450 --> 00:18:38,450 the different roads 192 00:18:38,450 --> 00:18:41,450 Nowadays is almost the same 193 00:18:41,450 --> 00:18:44,450 Madrid is the center and is connecting 194 00:18:44,450 --> 00:18:47,450 the whole territory with the coastal areas 195 00:18:47,450 --> 00:18:50,450 However, we can see all the different 196 00:18:50,450 --> 00:18:53,450 roads that they connect 197 00:18:53,450 --> 00:18:56,450 different branches connecting only Madrid 198 00:18:56,450 --> 00:18:59,450 For example, here there is no connection between 199 00:18:59,450 --> 00:19:02,450 Santander and Oviedo, but 200 00:19:02,450 --> 00:19:07,690 Nowadays there is okay. So you see the connections that they are horizontal. Okay 201 00:19:08,289 --> 00:19:09,829 Connect in these areas 202 00:19:09,829 --> 00:19:13,970 We are going to have a king with an absolute power 203 00:19:14,769 --> 00:19:20,910 And finally the king is going to be helped by secretaries. These secretaries are like ministries 204 00:19:21,529 --> 00:19:25,430 Okay, like ministers. So the idea is centralized system 205 00:19:25,990 --> 00:19:28,609 Every decision is made in yes in Madrid 206 00:19:28,609 --> 00:19:34,150 second the king is going to have an absolute power and the third is the 207 00:19:34,150 --> 00:19:38,890 secretaries assist the king in the task of government it means the secretaries 208 00:19:38,890 --> 00:19:43,930 and are going to help the king in order to make the decisions so these 209 00:19:43,930 --> 00:19:49,569 secretaries are going to be like ministers and that's it this is 18th 210 00:19:49,569 --> 00:19:57,549 century in Spain and well with this we end with the unit one