1 00:00:13,679 --> 00:00:29,559 In 1788, Charles IV became king of Spain. He left his valido Manuel Godoy in control of the government. At the beginning of the 19th century, Godoy allowed Napoleon to pass throughout Spain so he could conquer Portugal. 2 00:00:29,559 --> 00:00:42,020 The French took control of Spain instead. Napoleon took King Charles IV and his family to France. Napoleon named Jose I his brother king of Spain. 3 00:00:42,020 --> 00:00:51,020 On the 2nd of May, 1808, many villagers in Madrid rebelled against the French soldiers who were there. 4 00:00:51,020 --> 00:01:03,020 Spain, Great Britain and Portugal united units to fight against the Napoleonic Empire until 1830. 5 00:01:03,020 --> 00:01:13,170 The Spanish weakened Napoleon's army by forming guerrillas. 6 00:01:13,170 --> 00:01:20,170 During the war, the High Court in Cadiz created the Constitution of 1812. 7 00:01:21,170 --> 00:01:32,170 This was the first liberal constitution which made all Spanish people equal before the law and eliminated absolutists. 8 00:01:33,170 --> 00:01:40,260 The reign of Ferdinand VII 9 00:01:40,260 --> 00:01:44,260 Ferdinand VII ruled from 1814 to 1833. 10 00:01:44,260 --> 00:01:50,640 He was an absolutist king and wanted to revoke the constitution of Cádiz, but the colonel 11 00:01:50,640 --> 00:01:54,019 Trego forced him to keep it during three years. 12 00:01:54,019 --> 00:01:58,379 Before his death, Ferdinand VII revoked the Salic law. 13 00:01:58,379 --> 00:02:03,299 This allowed his daughter, Isabella II, to take the throne after him, but many people 14 00:02:03,299 --> 00:02:07,180 didn't want it and supported his brother Charles. 15 00:02:07,180 --> 00:02:16,490 These people were called Carlists. 16 00:02:16,490 --> 00:02:18,969 The reign of Isabella II 17 00:02:18,969 --> 00:02:24,969 Before Isabella II ruled, her mother and the general Espartelo controlled the country. 18 00:02:24,969 --> 00:02:33,969 When she was 13 she started ruling, but the country was unstable due to the two girlish wars 19 00:02:33,969 --> 00:02:38,969 and because the leaders that supported the queen were divided into two groups, 20 00:02:38,969 --> 00:02:45,969 moderates that wanted to give more power to the queen and progressives that wanted to give more power to the high court. 21 00:02:45,969 --> 00:02:49,969 In 1868, Isabella II abdicated. 22 00:02:52,969 --> 00:03:01,650 When Isabella II abdicated, the democratic period began. 23 00:03:01,650 --> 00:03:07,650 This was led by a liberal progressive group that supported universal male suffrage. 24 00:03:07,650 --> 00:03:12,650 The High Court chose an Italian named Amadeo de Savoia. 25 00:03:12,650 --> 00:03:17,650 In 1873, Amadeo I abdicated the throne. 26 00:03:17,650 --> 00:03:23,250 He declared the first republic and established a federal regime, supported by the middle 27 00:03:23,250 --> 00:03:28,430 class that hoped to improve the poor working conditions of laborers. 28 00:03:28,430 --> 00:03:35,889 Great instability was caused by the cantonal revolution, the Cuban war and the Third Carlist 29 00:03:35,889 --> 00:03:36,889 War. 30 00:03:36,889 --> 00:03:43,330 A military coup put an end to the republic and Alfonso XII restored the monarchy. 31 00:03:47,650 --> 00:03:58,169 Restoration Alfonso XII's regime began in 1875. 32 00:03:58,169 --> 00:04:05,930 His ideas were represented in the Constitution of 1876, only males with high incomes were 33 00:04:05,930 --> 00:04:06,930 elected to vote. 34 00:04:06,930 --> 00:04:16,139 In order to stabilize the political situation, Alfonso XII devised political alternation. 35 00:04:16,139 --> 00:04:22,779 was alternated between the Conservative Party, Canovas and the Liberal Party, led by Sergasta. 36 00:04:22,779 --> 00:04:29,100 For this to be possible, the electoral results were manipulated. This was the job of classicists, 37 00:04:29,740 --> 00:04:36,620 powerful landowners and politicians in rural areas that pressured farm workers to vote in favor of 38 00:04:36,620 --> 00:04:42,379 their interests. The Carleys, the Republicans and labor movements, socialists and anarchists 39 00:04:42,379 --> 00:04:47,759 and the majority of academics were opposed to this political system. 40 00:04:48,779 --> 00:04:54,180 They supported the revival of Spain through education and cultural development. 41 00:05:00,079 --> 00:05:05,980 The Regency of Maria Cristina, from 1885 to 1902. 42 00:05:05,980 --> 00:05:13,220 When Alfonso XII died, his wife, Maria Cristina of Hapsburg, took control of the throne until 43 00:05:13,220 --> 00:05:19,220 her son, Alfonso XIII, was old enough to rule. 44 00:05:19,220 --> 00:05:24,759 Even this time, there were some democratic advances, such as the return of universal 45 00:05:24,759 --> 00:05:26,740 male suffrage in 1890. 46 00:05:26,740 --> 00:05:29,860 But the most important was the Crisis of 98. 47 00:05:29,860 --> 00:05:35,180 This occurred in 1898, as the consequence of the war with the United States. 48 00:05:35,180 --> 00:05:39,579 Spain lost the last remaining colonies, Cuba, Puerto Rico and Philippines. 49 00:05:40,540 --> 00:05:43,920 This event is considered to be the end of the Spanish Empire. 50 00:05:44,420 --> 00:05:47,720 It led to the Spanish citizens feeling negative about the country. 51 00:05:47,720 --> 00:05:59,029 The 19th century was a period of social and economic growth. 52 00:05:59,529 --> 00:06:03,209 Agriculture continued to be the main industrial activity. 53 00:06:04,089 --> 00:06:05,610 Economic transformation. 54 00:06:05,610 --> 00:06:12,610 Two-thirds of the population worked in agriculture, but the results were minimal. 55 00:06:12,610 --> 00:06:18,810 To improve the situation, an expropriated land opening by the courts and city municipalities 56 00:06:18,810 --> 00:06:21,870 was actuated off. 57 00:06:21,870 --> 00:06:30,829 The situation did not improve as hoped, and there were frequent farm worker revelations. 58 00:06:30,829 --> 00:06:40,829 Commerce progressed thanks to the development of railways, the telegraph, roads, canals and ports. 59 00:06:41,829 --> 00:06:51,829 To improve the country's finances, the National Bank of Spain established the peseta as the country's sole currency. 60 00:06:51,829 --> 00:06:59,829 Social transformation 61 00:06:59,829 --> 00:07:07,829 In the 19th century a lot of people were poor, due to it many people emigrated to coastal cities and not live. 62 00:07:07,829 --> 00:07:11,829 The class system changed to capitalist classes. 63 00:07:11,829 --> 00:07:18,829 The living class was formed by bourgeoisies, mainly by smiths and landowners. 64 00:07:18,829 --> 00:07:24,829 The middle class was formed by small militants, civil servants and professionals. 65 00:07:24,829 --> 00:07:34,829 The lower class, that was the 80% of the population, was formed by farm workers and industrial 66 00:07:34,829 --> 00:07:35,829 laborers. 67 00:07:35,829 --> 00:07:44,829 The people lived in terrible conditions, with long work hours, low salaries and solitary 68 00:07:44,829 --> 00:07:46,829 housing and illiteracy. 69 00:07:46,829 --> 00:07:58,829 Then, the first political organizations, anarchists and social unions appeared in order to improve the life conditions of the low class. 70 00:07:58,829 --> 00:08:18,540 Painting in the 19th century began with Francisco de Goya. He was the chosen painter for the Bourbon royal family and also José Bonaparte. 71 00:08:18,540 --> 00:08:26,540 He paints descents from the Spanish War of Independence and inspired the Romantic and Impressionist movements. 72 00:08:26,540 --> 00:08:32,539 The architecture was based on historical styles such as Neogothic or Neo-modern. 73 00:08:32,539 --> 00:08:39,539 Classical architecture like the Congress of Deputies building in Madrid was also important. 74 00:08:39,539 --> 00:08:41,539 Cultural movements 75 00:08:41,539 --> 00:08:46,539 In Romanticism, both theatre and poetry were important. 76 00:08:46,539 --> 00:08:54,539 Famous authors were Lara and Zerrilla. In reality, the writing of novels became very significant. 77 00:08:54,539 --> 00:09:00,539 Famous writers from this period were Galdós, Valera and Clarín. 78 00:09:05,539 --> 00:09:14,809 The generation of 98 was a group of writers and intellectuals who had a pessimistic view of Spain after the crisis of 98. 79 00:09:14,809 --> 00:09:20,850 of 98. They believed that the system should be improved. The most representative of this 80 00:09:20,850 --> 00:09:37,159 generation were Miguel de la Juno and Antonio Machado. During the 19th century, educational 81 00:09:37,159 --> 00:09:42,700 advances were achieved because of the Moyano Law. The achievements included the reduction 82 00:09:42,700 --> 00:09:48,580 of illiteracy and the organization of education into three levels. It was also obligatory 83 00:09:48,580 --> 00:09:55,039 to educate all girls over 6 years old. Many private activities with different educational 84 00:09:55,039 --> 00:09:57,539 ideas began to appear. 85 00:09:57,539 --> 00:10:02,980 The free institution of teaching, modernized education and men and women could study together 86 00:10:02,980 --> 00:10:03,980 in the classroom. 87 00:10:03,980 --> 00:10:09,799 Many artifacts from the church were given to museums, universities and libraries for 88 00:10:09,799 --> 00:10:10,799 social use. 89 00:10:10,799 --> 00:10:16,799 Collections began, exhibitions opened to the public and public museums were created, like 90 00:10:16,799 --> 00:10:21,779 the Prado Museum of Arts or the National Archaeological Museum.