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The Romanesque was Western Christendom's first unified style of art,

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spreading throughout much of Europe in the 11th, 12th and the first half of the 13th century.

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It originated in France, linked to the Cistercian religious order and the Abbey of Cluny,

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emerging simultaneously in Spain, France, Italy and Germany.

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Its name is owing to its employment of Roman techniques,

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an attempt being made to recover the spirit of a new Christian Rome

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as an instrument for the dissemination of Christianity.

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At the architectural level, the churches were built based on a Latin cross or basilica layout,

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the apse facing eastwards.

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The use of thick stone ashlar walls is a hallmark of this artistic style.

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together with semicircular arches and barrel vaults.

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Openings and windows are scarce, allowing little light in,

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while outside buttresses are used.

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Romanesque cloisters wrap around the courtyards

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of the monasteries, cathedrals and converts.

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The porticos are decorated with sculptures featuring

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hieratic poses or images of the Virgin and Child.

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The capitals are decorated with biblical scenes.

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Romanesque painting is characterized by its frescoes devoid of perspective or depth.

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Pure and vivid colors are used and the art is manifestly didactic,

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having moralizing messages to teach people the scriptures through art.

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In Spain, Romanesque structures were built in the Christian kingdoms in the north of the peninsula,

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especially linked to the pilgrimages on the Camino de Santiago, or Way of St. James.

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The two sources that shaped the Spanish Romanesque were the Peninsular Pre-Romanesque and Islamic Art.

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The Romanesque is an essentially religious art, characterizing the construction of churches, cathedrals, and monasteries,

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such as the Cathedral of Santiago, Santo Domingo de Silos, San Clemente de Taul and San Esteban de Gormaz.

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The early Romanesque appeared in Catalonia with evident influences from the Lombard Romanesque.

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It is an austere and relatively unadorned architecture with discrete ashlar masonry on the walls and tall towers.

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Clear examples are the monasteries of Santa Maria de Ripoll and San Pedro de Roda.

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The full-fledged Romanesque can be found along the entire Camino de Santiago,

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the Cathedral of Jaca,

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the Monastery of San Juan de la Peña,

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the Monastery of Leire in Navarra,

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San Martin de Fromista in Palencia,

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and the Royal Collegiate Church and Royal Pantheon of St. Isidore in León, known as the Romanesque Sistine Chapel.

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Finally, the late or Hispanic Romanesque is an art with Romanesque foundations, but with its own local features,

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such as the Holy Chamber of the Oviedo Cathedral,

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churches with side porticos in Segovia, San Martin, San Milan, San Esteban,

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San Miguel in Soto Salvos and Santo Domingo in Soria.