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Hi, I'm Mackenzie Rosman, and I play Ruthie on the WB7 Heaven.

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I may not be an official treehouse detective yet, but on the show I love to help solve

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problems.

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No matter how difficult problems may seem, there's always a solution.

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And they're a lot easier to find using math, science, and technology.

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Stay tuned, and help our treehouse detectives learn more about the future of transportation

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in the next exciting episode of the NASA Sci-Files, The Case of the Radical Ride.

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NASA Sci-Files

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Discovering the world we're in

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Doing cool things we've never missed

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NASA Sci-Files

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NASA Sci-Files

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NASA Sci-Files

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Don't forget to look for the answers to the following questions.

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What invention led to man-made transportation?

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What is the first step in the engineering design process?

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The channel tunnel was a solution to what problem?

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When you see this icon, the answer is near.

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NASA Sci-Files

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NASA Sci-Files

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You guys excited?

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You bet.

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Let's go.

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NASA Sci-Files

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Okay, 45 miles to the auditorium.

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Dr. D is traveling at about 55 miles an hour.

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Relatively light cargo.

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We should arrive at the awards ceremony with five minutes to spare.

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Just enough time for you to work on your acceptance speech.

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I would like to thank my mom and dad.

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Not so fast.

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You are being awarded as a crew.

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Good point.

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Just try and keep it over 50, Dr. D.

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I don't want to be late, even if we don't win.

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Of course, drive safely.

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Are you sure your calculations are correct?

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We might be cutting it a little close.

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Why?

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Is the wind blowing?

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Dr. D, are you driving against the wind?

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Don't worry.

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I think we'll be all right, as long as we don't hit traffic.

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I know you wanted to get here early, but how long have you been here?

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My mom dropped me off 20 minutes ago.

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We made really good time.

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In that case, we should reconsider the minivan as the ultimate form of transportation.

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Very funny.

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Our minivan is nice, but I wouldn't go so far as to say it's the ultimate form of transportation.

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And even if it is advanced, it's not exactly futuristic like in the next century.

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Which is our assignment.

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So what do we do?

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Let's open the problem board.

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Good idea.

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So what do we know?

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We know that transportation changes over time and that it involves moving over air, sea, and land.

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So what do we need to know?

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We need to know how transportation will change in the next hundred years.

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How do we figure that out?

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History.

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History?

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Dr. D told us that history often tells us how things will work in the future.

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So where do we go?

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Well, for starters, I thought we should research the history of the car.

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Why don't you check the internet?

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Maybe we can go to a car show and see one of those cool concept cars.

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My thoughts exactly.

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In fact, Tony is visiting his family in Detroit.

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I'm sending him an email right now.

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Maybe he can visit the Walter P. Chrysler Museum.

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Don't forget the concept car.

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Right.

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I'm also sending an email to the other treehouse detectives to keep them updated.

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And get their ideas.

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Speaking of the treehouse detectives, where are they?

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Dr. D, if we don't start moving soon, we're going to have to average about 90 miles per hour to get there on time.

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Sorry, kids. I don't know what the problem is.

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The problem is we need a helicopter.

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I'm not sure that a helicopter would help us at this point.

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Hey, Bianca just sent us an email.

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She and Kaylee are working on our transportation assignment.

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What is the assignment?

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We're doing research on what transportation will look like 100 years from now.

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Cool.

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Bianca said that Tony is going to visit the Walter P. Chrysler Museum near Detroit, Michigan.

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May I use the computer real quick?

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If Tony is checking out cars, I have a few questions for him to ask.

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Sure. Remind him to get his get-up-and-go sheet from the NASA Sci-Files website.

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That's a good idea. You can always find great information and resources at the site.

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Hi, Mr. Dressel. I'm Tony. Thanks for meeting with me.

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My pleasure. How can I help you?

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We're working on a school assignment researching what transportation will be like in 100 years.

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We thought the best place to start would be in the past.

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That's a great place to begin.

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Can you tell me when and where transportation began?

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Well, the first form of transportation was by foot, or more commonly known as walking.

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Yeah, I know all about walking.

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At some point, boats were used, and animals were domesticated.

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But the real transportation breakthrough hadn't happened quite yet.

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Breakthrough? Like the invention of the driver's license?

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Not quite yet.

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Archaeologists believe that the very first step towards man-made transportation

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began in either Mesopotamia or Asia sometime around 4,000 to 3,500 B.C.

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with the invention of the wheel.

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Was the invention of the car next in the timeline?

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No, it was the invention of the car.

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Was the invention of the car next in the timeline?

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Well, it was really the invention of the steam engine in the late 18th century

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that made mass transportation a standard.

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The early trains were slow, and they were often very dangerous,

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but as locomotives improved, they really became important to our steadily growing and very young country,

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especially considering we didn't have a very good road system.

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I understand how trains help people travel long distances,

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but how did people in the city get around?

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Well, there was walking, and then there were horse cars and trolleys, and finally subways.

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But then in the 1880s and the 1890s, they discovered the bicycle,

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which was great because they could go where they wanted to and when they wanted to.

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So they had wheels, but they didn't have wheels.

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Right, they didn't have wheels as in cars.

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Wasn't the car invented around the turn of the century?

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Well, actually, in France, Nicolas-Joseph Cuneau invented a car as early as 1769,

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but since it was powered by steam, most people don't consider it really an automobile.

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But in the 1880s, Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz in Germany invented a light, practical automobile engine

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that really ushered in the era of the modern automobile.

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How has the car changed over time?

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Well, this is a 1902 Rambler.

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It's basically a powered buggy built using the same sort of technology they used to build bicycles.

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And this is a 1915 Dodge.

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It's basically an improved version of the Model T Ford.

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It was a front-engine, rear-drive, open-touring car intended for a rural market.

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Why did the style of cars change?

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In the 1920s, people's lifestyles began to change.

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We were no longer a country defined as rural, and people began demanding more comfortable cars.

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Take a look at this 1929 Nash.

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It shows the shift away from open cars.

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The car was no longer just a fair-weather option.

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It was now a necessity, and therefore it needed to be enclosed.

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Wow, this one looks different.

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It's a 1934 Chrysler Airflow.

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It's the first mass-produced aerodynamic car design.

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By 1934, engineers had discovered just how much difference air resistance made on car performance.

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We learned about airflow in the case of the challenging flight and how important it is on drag.

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That's right, and airflow has really changed the way cars look.

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Transportation has sure changed throughout history.

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Yes, as transportation improves, it's easier to live and work farther apart.

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If you walk to work, you're not likely to live more than about a mile away from where you work.

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But if you've got a car, you can drive 30 or more miles to work.

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And with the invention of the airplane in 1903 by the Wright brothers,

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we can live even farther away and take vacations to faraway places.

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Thanks, Mr. Dressel, this has been a lot of help.

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You're welcome. Feel free to enjoy the exhibits. There's a lot more to see.

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I would never suggest breaking a law,

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but it looks like we will have to average about 227 miles per hour to make it to the ceremony on time.

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I think you should check your numbers, Jacob.

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We should be fine. Remember, we have moved.

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Well, Jacob does have a point.

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If we sit in traffic for very long, the car becomes useless.

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What do you mean?

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Well, no car can travel safely at 227 miles per hour.

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Race cars can.

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But not on the highway.

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Good point, Catherine.

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Eventually you will discover certain limitations to any technology.

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Look at all the different forms of transportation that have been invented over the years.

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For example, hot air balloons, helicopters, flying cars, my own personal hovercraft, skateboards, pogo sticks.

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Wait a minute, Dr. D. Did you say your own personal hovercraft?

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That's right.

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Where did you buy a hovercraft?

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I didn't buy it. I designed it and built it.

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Wow, Dr. D. How did you build a hovercraft?

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And did it take long to build?

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Slow down, kids.

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Let me start by having you look at the device on the back seat.

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It's called a marble twister.

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This doesn't look like a hovercraft.

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Yeah, but it's pretty cool. What does it do?

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Put a marble on the track at the top and tell me what you see.

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It's going around in circles and gradually getting closer to the bottom.

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Very good. The marble twister illustrates iteration.

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What did you say?

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Iteration.

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It's part of the engineering design process. It's like a cycle.

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Wow, we've seen lots of cycles before, like the rock cycle and the water cycle.

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In this cycle, you develop a plan for your project, design and build a model, test and evaluate the model,

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and then begin the cycle again by redesigning the model based upon your test results.

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I get it. Then you test the redesigned model, evaluate the results, and redesign the model again.

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That's just like the marbles.

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Each time you go around the cycle, you get closer to a finished product.

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Just like each time around the circle, the marbles get closer to the bottom.

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How many times do you need to go through the cycle?

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Well, the product is never perfect, so you just have to decide when it's close enough.

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This engineering design process sounds an awful lot like the scientific method,

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except the step about identifying or recognizing a problem isn't included.

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Actually, I just haven't gotten to the first steps yet.

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In the engineering design process, the first step is called identifying a need or want.

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Then you brainstorm ideas, like we did in the invention process, in the case of the Wright invention.

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Very good. The engineering design process is very similar to the invention process.

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After brainstorming, the next step is select a solution and do research.

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And then you develop a plan.

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That's it, and the cycle begins.

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Whenever you are facing a design challenge, the process we have just discussed will be very helpful.

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I can't imagine a more difficult challenge than this traffic jam.

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Trust me, Jacob, there have been bigger challenges.

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I remember reading about the channel tunnel.

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They had all kinds of challenges to overcome to make it work.

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Exactly.

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What is the channel tunnel?

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English and French worked together to build the tunnel under the English Channel.

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It was a major achievement in design for transportation.

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Cool. Why don't you check the Internet for it?

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I'm way ahead of you. Working, working.

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Okay, here we go.

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Rosie and Wendy, Sci-Fi's kids club members in the United Kingdom,

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have done their own investigation on the channel tunnel.

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Awesome. The Treehouse Detectives have officially gone global.

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Wow, this is incredible.

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We're actually at the official nerve centre of the channel tunnel.

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Hello, we're looking for Mr Storer.

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That would be me. Hi, you must be Rosie and Wendy.

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I received your email. How may I help you?

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We're investigating transportation.

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And in our research we learnt that advances in transportation usually result of having a problem.

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And needing a solution.

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The channel tunnel was definitely a solution to a very old problem.

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13,000 years ago, Britain was connected to mainland Europe by a natural isthmus or land bridge.

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Then a change in sea level caused by the last ice age created the English Channel.

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It seems we've had the technology to build tunnels for a long time.

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Why wasn't it built earlier?

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Two centuries ago, Napoleon agreed that a tunnel should be built.

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But after war broke out between France and England, the tunnel idea was abandoned.

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Even though there were several plans for a tunnel, there were still technological problems to overcome.

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What kind of problems?

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At the time, people didn't know much about the geology under the English Channel,

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so they were unsure whether they could bore through it.

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There was also a ventilation problem.

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How did they overcome the problem?

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In the 1870s, both England and France agreed to work on a joint tunnel scheme.

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With government approval, the tunnel companies started on the first serious scientific geological exploration

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to find out just what kind of rocks are under the seabed.

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What did they discover?

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They found a bed of chalk marl which was perfect for a tunnel.

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It was easy to dig and impervious to water.

243
00:13:21,440 --> 00:13:25,440
It could also stand up without supporting walls and was thick enough to hold a tunnel.

244
00:13:25,440 --> 00:13:27,440
So why didn't they dig the tunnel?

245
00:13:27,440 --> 00:13:28,440
They made several attempts.

246
00:13:28,440 --> 00:13:31,440
In 1880, testing was carried out with a tunnel boring machine.

247
00:13:31,440 --> 00:13:34,440
The following year, another attempt was made, but abandoned again.

248
00:13:37,440 --> 00:13:39,440
At least they kept trying.

249
00:13:39,440 --> 00:13:43,440
Yes, finally in the 1980s, the British and French governments commissioned more studies

250
00:13:43,440 --> 00:13:47,440
and decided that a traditional rail tunnel would be the least risky and the best value for the money.

251
00:13:47,440 --> 00:13:49,440
How long did it take to build?

252
00:13:49,440 --> 00:13:50,440
About seven years.

253
00:13:50,440 --> 00:13:54,440
The builders bored the tunnels from 1987 to 1991,

254
00:13:54,440 --> 00:13:59,440
and from 1991 to 1994, workers fitted out the tunnels and terminal.

255
00:13:59,440 --> 00:14:00,440
Would you like to see the tunnel?

256
00:14:00,440 --> 00:14:02,440
That would be fantastic!

257
00:14:04,440 --> 00:14:06,440
This is amazing!

258
00:14:06,440 --> 00:14:08,440
Why are there three tunnels?

259
00:14:08,440 --> 00:14:11,440
Actually, there are three interconnected tubes.

260
00:14:11,440 --> 00:14:14,440
Two are the rail tracks for going each way,

261
00:14:14,440 --> 00:14:19,440
plus one service tunnel used for maintenance and as a safe haven in case of emergencies.

262
00:14:19,440 --> 00:14:22,440
Of course, you want to make the tunnel as safe as possible,

263
00:14:22,440 --> 00:14:24,440
especially for such a long tunnel.

264
00:14:31,440 --> 00:14:33,440
How long is the tunnel?

265
00:14:33,440 --> 00:14:37,440
It's about 50 kilometres total with 37 kilometres underwater.

266
00:14:37,440 --> 00:14:40,440
Its average depth is about 40 metres under the seabed.

267
00:14:40,440 --> 00:14:43,440
I imagine it took a lot of people to build something so complicated.

268
00:14:43,440 --> 00:14:49,440
Yes, it took over 13,000 engineers, technicians and workers to build over 150 kilometres of tunnels.

269
00:14:49,440 --> 00:14:50,440
That's remarkable!

270
00:14:50,440 --> 00:14:53,440
Can you drive through the tunnel or do you have to take the train?

271
00:14:53,440 --> 00:14:55,440
You can do both, sort of.

272
00:14:55,440 --> 00:15:01,440
Trains operated by Eurotunnel use the tunnel to carry cars, coaches, motorcycles, caravans and lorries.

273
00:15:01,440 --> 00:15:05,440
You just drive your car into the train and travel with your car through the tunnel.

274
00:15:05,440 --> 00:15:11,440
EWS carries containerised freight and the Eurostar trains carry foot passengers.

275
00:15:11,440 --> 00:15:15,440
It seems like the Channel Tunnel handles all kinds of travellers and transportation.

276
00:15:15,440 --> 00:15:16,440
Most definitely.

277
00:15:16,440 --> 00:15:25,440
In the past year, Eurotunnel carried over 2.25 million cars, about 70,000 coaches and 1.6 million lorries.

278
00:15:25,440 --> 00:15:31,440
Eurostar carried 6.3 million passengers and EWS carried 1.7 million tonnes of freight.

279
00:15:31,440 --> 00:15:33,440
That's a lot of people and freight!

280
00:15:33,440 --> 00:15:34,440
Correct.

281
00:15:34,440 --> 00:15:37,440
And with the opening of the tunnel, people can travel between Britain and mainland Europe

282
00:15:37,440 --> 00:15:40,440
any time of the day or night and in any kind of weather.

283
00:15:40,440 --> 00:15:46,440
It's now possible to have breakfast in London, lunch in Paris and dinner in Barcelona, Spain.

284
00:15:46,440 --> 00:15:48,440
It certainly makes the world seem smaller.

285
00:15:48,440 --> 00:15:52,440
Not at this time, but Frank Davidson has a vision of a transatlantic tunnel someday.

286
00:15:52,440 --> 00:15:55,440
A tunnel across the Atlantic Ocean? That would be impossible!

287
00:15:55,440 --> 00:15:59,440
That might seem so now, but hundreds of years ago, so did the Channel Tunnel.

288
00:15:59,440 --> 00:16:03,440
Mr Davidson proposes that a floating tunnel be anchored to the sea floor

289
00:16:03,440 --> 00:16:08,440
and a maglev train be used, travelling at speeds up to 5,000 miles an hour.

290
00:16:08,440 --> 00:16:11,440
You could literally live in the US and work in Europe.

291
00:16:11,440 --> 00:16:15,440
Or live in Europe and work as a treehouse detector during the day.

292
00:16:15,440 --> 00:16:17,440
Thanks for the story, you have been most helpful.

293
00:16:17,440 --> 00:16:20,440
You're welcome. Why don't we go and finish our ride through the tunnel?

294
00:16:20,440 --> 00:16:22,440
Sure, sounds great!

295
00:16:24,440 --> 00:16:26,440
That's all for our investigation.

296
00:16:26,440 --> 00:16:31,440
Be sure and visit the NASA SciFiles website for more exciting adventures and scientific inquiry.

297
00:16:31,440 --> 00:16:34,440
That was amazing. Talk about solving a major problem.

298
00:16:34,440 --> 00:16:37,440
We could use a tunnel to get to the awards ceremony.

299
00:16:37,440 --> 00:16:38,440
I just hope we make it.

300
00:16:38,440 --> 00:16:40,440
Me too. We're running out of time.

301
00:16:41,440 --> 00:16:44,440
So what's up? What's causing the traffic jam?

302
00:16:44,440 --> 00:16:47,440
How will the past help the detectives understand the future?

303
00:16:47,440 --> 00:16:50,440
Do you think Dr. D's hovercraft will be a success?

304
00:16:50,440 --> 00:16:55,440
Stay tuned for the next exciting chapter of The Case of the Radical Ride.

305
00:17:00,440 --> 00:17:03,440
Don't forget to look for the answers to the following questions.

306
00:17:04,440 --> 00:17:08,440
Explain why research is such an important step in the engineering design process.

307
00:17:09,440 --> 00:17:11,440
Why is it important to build a model of your design?

308
00:17:12,440 --> 00:17:14,440
Why is it important to test your model?

309
00:17:16,440 --> 00:17:21,440
I know that we're getting a lot done, but why did we have to be here so early?

310
00:17:21,440 --> 00:17:23,440
You're kidding, right?

311
00:17:23,440 --> 00:17:25,440
No, you're never this early for school.

312
00:17:25,440 --> 00:17:28,440
I hope we'll finally get a chance to meet Mr. Gregory.

313
00:17:28,440 --> 00:17:33,440
Mr. Gregory? The deputy administrator for NASA? He's coming here?

314
00:17:33,440 --> 00:17:35,440
It's not every day you get the chance to win an award.

315
00:17:35,440 --> 00:17:38,440
It's even more rare to meet NASA VIPs.

316
00:17:38,440 --> 00:17:40,440
I feel so underdressed.

317
00:17:40,440 --> 00:17:42,440
You're fine. I hear he's pretty cool.

318
00:17:42,440 --> 00:17:44,440
We should keep an eye out. What does he look like?

319
00:17:44,440 --> 00:17:46,440
I don't know. I've never met him.

320
00:17:46,440 --> 00:17:49,440
But I heard he's supposed to be presenting today.

321
00:17:49,440 --> 00:17:51,440
I'm just glad we got here early.

322
00:17:51,440 --> 00:17:55,440
And on the topic of presenting, I just finished going over Tony's get up and go sheet.

323
00:17:55,440 --> 00:17:56,440
And?

324
00:17:56,440 --> 00:17:58,440
Tony hit a research goldmine.

325
00:17:58,440 --> 00:18:03,440
Not only did he go to the museum, but his aunt set him up with an expert at General Motors.

326
00:18:03,440 --> 00:18:05,440
I'm sending him questions now.

327
00:18:05,440 --> 00:18:08,440
Cool. Guess the early bird does get the worm.

328
00:18:08,440 --> 00:18:09,440
Very funny.

329
00:18:14,440 --> 00:18:15,440
Thank you for meeting me.

330
00:18:15,440 --> 00:18:18,440
Oh, not a problem. Your aunt was telling me about your assignment.

331
00:18:18,440 --> 00:18:21,440
She said you're doing research into future transportation.

332
00:18:21,440 --> 00:18:24,440
Right. We're researching what transportation will look like in 100 years.

333
00:18:24,440 --> 00:18:28,440
Well, I can't predict the future, but I can tell you it should be very exciting.

334
00:18:31,440 --> 00:18:33,440
Wow. This is incredible.

335
00:18:33,440 --> 00:18:36,440
Are you accepting applications for test drivers?

336
00:18:36,440 --> 00:18:39,440
Not exactly. But you can check it out.

337
00:18:39,440 --> 00:18:41,440
What kind of car is this?

338
00:18:41,440 --> 00:18:43,440
This is GM's Autonomy.

339
00:18:43,440 --> 00:18:48,440
It's a concept car designed around fuel cell and bi-wire technology.

340
00:18:48,440 --> 00:18:51,440
Fuel cell technology? What's a fuel cell?

341
00:18:51,440 --> 00:18:56,440
Fuel cells are like batteries, except as long as they're fed fuel, they keep producing energy.

342
00:18:56,440 --> 00:18:58,440
They don't go flat or need recharging.

343
00:18:58,440 --> 00:19:03,440
This particular type of fuel cell converts hydrogen and oxygen into water

344
00:19:03,440 --> 00:19:07,440
and produces electricity and heat in the process.

345
00:19:09,440 --> 00:19:12,440
So this car uses hydrogen for fuel instead of gasoline.

346
00:19:12,440 --> 00:19:13,440
Yes, it does.

347
00:19:13,440 --> 00:19:16,440
So how did you come up with the idea for the Autonomy?

348
00:19:16,440 --> 00:19:20,440
Well, ideas for new vehicles can come from breakthroughs in technology,

349
00:19:20,440 --> 00:19:24,440
from formal processes like consumer research,

350
00:19:24,440 --> 00:19:28,440
or from very informal processes like discussions in the office

351
00:19:28,440 --> 00:19:31,440
or even ideas that pop into your head while you're driving.

352
00:19:31,440 --> 00:19:33,440
Sounds a lot like brainstorming.

353
00:19:33,440 --> 00:19:35,440
It is. We brainstorm all the time.

354
00:19:35,440 --> 00:19:38,440
When we hear customers talk about what they love about their vehicle

355
00:19:38,440 --> 00:19:41,440
or what they wish it could do differently,

356
00:19:41,440 --> 00:19:45,440
it automatically makes us start thinking about solutions and new designs.

357
00:19:45,440 --> 00:19:47,440
Dr. D. told us about the design process.

358
00:19:47,440 --> 00:19:50,440
It seems like once you have brainstormed solutions for the problem,

359
00:19:50,440 --> 00:19:52,440
you have to do a lot of research.

360
00:19:52,440 --> 00:19:54,440
It's really the scientific method in action.

361
00:19:54,440 --> 00:20:00,440
To develop an idea into a vehicle is really just a long series of solving problems.

362
00:20:00,440 --> 00:20:02,440
Before you can start solving those problems,

363
00:20:02,440 --> 00:20:06,440
you have to make sure you have all the data, knowledge, and information that you need.

364
00:20:06,440 --> 00:20:10,440
For example, I need to make sure I'm not violating any of the laws of physics.

365
00:20:10,440 --> 00:20:13,440
So you have to know about things like gravity and friction.

366
00:20:13,440 --> 00:20:14,440
That's right.

367
00:20:14,440 --> 00:20:17,440
And sometimes in the auto industry, we do consumer research

368
00:20:17,440 --> 00:20:20,440
to make sure that what we've designed is really what people want.

369
00:20:20,440 --> 00:20:23,440
One way to do that is to build a concept car.

370
00:20:23,440 --> 00:20:25,440
So this is a concept car?

371
00:20:25,440 --> 00:20:28,440
Right. A concept car is a one-of-a-kind vehicle

372
00:20:28,440 --> 00:20:31,440
that helps engineers and designers study and learn.

373
00:20:31,440 --> 00:20:33,440
What have you learned from this concept car?

374
00:20:33,440 --> 00:20:34,440
A lot.

375
00:20:34,440 --> 00:20:39,440
We learned that when you use fuel cells and bi-wire technology to drive a vehicle,

376
00:20:39,440 --> 00:20:41,440
you no longer need an internal combustion engine,

377
00:20:41,440 --> 00:20:44,440
an automatic transmission, a gas tank,

378
00:20:44,440 --> 00:20:48,440
or any of the mechanical linkages that we have in cars today.

379
00:20:48,440 --> 00:20:51,440
Those are really big parts that take up a lot of room.

380
00:20:51,440 --> 00:20:54,440
Without them, the car doesn't have to look the same anymore,

381
00:20:54,440 --> 00:20:58,440
and you're free to design it differently inside and out.

382
00:20:58,440 --> 00:21:03,440
Does it take a long time to develop a car from an idea to a real car that people can buy?

383
00:21:03,440 --> 00:21:05,440
One of GM's concepts, the Pontiac Solstice,

384
00:21:05,440 --> 00:21:11,440
went from concept to production in just about two years, and that's really fast.

385
00:21:11,440 --> 00:21:15,440
But with a really futuristic vehicle like the Autonomy, it's different.

386
00:21:15,440 --> 00:21:18,440
We're going to learn so much more before we're ready to produce it,

387
00:21:18,440 --> 00:21:22,440
so the first fuel cell vehicles that are sold probably won't look like this.

388
00:21:22,440 --> 00:21:26,440
It really depends on technology, on the purpose of the concept,

389
00:21:26,440 --> 00:21:28,440
and what the public thinks about it.

390
00:21:28,440 --> 00:21:30,440
So not all concept cars are built?

391
00:21:30,440 --> 00:21:34,440
That's right. It takes a lot of people, time, and money to build a concept vehicle.

392
00:21:34,440 --> 00:21:38,440
So we try to make sure that we build the ones that are the best use of our resources,

393
00:21:38,440 --> 00:21:41,440
the ones that are going to help us learn the most about technology,

394
00:21:41,440 --> 00:21:44,440
about our customers, and about our own capabilities.

395
00:21:44,440 --> 00:21:49,440
It sounds like research is just as important in the design process as it is in the scientific method.

396
00:21:49,440 --> 00:21:50,440
Thank you. You've been very helpful.

397
00:21:50,440 --> 00:21:53,440
You're welcome. And don't hesitate to call if you need anything.

398
00:21:53,440 --> 00:21:57,440
So can I borrow the keys to the Autonomy for research?

399
00:21:57,440 --> 00:21:59,440
Do you have a driver's license?

400
00:21:59,440 --> 00:22:03,440
I'll have to get back to you on that one in, like, six months.

401
00:22:03,440 --> 00:22:05,440
Okay, Tony. Tell your aunt I said hello.

402
00:22:05,440 --> 00:22:07,440
I will. Bye.

403
00:22:12,440 --> 00:22:15,440
Wow. I wonder if Tony drove any of those cars.

404
00:22:15,440 --> 00:22:18,440
I wonder if Dr. D will ever get to drive this van again.

405
00:22:18,440 --> 00:22:20,440
How's it going, Dr. D?

406
00:22:20,440 --> 00:22:22,440
Slow, but I still think we'll make it.

407
00:22:22,440 --> 00:22:23,440
I don't know.

408
00:22:23,440 --> 00:22:27,440
Awards ceremonies aren't like movies where there's a bunch of previews at the beginning.

409
00:22:27,440 --> 00:22:29,440
But no pressure.

410
00:22:29,440 --> 00:22:30,440
Pressure is actually a good thing.

411
00:22:30,440 --> 00:22:32,440
Are you serious?

412
00:22:32,440 --> 00:22:36,440
Remember, some of the best inventions have come from the pressure of having to solve a problem.

413
00:22:36,440 --> 00:22:40,440
Well, we should do pretty well with the assignment, because I'm definitely feeling the heat.

414
00:22:40,440 --> 00:22:43,440
Wait a minute. Dr. D, you never told us about your hovercraft.

415
00:22:43,440 --> 00:22:45,440
Oh, yes.

416
00:22:45,440 --> 00:22:51,440
Well, after brainstorming with three of the Sci-Files Kids Club members in my lab last week, we decided upon a hovercraft.

417
00:22:51,440 --> 00:22:55,440
Get some research on hovercraft to prepare for the design process.

418
00:22:55,440 --> 00:22:56,440
What did you find out?

419
00:22:56,440 --> 00:23:02,440
I discovered that the Navy has used hovercraft to transport up to 60 tons of cargo over both land and water.

420
00:23:02,440 --> 00:23:05,440
Wow. There are 2,000 pounds in a ton.

421
00:23:05,440 --> 00:23:09,440
That is more than 120,000 pounds.

422
00:23:09,440 --> 00:23:10,440
Very good.

423
00:23:10,440 --> 00:23:14,440
They can go up to speeds of 46 miles per hour with a full load.

424
00:23:14,440 --> 00:23:17,440
This requires engines with 16,000 horsepower.

425
00:23:17,440 --> 00:23:19,440
That's a lot of horses.

426
00:23:19,440 --> 00:23:21,440
I also did some research on air pressure.

427
00:23:21,440 --> 00:23:27,440
I needed to discover how powerful a blower I would need for an air supply and how big the craft would have to be to support my weight.

428
00:23:27,440 --> 00:23:30,440
It's what you need to know, just like the problem board.

429
00:23:30,440 --> 00:23:31,440
Precisely.

430
00:23:31,440 --> 00:23:37,440
I also found I needed to build a model of my hovercraft and test it to find the answers to all of my questions.

431
00:23:37,440 --> 00:23:44,440
I'm probably going to have to test and retest to refine my model before I actually build my prototype hovercraft.

432
00:23:44,440 --> 00:23:45,440
Can we help?

433
00:23:45,440 --> 00:23:49,440
Sure. Let's take a look at my first model.

434
00:23:49,440 --> 00:23:53,440
Based upon my research, I chose a round design covered in plastic.

435
00:23:53,440 --> 00:23:58,440
My research indicates I need a leaf blower to provide enough air for the full-size hovercraft.

436
00:23:58,440 --> 00:24:01,440
But for these models, I'm just going to use this vacuum cleaner.

437
00:24:01,440 --> 00:24:04,440
You have holes in the plastic, but how do you know how many to make?

438
00:24:04,440 --> 00:24:06,440
And how big to make them?

439
00:24:06,440 --> 00:24:08,440
That's just the problem I'm working on right now.

440
00:24:08,440 --> 00:24:12,440
I'm testing several models to find just the right pattern and size for the holes.

441
00:24:12,440 --> 00:24:15,440
I'm going to test each model to see how much weight it can lift.

442
00:24:15,440 --> 00:24:16,440
Let's try it.

443
00:24:19,440 --> 00:24:31,440
Why do you have to sometimes lift up the hovercraft?

444
00:24:31,440 --> 00:24:35,440
Well, sometimes when the air is first turned on and the plastic is flat against the table,

445
00:24:35,440 --> 00:24:38,440
the air can't get out of the holes to start the lifting.

446
00:24:38,440 --> 00:24:40,440
I hadn't anticipated this problem.

447
00:24:40,440 --> 00:24:41,440
I know.

448
00:24:41,440 --> 00:24:46,440
You could fasten something underneath the hovercraft that would give it a little lift to begin with.

449
00:24:46,440 --> 00:24:48,440
Then you wouldn't have to lift it up.

450
00:24:48,440 --> 00:24:49,440
Excellent idea.

451
00:24:49,440 --> 00:24:54,440
Our modeling process is helping us to uncover and solve problems we didn't anticipate.

452
00:24:54,440 --> 00:24:56,440
Are you also going to use different-sized disks?

453
00:24:56,440 --> 00:24:57,440
I sure am.

454
00:24:57,440 --> 00:24:59,440
In fact, that's my next step.

455
00:24:59,440 --> 00:25:02,440
It sounds like building models of the hovercraft was really helpful.

456
00:25:02,440 --> 00:25:03,440
It really was.

457
00:25:03,440 --> 00:25:07,440
Speaking of models, NASA builds lots of models for their designs.

458
00:25:07,440 --> 00:25:10,440
Why don't you visit their model shop and learn more about the modeling process?

459
00:25:10,440 --> 00:25:13,440
Well, we're kind of stuck right now, Dr. D.

460
00:25:13,440 --> 00:25:16,440
I'll email RJ and ask him to visit the model shop.

461
00:25:16,440 --> 00:25:17,440
He can give us a report.

462
00:25:17,440 --> 00:25:18,440
Great idea.

463
00:25:18,440 --> 00:25:21,440
I also think we should do more research on transportation.

464
00:25:21,440 --> 00:25:22,440
Okay.

465
00:25:22,440 --> 00:25:23,440
Email sent.

466
00:25:24,440 --> 00:25:25,440
No rush.

467
00:25:25,440 --> 00:25:27,440
We have time.

468
00:25:27,440 --> 00:25:28,440
Oh, cool.

469
00:25:28,440 --> 00:25:31,440
Dr. Textbook has a history of transportation.

470
00:25:31,440 --> 00:25:32,440
I have to see this.

471
00:25:35,440 --> 00:25:37,440
Ho, ho, ho, ho, ho, ho.

472
00:25:37,440 --> 00:25:38,440
Hello.

473
00:25:38,440 --> 00:25:40,440
Dr. Textbook here.

474
00:25:40,440 --> 00:25:44,440
Have you ever wondered how birds fly?

475
00:25:45,440 --> 00:25:50,440
Well, that's exactly the question that Orville and Wilbur Wright pondered

476
00:25:50,440 --> 00:25:53,440
when they were trying to discover controlled flight.

477
00:25:53,440 --> 00:25:56,440
And it led them to this.

478
00:25:56,440 --> 00:25:58,440
An inner tube box?

479
00:25:58,440 --> 00:26:02,440
Well, you may say, Dr. Textbook, are you mad?

480
00:26:02,440 --> 00:26:06,440
What has an inner tube box got to do with the story of controlled flight?

481
00:26:06,440 --> 00:26:08,440
Well, the story is this.

482
00:26:08,440 --> 00:26:13,440
One day in their bicycle shop, the Wright brothers are talking to some clients

483
00:26:13,440 --> 00:26:18,440
and they're playing with an inner tube box and twisting it back and forth.

484
00:26:18,440 --> 00:26:21,440
And one day, they suddenly realize, Eureka!

485
00:26:21,440 --> 00:26:23,440
This is it!

486
00:26:23,440 --> 00:26:26,440
This is the answer to our quest, controlled flight!

487
00:26:26,440 --> 00:26:28,440
Get it?

488
00:26:28,440 --> 00:26:31,440
Well, in 1903, it was a very big year

489
00:26:31,440 --> 00:26:35,440
because in that year, the automobile made its first cross-country trip

490
00:26:35,440 --> 00:26:38,440
from San Francisco to New York City.

491
00:26:38,440 --> 00:26:42,440
And the Wright brothers made their historic first flight.

492
00:26:42,440 --> 00:26:46,440
You see, technology now has surpassed the expectations

493
00:26:46,440 --> 00:26:50,440
that the Wright brothers had for their aeroplane.

494
00:26:53,440 --> 00:26:58,440
Of course, we've all heard about NASA's HyperX plane.

495
00:26:58,440 --> 00:27:02,440
With its new technology, we'll all be able to fly much faster

496
00:27:02,440 --> 00:27:06,440
and more efficiently than this 1911 Model B aeroplane.

497
00:27:06,440 --> 00:27:11,440
Within the next 100 years, innovative technology will make the skies,

498
00:27:11,440 --> 00:27:13,440
the limit!

499
00:27:17,440 --> 00:27:19,440
Ooh!

500
00:27:26,440 --> 00:27:31,440
Just for fun, let's see how this 1911 Model B aeroplane

501
00:27:31,440 --> 00:27:38,440
fares in the skies with my hyper-realistic simulation of planes from the future!

502
00:27:39,440 --> 00:27:41,440
Whoa!

503
00:27:49,440 --> 00:27:52,440
Not a very good idea.

504
00:27:56,440 --> 00:27:59,440
I'm here at the NASA Langley Research Center's model shop

505
00:27:59,440 --> 00:28:02,440
to look into the design process involving models.

506
00:28:02,440 --> 00:28:05,440
Hello, R.J. I read your friend's e-mail,

507
00:28:06,440 --> 00:28:09,440
so I understand you want to learn more about making a model.

508
00:28:09,440 --> 00:28:12,440
Yes. Now, we're doing an assignment on transportation

509
00:28:12,440 --> 00:28:14,440
and what it would look like in 100 years.

510
00:28:14,440 --> 00:28:17,440
Now, I understand that in the engineering design process

511
00:28:17,440 --> 00:28:19,440
that making a model is very important.

512
00:28:19,440 --> 00:28:21,440
I'm not exactly sure why.

513
00:28:21,440 --> 00:28:24,440
Okay, say if you want to test your own design,

514
00:28:24,440 --> 00:28:27,440
would it be a good idea to just go and build it?

515
00:28:27,440 --> 00:28:29,440
Probably not, because it would cost too much.

516
00:28:29,440 --> 00:28:31,440
You don't even know if it'll work.

517
00:28:31,440 --> 00:28:34,440
Exactly. What if your plane or car doesn't work properly?

518
00:28:34,440 --> 00:28:38,440
Then you will also risk losing a human life during the testing phase.

519
00:28:38,440 --> 00:28:41,440
Wow! I didn't think of that.

520
00:28:41,440 --> 00:28:43,440
But why are the models so small?

521
00:28:43,440 --> 00:28:45,440
When we build model airplanes,

522
00:28:45,440 --> 00:28:47,440
the engineer determines what scale is needed.

523
00:28:47,440 --> 00:28:49,440
What is scale?

524
00:28:49,440 --> 00:28:53,440
Scale is the ratio or measure between the size of the model and the full-size version.

525
00:28:53,440 --> 00:28:56,440
For an example, take a look at this F-18 model.

526
00:28:56,440 --> 00:29:01,440
The scale is 5%, which simply means it's one-twentieth of the full-size airplane.

527
00:29:01,440 --> 00:29:06,440
So if an airplane is ten meters long and I want to build a model about one-tenth its size,

528
00:29:06,440 --> 00:29:09,440
then the model would be about one meter for a scale of one to ten.

529
00:29:09,440 --> 00:29:11,440
Very good.

530
00:29:11,440 --> 00:29:13,440
What scales are normally used when building models?

531
00:29:13,440 --> 00:29:16,440
Well, one rule of thumb to follow is that the smaller the scale,

532
00:29:16,440 --> 00:29:20,440
the less expensive it is to build and the easier it is to modify.

533
00:29:20,440 --> 00:29:23,440
However, the size varies depending on the design

534
00:29:23,440 --> 00:29:26,440
and how the model is tested in the various wind tunnels.

535
00:29:26,440 --> 00:29:28,440
Aren't all wind tunnels the same?

536
00:29:28,440 --> 00:29:29,440
Not at all.

537
00:29:29,440 --> 00:29:34,440
We have 38 wind tunnels, and they vary in size, and they test different functions.

538
00:29:34,440 --> 00:29:37,440
Some tunnels are large enough to test a small airplane,

539
00:29:37,440 --> 00:29:40,440
while others are only a few centimeters in size.

540
00:29:40,440 --> 00:29:42,440
Why does NASA build airplane models?

541
00:29:42,440 --> 00:29:45,440
Here at NASA Langley, we conduct research on model airplanes

542
00:29:45,440 --> 00:29:51,440
in order to make them safer, quieter, energy efficient, and more environmentally friendly.

543
00:29:51,440 --> 00:29:55,440
We also want to find ways to make them less expensive to build and maintain.

544
00:29:55,440 --> 00:29:59,440
Using models makes this research easier and less costly.

545
00:29:59,440 --> 00:30:02,440
Wow, that model over there looks really cool.

546
00:30:02,440 --> 00:30:05,440
It's called the Blended Wing Body, BWB for short.

547
00:30:05,440 --> 00:30:08,440
It's a futuristic airplane with a unique shape

548
00:30:08,440 --> 00:30:12,440
that would cause the entire plane to generate lift and minimize drag.

549
00:30:12,440 --> 00:30:15,440
We learned about lift and drag in the case of the Challenging Flight.

550
00:30:15,440 --> 00:30:17,440
They are two of the four forces of flight.

551
00:30:17,440 --> 00:30:21,440
If you want to learn more about flight, check out the NASA Eiffel's website.

552
00:30:21,440 --> 00:30:24,440
Very good, and the design of this airplane is more efficient

553
00:30:24,440 --> 00:30:29,440
and will consume 20% less fuel while cruising at high subsonic speeds.

554
00:30:29,440 --> 00:30:34,440
Wow, it looks like the wingspan on this is about 88 centimeters,

555
00:30:34,440 --> 00:30:37,440
or 0.88 meters, on a scale of 1 to 100.

556
00:30:37,440 --> 00:30:41,440
So the full-size version is going to be 88 meters across.

557
00:30:41,440 --> 00:30:43,440
That's one huge plane.

558
00:30:43,440 --> 00:30:46,440
It will be slightly less than the length of a football field.

559
00:30:46,440 --> 00:30:49,440
It's being developed to carry 800 passengers,

560
00:30:49,440 --> 00:30:53,440
but recent studies have focused on vehicles in the 450-passenger class.

561
00:30:53,440 --> 00:30:57,440
This model here is expected to fly the year 2020.

562
00:30:57,440 --> 00:30:59,440
2020?

563
00:30:59,440 --> 00:31:03,440
Let me see, I'll be about 29 years old.

564
00:31:03,440 --> 00:31:06,440
And I'll be... never mind.

565
00:31:06,440 --> 00:31:08,440
Thanks, Mr. James.

566
00:31:08,440 --> 00:31:10,440
Never knew models could be so useful.

567
00:31:10,440 --> 00:31:12,440
You're welcome, and I wish you good luck on your assignment.

568
00:31:12,440 --> 00:31:14,440
All right, bye. Bye-bye.

569
00:31:14,440 --> 00:31:16,440
If those guys don't get here soon,

570
00:31:16,440 --> 00:31:20,440
they won't get a chance to enjoy the ceremony or meet Mr. Gregory.

571
00:31:20,440 --> 00:31:23,440
According to the traffic webcams on the Internet,

572
00:31:23,440 --> 00:31:25,440
the traffic situation is not good.

573
00:31:25,440 --> 00:31:28,440
At least we're getting good feedback from R.J. and Mr. James.

574
00:31:28,440 --> 00:31:30,440
I never knew model-making was so important.

575
00:31:30,440 --> 00:31:32,440
What's next?

576
00:31:32,440 --> 00:31:33,440
Time for the problem board.

577
00:31:33,440 --> 00:31:35,440
So what do we know?

578
00:31:35,440 --> 00:31:39,440
We know that changes in transportation are a result of new innovations and inventions.

579
00:31:40,440 --> 00:31:46,440
And we know that inventions and innovations rely on research, designing, model-building, and testing,

580
00:31:46,440 --> 00:31:48,440
all part of the engineering method.

581
00:31:48,440 --> 00:31:52,440
Right, but we really haven't researched how you test your model yet.

582
00:31:52,440 --> 00:31:55,440
Maybe the NASA Sci-Files Kids Club could help. Do a search.

583
00:31:55,440 --> 00:31:57,440
Will do.

584
00:31:57,440 --> 00:32:00,440
And, yes, it looks like Cooper Elementary here in Hampton

585
00:32:00,440 --> 00:32:06,440
is working with King's Cross Education Action Zone in London on a design project.

586
00:32:06,440 --> 00:32:08,440
London, Texas, right?

587
00:32:08,440 --> 00:32:10,440
No, London, England.

588
00:32:10,440 --> 00:32:13,440
Both schools designed and built their own cars out of mousetraps,

589
00:32:13,440 --> 00:32:16,440
and now they're ready to discuss the test data.

590
00:32:16,440 --> 00:32:18,440
Hi, I'm Bianca Baker.

591
00:32:18,440 --> 00:32:19,440
And I'm Kayleigh.

592
00:32:19,440 --> 00:32:21,440
Hello, good morning.

593
00:32:21,440 --> 00:32:25,440
I'm Jared, a fifth grader here at King's Cross Education Action Zone.

594
00:32:25,440 --> 00:32:27,440
How's the video conference going?

595
00:32:27,440 --> 00:32:30,440
Hi, Bianca and Kayleigh, I'm Kirstie.

596
00:32:30,440 --> 00:32:33,440
The video conference is very interesting.

597
00:32:33,440 --> 00:32:35,440
This is our second design meeting,

598
00:32:35,440 --> 00:32:40,440
and Mr. Logan from NASA Langley Research Center is helping us with the challenge.

599
00:32:40,440 --> 00:32:43,440
Right now, we are reviewing our test results.

600
00:32:43,440 --> 00:32:45,440
Why don't you two join us?

601
00:32:45,440 --> 00:32:49,440
Looking at the test data, it looks like you've made some great improvements.

602
00:32:49,440 --> 00:32:52,440
Does anybody have any problems that I can help you with?

603
00:32:52,440 --> 00:32:54,440
Mr. Logan, this is Kirstie.

604
00:32:54,440 --> 00:32:59,440
The wheels on our car just seem to spin, and the car doesn't go very far.

605
00:32:59,440 --> 00:33:02,440
This is where the redesign process can really help improve your model.

606
00:33:02,440 --> 00:33:05,440
Think about redesigning your car so that the wheels get better traction.

607
00:33:05,440 --> 00:33:08,440
You might try testing different materials for your wheels.

608
00:33:08,440 --> 00:33:12,440
You have to balance the amount of friction you get with the weight you add to your car.

609
00:33:12,440 --> 00:33:15,440
Sounds like it's time for redesign.

610
00:33:15,440 --> 00:33:17,440
Exactly. Let me know what you come up with.

611
00:33:17,440 --> 00:33:21,440
Until next week, be sure to keep track of all your data and your trial notes.

612
00:33:21,440 --> 00:33:25,440
What if we added balloons to the wheels? Would it add too much weight?

613
00:33:25,440 --> 00:33:29,440
I don't think so. Actually, I think rubber bands might just work.

614
00:33:29,440 --> 00:33:33,440
Sounds like a cool project, but what exactly is a mousetrap car?

615
00:33:33,440 --> 00:33:39,440
It is a challenge to build a car using a mousetrap as the only form of propulsion.

616
00:33:39,440 --> 00:33:43,440
Our designs will be judged on the distance the car travels.

617
00:33:43,440 --> 00:33:44,440
How did you begin?

618
00:33:44,440 --> 00:33:47,440
We began by following the design process.

619
00:33:47,440 --> 00:33:53,440
Our teachers gave us a mousetrap car kit, like this one, and some other materials to work with.

620
00:33:53,440 --> 00:33:56,440
We looked over materials and brainstormed ideas.

621
00:33:56,440 --> 00:34:03,440
That's right. We decided we needed to do some research on energy, work, force, and simple machines.

622
00:34:03,440 --> 00:34:07,440
Once we felt that our designs was going to work, we started building the model.

623
00:34:07,440 --> 00:34:10,440
But we had a problem when our axles wouldn't turn.

624
00:34:10,440 --> 00:34:13,440
We had trouble with our axles, too.

625
00:34:13,440 --> 00:34:18,440
After more research, we learned that the axle needed sanding.

626
00:34:18,440 --> 00:34:23,440
This helped reduce the amount of friction so that it could spin more easily.

627
00:34:23,440 --> 00:34:25,440
What are you doing now?

628
00:34:25,440 --> 00:34:29,440
We have been testing our cars to see how far they would go.

629
00:34:29,440 --> 00:34:34,440
The first trial didn't go very well. The car only went one meter.

630
00:34:34,440 --> 00:34:37,440
Our second and third trials weren't much better.

631
00:34:37,440 --> 00:34:40,440
We did have a few trials that went over two meters.

632
00:34:40,440 --> 00:34:44,440
After ten trials, we averaged 1.4 meters.

633
00:34:44,440 --> 00:34:47,440
We are hoping that the rubber bands will help.

634
00:34:47,440 --> 00:34:50,440
Testing is really important in the design process.

635
00:34:50,440 --> 00:34:56,440
Yes, it is. By conducting tests, we can see the problem before race day.

636
00:34:56,440 --> 00:35:01,440
Of course, the trials that were over two meters were done at home on carpet.

637
00:35:01,440 --> 00:35:04,440
That's it. The carpet added friction.

638
00:35:04,440 --> 00:35:09,440
In that case, the rubber bands should create enough friction to increase the distance.

639
00:35:09,440 --> 00:35:13,440
Please excuse us, but we have to get to work right away.

640
00:35:13,440 --> 00:35:16,440
Thanks for all the information and good luck in your competition.

641
00:35:16,440 --> 00:35:19,440
Be sure to publish your results on the Sci-Files Kids Club website.

642
00:35:19,440 --> 00:35:21,440
We want to know how it turns out.

643
00:35:21,440 --> 00:35:23,440
We will. Bye from London.

644
00:35:23,440 --> 00:35:25,440
Bye.

645
00:35:25,440 --> 00:35:28,440
Bye and good luck on the challenge.

646
00:35:28,440 --> 00:35:34,440
Okay, so they researched their design, built models, tested the cars. What's next?

647
00:35:34,440 --> 00:35:39,440
Dr. G said the next step after testing and evaluation is a redesign if necessary.

648
00:35:39,440 --> 00:35:42,440
Which is exactly what the students are doing.

649
00:35:42,440 --> 00:35:45,440
I think we need to do more research on the redesign process.

650
00:35:45,440 --> 00:35:48,440
And keep looking for Mr. Gregory.

651
00:35:48,440 --> 00:35:53,440
So what's up? Will a new concept car be the answer to the detectives' problems?

652
00:35:53,440 --> 00:35:57,440
Why can't the detectives use Dr. D's hovercraft to get out of the traffic jam?

653
00:35:57,440 --> 00:35:59,440
Where should the treehouse detectives go next?

654
00:35:59,440 --> 00:36:03,440
Stay tuned for more of The Case of the Radical Ride.

655
00:36:09,440 --> 00:36:13,440
Don't forget to look for the answers to the following questions.

656
00:36:13,440 --> 00:36:15,440
What is HyperX?

657
00:36:15,440 --> 00:36:17,440
What is a fault tree?

658
00:36:20,440 --> 00:36:24,440
Dr. D, Bianca and Kaylee are doing research on the redesign process.

659
00:36:24,440 --> 00:36:27,440
Did you do any redesign work on your hovercraft?

660
00:36:27,440 --> 00:36:31,440
Of course. It's actually a very important part of the design and invention process.

661
00:36:31,440 --> 00:36:35,440
I remember from The Case of the Right Invention that redesign is called the iterative process.

662
00:36:35,440 --> 00:36:38,440
I wish your hovercraft was finished with the iterative process.

663
00:36:38,440 --> 00:36:40,440
We sure could use it right now.

664
00:36:40,440 --> 00:36:43,440
It wouldn't work very well in this situation because it's electrically powered.

665
00:36:43,440 --> 00:36:45,440
You wouldn't get very far with an extension cord.

666
00:36:45,440 --> 00:36:47,440
It's one of the redesigns I'm working on.

667
00:36:47,440 --> 00:36:49,440
So how is your project coming along?

668
00:36:49,440 --> 00:36:55,440
After testing our models for some time, we came up with a design for a prototype or a full-size model.

669
00:36:55,440 --> 00:36:59,440
Our testing helped us find the proper size and pattern for the holes on the bottom.

670
00:36:59,440 --> 00:37:02,440
When we redesigned the models, they kept getting better and better.

671
00:37:02,440 --> 00:37:03,440
That's iteration.

672
00:37:03,440 --> 00:37:07,440
I helped test the air flow from the leaf blower, and I think we'll have plenty of air pressure.

673
00:37:07,440 --> 00:37:11,440
This plastic lid on the bottom, which was Jared's idea, helps us overcome the starting problem.

674
00:37:11,440 --> 00:37:13,440
Now it's time to test the prototype.

675
00:37:13,440 --> 00:37:15,440
Don't forget your crash helmet, Dr. D.

676
00:37:15,440 --> 00:37:17,440
And your elbow pads.

677
00:37:17,440 --> 00:37:20,440
And while we're talking about safety, let's put on some ear protection.

678
00:37:20,440 --> 00:37:22,440
This leaf blower is pretty loud.

679
00:37:38,440 --> 00:37:42,440
All right. The research was right on target. It really works.

680
00:37:42,440 --> 00:37:44,440
This looks like fun. Can I try too?

681
00:37:44,440 --> 00:37:46,440
Sure. Go right ahead.

682
00:38:01,440 --> 00:38:04,440
Is it time now to tell others about our success?

683
00:38:04,440 --> 00:38:06,440
It's part of the design process, isn't it?

684
00:38:06,440 --> 00:38:08,440
You're right. But what do you think is the best way to do that?

685
00:38:08,440 --> 00:38:12,440
Wait a minute, Dr. D. It seems to me that we still have a major problem with the system.

686
00:38:12,440 --> 00:38:13,440
What do you mean?

687
00:38:13,440 --> 00:38:17,440
Well, shouldn't there be a way to move around without being pushed?

688
00:38:17,440 --> 00:38:18,440
I guess you're right.

689
00:38:18,440 --> 00:38:21,440
Aha! It's time to start the process all over again.

690
00:38:21,440 --> 00:38:26,440
Oh, I see. We've identified a need. Now it's time to brainstorm.

691
00:38:26,440 --> 00:38:28,440
How about we use a rocket engine?

692
00:38:28,440 --> 00:38:31,440
I like the idea of a fan, like the swamp boats in Florida.

693
00:38:31,440 --> 00:38:33,440
How about two fans mounted on brackets?

694
00:38:33,440 --> 00:38:35,440
Shouldn't we get rid of these power cords?

695
00:38:35,440 --> 00:38:38,440
Let's just handle one problem at a time.

696
00:38:38,440 --> 00:38:40,440
Okay, Dr. D. I vote for the two fans.

697
00:38:40,440 --> 00:38:42,440
No, I like the rocket engine. It would really...

698
00:38:42,440 --> 00:38:46,440
Okay, wait a minute. It's time for me to pick a solution, do some research,

699
00:38:46,440 --> 00:38:49,440
come up with a plan, and design and build another model.

700
00:38:49,440 --> 00:38:52,440
There's a lot of testing to do before you finally reach your goal.

701
00:38:52,440 --> 00:38:57,440
This iterative process of design, testing, and evaluation and redesign is pretty cool.

702
00:38:57,440 --> 00:38:58,440
You bet.

703
00:38:58,440 --> 00:39:03,440
Hey! I just got an email from RJ about the HyperX.

704
00:39:03,440 --> 00:39:05,440
That sounds really high-tech.

705
00:39:05,440 --> 00:39:06,440
I'm sure it is.

706
00:39:06,440 --> 00:39:10,440
Mr. James told RJ that the HyperX is in the middle of the redesign process right now.

707
00:39:10,440 --> 00:39:13,440
He's on his way to meet with Mr. Robinson to check it out.

708
00:39:13,440 --> 00:39:17,440
I'm impressed. For being stuck in traffic, you guys are getting a lot of work done.

709
00:39:17,440 --> 00:39:19,440
Yes, we are good at multitasking.

710
00:39:19,440 --> 00:39:22,440
Now if only there was a live broadcast of the ceremony over the Internet,

711
00:39:22,440 --> 00:39:24,440
then we might not miss it.

712
00:39:25,440 --> 00:39:28,440
Now I'm getting nervous, Jacob. Hopefully we'll still make it.

713
00:39:33,440 --> 00:39:35,440
Mr. Robinson?

714
00:39:35,440 --> 00:39:37,440
Hi, RJ. What can I help you with today?

715
00:39:37,440 --> 00:39:41,440
We're working on a school assignment to figure out what transportation will look like in 100 years.

716
00:39:41,440 --> 00:39:43,440
Wow, that's a tough assignment.

717
00:39:43,440 --> 00:39:47,440
We learned all about identifying problems, creating solutions, building models,

718
00:39:47,440 --> 00:39:51,440
and testing and evaluating data, which is all part of the engineering method.

719
00:39:51,440 --> 00:39:53,440
Sounds like you have a really good handle on the process.

720
00:39:53,440 --> 00:39:58,440
Thanks, but we need to learn more about what you do when the test results don't turn out as you expected.

721
00:39:58,440 --> 00:40:00,440
Well, I can certainly tell you about that.

722
00:40:00,440 --> 00:40:03,440
We've been working on a program for about eight years called HyperX.

723
00:40:03,440 --> 00:40:07,440
Although it's been very successful, we have had test results that were not always favorable.

724
00:40:07,440 --> 00:40:09,440
What's the HyperX program?

725
00:40:09,440 --> 00:40:11,440
Well, it's a series of small experimental research aircraft.

726
00:40:11,440 --> 00:40:13,440
Each one's about the size of a small car,

727
00:40:13,440 --> 00:40:17,440
and it's designed to test a new type of propulsion system called a scramjet.

728
00:40:17,440 --> 00:40:18,440
How does it work?

729
00:40:18,440 --> 00:40:21,440
For a scramjet to work, the engine and the vehicle it's attached to

730
00:40:21,440 --> 00:40:24,440
must already be flying at a pretty fast speed, around Mach 3.

731
00:40:24,440 --> 00:40:28,440
Mach 3? That's three times faster than the speed of sound.

732
00:40:28,440 --> 00:40:33,440
We learned in the case of the Barkin Dog that sound travels at 330 meters per second.

733
00:40:33,440 --> 00:40:38,440
Times three? That's 909 meters per second.

734
00:40:38,440 --> 00:40:39,440
Now, that's fast.

735
00:40:39,440 --> 00:40:40,440
Yes, it is.

736
00:40:40,440 --> 00:40:44,440
The engine uses the speed of the aircraft and its special shape to compress the air.

737
00:40:44,440 --> 00:40:47,440
Once the air is compressed, fuel is mixed in and burned,

738
00:40:47,440 --> 00:40:50,440
much like in a car engine, but with a lot less moving parts.

739
00:40:50,440 --> 00:40:53,440
The fuel-air mixture is then expanded out the back of the engine,

740
00:40:53,440 --> 00:40:55,440
and it propels the vehicle forward.

741
00:40:55,440 --> 00:40:59,440
What are the benefits of using a scramjet rather than a regular engine?

742
00:40:59,440 --> 00:41:01,440
Well, if you use a scramjet on a spacecraft,

743
00:41:01,440 --> 00:41:05,440
you don't have to carry as much oxygen on board as you do with today's conventional rockets.

744
00:41:05,440 --> 00:41:09,440
This would allow the vehicle to be lighter, safer, and less expensive.

745
00:41:09,440 --> 00:41:12,440
You can carry more cargo and payload to space.

746
00:41:12,440 --> 00:41:14,440
Could it be used on a regular aircraft?

747
00:41:14,440 --> 00:41:17,440
Yes. If we can successfully demonstrate this technology,

748
00:41:17,440 --> 00:41:19,440
it could allow us to build a whole new generation of aircraft.

749
00:41:19,440 --> 00:41:23,440
We could take off from the United States and fly to Japan in two hours.

750
00:41:23,440 --> 00:41:24,440
Today, that trip takes 14.

751
00:41:24,440 --> 00:41:26,440
Now, that's the plane of the future.

752
00:41:26,440 --> 00:41:30,440
Now, you said the HyperX had problems. What were they?

753
00:41:30,440 --> 00:41:33,440
Well, in our first flight attempt, we had a problem with the booster rocket

754
00:41:33,440 --> 00:41:36,440
that's supposed to get us up to our test condition at Mach 7.

755
00:41:36,440 --> 00:41:40,440
About 13 seconds into the flight, the wings and tails broke off the vehicle,

756
00:41:40,440 --> 00:41:43,440
and it started to lose control, and we had to destroy it.

757
00:41:43,440 --> 00:41:47,440
We were all very disappointed. The scramjet didn't even get a chance to work.

758
00:41:47,440 --> 00:41:49,440
That must have been awful. What did you do?

759
00:41:49,440 --> 00:41:53,440
We made a list of everything that we thought could have gone wrong and what may have caused it.

760
00:41:53,440 --> 00:41:54,440
The list is called a fault tree.

761
00:41:54,440 --> 00:41:59,440
We studied each branch of the fault tree until we could eliminate that branch as a contributor to the failure.

762
00:41:59,440 --> 00:42:01,440
Did you find the problem?

763
00:42:01,440 --> 00:42:04,440
Well, the branches that were left on the fault tree were investigated further.

764
00:42:04,440 --> 00:42:08,440
We redesigned some of the parts and changed the way we fly the rocket.

765
00:42:08,440 --> 00:42:10,440
And after three years, we think we're ready to fly again.

766
00:42:10,440 --> 00:42:12,440
Sounds like a complicated process.

767
00:42:12,440 --> 00:42:14,440
It is, and it takes time.

768
00:42:14,440 --> 00:42:17,440
But you really have to do a thorough job when test results aren't what you expect,

769
00:42:17,440 --> 00:42:19,440
just to prevent future problems.

770
00:42:19,440 --> 00:42:23,440
Thanks, Mr. Robinson. You've given me a lot of information on the redesign process.

771
00:42:23,440 --> 00:42:25,440
Good luck on your next test flight.

772
00:42:25,440 --> 00:42:27,440
Thank you, R.J., and good luck on your assignment.

773
00:42:27,440 --> 00:42:29,440
Call if you have any questions.

774
00:42:29,440 --> 00:42:31,440
Thank you.

775
00:42:31,440 --> 00:42:33,440
I hope the traffic clears up quickly.

776
00:42:33,440 --> 00:42:35,440
How much time do we have?

777
00:42:35,440 --> 00:42:37,440
The auditorium doors will open in about 30 minutes.

778
00:42:37,440 --> 00:42:39,440
At least we'll get good seats.

779
00:42:39,440 --> 00:42:41,440
I'm not worried about us.

780
00:42:41,440 --> 00:42:45,440
Great. It looks like R.J. spoke with the HyperX people.

781
00:42:45,440 --> 00:42:47,440
Do they have a solution for the traffic?

782
00:42:47,440 --> 00:42:49,440
No, but they will eventually change the way we travel.

783
00:42:49,440 --> 00:42:51,440
And that's a good thing.

784
00:42:51,440 --> 00:42:54,440
Now we've looked at design, testing, and redesign.

785
00:42:54,440 --> 00:42:56,440
Where do we go next?

786
00:42:56,440 --> 00:42:57,440
How about the problem board?

787
00:42:57,440 --> 00:42:59,440
Great. What do we know?

788
00:42:59,440 --> 00:43:01,440
We know that transportation has changed radically over time.

789
00:43:01,440 --> 00:43:07,440
Right. Planes, trains, and even cars look and operate more efficiently than they did 20 years ago.

790
00:43:07,440 --> 00:43:12,440
We also know that the design and redesigning process is critical to making these improvements.

791
00:43:12,440 --> 00:43:14,440
So what do we need to know?

792
00:43:14,440 --> 00:43:17,440
We still need to know what transportation will look like 100 years from now.

793
00:43:17,440 --> 00:43:19,440
That is our assignment.

794
00:43:19,440 --> 00:43:21,440
Boy, is it tough.

795
00:43:21,440 --> 00:43:23,440
From everything we've learned so far, who knows?

796
00:43:23,440 --> 00:43:25,440
We may not even use trains in the future.

797
00:43:25,440 --> 00:43:27,440
Hold on, Kaylee.

798
00:43:27,440 --> 00:43:29,440
Don't forget what we learned at the Channel Tunnel.

799
00:43:29,440 --> 00:43:31,440
Trains have made some big improvements over the years.

800
00:43:31,440 --> 00:43:35,440
You're right. I guess I just haven't ridden on a train in a while.

801
00:43:35,440 --> 00:43:38,440
As a matter of fact, I did some research on maglev trains.

802
00:43:38,440 --> 00:43:40,440
I'll try to bring it up.

803
00:43:40,440 --> 00:43:47,440
I also saw on Tony's e-mail that a NASA Sci-Fi Kids Club in Detroit, Michigan, is doing an experiment with maglev technology.

804
00:43:47,440 --> 00:43:49,440
Awesome. We can check it out.

805
00:43:49,440 --> 00:43:51,440
Here it is.

806
00:43:51,440 --> 00:43:52,440
Hi, I'm J'mon.

807
00:43:52,440 --> 00:43:53,440
And I'm Esplanette.

808
00:43:53,440 --> 00:43:57,440
And we're Ms. Thomas' class at Galilee Educational Center in Detroit, Michigan.

809
00:43:57,440 --> 00:44:03,440
We're working on an experiment using magnets with our mentors from the Society of Women Engineers.

810
00:44:03,440 --> 00:44:10,440
We saw Wendy and Rosie's report on the possibility of a transatlantic tunnel and we wanted to know how a maglev train works.

811
00:44:10,440 --> 00:44:15,440
So we did a little research and decided to investigate magnetic field strength.

812
00:44:15,440 --> 00:44:21,440
We placed four magnets on the wooden dial with the opposite poles together so that the magnets would stick.

813
00:44:21,440 --> 00:44:28,440
Then we added the fifth magnet on top with the same poles together so that it was repelled by the other four.

814
00:44:28,440 --> 00:44:33,440
We used a metric ruler to measure the distance between the top magnet and the ones on the bottom.

815
00:44:33,440 --> 00:44:38,440
Then we added two washers at a time onto the top magnet and measured the new distances.

816
00:44:38,440 --> 00:44:42,440
Then after ten washers, we began adding them four at a time.

817
00:44:42,440 --> 00:44:46,440
After each measurement, we recorded the distance in millimeters on a chart.

818
00:44:46,440 --> 00:44:54,440
We also put the data on a graph that had the number of washers on the horizontal axis and the distance on the vertical axis.

819
00:44:55,440 --> 00:45:00,440
We learned that as you add mass to the top magnet, the distance between the magnets decrease.

820
00:45:00,440 --> 00:45:06,440
And the graph helped us see that as the magnets come closer together that the magnetic force becomes really strong.

821
00:45:06,440 --> 00:45:11,440
That's why we added four washers per measurement when the magnets got closer together.

822
00:45:11,440 --> 00:45:14,440
We also made our own maglev train.

823
00:45:15,440 --> 00:45:18,440
We hope that you have enjoyed our experiment.

824
00:45:18,440 --> 00:45:23,440
Goodbye from Goliathly Educational Center and the Society of Women Engineers in Detroit, Michigan.

825
00:45:23,440 --> 00:45:31,440
If you would like to learn more about how your class can get a mentor from the Society of Women Engineers, visit the NASA Sci-Files website.

826
00:45:31,440 --> 00:45:36,440
That was awesome. I may have been a bit hasty in predicting the demise of the train.

827
00:45:36,440 --> 00:45:38,440
It's really cool technology.

828
00:45:38,440 --> 00:45:42,440
I just wish Dr. D and the gang were on a maglev train right now.

829
00:45:42,440 --> 00:45:47,440
You're right. It's going to be tight. Plus, I'm a little concerned about the assignment.

830
00:45:47,440 --> 00:45:49,440
Really? What was the problem?

831
00:45:49,440 --> 00:45:54,440
Well, we learned a lot about the engineering method of research, design, testing, and redesign.

832
00:45:54,440 --> 00:45:59,440
But I'm not sure that will really help us figure out how transportation will look in the future.

833
00:45:59,440 --> 00:46:05,440
True. And on the NASA Sci-Files website, you can play an online game to learn about the future of transportation.

834
00:46:05,440 --> 00:46:10,440
But we do have a few ideas. Maglev trains, concept cars, and what about NASA's HyperX?

835
00:46:10,440 --> 00:46:13,440
That's true. But I still think we need to do more research.

836
00:46:13,440 --> 00:46:16,440
Well, NASA's probably the best place to start.

837
00:46:16,440 --> 00:46:18,440
Did someone say NASA?

838
00:46:19,440 --> 00:46:24,440
So what's up? Will the treehouse detectives make it to the awards ceremony on time?

839
00:46:24,440 --> 00:46:28,440
Have the detectives done enough research on the future of transportation?

840
00:46:28,440 --> 00:46:30,440
Will they find Mr. Gregory?

841
00:46:30,440 --> 00:46:34,440
Stay tuned for the exciting conclusion of The Case of the Radical Ride.

842
00:46:41,440 --> 00:46:44,440
Don't forget to look for the answers to the following questions.

843
00:46:44,440 --> 00:46:47,440
How will pay benefit travelers?

844
00:46:47,440 --> 00:46:50,440
How will tourism change in the next 100 years?

845
00:46:50,440 --> 00:46:54,440
Why does NASA want to inspire the next generation of explorers?

846
00:46:56,440 --> 00:46:58,440
How's the Internet connection holding up?

847
00:46:58,440 --> 00:47:02,440
Good. As long as we're near a Wi-Fi network, we're in great shape.

848
00:47:02,440 --> 00:47:03,440
Why?

849
00:47:03,440 --> 00:47:07,440
I'm thinking our only chance to make it on time is jetpacks.

850
00:47:07,440 --> 00:47:08,440
Jetpacks?

851
00:47:08,440 --> 00:47:11,440
Jetpacks. That's the answer. Look it up.

852
00:47:11,440 --> 00:47:17,440
Hate to burst your bubble. That technology's been around for years, but it never became practical or safe.

853
00:47:17,440 --> 00:47:19,440
Desperate times call for desperate measures.

854
00:47:19,440 --> 00:47:21,440
Jake, you're going too far.

855
00:47:21,440 --> 00:47:26,440
Besides, Bianca told us that NASA has some really interesting options for personal transportation.

856
00:47:26,440 --> 00:47:28,440
Really? How does it work?

857
00:47:28,440 --> 00:47:31,440
Not sure, but RJ is headed there now. I'm sure he can help us.

858
00:47:34,440 --> 00:47:36,440
Oh, hi. You must be RJ.

859
00:47:36,440 --> 00:47:41,440
I understand that you want to learn more about personal air vehicles, or we call them PAVE for short.

860
00:47:41,440 --> 00:47:46,440
Yes. Our class assignment is to try to determine what transportation will look like in 100 years.

861
00:47:46,440 --> 00:47:50,440
Now, from what I know from the PAVE, it sounds like a project of the future.

862
00:47:50,440 --> 00:47:52,440
Is it actually a flying car?

863
00:47:52,440 --> 00:47:55,440
The basic idea behind PAVE is not so much to make a flying car,

864
00:47:55,440 --> 00:48:00,440
but to make an air transportation system with many of the same characteristics that we really like about cars.

865
00:48:00,440 --> 00:48:01,440
So how will PAVE work?

866
00:48:01,440 --> 00:48:04,440
First, we need an airspace system that works a lot more like our highway system,

867
00:48:04,440 --> 00:48:07,440
with small airplanes that work a lot more like our cars.

868
00:48:07,440 --> 00:48:09,440
How do you build highways in the sky?

869
00:48:09,440 --> 00:48:13,440
There are already 5,000 airports, and many of them are hardly used.

870
00:48:13,440 --> 00:48:16,440
The Small Aircraft Transportation System, or SAS for short,

871
00:48:16,440 --> 00:48:23,440
is working on low-cost electronics in order to give even the smallest of these airports all-weather capability.

872
00:48:23,440 --> 00:48:27,440
These small airports could then be safely used by anyone who'd like to fly instead of drive.

873
00:48:27,440 --> 00:48:29,440
Sounds great.

874
00:48:30,440 --> 00:48:33,440
What would a personal air vehicle look like?

875
00:48:33,440 --> 00:48:36,440
Well, we have several concepts that range from mild to wild.

876
00:48:36,440 --> 00:48:40,440
On the mild side, it looks a lot like small airplanes of today, but with some big differences.

877
00:48:40,440 --> 00:48:45,440
For example, there will be a ducted fan instead of a propeller and engine muffling.

878
00:48:45,440 --> 00:48:48,440
Both will dramatically help to reduce noise.

879
00:48:48,440 --> 00:48:50,440
Now, I know airplanes are really expensive.

880
00:48:50,440 --> 00:48:52,440
Will I be able to buy my own PAVE?

881
00:48:52,440 --> 00:48:55,440
It will be more expensive than a car, but less than an airplane,

882
00:48:55,440 --> 00:48:58,440
and that's because it will use a lot of car parts and have a streamlined design.

883
00:48:58,440 --> 00:49:00,440
Aren't planes difficult to fly?

884
00:49:00,440 --> 00:49:05,440
Right now, we have robotic airplanes that do most of their flying without help, but they're not that reliable.

885
00:49:05,440 --> 00:49:07,440
So, what's a wild PAVE going to look like?

886
00:49:07,440 --> 00:49:12,440
Well, it's called a gridlock commuter, and it looks like a great big duct that carries one or two people.

887
00:49:12,440 --> 00:49:17,440
It doesn't go very far or very fast, but it only needs the space of a baseball field to take off on land,

888
00:49:17,440 --> 00:49:20,440
and the best part is that you can drive it on local streets.

889
00:49:20,440 --> 00:49:22,440
Why does it need to drive on the streets?

890
00:49:22,440 --> 00:49:24,440
To reduce what we call intermodal delay.

891
00:49:24,440 --> 00:49:26,440
Intermodal delay?

892
00:49:26,440 --> 00:49:30,440
Yes, intermodal delay is the time we spend going from one mode of transportation to the other.

893
00:49:30,440 --> 00:49:37,440
For example, today, we drive to the airport, park, walk to the airplane, fly, and then reverse the process.

894
00:49:37,440 --> 00:49:41,440
Wouldn't it be nice if you could just have your airplane take you the whole way?

895
00:49:41,440 --> 00:49:45,440
It sure would, but of course we couldn't fit an airplane in our garage.

896
00:49:45,440 --> 00:49:49,440
No, but you could live in a community that centers around a small airport,

897
00:49:49,440 --> 00:49:52,440
and all of the houses would have a hangar as well as a garage.

898
00:49:52,440 --> 00:49:55,440
Is that what transportation is going to look like in 100 years?

899
00:49:55,440 --> 00:49:57,440
Actually, they already exist.

900
00:49:57,440 --> 00:50:02,440
There are at least six airparks here in Virginia now, and there are many more across the United States.

901
00:50:02,440 --> 00:50:04,440
Wow, that's awesome.

902
00:50:04,440 --> 00:50:06,440
Are there any other benefits to PAVE?

903
00:50:06,440 --> 00:50:11,440
Yes, PAVE makes it possible to have more choices about where to live, work, or go to school.

904
00:50:11,440 --> 00:50:16,440
Studies have shown that most people are unwilling to spend more than a little over an hour commuting.

905
00:50:16,440 --> 00:50:19,440
Before cars, you could only go a couple of kilometers in an hour,

906
00:50:19,440 --> 00:50:25,440
but with modern cars, you can go 40 or 50 kilometers in about the same time in heavy traffic.

907
00:50:25,440 --> 00:50:27,440
We're learning a lot about traffic.

908
00:50:27,440 --> 00:50:31,440
Dr. D and a couple of other treehouse detectives are still stuck on the highway.

909
00:50:31,440 --> 00:50:34,440
With a PAVE, that problem would be eliminated for the most part.

910
00:50:34,440 --> 00:50:40,440
You would also be traveling at faster speeds than driving, and there would be a reduction of intermodal delay.

911
00:50:40,440 --> 00:50:44,440
All these things would allow you to live 95 or more kilometers away from work,

912
00:50:44,440 --> 00:50:48,440
which would make it possible for you to enjoy both an urban and a rural lifestyle.

913
00:50:48,440 --> 00:50:49,440
That's awesome.

914
00:50:49,440 --> 00:50:53,440
That means I could live near my grandma in the country and still work in the city.

915
00:50:53,440 --> 00:50:54,440
That sounds great.

916
00:50:54,440 --> 00:50:56,440
How soon will PAVE be available?

917
00:50:56,440 --> 00:51:00,440
We're hoping to have a full-size flying demonstrator by 2010.

918
00:51:00,440 --> 00:51:05,440
After that, it could be as little as two years for a manufacturer to put them in showrooms right next to old-fashioned cars,

919
00:51:05,440 --> 00:51:07,440
so maybe by 2012.

920
00:51:07,440 --> 00:51:11,440
2012? That's a lot less than 100 years.

921
00:51:11,440 --> 00:51:13,440
Leave it to NASA to be on the cutting edge.

922
00:51:13,440 --> 00:51:14,440
Thanks, Mr. Hogg.

923
00:51:14,440 --> 00:51:17,440
You're welcome, and good luck, and don't hesitate to call me if you need anything else.

924
00:51:17,440 --> 00:51:18,440
All right. Bye.

925
00:51:18,440 --> 00:51:19,440
Bye-bye.

926
00:51:22,440 --> 00:51:24,440
Okay, so let me get this straight.

927
00:51:24,440 --> 00:51:26,440
You want to learn more about the future of transportation?

928
00:51:26,440 --> 00:51:27,440
Correct.

929
00:51:27,440 --> 00:51:31,440
We thought we would go directly to the NASA website for more information.

930
00:51:31,440 --> 00:51:34,440
Well, that's a great place to start, but I may be able to help you out.

931
00:51:34,440 --> 00:51:36,440
Really? That would be great.

932
00:51:36,440 --> 00:51:38,440
You must know a lot about NASA.

933
00:51:38,440 --> 00:51:40,440
Actually, I have a colleague who works for NASA.

934
00:51:40,440 --> 00:51:44,440
He could tell you a lot about the future of transportation.

935
00:51:44,440 --> 00:51:45,440
That's awesome.

936
00:51:45,440 --> 00:51:50,440
You know, his name is Terry Hertz, and he's helping NASA shape the future of transportation.

937
00:51:50,440 --> 00:51:53,440
You know, you could dial him up if you would like to.

938
00:51:53,440 --> 00:51:54,440
Is this wireless?

939
00:51:54,440 --> 00:51:55,440
Yes.

940
00:51:55,440 --> 00:51:57,440
Here he is on the website.

941
00:51:57,440 --> 00:51:58,440
Hi, Mr. Hertz.

942
00:51:58,440 --> 00:52:03,440
We're the Treehouse Detectives, and we're working on an assignment on the future of transportation.

943
00:52:03,440 --> 00:52:07,440
What's your vision of how people will travel in the next 100 years?

944
00:52:07,440 --> 00:52:08,440
Great question.

945
00:52:08,440 --> 00:52:11,440
I think people will be able to travel anywhere at any time.

946
00:52:11,440 --> 00:52:14,440
Wow. How will they be able to do that?

947
00:52:14,440 --> 00:52:17,440
With sonic booms no louder than background noise,

948
00:52:17,440 --> 00:52:21,440
supersonic aircraft will dramatically reduce travel time.

949
00:52:21,440 --> 00:52:27,440
Flights will be affordable, absolutely safe, and you can fly to anywhere in the world in a day.

950
00:52:27,440 --> 00:52:30,440
Do you think there will still be a need for an automobile?

951
00:52:30,440 --> 00:52:32,440
There will always be a need for cars,

952
00:52:32,440 --> 00:52:36,440
but personal air vehicles will replace some of the car trips we take today.

953
00:52:36,440 --> 00:52:38,440
Will there be any larger forms of transportation?

954
00:52:38,440 --> 00:52:40,440
There might be air taxis.

955
00:52:40,440 --> 00:52:43,440
Then we could visit friends and family more often.

956
00:52:43,440 --> 00:52:46,440
Do you think people will travel into space as tourists?

957
00:52:46,440 --> 00:52:47,440
Definitely.

958
00:52:47,440 --> 00:52:52,440
Tourism today is about seeing the wonders of the Earth and imagine tomorrow,

959
00:52:52,440 --> 00:52:55,440
seeing the wonders of the solar system up close.

960
00:52:55,440 --> 00:52:58,440
How will we be able to achieve so much?

961
00:52:58,440 --> 00:53:02,440
NASA's greatest strength is its scientists and engineers.

962
00:53:02,440 --> 00:53:05,440
They know no bounds to technology advancements,

963
00:53:05,440 --> 00:53:10,440
and strong partnerships among government agencies, industry, and academia

964
00:53:10,440 --> 00:53:13,440
will complement this anything-is-possible attitude.

965
00:53:13,440 --> 00:53:15,440
Do we have any limitations?

966
00:53:15,440 --> 00:53:19,440
We are only limited by our imagination and vision.

967
00:53:19,440 --> 00:53:20,440
Thanks, Mr. Hertz.

968
00:53:20,440 --> 00:53:23,440
The future sounds so exciting. I can't wait to be a part of it.

969
00:53:23,440 --> 00:53:24,440
You're very welcome.

970
00:53:24,440 --> 00:53:29,440
I know you and the other treehouse detectives will make significant contributions to our future.

971
00:53:29,440 --> 00:53:32,440
Call if you need anything. Bye.

972
00:53:32,440 --> 00:53:34,440
Bye. That's great.

973
00:53:34,440 --> 00:53:38,440
It sure is, and I sure am glad that Mr. Hertz was helpful.

974
00:53:38,440 --> 00:53:41,440
He sure was. Thanks for the help.

975
00:53:41,440 --> 00:53:43,440
Is there anything else I can help you with?

976
00:53:43,440 --> 00:53:46,440
Well, we were really hoping for a chance to meet with Mr. Gregory.

977
00:53:46,440 --> 00:53:50,440
You know, the deputy administrator of NASA. He's one of our heroes.

978
00:53:50,440 --> 00:53:51,440
Do you know him?

979
00:53:51,440 --> 00:53:53,440
Well, I've spent some time with him.

980
00:53:53,440 --> 00:53:56,440
We better get inside. Maybe you can point him out to us.

981
00:53:56,440 --> 00:53:58,440
Maybe.

982
00:54:02,440 --> 00:54:06,440
Well, I've got good news and bad news.

983
00:54:06,440 --> 00:54:09,440
If the bad news is any worse than missing the awards ceremony,

984
00:54:09,440 --> 00:54:11,440
missing my brilliant acceptance speech,

985
00:54:11,440 --> 00:54:14,440
and missing my one opportunity to meet Mr. Gregory,

986
00:54:14,440 --> 00:54:16,440
I'm not interested.

987
00:54:16,440 --> 00:54:18,440
Give me the good news.

988
00:54:18,440 --> 00:54:21,440
Sorry, Jacob. There is nothing I could do.

989
00:54:21,440 --> 00:54:25,440
If only I were in my Hummer, things would have been different.

990
00:54:25,440 --> 00:54:28,440
Hummer? Dr. D, you have a Hummer?

991
00:54:28,440 --> 00:54:30,440
Only in my dreams.

992
00:54:37,440 --> 00:54:40,440
I know things will work out, Dr. D.

993
00:54:40,440 --> 00:54:42,440
So what's the good news?

994
00:54:42,440 --> 00:54:45,440
Well, Bianca made considerable headway on our assignment.

995
00:54:45,440 --> 00:54:49,440
That's right. We're supposed to report on what transportation will look like in 100 years.

996
00:54:49,440 --> 00:54:52,440
And we know all about scramjets that can fly at great speeds

997
00:54:52,440 --> 00:54:55,440
and blended wing jets that can carry 800 people.

998
00:54:55,440 --> 00:54:58,440
We also know more about maglev trains and cool concept cars.

999
00:54:58,440 --> 00:55:02,440
And the channel tunnel shows us that we can aim high and achieve great things.

1000
00:55:02,440 --> 00:55:04,440
How is all this progress going to happen?

1001
00:55:04,440 --> 00:55:07,440
There's only one way, the engineering design process.

1002
00:55:07,440 --> 00:55:11,440
You know, the process of identifying a problem, brainstorming, and selecting a solution.

1003
00:55:11,440 --> 00:55:15,440
Doing research, developing plans, and designing and building models.

1004
00:55:15,440 --> 00:55:18,440
Don't forget testing and evaluation, and redesign.

1005
00:55:18,440 --> 00:55:20,440
And redesign and redesign.

1006
00:55:20,440 --> 00:55:23,440
How could we forget iteration? You've taught us well.

1007
00:55:23,440 --> 00:55:25,440
Congratulations, kids.

1008
00:55:25,440 --> 00:55:28,440
You may not make this ceremony, but you've completed yet another assignment.

1009
00:55:28,440 --> 00:55:31,440
Quite an accomplishment while stuck in traffic.

1010
00:55:32,440 --> 00:55:35,440
Guys, guess what? Bianca just sent us an email.

1011
00:55:35,440 --> 00:55:38,440
The ceremony is being streamed live over the internet.

1012
00:55:38,440 --> 00:55:40,440
Are we connected? Yes.

1013
00:55:40,440 --> 00:55:42,440
Dr. D, don't move the car.

1014
00:55:43,440 --> 00:55:46,440
Good afternoon. I'm Mr. Gregory.

1015
00:55:46,440 --> 00:55:53,440
And today we are recognizing area students for outstanding achievement by middle school kids.

1016
00:55:53,440 --> 00:55:59,440
Throughout history, we have looked to the heavens for answers to life's bigger questions.

1017
00:55:59,440 --> 00:56:08,440
As we stand at the threshold of the 21st century, we have the potential within our lifetimes to discover the answers.

1018
00:56:08,440 --> 00:56:16,440
Our first award is Outstanding Achievements in Inspiring Others to Succeed in Math and Science.

1019
00:56:16,440 --> 00:56:23,440
The winner for our first category, or should I say winners, are the Treehouse Detectives.

1020
00:56:24,440 --> 00:56:27,440
Quick, email Bianca my speech.

1021
00:56:27,440 --> 00:56:29,440
We won!

1022
00:56:29,440 --> 00:56:31,440
I really wish we could have been there.

1023
00:56:31,440 --> 00:56:35,440
Well, we'll be there shortly. Maybe you'll still get a chance.

1024
00:56:35,440 --> 00:56:38,440
I think you're right, Dr. D, more than you know.

1025
00:56:38,440 --> 00:56:39,440
What do you mean?

1026
00:56:39,440 --> 00:56:43,440
I just got an email from Bianca. You'll never believe what she just told me.

1027
00:56:43,440 --> 00:56:48,440
With the nation's new vision, a renewed spirit of discovery,

1028
00:56:48,440 --> 00:56:51,440
we're going to be building a new crew exploration vehicle.

1029
00:56:51,440 --> 00:56:54,440
We're going to be going back to the moon.

1030
00:56:54,440 --> 00:56:59,440
And we are going to send humans and robotics to Mars and beyond.

1031
00:56:59,440 --> 00:57:02,440
I can't wait. What can we do to make this a reality?

1032
00:57:02,440 --> 00:57:07,440
First of all, you have to stay in school and take lots of courses in math and science.

1033
00:57:07,440 --> 00:57:09,440
And check the NASA website.

1034
00:57:09,440 --> 00:57:12,440
See if there are any areas of interest that you might have.

1035
00:57:12,440 --> 00:57:15,440
And just begin to prepare yourself for the future.

1036
00:57:15,440 --> 00:57:17,440
Sounds just like the steps we use to solve problems.

1037
00:57:17,440 --> 00:57:21,440
What is NASA doing to inspire the next generation of explorers?

1038
00:57:21,440 --> 00:57:25,440
Well, you know, education is a core part of NASA.

1039
00:57:25,440 --> 00:57:31,440
But what we're trying to do is make science and discovery and technology exciting for you.

1040
00:57:31,440 --> 00:57:34,440
You know, one of you might be the first to step on Mars.

1041
00:57:34,440 --> 00:57:36,440
Thanks, Mr. Gregory.

1042
00:57:36,440 --> 00:57:38,440
You know, I actually have a question.

1043
00:57:38,440 --> 00:57:40,440
Just ask.

1044
00:57:40,440 --> 00:57:43,440
Where do you all do this exciting research?

1045
00:57:44,440 --> 00:57:45,440
This is your backyard.

1046
00:57:45,440 --> 00:57:46,440
This is her backyard.

1047
00:57:46,440 --> 00:57:47,440
This is a big backyard.

1048
00:57:48,440 --> 00:57:49,440
This is your backyard.

1049
00:57:49,440 --> 00:57:50,440
This is her backyard.

1050
00:57:50,440 --> 00:57:51,440
This is a big backyard.

1051
00:58:18,440 --> 00:58:19,440
He's jamming.

1052
00:58:19,440 --> 00:58:20,440
He's jamming.

1053
00:58:20,440 --> 00:58:27,440
The NASA science files was made possible through the generous support of Busch Gardens Williamsburg,

1054
00:58:30,440 --> 00:58:38,440
The NASA science files was made possible

1055
00:58:39,440 --> 00:58:46,440
The NASA science files was made possible through the generous support of Busch Gardens Williamsburg,

1056
00:58:47,440 --> 00:58:51,440
SeaWorld, and NASA Langley Center's Aerospace Vehicles Technology Office.

1057
00:58:52,440 --> 00:58:55,440
Captioning provided by NEC Foundation of America.