1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:09,080 Hello class, after explaining the revolutions in the 20s and 30s, today we are going to 2 00:00:09,080 --> 00:00:17,600 pay attention to the wave of revolutions in 1848. So let's start by explaining the breeding 3 00:00:17,600 --> 00:00:26,440 ground of these revolutions. The revolutions in 1848 were more extensive because there 4 00:00:26,440 --> 00:00:35,360 were more countries involved. They were also more radical because the revolutionaries in 5 00:00:35,360 --> 00:00:44,600 the 20s and 30s wanted to implement only the liberal political system, but now the revolutionaries 6 00:00:44,600 --> 00:00:52,800 wanted more. They wanted to set up a complete democratic system. For this reason, more people 7 00:00:52,800 --> 00:01:01,920 were involved in the revolutions and they gave a boost to the revolution in order to implement a 8 00:01:01,920 --> 00:01:11,840 complete democratic system. The revolution began in France in 1848 when Louis-Philippe, the Bourbon 9 00:01:11,840 --> 00:01:19,440 king, was overthrown from power. What was the reason of that? If you remember, Louis-Philippe 10 00:01:19,440 --> 00:01:27,760 came into power in 1830. At that moment, he promised many things to the revolutionaries, 11 00:01:27,760 --> 00:01:40,560 but in the end, he was a conservative liberal. He implemented a limited liberal political system 12 00:01:41,280 --> 00:01:50,160 and for this reason, he excluded commoners from power. That explains the origin of the revolution 13 00:01:50,160 --> 00:01:58,720 in France. So, when the revolution succeeded, the second republic was implemented and the king 14 00:01:59,680 --> 00:02:09,760 when he fled from France to the United Kingdom until he died. As a consequence of that, 15 00:02:09,760 --> 00:02:19,360 as I said before, the second republic was implemented with a constitution based on 16 00:02:19,360 --> 00:02:30,160 the universal male suffrage. So, at least men had the right to vote in France. 17 00:02:32,080 --> 00:02:41,440 Very soon, the revolution from France spread to the German confederation in Prussia, in Austria, 18 00:02:41,440 --> 00:02:50,320 and finally, there was also a wave of revolutions in what is now Italy. So, let's explain now what 19 00:02:50,320 --> 00:02:59,600 happened in all of these countries. In Prussia, the authoritarian government managed to stop the 20 00:02:59,600 --> 00:03:09,600 revolution. For example, one of the revolutionaries, Karl Marx, who became the Marxist leader, 21 00:03:10,080 --> 00:03:18,880 fled from Prussia together with his family to France. He began to live in Paris and he had 22 00:03:18,880 --> 00:03:27,600 an important meeting there with Friedrich Engels. This meeting changed history, but I will explain 23 00:03:27,600 --> 00:03:35,360 that at the end of the lesson. In the Austrian Empire, the revolution succeeded in one way or 24 00:03:35,360 --> 00:03:43,920 another because the prime minister Metternich was an absolutist. If you remember, Metternich 25 00:03:43,920 --> 00:03:54,160 was the man who organized the conference in Vienna to implement again absolutism. Now, due to the 26 00:03:54,160 --> 00:04:02,000 successful revolution in the Austrian Empire, Metternich was forced to resign and the Austrian 27 00:04:02,000 --> 00:04:09,920 Empire implemented more liberal ideas and more liberal reforms. It was true that the Austrian 28 00:04:09,920 --> 00:04:17,120 Empire carried on being authoritarian, but they, step by step, implemented more liberal reforms. 29 00:04:17,920 --> 00:04:26,880 And what happened in Italy? Now, finally, in Italy, the most significant revolutionary was 30 00:04:26,960 --> 00:04:34,880 Giuseppe Garibaldi. Please remember this name. Garibaldi was a socialist and he wanted to 31 00:04:34,880 --> 00:04:44,880 implement in Italy a complete democracy. And also, he was in favor of the Italian unification 32 00:04:44,880 --> 00:04:55,680 because Italy didn't exist at that moment. It was composed of different states and Garibaldi 33 00:04:55,680 --> 00:05:02,320 was in favor of the Italian unification. And for this reason, he wanted to expel the Austrians 34 00:05:02,960 --> 00:05:12,800 from the north, from the area of Venice, Milan. The revolution in 1848 had all of these goals in 35 00:05:12,800 --> 00:05:23,520 mind, those two important goals, but the revolution did not succeed. And as a consequence, Giuseppe 36 00:05:23,520 --> 00:05:34,400 Garibaldi was forced to flee. He fled from the Italian estates to South America and he had to 37 00:05:34,400 --> 00:05:43,680 wait until 1870 for the unification. And the Austrians carried on controlling, they took over 38 00:05:44,320 --> 00:05:55,360 the area of the north of Italy. So, let's carry on explaining the characteristics of these 39 00:05:55,360 --> 00:06:02,640 revolutions. For example, in France, you want to know in depth what happened in the revolution. 40 00:06:02,640 --> 00:06:10,880 In France, the revolutionaries set up barricades in order to get more rights because they were in 41 00:06:11,520 --> 00:06:18,560 favor of the freedom of speech, freedom of movement, freedom of assembly, which was the 42 00:06:18,560 --> 00:06:23,360 region of the political parties. And of course, they were in favor of the freedom of press. 43 00:06:24,080 --> 00:06:31,200 They demanded popular sovereignty because, according to their opinion, power should be in 44 00:06:31,200 --> 00:06:38,720 the hands of the people, not in the hands of the authoritarian kings. And as a consequence of that, 45 00:06:39,280 --> 00:06:46,960 they demanded the universal male suffrage and social equality in the judiciary system. 46 00:06:47,760 --> 00:06:57,280 So, imagine when the bourgeoisie saw all of these rights and changes that the commoners 47 00:06:57,280 --> 00:07:06,000 claimed. Obviously, they were afraid of that. And at that moment, the bourgeoisie made an alliance 48 00:07:06,000 --> 00:07:15,200 with the army because both of them wanted to suppress the revolutionary movement in order to 49 00:07:15,200 --> 00:07:26,640 implement another way of conservative liberalism. And all of this happened in Spain and also in 50 00:07:26,640 --> 00:07:33,920 other countries such as France. Let me explain in detail what happened in France. In France, 51 00:07:34,880 --> 00:07:41,920 in my opinion, it was the best example because the revolution succeeded in June in 1848. 52 00:07:42,560 --> 00:07:48,320 But very, very soon, the moderate bourgeoisie, together with the army, made an alliance 53 00:07:48,880 --> 00:08:01,280 and Louis Napoleon, Napoleon's Bonaparte nephew, came into power. He started to be authoritarian. 54 00:08:01,280 --> 00:08:11,120 He implemented just limited liberal reforms. But step by step, Louis Napoleon 55 00:08:12,320 --> 00:08:24,000 began to implement even more authoritarian reforms. And he emerged as Napoleon III because he began 56 00:08:24,000 --> 00:08:32,800 to be a despot. He, step by step, became more and more authoritarian. And I would say that from 57 00:08:32,800 --> 00:08:45,600 1851 onwards, Napoleon III implemented an authoritarian state with certain and limited 58 00:08:45,680 --> 00:08:55,840 liberal reforms. So, it was true that in one way or another, the revolution in 1848 59 00:08:55,840 --> 00:09:04,640 succeeded. But what were the consequences of these revolutions in the 20s, 30s, and 40s? 60 00:09:06,080 --> 00:09:15,280 The vast majority of the historians said that the outcome was positive because certain values from 61 00:09:15,280 --> 00:09:23,680 the French Revolution were implemented in the Western countries, in countries such as Spain, 62 00:09:24,560 --> 00:09:30,000 France, Italy, and also in what is now Germany. 63 00:09:33,200 --> 00:09:39,200 Basically, the values from the French Revolution were implemented in the Western 64 00:09:39,200 --> 00:09:46,800 countries. And it was true that from that moment, less countries were authoritarian and 65 00:09:47,840 --> 00:09:56,560 liberal constitutions and liberalism in general was implemented based on male-sensitory suffrage, 66 00:09:56,560 --> 00:10:05,280 at least. Because remember the difference between the universal suffrage and the sensitory 67 00:10:05,280 --> 00:10:12,320 suffrage. In the universal suffrage, it was true that all men had the right to vote. 68 00:10:12,320 --> 00:10:21,040 And in the sensory suffrage, only men with certain wealth and properties had the right to vote. 69 00:10:21,600 --> 00:10:27,440 It was true that in general, broadly speaking, we had to wait more for a complete democracy 70 00:10:28,160 --> 00:10:35,520 based on universal male suffrage. Because remember that women only had the right to vote 71 00:10:35,520 --> 00:10:48,080 from the 20th century onwards. So it was true that at least we have to wait more for a complete 72 00:10:48,080 --> 00:10:55,920 democracy. But in certain countries, they managed at least to implement a 73 00:10:56,720 --> 00:11:05,040 sensory suffrage and a limited liberal system. And also, self-dom, which was 74 00:11:06,080 --> 00:11:14,160 an important characteristic from the old regime, was abolished in the vast majority of the 75 00:11:14,160 --> 00:11:21,280 Western countries in Europe, with the only exception of Russia. So this is a characteristic 76 00:11:21,280 --> 00:11:31,520 which explains that the old regime was giving its final steps because self-dom, la servidumbre, 77 00:11:32,160 --> 00:11:40,640 with the selfs, disappeared, ended in Western Europe, with the only exception of Russia. 78 00:11:41,600 --> 00:11:49,280 So, to conclude with the lesson, I will say that after all of these revolutions in the 20s, 30s, 79 00:11:49,280 --> 00:11:59,040 and 40s, the bourgeoisie took control. They managed also to defend the public order. 80 00:11:59,920 --> 00:12:08,720 And on the other hand, the commoners, common people, were defeated and they were not able to 81 00:12:09,040 --> 00:12:16,720 implement the political and social transformations that they had hoped to change. 82 00:12:17,840 --> 00:12:27,360 But it was true also that after all of these revolutions, commoners began to develop 83 00:12:28,000 --> 00:12:35,280 social consciousness, confiancia social, and as a consequence, they, step by step, 84 00:12:35,280 --> 00:12:43,680 began to organize themselves so as to stand up against the bourgeoisie 85 00:12:43,680 --> 00:12:51,680 and the limited liberal political systems that they had helped to create. 86 00:12:53,280 --> 00:13:00,320 So, I would say that it was true that the bourgeoisie took control of the political 87 00:13:00,320 --> 00:13:06,320 system, but it is also the moment when the commoners began to develop their social 88 00:13:06,320 --> 00:13:13,520 consciousness so as to stand up against the bourgeoisie. And the best example of this was 89 00:13:13,520 --> 00:13:23,280 the Communist Manifesto in 1848. The Communist Manifesto was written by Karl Marx and Friedrich 90 00:13:23,280 --> 00:13:30,160 Engels together with the help of their wives. For example, Jenny, Karl Marx's wife, 91 00:13:30,880 --> 00:13:40,000 had an important role together with Friedrich Engels' wife to write the Communist Manifesto. 92 00:13:40,560 --> 00:13:50,480 The Communist Manifesto contained or compiled the ideas from the workers, the ideas from the 93 00:13:50,480 --> 00:14:01,360 common people, in order to have the feelings to fight against the bourgeoisie. So, as a consequence, 94 00:14:01,920 --> 00:14:08,880 there were many, many events in history that happened after the Communist Manifesto 95 00:14:08,880 --> 00:14:21,280 that gave, in general, more rights to the commoners. After the Communist Manifesto, 96 00:14:21,280 --> 00:14:31,200 which was written, remember, in 1848, there were also other events and other revolutions that gave 97 00:14:31,520 --> 00:14:38,880 step by step more power and more rights to the common people. But this is another lesson, 98 00:14:39,440 --> 00:14:44,320 so don't skip the following lessons because we will explain that. 99 00:14:44,960 --> 00:14:48,160 Thank you for your attention and have a good day. Bye-bye.