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Three, two, one, blast off.

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Get ready for another fun-filled journey on the NASA sci-files as the Treehouse Detectives

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take off for an out-of-this-world vacation.

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Hi, I'm astronaut Barbara Morgan and I'm training here at NASA's Johnson Space Center to fly

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into space.

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I am also a teacher and not long ago I was teaching math, science and technology to third

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and fourth graders in Idaho.

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That's why I'm hoping you'll pay close attention as the Treehouse Detectives use all three

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of those subjects to plot their way through the case of the galactic vacation.

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Coming out and learn about math, science and technology.

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NASA sci-files.

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Discovering the world we're in.

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Doing cool experiments.

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NASA sci-files.

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NASA sci-files.

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NASA sci-files.

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In the case of the galactic vacation, you'll be asked the following questions.

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What are the five outer planets?

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What is a light year?

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What is parallax?

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And guess what?

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When you see this icon, you know you're getting closer to the answer.

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Since we're learning so much about Earth science, I have a great activity for you guys.

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RJ?

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What is it?

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Do we get to go to Mars?

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Well, that depends on your imagination.

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I want you to create an out-of-this-world vacation.

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Bianca, are you with us?

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You mean travel beyond Earth, like in space?

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We'll have to talk more about this tomorrow.

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So where do you want to go?

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I don't know, but I think I have an idea.

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Instead of just presenting one travel plan, we can present three.

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We can divide up into teams.

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There are six of us.

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Sorry, but you'll have to count me out.

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Why?

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I'm taking my own out-of-this-world vacation to Puerto Rico.

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Why are you going there?

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I'm doing a small internship at Arecibo.

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You know, the largest radio telescope in the world.

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But don't worry, you'll be hearing from me.

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Maybe she can help us with some research.

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A perfect place to start.

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My A Encyclopedia.

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A?

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Yes, A for astronaut.

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Now let's see.

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The first person to set foot on the moon was Neil Armstrong in July of 1969.

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I want to be the first person to set foot on Mars.

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Mars?

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That's far away.

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Well, to be exact, it's 56 million kilometers when it's closest to Earth.

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Let's pull all our destinations on the problem board.

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I think Mars might be a cool place to go because I've read that it's a lot like Earth.

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Well, I just happen to have my M Encyclopedia.

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And it says here that Mars is a lot smaller than Earth, but has mountains and volcanoes.

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Interesting.

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Everyone agree?

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We'll put Mars on the problem board under We Know.

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And we know that Mars will be one of our destinations.

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Which should be our next travel destination?

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The moon.

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It's closer to Earth than any other object.

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And if I'm going to travel, I'd like to stay close to home.

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Why?

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Is there some special reason?

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I figured out that I can send and receive a stock report to and from the moon in 2.6 seconds.

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Can you believe that?

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That's not much of a time delay.

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Did you know that it only takes 1.3 seconds for a signal to go from the Earth to the moon?

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Not really, Tony.

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Do you think NASA astronauts think about the stock market when they decide to go into space?

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No, but maybe they should.

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Wow, we just got a video postcard from Bianca in Puerto Rico.

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Check it out.

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Hi, guys.

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I finally made it to the beautiful island of Puerto Rico.

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I have a history question for you.

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Did you know that Christopher Columbus claimed this Caribbean island as Puerto Rico for Spain in 1493?

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Puerto Ricans are now considered U.S. citizens because the United States took over in 1898.

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These are the streets of Old San Juan, or Viejo San Juan as I learned to say.

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I love these cobblestone streets and the brightly colored buildings.

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Look at the magnificent old Spanish architecture.

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Old San Juan is not very big, but it still has two fortresses that protected them during wartime.

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The huge concrete walls took over 100 years to be built.

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Puerto Rico has beautiful beaches that make up the shoreline.

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There are also quite a few churches and humongous mansions like Casablanca,

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originally built for Puerto Rico's first governor.

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You'll never guess who that was.

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Ponce de Leon.

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That's right.

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The explorer who was searching for the Fountain of Youth.

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Isn't that awesome?

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Bianca looks like she's really having a great time.

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Yeah, it does.

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Now, let's see.

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We have the moon, Mars, and the solar system.

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Maybe we should offer our clients a really adventurous trip beyond our solar system.

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We could go to another star in our own Milky Way galaxy.

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Let's put that as our third destination.

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Good morning. I'm Ted Toon with Kid Science News Network.

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Our travel correspondent, I Am Listening, is filing a live report

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from the Royal Solar System space cruise ship, the Solar Princess.

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I Am?

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Ted, this will be the vacation of a lifetime.

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The ship is magnificent and has everything you could want.

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But I don't see any furniture, I Am.

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Where do you sit down?

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Oh, Ted, get with the program.

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We'll be in zero gravity, so there won't be any down to sit.

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Besides, all of the furniture is stowed in the walls and deploys for use.

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Sounds great, I Am.

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And what's more, you can have water balloon fights without the balloon.

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In zero-g, water makes a natural sphere.

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Watch.

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Way to go, I Am.

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Maybe you should hold off on that water fight until you actually get into space.

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Well, that's all for now. I'm Ted Toon for KSNN.

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Poor I Am. I bet the cost of that hotel will be big bucks.

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Next, I think we need to know the mode of transportation for each place.

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Do you mean how are we going to get there?

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Yes. NASA has already landed on the moon, so we know we can use a Saturn V rocket to get there.

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I think we're going to need a really big rocket to go to Mars.

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I'm not sure about that. Maybe we need to learn more about our solar system first.

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I can't make it, but you might want to go see Dr. D. I'm sure he can help us out.

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I'll email him. Let him know that we're on our way.

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Then I can print off a couple action plans so we can organize our investigation.

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Go to the NASA Sci-Files website to print off your own action plan.

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Hi, Dr. D.

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Hi, kids. I got your email. You must be working on something exciting.

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We are planning a trip to the stars.

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Really?

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Well, it's just a school project to design a vacation in space.

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But we want to make it as scientifically correct as possible.

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We need to know the distances between our destinations and Earth.

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Where are you planning to go on your imaginary journey?

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The first place is the moon.

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Let's see. The moon is about 400,000 kilometers away.

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So if there was a road to the moon and you wanted your parents to drive you there...

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How long would it take?

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A couple of days. Maybe a week or two.

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If you drive at the speed limit, which on the interstate is about 100 kilometers per hour,

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it would take 4,000 hours or more than 165 days.

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That's almost six months.

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And that's without taking any breaks or sleeping,

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not to mention the lack of gas stations along the way.

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So how did the astronauts do it?

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Well, it only took them about three days,

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because they were traveling at thousands of kilometers per hour.

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What else might you want to visit?

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We were thinking about Mars.

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By car, it would take you 64 years when Mars is at its closest.

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That's a long time. I think I'd get bored.

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Mars is actually a very good choice.

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Why is that?

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Well, you wouldn't want to go to the other inner planets.

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Mercury, the planet closest to the sun,

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has a rocky cratered surface that is almost 430 degrees Celsius in the daytime.

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Ouch, that's really hot.

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Doesn't water boil at 100 degrees Celsius?

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Yes, and a very hot pizza oven is about 430 degrees.

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Because Mercury doesn't have an atmosphere to retain heat,

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at night it can cool to about minus 173 degrees Celsius.

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Wow, I'm glad we're not going there.

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The next planet out from the sun is Venus.

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Its surface is covered with lava flows.

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Isn't it also completely covered with clouds?

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Yes, its mostly carbon dioxide atmosphere is very dense.

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On the surface, it's hot enough to melt lead.

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Isn't Jupiter the next planet after Mars?

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It is. Jupiter is over 11 times the diameter of the Earth.

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It's mostly made of hydrogen and helium.

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It doesn't even have a solid surface.

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Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are also larger than the Earth.

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And they are similar to Jupiter in that there is no way to walk on their surface.

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But Dr. D., you haven't mentioned Pluto. That's my favorite planet.

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Pluto is very different than the other planets in the outer solar system.

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It's small, even smaller than our moon.

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Some astronomers think we shouldn't call it a planet.

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I wouldn't like that.

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Pluto is 15,000 times further away from the Earth than our moon.

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And it's very, very cold.

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But compared to the nearest star, Pluto is close.

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What's the nearest star to Earth?

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It's the sun.

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Okay, Dr. D., what's the next nearest star?

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It's called Proxima Centauri.

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And it's 4.2 light years away.

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What's a light year?

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Let me explain.

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Catherine, how far do you live from your grandparents?

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About two hours.

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You just described the distance with the time, the time it takes to get there.

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Light travels at 300,000 kilometers per second.

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So it goes about 10 trillion kilometers in a year.

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That's what we call a light year.

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So if Proxima Centauri is 4.2 light years away,

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then it would take us 4.2 years to get there if we are traveling at the speed of light.

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Yes, but we haven't even come close to traveling at light speed,

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which is the ultimate speed limit.

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If you drove your car to Proxima Centauri, it would take over 45 million years.

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Even our fastest space probe would take over 60,000 years to get there.

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Wow, I had no idea space was so big.

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Thanks, Dr. D.

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You're welcome.

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I have work in my office that I have to do.

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You can start your research here.

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I'll see you later.

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Bye, Dr. D.

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Bye.

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I can't do research now.

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My brain is way too full of information.

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Let's call Bianca.

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Hey, guys.

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I'm at my cousin's school, the Antonio González Suárez Bilingual School in Iñánsco, Puerto Rico.

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They're doing an experiment in their teacher, Ms. Almas Acevedo's science class,

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learning how to measure distances in space.

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Cool.

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Dr. D. just told us about the great distances in space.

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Can we take a closer look?

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Sure.

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I'll let Kim and Ida tell you all about it.

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La escuela decía a mis amigos que están haciendo este experimento.

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Sí, cómo no.

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Hola, amigos.

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Mi nombre es Kimberly.

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Oh, perdóname.

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I'm sorry.

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I'm Kimberly.

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And I'm Ida Cortés.

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We're here today with our mentors, Brenda Fuentes, Alexis Alizea, Carmen Garcia, and Yadeli Claudio

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from the Society of Women Engineers.

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They are assisting us with a parallax experiment

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to help us understand how astronomers measure distances in space.

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Excuse me.

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We need to listen to my teacher for a minute.

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Okay, I'm back.

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What's parallax?

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It's the apparent change in the position of an object.

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Try this.

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Hold your thumb out in front of you and close one eye.

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Then close the other eye.

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Looks like my thumb is moving.

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That's neat.

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Even though your thumb really didn't move, it looked like it did.

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And that's parallax.

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So how does the experiment work?

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First, we lay out our baseline of rope 10 meters long.

251
00:12:37,040 --> 00:12:40,040
One end is marked A and the other end is B.

252
00:12:40,040 --> 00:12:44,040
Then we place an object not more than 25 meters away from the baseline.

253
00:12:44,040 --> 00:12:48,040
I know this is a protractor, but how is it going to help you measure distance?

254
00:12:48,040 --> 00:12:53,040
You sit on the baseline at point A and make sure that the protractor is parallel with the rope.

255
00:12:53,040 --> 00:12:55,040
Why do you put the pencil on the vertex?

256
00:12:55,040 --> 00:12:59,040
Putting it there helps you line the object up as you look at it.

257
00:12:59,040 --> 00:13:01,040
What comes next?

258
00:13:01,040 --> 00:13:07,040
Now move another pencil around the outer edge of the protractor until it lines up with the object.

259
00:13:07,040 --> 00:13:09,040
How do you read the protractor?

260
00:13:09,040 --> 00:13:13,040
Your partner will actually read it for you and record the angle.

261
00:13:13,040 --> 00:13:16,040
Next, we move to the other end and repeat the steps.

262
00:13:17,040 --> 00:13:23,040
Notice how the flagpole seems to have changed its position and appears as a different angle.

263
00:13:23,040 --> 00:13:25,040
Now what do you do with your data?

264
00:13:25,040 --> 00:13:27,040
Plot it on graph paper.

265
00:13:27,040 --> 00:13:32,040
Draw a 10 centimeter baseline at the bottom of the paper and then draw in our angles.

266
00:13:32,040 --> 00:13:35,040
Do the two lines intersecting mean anything?

267
00:13:35,040 --> 00:13:39,040
Yes, it is telling us the distance that the object is from the baseline.

268
00:13:39,040 --> 00:13:41,040
How do you determine the distance?

269
00:13:41,040 --> 00:13:46,040
Draw a perpendicular line from the point of intersection to the baseline and then measure it.

270
00:13:46,040 --> 00:13:48,040
What's the scale?

271
00:13:48,040 --> 00:13:53,040
We use the scale that means 1 centimeter on the graph paper equals 1 meter outside.

272
00:13:53,040 --> 00:13:59,040
I get it. So if the line measures 15 centimeters, the distance from the object is 15 meters.

273
00:13:59,040 --> 00:14:05,040
Astronomers are able to see on a parashift the nearby stars as the Earth evolves around the Sun.

274
00:14:05,040 --> 00:14:07,040
That's really interesting.

275
00:14:07,040 --> 00:14:11,040
And thanks to the Society of Women Engineers for providing us with mentors.

276
00:14:11,040 --> 00:14:16,040
Visit the NASA Sci-Fi's website to learn how to get your own classroom mentors.

277
00:14:16,040 --> 00:14:19,040
Thanks, Kim and Ida. I've got to go to my next meeting.

278
00:14:19,040 --> 00:14:21,040
¿Qué hora es?

279
00:14:21,040 --> 00:14:22,040
It's 3 p.m.

280
00:14:22,040 --> 00:14:24,040
I'd better run. Adios, amigas.

281
00:14:24,040 --> 00:14:26,040
Adios.

282
00:14:26,040 --> 00:14:30,040
With planets and stars so far apart, it sure is good to have a way to measure the distance.

283
00:14:30,040 --> 00:14:34,040
It looks like you're going to have to travel long ways in space just to get to Mars.

284
00:14:34,040 --> 00:14:37,040
We'd better talk to someone about what it's like to live in space.

285
00:14:37,040 --> 00:14:43,040
Email NASA Johnson Space Center and see if there's any possible way that we can talk to the International Space Station crew.

286
00:14:43,040 --> 00:14:45,040
Yeah, right. Good luck.

287
00:14:45,040 --> 00:14:49,040
You never know. NASA does want to inspire the next generation of young explorers.

288
00:14:49,040 --> 00:14:51,040
And we are the treehouse detectives.

289
00:14:51,040 --> 00:14:53,040
That's right.

290
00:14:53,040 --> 00:14:55,040
So, what's up?

291
00:14:55,040 --> 00:14:58,040
Which destination is ideal for an out-of-this-world vacation?

292
00:14:58,040 --> 00:15:01,040
Will distance be a deciding factor?

293
00:15:01,040 --> 00:15:05,040
What else should the treehouse detectives consider before choosing a destination?

294
00:15:08,040 --> 00:15:12,040
In this episode of the Galactic Vacation, be prepared to answer these following questions.

295
00:15:12,040 --> 00:15:15,040
How does gravity most affect the ISS crew?

296
00:15:15,040 --> 00:15:18,040
How are the phases of the Moon created?

297
00:15:18,040 --> 00:15:21,040
And what causes the seasons on Mars?

298
00:15:24,040 --> 00:15:27,040
Wow. I never thought it'd really happen.

299
00:15:27,040 --> 00:15:29,040
I hope they got my message to get here quickly.

300
00:15:29,040 --> 00:15:30,040
Hi, Jacob.

301
00:15:30,040 --> 00:15:33,040
Hey, guys. You will never guess who we are going to talk to today.

302
00:15:33,040 --> 00:15:35,040
Is Bianca calling today?

303
00:15:35,040 --> 00:15:36,040
No, better than that.

304
00:15:36,040 --> 00:15:38,040
Better not let Bianca hear you say that.

305
00:15:38,040 --> 00:15:40,040
I think even she would agree with me.

306
00:15:40,040 --> 00:15:42,040
Okay, so who is it?

307
00:15:42,040 --> 00:15:45,040
The crew on board the International Space Station.

308
00:15:45,040 --> 00:15:47,040
No way.

309
00:15:47,040 --> 00:15:49,040
Yes, I came through again.

310
00:15:49,040 --> 00:15:51,040
He's going to be hard to live with.

311
00:15:51,040 --> 00:15:54,040
The email said we were to dial them up at...

312
00:15:54,040 --> 00:15:56,040
We need to call now.

313
00:15:57,040 --> 00:15:58,040
Hi, treehouse detectives.

314
00:15:58,040 --> 00:16:00,040
Greetings from International Space Station.

315
00:16:00,040 --> 00:16:02,040
I'm Ken Bowersox.

316
00:16:02,040 --> 00:16:03,040
On my left is Don Pettit.

317
00:16:03,040 --> 00:16:05,040
To my right, Iblai Budarin.

318
00:16:05,040 --> 00:16:07,040
Hello.

319
00:16:07,040 --> 00:16:09,040
Greetings from the treehouse, sir.

320
00:16:09,040 --> 00:16:11,040
I mean, sirs.

321
00:16:11,040 --> 00:16:13,040
No one's going to believe we're talking to you.

322
00:16:13,040 --> 00:16:16,040
I hope I remembered to tape this.

323
00:16:16,040 --> 00:16:20,040
Can you tell me how living in space is different from living on Earth?

324
00:16:20,040 --> 00:16:23,040
Living on Space Station, we are weightless.

325
00:16:23,040 --> 00:16:28,040
And so all the effects that you see of gravity on Earth,

326
00:16:28,040 --> 00:16:31,040
you don't see here on Space Station.

327
00:16:31,040 --> 00:16:32,040
So things will float off.

328
00:16:32,040 --> 00:16:35,040
You have to keep all your little tiny parts corralled.

329
00:16:35,040 --> 00:16:39,040
You set something down on a surface, it'll float away.

330
00:16:39,040 --> 00:16:42,040
Commander, can you tell me if you've been sleeping any differently?

331
00:16:42,040 --> 00:16:43,040
No, not really.

332
00:16:43,040 --> 00:16:48,040
Here in orbit, I sleep pretty much the same as I do down on Earth.

333
00:16:48,040 --> 00:16:53,040
I dream and I sleep very comfortably, almost the same amount every night.

334
00:16:53,040 --> 00:16:56,040
How do you use the bathroom?

335
00:16:56,040 --> 00:17:00,040
The bathroom here on Space Station is not that much different

336
00:17:00,040 --> 00:17:03,040
than what you'd find on the ground,

337
00:17:03,040 --> 00:17:10,040
except we use fans and moving air to replace many of the functions that gravity provides.

338
00:17:10,040 --> 00:17:12,040
Thank you very much.

339
00:17:12,040 --> 00:17:14,040
That was awesome.

340
00:17:14,040 --> 00:17:17,040
I think we're ready to start planning our trip to the moon.

341
00:17:17,040 --> 00:17:20,040
Email the others and let them know that I'm going to talk to Dr. Pryor

342
00:17:20,040 --> 00:17:22,040
with NASA Langley Research Center.

343
00:17:22,040 --> 00:17:25,040
Okay. I'll also print off a get-up-and-go sheet for the NASA SciFiles website,

344
00:17:25,040 --> 00:17:27,040
free to take with you.

345
00:17:35,040 --> 00:17:37,040
Would you like to be an astronaut?

346
00:17:37,040 --> 00:17:39,040
Yeah, maybe.

347
00:17:39,040 --> 00:17:41,040
Say, aren't you one of the treehouse detectives?

348
00:17:41,040 --> 00:17:44,040
Sure am. And you must be Mr. Pryor from NASA Langley.

349
00:17:44,040 --> 00:17:48,040
Yes, I am. And I understand from your email that you want to know more about the moon.

350
00:17:48,040 --> 00:17:52,040
Yes. I was looking at the moon the other night and I was wondering why it had different shapes.

351
00:17:52,040 --> 00:17:55,040
The different shapes are called the phases of the moon.

352
00:17:55,040 --> 00:17:57,040
Step over here and I'll show you what I mean.

353
00:17:59,040 --> 00:18:01,040
What do you do with the lamp?

354
00:18:01,040 --> 00:18:03,040
The lamp represents the sun.

355
00:18:03,040 --> 00:18:06,040
Think of this ball as the moon and you're the Earth.

356
00:18:06,040 --> 00:18:07,040
Okay.

357
00:18:07,040 --> 00:18:10,040
Now hold the ball in front of you and towards the sun.

358
00:18:10,040 --> 00:18:12,040
What do you see there?

359
00:18:12,040 --> 00:18:14,040
The side that I'm looking at is dark.

360
00:18:14,040 --> 00:18:17,040
That's right. That's called the new moon phase.

361
00:18:17,040 --> 00:18:20,040
Now turn to the left a quarter turn

362
00:18:20,040 --> 00:18:23,040
and keep holding the moon in front of you and tell me what you see.

363
00:18:23,040 --> 00:18:26,040
Now, half the side that I'm facing is lit.

364
00:18:26,040 --> 00:18:29,040
That's called first quarter. Keep going.

365
00:18:29,040 --> 00:18:31,040
Okay. Now the whole thing is lit.

366
00:18:31,040 --> 00:18:33,040
This must be a full moon.

367
00:18:33,040 --> 00:18:35,040
Keep going.

368
00:18:35,040 --> 00:18:38,040
Now only half is lit, but it's the other side.

369
00:18:38,040 --> 00:18:41,040
Yes. That's called the moon's third quarter phase.

370
00:18:41,040 --> 00:18:42,040
Okay. I get it.

371
00:18:42,040 --> 00:18:44,040
So the phases of the moon are created

372
00:18:44,040 --> 00:18:46,040
when the moon revolves around the Earth.

373
00:18:46,040 --> 00:18:48,040
The same side of the moon is always facing the Earth

374
00:18:48,040 --> 00:18:50,040
and as it revolves around the Earth,

375
00:18:50,040 --> 00:18:53,040
different portions of the surface are illuminated by the sun.

376
00:18:53,040 --> 00:18:55,040
Those are the lunar phases.

377
00:18:55,040 --> 00:18:57,040
Why do we only see one side of the moon?

378
00:18:57,040 --> 00:19:01,040
The moon rotates on its axis once every 27.3 days.

379
00:19:01,040 --> 00:19:04,040
It turns out it's also 27.3 days

380
00:19:04,040 --> 00:19:06,040
that it takes to revolve around the Earth.

381
00:19:06,040 --> 00:19:10,040
That's why the same side of the moon is always facing the Earth.

382
00:19:10,040 --> 00:19:11,040
What is the moon?

383
00:19:11,040 --> 00:19:13,040
The moon is a lot older than you and me.

384
00:19:13,040 --> 00:19:15,040
It's about four and a half billion years.

385
00:19:15,040 --> 00:19:17,040
It's roughly the age of the Earth.

386
00:19:17,040 --> 00:19:19,040
But that's where the similarities end.

387
00:19:19,040 --> 00:19:20,040
What do you mean?

388
00:19:20,040 --> 00:19:22,040
Well, there's no atmosphere on the moon

389
00:19:22,040 --> 00:19:24,040
and the gravity is much less.

390
00:19:24,040 --> 00:19:26,040
It's only about one-sixth the gravity of the Earth

391
00:19:26,040 --> 00:19:28,040
at the surface of the moon.

392
00:19:28,040 --> 00:19:31,040
So if I weigh 90 pounds on the Earth,

393
00:19:31,040 --> 00:19:36,040
then I would weigh 15 pounds on the moon.

394
00:19:36,040 --> 00:19:37,040
Cool.

395
00:19:37,040 --> 00:19:38,040
That's right.

396
00:19:39,040 --> 00:19:42,040
So what are those big circles that I see when I look at the moon?

397
00:19:42,040 --> 00:19:45,040
Those circles are craters from the meteors and the asteroids

398
00:19:45,040 --> 00:19:47,040
that have impacted on the moon over the years.

399
00:19:47,040 --> 00:19:50,040
There's no water or weather erosion to help get rid of them,

400
00:19:50,040 --> 00:19:51,040
so they're all still there.

401
00:19:51,040 --> 00:19:53,040
So what's the surface like?

402
00:19:53,040 --> 00:19:56,040
The surface is generally gray in color and sandy.

403
00:19:56,040 --> 00:19:59,040
It feels very much like this concoction.

404
00:20:04,040 --> 00:20:05,040
It feels like dust.

405
00:20:05,040 --> 00:20:06,040
You're right.

406
00:20:06,040 --> 00:20:08,040
There was a real concern early in the moon program

407
00:20:08,040 --> 00:20:11,040
that it might be like quicksand and the astronauts could sink in it.

408
00:20:11,040 --> 00:20:13,040
But, of course, that did not happen.

409
00:20:13,040 --> 00:20:14,040
Good thing they didn't.

410
00:20:14,040 --> 00:20:16,040
Does the moon affect the Earth at all?

411
00:20:16,040 --> 00:20:18,040
Oh, yes. The moon affects the tides.

412
00:20:18,040 --> 00:20:20,040
And if we were on the beach...

413
00:20:21,040 --> 00:20:22,040
How did that happen?

414
00:20:22,040 --> 00:20:24,040
I don't even want to ask.

415
00:20:24,040 --> 00:20:27,040
The moon's gravitational pull depends on the distance.

416
00:20:27,040 --> 00:20:29,040
It's greater on the oceans, closest to the moon,

417
00:20:29,040 --> 00:20:31,040
than on the center of the Earth.

418
00:20:31,040 --> 00:20:34,040
This tends to pull the oceans into a big bulge.

419
00:20:34,040 --> 00:20:35,040
Anything else?

420
00:20:35,040 --> 00:20:38,040
Actually, the moon is increasing the length of our day

421
00:20:38,040 --> 00:20:42,040
by .0016 seconds every century.

422
00:20:42,040 --> 00:20:44,040
We can measure that?

423
00:20:44,040 --> 00:20:46,040
Wow, I'm impressed.

424
00:20:46,040 --> 00:20:47,040
How does it lengthen the day?

425
00:20:47,040 --> 00:20:50,040
The Earth's tides act like a brake

426
00:20:50,040 --> 00:20:53,040
to gradually reduce the speed of the Earth's rotation.

427
00:20:53,040 --> 00:20:54,040
That's so interesting.

428
00:20:54,040 --> 00:20:55,040
Thanks, Mr. Parr.

429
00:20:55,040 --> 00:20:57,040
You've given me a lot of useful information.

430
00:20:57,040 --> 00:21:00,040
Now I wonder how we're going to get back to the museum.

431
00:21:01,040 --> 00:21:04,040
We're learning all about the moon and Mars.

432
00:21:04,040 --> 00:21:06,040
The moon is a really cool place.

433
00:21:06,040 --> 00:21:07,040
There's a lot less gravity there.

434
00:21:07,040 --> 00:21:10,040
And that's going to make things so much easier to do.

435
00:21:10,040 --> 00:21:11,040
You think so?

436
00:21:11,040 --> 00:21:13,040
You might be surprised how difficult

437
00:21:13,040 --> 00:21:15,040
living in an alien environment can be.

438
00:21:15,040 --> 00:21:16,040
How is that?

439
00:21:16,040 --> 00:21:18,040
There are a lot of things you might not think of.

440
00:21:18,040 --> 00:21:20,040
Have you ever gone camping in the mountains?

441
00:21:20,040 --> 00:21:22,040
That's an alien environment?

442
00:21:22,040 --> 00:21:24,040
Well, not quite the same thing.

443
00:21:24,040 --> 00:21:26,040
But you do have to think a little differently.

444
00:21:26,040 --> 00:21:28,040
For example, on a 10,000-foot mountain,

445
00:21:28,040 --> 00:21:30,040
the air pressure is low

446
00:21:30,040 --> 00:21:32,040
and water boils at 90 degrees Celsius

447
00:21:32,040 --> 00:21:34,040
instead of 100 degrees.

448
00:21:34,040 --> 00:21:36,040
So food doesn't cook as quickly.

449
00:21:36,040 --> 00:21:37,040
Oh, I get it.

450
00:21:37,040 --> 00:21:39,040
So on the moon where there isn't any atmosphere,

451
00:21:39,040 --> 00:21:42,040
the water would boil at an even lower temperature.

452
00:21:44,040 --> 00:21:45,040
Wait a minute.

453
00:21:45,040 --> 00:21:46,040
If there isn't any atmosphere,

454
00:21:46,040 --> 00:21:49,040
then we would have to bring our own oxygen supply.

455
00:21:49,040 --> 00:21:51,040
Actually, you couldn't just bring an oxygen mask.

456
00:21:51,040 --> 00:21:53,040
You would have to have a space suit.

457
00:21:53,040 --> 00:21:55,040
I have one in my closet.

458
00:21:58,040 --> 00:22:00,040
Why would you need that?

459
00:22:00,040 --> 00:22:02,040
A space suit protects you from temperature extremes.

460
00:22:02,040 --> 00:22:06,040
On the moon, it's about 130 degrees Celsius in the daytime

461
00:22:06,040 --> 00:22:09,040
and minus 170 Celsius at night.

462
00:22:09,040 --> 00:22:12,040
More importantly, because there is no air on the moon,

463
00:22:12,040 --> 00:22:15,040
your blood wouldn't boil without a space suit.

464
00:22:15,040 --> 00:22:17,040
Oh, I see you found it.

465
00:22:17,040 --> 00:22:19,040
Okay, you saw me on the space suit.

466
00:22:19,040 --> 00:22:20,040
Is there anything else?

467
00:22:20,040 --> 00:22:23,040
Well, now you'll find that tasks are tougher with a space suit.

468
00:22:23,040 --> 00:22:25,040
I'll give you a few simple things to do.

469
00:22:29,040 --> 00:22:31,040
SPACE SUIT

470
00:22:39,040 --> 00:22:41,040
Even easy tasks become difficult.

471
00:22:41,040 --> 00:22:42,040
Let's try something else,

472
00:22:42,040 --> 00:22:46,040
and suppose you're on a planet where the gravitational force is very strong.

473
00:22:46,040 --> 00:22:48,040
For example, if you could stand on Jupiter,

474
00:22:48,040 --> 00:22:51,040
you'd weigh 2 1⁄2 times your Earth weight.

475
00:22:51,040 --> 00:22:52,040
Now I'll cut you some slack

476
00:22:52,040 --> 00:22:55,040
and just make you weigh 1 1⁄2 times your normal weight.

477
00:22:55,040 --> 00:22:57,040
30 pounds.

478
00:22:58,040 --> 00:23:00,040
And four more here.

479
00:23:05,040 --> 00:23:07,040
And here.

480
00:23:07,040 --> 00:23:09,040
Thanks a lot. Now it's really hard to move.

481
00:23:09,040 --> 00:23:11,040
Imagine living on a world like the moon

482
00:23:11,040 --> 00:23:14,040
where it's dark for two weeks at a time and then light for two weeks.

483
00:23:14,040 --> 00:23:16,040
It'll be pretty hard getting used to going to sleep

484
00:23:16,040 --> 00:23:18,040
when it's light for that long of a time.

485
00:23:18,040 --> 00:23:21,040
That'd be a lot easier to live with than wearing these weights.

486
00:23:21,040 --> 00:23:23,040
So what have you learned about Mars?

487
00:23:23,040 --> 00:23:26,040
Well, I haven't done a lot of research on Mars yet.

488
00:23:26,040 --> 00:23:29,040
Why don't you go see Dr. Bobby Braun with NASA Langley Research Center.

489
00:23:29,040 --> 00:23:31,040
He's done a lot of research on Mars.

490
00:23:31,040 --> 00:23:33,040
Thanks, Dr. D. That's where I'm headed next.

491
00:23:33,040 --> 00:23:35,040
See you later, guys.

492
00:23:37,040 --> 00:23:39,040
Oh, hi, Dr. Braun.

493
00:23:39,040 --> 00:23:41,040
Hi, RJ. I hear you want to learn about Mars.

494
00:23:41,040 --> 00:23:45,040
Yes. We're trying to plan the ultimate future travel trip.

495
00:23:45,040 --> 00:23:48,040
One of the places that we wanted to stop on our cruise was Mars.

496
00:23:48,040 --> 00:23:50,040
Mars is an excellent choice,

497
00:23:50,040 --> 00:23:53,040
because of all the planets in the solar system, Mars is the most like the Earth.

498
00:23:53,040 --> 00:23:55,040
How is it like Earth?

499
00:23:55,040 --> 00:23:57,040
Just like Earth, Mars has a solid surface

500
00:23:57,040 --> 00:24:00,040
with mountains, valleys, volcanoes, and even craters.

501
00:24:00,040 --> 00:24:04,040
Mars even has the largest known volcano and canyon in the solar system.

502
00:24:04,040 --> 00:24:08,040
Wow. Those would make great tourist attractions for our travelers.

503
00:24:08,040 --> 00:24:10,040
Isn't Mars smaller than Earth?

504
00:24:10,040 --> 00:24:12,040
Yes. It's about half the diameter of the Earth,

505
00:24:12,040 --> 00:24:16,040
but it has the same land area since Earth is covered largely by oceans.

506
00:24:16,040 --> 00:24:18,040
Is there water on Mars?

507
00:24:18,040 --> 00:24:22,040
We know that a vast amount of liquid water flowed across Mars' surface in the past,

508
00:24:22,040 --> 00:24:25,040
but there's no liquid water on the surface today.

509
00:24:25,040 --> 00:24:28,040
However, there is frozen water beneath the surface.

510
00:24:28,040 --> 00:24:31,040
Does Mars have seasons just like we do here on Earth?

511
00:24:31,040 --> 00:24:34,040
Yes. Just like the Earth, Mars is tilted on its axis.

512
00:24:34,040 --> 00:24:37,040
It's this tilt that causes the different seasons.

513
00:24:37,040 --> 00:24:41,040
Astronomers have even noticed that the polar ice caps shrink in the Martian summers

514
00:24:41,040 --> 00:24:43,040
and get larger during the Martian winters.

515
00:24:43,040 --> 00:24:45,040
What's the atmosphere like on Mars?

516
00:24:45,040 --> 00:24:47,040
Now, that's very different from Earth's.

517
00:24:47,040 --> 00:24:49,040
Mars' atmosphere is very thin.

518
00:24:49,040 --> 00:24:53,040
It has only about one-two-hundredth of the amount of gas that we have on the Earth.

519
00:24:53,040 --> 00:24:55,040
And it's mostly carbon dioxide.

520
00:24:55,040 --> 00:24:58,040
Yes. And the Earth's atmosphere is 21% oxygen,

521
00:24:58,040 --> 00:25:02,040
78% nitrogen, and 1% trace gases.

522
00:25:02,040 --> 00:25:04,040
So I guess we have to bring oxygen for our travelers.

523
00:25:04,040 --> 00:25:09,040
Yes. Or you could make oxygen from the water buried beneath the surface of Mars.

524
00:25:09,040 --> 00:25:11,040
That's right. Water is H2O.

525
00:25:11,040 --> 00:25:14,040
Two-part hydrogen and one-part oxygen.

526
00:25:14,040 --> 00:25:18,040
And because Mars is one-and-a-half times farther from the Sun than the Earth,

527
00:25:18,040 --> 00:25:21,040
you better make sure that you're outfitted to withstand the cold temperatures.

528
00:25:21,040 --> 00:25:23,040
I'm wondering if that's going to be a problem.

529
00:25:23,040 --> 00:25:27,040
Because I read that the spacesuits and the backpacks that the Apollo astronauts wore

530
00:25:27,040 --> 00:25:29,040
were almost 200 pounds.

531
00:25:29,040 --> 00:25:32,040
Fortunately, the gravity on Mars is less than that of the Earth.

532
00:25:32,040 --> 00:25:36,040
We learned from Mr. Pryor that the Moon's gravity is one-sixth than that of the Earth.

533
00:25:36,040 --> 00:25:37,040
Is Mars less than that?

534
00:25:37,040 --> 00:25:41,040
No. Actually, Mars' gravity is about one-third that of the Earth.

535
00:25:41,040 --> 00:25:45,040
To compare unlike denominators, first you have to find a common denominator.

536
00:25:45,040 --> 00:25:48,040
For example, with the fractions one-sixth and one-third,

537
00:25:48,040 --> 00:25:50,040
the common denominator is six.

538
00:25:50,040 --> 00:25:53,040
Then you multiply one-third by two over two, which is actually one.

539
00:25:53,040 --> 00:25:55,040
Then you get two over six.

540
00:25:55,040 --> 00:25:58,040
Then it's easy to see that two-sixths is greater than one-sixth.

541
00:25:58,040 --> 00:26:00,040
That's right. I have an idea.

542
00:26:00,040 --> 00:26:03,040
Let's go see how much you would weigh on Earth and on Mars.

543
00:26:04,040 --> 00:26:08,040
It looks like you weigh 100 pounds here on the Earth, and the spacesuit's 200 pounds.

544
00:26:08,040 --> 00:26:10,040
So what would that be on Mars?

545
00:26:10,040 --> 00:26:13,040
I know you wouldn't weigh 300 pounds, because then you couldn't walk around.

546
00:26:13,040 --> 00:26:16,040
Well, that's right. It would be one-third of 300 pounds.

547
00:26:16,040 --> 00:26:19,040
That's 100 pounds. That's the same as I weigh on Earth.

548
00:26:19,040 --> 00:26:22,040
Oh, that's too bad.

549
00:26:22,040 --> 00:26:24,040
I was hoping that if I weighed less, I could jump higher.

550
00:26:24,040 --> 00:26:26,040
Then I'd be a great basketball player.

551
00:26:26,040 --> 00:26:30,040
Right. But if you had an indoor basketball court and didn't need the spacesuit,

552
00:26:30,040 --> 00:26:31,040
you'd weigh a lot less.

553
00:26:31,040 --> 00:26:32,040
I can see it now.

554
00:26:32,040 --> 00:26:34,040
Basketball camp on Mars.

555
00:26:34,040 --> 00:26:36,040
We're guaranteed a slam dunk.

556
00:26:41,040 --> 00:26:44,040
There you are. I've been waiting for you guys to get here.

557
00:26:44,040 --> 00:26:45,040
What's the hurry?

558
00:26:45,040 --> 00:26:48,040
Bianca's ready to give us another video postcard.

559
00:26:50,040 --> 00:26:53,040
Que pasa? In other words, what's up?

560
00:26:53,040 --> 00:26:56,040
I'm back again, this time in Loiza, Puerto Rico.

561
00:26:56,040 --> 00:26:58,040
And part of the Puerto Rican tradition is the dancing.

562
00:26:58,040 --> 00:26:59,040
Take a look.

563
00:27:04,040 --> 00:27:07,040
This is Carnival Rumba. Check them out.

564
00:27:07,040 --> 00:27:09,040
They're called the Happy Dancers.

565
00:27:09,040 --> 00:27:12,040
Tell me the reason they're called this is because when you dance, you're happy.

566
00:27:12,040 --> 00:27:15,040
Don't you love their colorful costumes?

567
00:27:15,040 --> 00:27:18,040
But they weren't the only ones performing tonight.

568
00:27:18,040 --> 00:27:23,040
Taino Indians, Africans, and also Spaniards brought their dance to Puerto Rico.

569
00:27:23,040 --> 00:27:27,040
Meet my new friends and watch closely as they use their fancy footwork

570
00:27:27,040 --> 00:27:30,040
to proudly express their heritage and their history.

571
00:27:31,040 --> 00:27:33,040
Rumba!

572
00:27:36,040 --> 00:27:38,040
Yes!

573
00:27:38,040 --> 00:27:40,040
I guess it's time to bomba.

574
00:27:44,040 --> 00:27:46,040
All right, I'm ready to go.

575
00:27:46,040 --> 00:27:50,040
I think we have enough information to plan our out-of-this-world vacation.

576
00:27:50,040 --> 00:27:52,040
I think we need to go to the problem board.

577
00:27:52,040 --> 00:27:53,040
What do we know?

578
00:27:53,040 --> 00:27:56,040
We know that living in space is a lot harder than living here on Earth

579
00:27:56,040 --> 00:27:59,040
and that it will definitely change our sleeping and eating habits.

580
00:27:59,040 --> 00:28:02,040
We know that gravity is different on the Moon and on Mars.

581
00:28:02,040 --> 00:28:04,040
We learned how to measure distances in space.

582
00:28:04,040 --> 00:28:07,040
We learned how far away our destinations are.

583
00:28:07,040 --> 00:28:09,040
We need to know more about space travel.

584
00:28:09,040 --> 00:28:11,040
How are we going to get there?

585
00:28:11,040 --> 00:28:14,040
Dr. D talked to us about how long it would take to travel to the Moon and Mars.

586
00:28:14,040 --> 00:28:17,040
Maybe we need to ask more about space travel.

587
00:28:17,040 --> 00:28:19,040
Let's call him up.

588
00:28:19,040 --> 00:28:21,040
So, what's up?

589
00:28:21,040 --> 00:28:24,040
What are the advantages of going to the Moon instead of Mars?

590
00:28:24,040 --> 00:28:26,040
Why would Mars make a good choice for a vacation?

591
00:28:26,040 --> 00:28:29,040
How will the TRIOS detectives travel to their destination?

592
00:28:33,040 --> 00:28:35,040
Are you ready to answer these questions?

593
00:28:35,040 --> 00:28:37,040
What is acceleration?

594
00:28:38,040 --> 00:28:40,040
Why do you need to exercise in space?

595
00:28:41,040 --> 00:28:43,040
What is plasma?

596
00:28:45,040 --> 00:28:46,040
Do you see Dr. D yet?

597
00:28:46,040 --> 00:28:49,040
I wonder why he asked us to meet him here at Busch Gardens Williamsburg.

598
00:28:49,040 --> 00:28:51,040
Oh, there he is.

599
00:28:51,040 --> 00:28:54,040
Hi, kids. Welcome to your astronaut training program.

600
00:28:54,040 --> 00:28:56,040
Astronaut training?

601
00:28:56,040 --> 00:28:58,040
I thought we were here to ride roller coasters.

602
00:28:58,040 --> 00:29:00,040
That's exactly right.

603
00:29:00,040 --> 00:29:03,040
I want you to be able to experience the thrill of space travel.

604
00:29:03,040 --> 00:29:07,040
And the best way to do it here on Earth is on a roller coaster.

605
00:29:07,040 --> 00:29:10,040
What do roller coasters have to do with space travel?

606
00:29:10,040 --> 00:29:14,040
I know that roller coasters go fast, but not nearly as fast as rocket ships.

607
00:29:14,040 --> 00:29:15,040
That's right.

608
00:29:15,040 --> 00:29:19,040
But it turns out the thrill of space travel doesn't come from going at high speeds.

609
00:29:19,040 --> 00:29:21,040
It comes from accelerations.

610
00:29:21,040 --> 00:29:25,040
We've learned before that acceleration is a change in speed or direction.

611
00:29:25,040 --> 00:29:26,040
Precisely.

612
00:29:26,040 --> 00:29:30,040
The important point is that forces are needed to cause accelerations.

613
00:29:30,040 --> 00:29:32,040
Remember the law of inertia?

614
00:29:32,040 --> 00:29:33,040
I remember.

615
00:29:33,040 --> 00:29:38,040
It states that objects at rest stay at rest and objects in motion remain in motion.

616
00:29:38,040 --> 00:29:39,040
Very good.

617
00:29:39,040 --> 00:29:41,040
Let's get this bowling ball rolling.

618
00:29:51,040 --> 00:29:53,040
What if I hit it from the side?

619
00:29:53,040 --> 00:29:56,040
I would guess that it wouldn't change speed.

620
00:29:56,040 --> 00:29:58,040
I'm not sure what it would do.

621
00:29:58,040 --> 00:30:00,040
Let's try it.

622
00:30:00,040 --> 00:30:03,040
It changed direction without changing speed.

623
00:30:03,040 --> 00:30:06,040
The same thing happens to the roller coaster car at the bottom of the hill.

624
00:30:06,040 --> 00:30:10,040
It has inertia and wants to maintain its downward motion.

625
00:30:10,040 --> 00:30:14,040
But the track pushes the car perpendicular to its motion and sends it uphill.

626
00:30:14,040 --> 00:30:17,040
What does the push of the track do to the passengers?

627
00:30:17,040 --> 00:30:19,040
It makes them feel heavy.

628
00:30:19,040 --> 00:30:23,040
The faster the coaster is going or the tighter the turn, the heavier they will feel.

629
00:30:23,040 --> 00:30:25,040
How heavy will you feel on a roller coaster?

630
00:30:25,040 --> 00:30:31,040
Here on the Alpengeist, you feel about four times heavier than normal at the bottom of a couple of hills.

631
00:30:31,040 --> 00:30:37,040
It turns out the space shuttle astronauts only feel three times heavier than normal when the shuttle is taking off.

632
00:30:37,040 --> 00:30:38,040
So you were right.

633
00:30:38,040 --> 00:30:40,040
We are going to be in training to be astronauts.

634
00:30:40,040 --> 00:30:45,040
The difference is on the Alpengeist, you feel heavy for only a few seconds at a time.

635
00:30:45,040 --> 00:30:48,040
But on the space shuttle, you feel heavy for about eight minutes.

636
00:30:48,040 --> 00:30:50,040
Don't astronauts also feel weightless?

637
00:30:50,040 --> 00:30:53,040
Will we be able to experience that on the Alpengeist?

638
00:30:53,040 --> 00:30:54,040
You bet.

639
00:30:54,040 --> 00:31:00,040
Once the engines are cut off after about eight minutes and the shuttle goes into orbit, the astronauts are weightless.

640
00:31:00,040 --> 00:31:04,040
Weightlessness is experienced with only gravity accident objects.

641
00:31:04,040 --> 00:31:05,040
It's called free fall.

642
00:31:05,040 --> 00:31:06,040
Let me show you.

643
00:31:06,040 --> 00:31:11,040
When I jump off this bin, the points of my hat will float as if they're weightless.

644
00:31:11,040 --> 00:31:14,040
And this spring hanging from my hand will collapse.

645
00:31:15,040 --> 00:31:19,040
Wow, Dr. D, what you go through to show us how science works.

646
00:31:19,040 --> 00:31:21,040
So where on the coaster ride are we going to be falling?

647
00:31:21,040 --> 00:31:23,040
Free fall is not always down.

648
00:31:23,040 --> 00:31:26,040
Remember, it's when only gravity acts.

649
00:31:26,040 --> 00:31:29,040
So when I throw this koosh ball, watch which path it follows.

650
00:31:31,040 --> 00:31:35,040
I've seen that before with the vomit comet when we were learning about habitats.

651
00:31:35,040 --> 00:31:37,040
I think it's called a parabola.

652
00:31:37,040 --> 00:31:38,040
Very good.

653
00:31:38,040 --> 00:31:42,040
The coaster goes over a parabolic hill and twists at the same time.

654
00:31:42,040 --> 00:31:44,040
For a few seconds, you're weightless.

655
00:31:44,040 --> 00:31:46,040
This is going to be exciting.

656
00:31:46,040 --> 00:31:47,040
Can we go on the ride now?

657
00:31:47,040 --> 00:31:48,040
One more thing.

658
00:31:48,040 --> 00:31:52,040
You can tell how heavy you feel by watching this accelerometer.

659
00:31:52,040 --> 00:31:58,040
When you feel three times as heavy as normal, this mass will be pulled onto this point right here.

660
00:31:58,040 --> 00:32:03,040
Einstein told us that being heavy on a roller coaster and being heavy on a big planet are the same thing.

661
00:32:03,040 --> 00:32:07,040
So I guess we're preparing for both space travel and visiting an alien planet.

662
00:32:07,040 --> 00:32:08,040
Let's go on the ride.

663
00:32:08,040 --> 00:32:10,040
I'm ready to be an astronaut.

664
00:32:10,040 --> 00:32:11,040
Let's go on the ride.

665
00:32:11,040 --> 00:32:13,040
I'm ready to be an astronaut.

666
00:32:13,040 --> 00:32:17,040
Okay, it's good to experience the physics and not just talk about it.

667
00:32:17,040 --> 00:32:22,040
Don't forget to watch the accelerometer and try to figure out where you are when you feel the heaviest.

668
00:32:22,040 --> 00:32:23,040
Come on, let's go.

669
00:32:24,040 --> 00:32:26,040
Here we go.

670
00:32:39,040 --> 00:32:41,040
That was so great.

671
00:32:41,040 --> 00:32:43,040
I felt heavy at the bottom of the hills.

672
00:32:43,040 --> 00:32:48,040
I noticed the accelerometer read more than three a number of times, but I lost count.

673
00:32:48,040 --> 00:32:50,040
I noticed I felt weightless a few times.

674
00:32:50,040 --> 00:32:54,040
I had no idea where I was on the ride, but it was exciting.

675
00:32:54,040 --> 00:32:55,040
Thanks, Dr. D.

676
00:32:55,040 --> 00:32:58,040
Now we have some practical space travel experience.

677
00:32:58,040 --> 00:32:59,040
You're welcome.

678
00:32:59,040 --> 00:33:00,040
You'll be great astronauts.

679
00:33:00,040 --> 00:33:01,040
Oh, I've got to run.

680
00:33:01,040 --> 00:33:02,040
See you later.

681
00:33:02,040 --> 00:33:03,040
Bye, Dr. D.

682
00:33:03,040 --> 00:33:04,040
Bye.

683
00:33:04,040 --> 00:33:05,040
Thanks.

684
00:33:05,040 --> 00:33:06,040
That was so much fun.

685
00:33:06,040 --> 00:33:08,040
Wish it was that easy to go into space.

686
00:33:08,040 --> 00:33:10,040
Okay, let's organize what we've learned.

687
00:33:10,040 --> 00:33:13,040
Let me get the laptop and then we can fill out the problem board.

688
00:33:13,040 --> 00:33:18,040
Go to the NASA Sci-Files website where you'll find lots of tools to help you in your own investigation.

689
00:33:18,040 --> 00:33:21,040
We learned that acceleration occurs when you change speed or direction.

690
00:33:21,040 --> 00:33:26,040
We also learned that sometimes you feel lighter or heavier on a roller coaster depending on the situation.

691
00:33:26,040 --> 00:33:28,040
So where do we go next?

692
00:33:28,040 --> 00:33:31,040
We just learned that it's not as easy as we thought to go into space.

693
00:33:31,040 --> 00:33:33,040
Why don't we learn more about space travel?

694
00:33:33,040 --> 00:33:36,040
I think we should learn more about future space travel.

695
00:33:36,040 --> 00:33:38,040
Why don't you do a search?

696
00:33:38,040 --> 00:33:45,040
I'll go to the NASA homepage, www.nasa.gov, and I'll put in future space travel.

697
00:33:46,040 --> 00:33:51,040
Wow, NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center has an exhibit called Starship 2040.

698
00:33:51,040 --> 00:33:53,040
Here's a list of where there'll be exhibiting.

699
00:33:53,040 --> 00:33:56,040
Look, there's an exhibit in New York next weekend.

700
00:33:56,040 --> 00:33:58,040
My mom and I are going up.

701
00:33:58,040 --> 00:34:00,040
Maybe we can go and talk to them.

702
00:34:00,040 --> 00:34:02,040
Hello, Mr. Wang?

703
00:34:02,040 --> 00:34:03,040
Hi, I'm Catherine.

704
00:34:03,040 --> 00:34:06,040
My friends and I are designing a travel brochure for a trip into space.

705
00:34:06,040 --> 00:34:09,040
But we need to learn more about future space travel.

706
00:34:09,040 --> 00:34:11,040
Well, Catherine, you've come to the right place.

707
00:34:11,040 --> 00:34:13,040
Welcome to Starship 2040.

708
00:34:13,040 --> 00:34:14,040
Thanks.

709
00:34:14,040 --> 00:34:16,040
Do you really think there will be tourists in space?

710
00:34:16,040 --> 00:34:18,040
Yes, and probably in your lifetime.

711
00:34:18,040 --> 00:34:23,040
Every day, scientists, engineers, and highly trained people are working to make space travel a reality.

712
00:34:23,040 --> 00:34:28,040
In the next 40 years, we're looking at vacationing, working, and even living in space.

713
00:34:28,040 --> 00:34:30,040
Wow, that would be awesome.

714
00:34:30,040 --> 00:34:32,040
So how do you travel in space?

715
00:34:32,040 --> 00:34:34,040
With systems like this.

716
00:34:34,040 --> 00:34:36,040
This is a navigation and vehicle health monitoring system.

717
00:34:36,040 --> 00:34:39,040
Crew will need to access information like this throughout the ship.

718
00:34:41,040 --> 00:34:43,040
That makes sense.

719
00:34:43,040 --> 00:34:45,040
This isn't what I think it is, is it?

720
00:34:45,040 --> 00:34:47,040
Yes, it is, but it is modified.

721
00:34:47,040 --> 00:34:50,040
It's more than likely that your ship won't have any gravity.

722
00:34:50,040 --> 00:34:56,040
So therefore, the bathrooms will have to be changed so you can wash your hands, brush your teeth, or even take a shower.

723
00:34:56,040 --> 00:34:58,040
Is this the toilet?

724
00:34:58,040 --> 00:35:01,040
Yes, and you must remember the phrase, always buckle up.

725
00:35:01,040 --> 00:35:06,040
This is really important when using the bathroom in space, because if you don't, a really big mess can happen.

726
00:35:06,040 --> 00:35:10,040
We don't want that. Using the bathroom would be kind of weird.

727
00:35:10,040 --> 00:35:13,040
Yes, and of course, after you finish using the restroom, you need to wash your hands.

728
00:35:13,040 --> 00:35:15,040
So you can use this washing facility.

729
00:35:18,040 --> 00:35:20,040
Why are there chairs on the ceiling?

730
00:35:20,040 --> 00:35:25,040
That's simple. When traveling in low gravity, every floor can be a ceiling and every wall can be a floor.

731
00:35:25,040 --> 00:35:27,040
You float from deck to deck.

732
00:35:27,040 --> 00:35:30,040
I would have a great time floating around, but what else can you do for fun?

733
00:35:30,040 --> 00:35:32,040
Well, you have your own personal entertainment center.

734
00:35:32,040 --> 00:35:35,040
You can watch movies, play games, or even surf the space net.

735
00:35:35,040 --> 00:35:38,040
Or one day, you can even talk to your friends face to face.

736
00:35:38,040 --> 00:35:40,040
That sounds like my kind of travel.

737
00:35:40,040 --> 00:35:44,040
We learned in the case of the biological biosphere how important it is to exercise.

738
00:35:44,040 --> 00:35:47,040
Do you have any exercise equipment for space travel?

739
00:35:47,040 --> 00:35:50,040
We sure do. Without gravity, the human body gets lazy.

740
00:35:50,040 --> 00:35:54,040
Today's fittest astronauts even have to exercise at least two hours to stay in shape.

741
00:35:54,040 --> 00:35:59,040
We have a stair stepper, a climbing wall, and a treadmill that you can stay in shape with while you're in space.

742
00:35:59,040 --> 00:36:01,040
How do you eat while traveling in space?

743
00:36:01,040 --> 00:36:04,040
Well, the Starship has a self-serving kitchen.

744
00:36:04,040 --> 00:36:06,040
Pre-select your meals before you go on your trip.

745
00:36:06,040 --> 00:36:10,040
And once you're hungry, you dial them up and they're prepared just the way you like them.

746
00:36:10,040 --> 00:36:14,040
Wow, this trip will be so cool. I can't wait until the year 2040.

747
00:36:14,040 --> 00:36:16,040
Thanks, Mr. Wang, for all your help.

748
00:36:16,040 --> 00:36:18,040
You're welcome. Send me a copy of your travel brochure when you're done.

749
00:36:18,040 --> 00:36:20,040
We might just want to use it one day.

750
00:36:23,040 --> 00:36:24,040
What are you doing, Jacob?

751
00:36:24,040 --> 00:36:28,040
I was just investigating a propulsion system for our space travel out of the galaxy.

752
00:36:28,040 --> 00:36:30,040
With a balloon and a string?

753
00:36:30,040 --> 00:36:33,040
I was just starting with the basics, investigating the problem.

754
00:36:33,040 --> 00:36:36,040
I just got an email from Catherine in New York.

755
00:36:36,040 --> 00:36:41,040
She says we should talk to Dr. Franklin Chan-Diaz. He's an astronaut.

756
00:36:42,040 --> 00:36:47,040
I Am Listening is on her space cruise and files this live report from space.

757
00:36:47,040 --> 00:36:48,040
I Am?

758
00:36:48,040 --> 00:36:51,040
Ted, we've begun our three-hour tour to Neptune.

759
00:36:51,040 --> 00:36:55,040
Soon we'll be swimming and windsurfing on a whole new planet.

760
00:36:55,040 --> 00:36:56,040
Um, I Am?

761
00:36:56,040 --> 00:37:02,040
The surface of Neptune is about minus 200 degrees Celsius and is made of frozen methane and ammonia.

762
00:37:02,040 --> 00:37:05,040
If you go swimming, you won't be going very fast.

763
00:37:05,040 --> 00:37:08,040
But if you go windsurfing, you'll be going very fast.

764
00:37:08,040 --> 00:37:11,040
Winds on Neptune have been clocked at 2,000 miles per hour.

765
00:37:11,040 --> 00:37:14,040
What? That's not what the brochure says.

766
00:37:14,040 --> 00:37:19,040
And unless you have a plasma drive, it takes about 15 years to get there.

767
00:37:19,040 --> 00:37:21,040
Fifteen years?

768
00:37:21,040 --> 00:37:24,040
Well, it's a good thing they have an all-you-can-eat buffet.

769
00:37:24,040 --> 00:37:26,040
I'm headed for lunch, Ted.

770
00:37:27,040 --> 00:37:33,040
Speaking of plasma drives, NASA astronaut Franklin Chan-Diaz is working on just such a propulsion system.

771
00:37:33,040 --> 00:37:39,040
Plasma drives will replace today's chemical fuel rockets and make space travel faster than ever.

772
00:37:40,040 --> 00:37:44,040
He sounds like a man we need to talk to. Surely he can help me out with my test propulsion system.

773
00:37:44,040 --> 00:37:46,040
Let's try and dial him up.

774
00:37:48,040 --> 00:37:51,040
Hi, I understand you'd like to know more about propulsion systems.

775
00:37:51,040 --> 00:37:54,040
Yes, we're trying to design an out-of-this-world vacation.

776
00:37:54,040 --> 00:37:59,040
And realize because of the great distances in space, we might need to get there a different way.

777
00:37:59,040 --> 00:38:01,040
But how do we currently travel to space?

778
00:38:01,040 --> 00:38:06,040
We use chemical rockets that produce a jet of exhaust gases.

779
00:38:06,040 --> 00:38:09,040
And these gases propel the ship forward.

780
00:38:09,040 --> 00:38:11,040
How long would it take a spaceship to reach Mars?

781
00:38:11,040 --> 00:38:13,040
About ten months.

782
00:38:13,040 --> 00:38:17,040
Ten months is not that long. Why aren't chemical rockets good enough?

783
00:38:17,040 --> 00:38:20,040
To an astronaut, ten months in space is a long time.

784
00:38:20,040 --> 00:38:27,040
Persistent radiation of space will weaken your immune system and also damage your bones.

785
00:38:27,040 --> 00:38:31,040
So you would like to go there as fast as you can.

786
00:38:31,040 --> 00:38:35,040
Yes, we learned a little about physiological losses from Beth Shepard in our last case.

787
00:38:35,040 --> 00:38:38,040
What will the propulsion systems in the future be like?

788
00:38:38,040 --> 00:38:45,040
Instead of using the heat from a chemical reaction, the future rockets will use something called a plasma.

789
00:38:45,040 --> 00:38:47,040
What's plasma?

790
00:38:47,040 --> 00:38:52,040
Plasma is a gas which has been superheated to millions of degrees.

791
00:38:52,040 --> 00:38:55,040
It is even hotter than the interior of our sun.

792
00:38:55,040 --> 00:38:59,040
That's hot. How will the rocket not burn up with such a high temperature?

793
00:38:59,040 --> 00:39:05,040
Since there is no known material that can take those temperatures, we will not use materials.

794
00:39:05,040 --> 00:39:14,040
We are going to use an invisible force field that will hold this plasma and prevent it from touching any surrounding material.

795
00:39:14,040 --> 00:39:15,040
How will it work?

796
00:39:15,040 --> 00:39:24,040
The magnetic field is like an invisible tube that will contain and guide the plasma to provide a much hotter exhaust.

797
00:39:24,040 --> 00:39:26,040
Where will you get the energy to heat the plasma?

798
00:39:26,040 --> 00:39:33,040
We will get the energy from electricity generated by an onboard nuclear power plant.

799
00:39:33,040 --> 00:39:36,040
Will plasma rockets be used to travel outside of our solar system?

800
00:39:36,040 --> 00:39:49,040
Eventually, plasma rockets will become even more powerful, where the energy of the plasma will be generated by an internal source, a thermonuclear reaction called fusion.

801
00:39:49,040 --> 00:39:51,040
I've heard of fusion. It sounds fast.

802
00:39:51,040 --> 00:40:03,040
Fusion rockets will be so fast that it will be possible for people to travel to the farthest reaches of the solar system and be able to return to their families within a couple of years.

803
00:40:03,040 --> 00:40:05,040
How long before we have this type of space travel?

804
00:40:05,040 --> 00:40:14,040
It is hard to tell. One never knows about progress. It could be as long as 50 years, but then again, it could be less.

805
00:40:14,040 --> 00:40:15,040
Why so long?

806
00:40:15,040 --> 00:40:20,040
Developing new technology takes time, and we do want to make sure it's safe.

807
00:40:20,040 --> 00:40:27,040
I know NASA is very cautious and always puts safety first. Thanks, Dr. Chang-Diaz, for giving us a lot to look forward to in the future.

808
00:40:27,040 --> 00:40:35,040
You're welcome. And don't forget to have fun designing your vacation. And be sure to call if you need anything else.

809
00:40:35,040 --> 00:40:40,040
Wow, that was cool. I think we need to go to the problem board and organize our information.

810
00:40:40,040 --> 00:40:41,040
What do we know?

811
00:40:41,040 --> 00:40:46,040
From Catherine's notes, we've learned that space travel will be a lot different from today's travel.

812
00:40:46,040 --> 00:40:52,040
And we know from Dr. Chang-Diaz that it's going to take a propulsion system unlike any we currently have to go beyond our galaxy.

813
00:40:52,040 --> 00:40:55,040
I think we need to know more about our galaxy.

814
00:40:56,040 --> 00:40:59,040
Wait, guys. Here's Bianca from Puerto Rico.

815
00:41:00,040 --> 00:41:11,040
Hi, guys. I'm up here, on top of the Yokohu Tower, 1,575 feet in the air, overlooking the National Caribbean Rainforest, or Oyonke.

816
00:41:11,040 --> 00:41:15,040
This is the only rainforest in the U.S. National Forest System.

817
00:41:15,040 --> 00:41:23,040
According to the ancient Taino Indian legend, the good spirit Yukiyu protects Puerto Rico and its people from his mighty mountaintop throne.

818
00:41:23,040 --> 00:41:27,040
Can you believe that more than 100 billion gallons of rain falls here every year?

819
00:41:27,040 --> 00:41:32,040
That's why there are so many rushing streams, rivers, and there's even waterfalls like this one.

820
00:41:32,040 --> 00:41:36,040
There are these beautiful, impatient flowers in all of these vines everywhere.

821
00:41:36,040 --> 00:41:40,040
And they even have over 240 different species of trees.

822
00:41:40,040 --> 00:41:44,040
I finally made it to the Diego waterfall.

823
00:41:44,040 --> 00:41:48,040
Isn't it great? But I think it's time for me to take a swim.

824
00:41:48,040 --> 00:41:53,040
By the way, my next stop is my Arecibo internship.

825
00:41:59,040 --> 00:42:05,040
Bianca is so lucky. She's actually visiting the largest radio telescope in the world.

826
00:42:05,040 --> 00:42:07,040
Maybe she can do some research for us.

827
00:42:07,040 --> 00:42:10,040
I've heard that Arecibo looks for extraterrestrial life.

828
00:42:10,040 --> 00:42:12,040
Do you mean aliens?

829
00:42:12,040 --> 00:42:14,040
I've heard that they use radio telescopes to listen for them.

830
00:42:14,040 --> 00:42:19,040
I think we should ask Bianca to research the out-of-the-galaxy stop on space travel.

831
00:42:19,040 --> 00:42:21,040
Great. Email her and let her know.

832
00:42:21,040 --> 00:42:23,040
What's up?

833
00:42:23,040 --> 00:42:26,040
Will space travel become common in your lifetime?

834
00:42:26,040 --> 00:42:29,040
Are plasma rockets the answer to future space travel?

835
00:42:29,040 --> 00:42:32,040
Which destination will the treehouse detectives choose?

836
00:42:35,040 --> 00:42:40,040
In the last episode of Galactic Vacation, try to answer the following questions.

837
00:42:40,040 --> 00:42:42,040
What is a radio telescope?

838
00:42:42,040 --> 00:42:44,040
How do we look for life in the universe?

839
00:42:47,040 --> 00:42:48,040
Hi, Bianca.

840
00:42:48,040 --> 00:42:50,040
Hi, Dr. V. Welcome to Puerto Rico.

841
00:42:50,040 --> 00:42:53,040
Thanks for inviting me to come look for your telescope.

842
00:42:53,040 --> 00:42:54,040
Glad to have you.

843
00:42:54,040 --> 00:42:55,040
How does it work?

844
00:42:55,040 --> 00:42:57,040
This is a reflecting telescope.

845
00:42:57,040 --> 00:43:01,040
It has an 8-inch mirror that gathers a lot of light and makes dim objects visible.

846
00:43:01,040 --> 00:43:05,040
That's cool. So we can see the planets and stars.

847
00:43:05,040 --> 00:43:09,040
Yes. Did you know that at the Arecibo radio telescope in 1992,

848
00:43:09,040 --> 00:43:12,040
the very first planets outside of our own solar system were discovered?

849
00:43:12,040 --> 00:43:16,040
Since then, we've discovered over 100 of what we call extra-solar planets.

850
00:43:16,040 --> 00:43:20,040
You mean there are other planets not in our solar system?

851
00:43:20,040 --> 00:43:22,040
Why didn't we find them sooner?

852
00:43:22,040 --> 00:43:27,040
Planets are much smaller than stars, and because they don't produce their own light,

853
00:43:27,040 --> 00:43:31,040
and they're light-years away, they're very dim and difficult to detect.

854
00:43:31,040 --> 00:43:33,040
Do you think any of the planets have life?

855
00:43:33,040 --> 00:43:37,040
We don't know yet, but a lot depends on what kind of star they orbit.

856
00:43:37,040 --> 00:43:41,040
Stars all look the same to me, except some are brighter than others.

857
00:43:41,040 --> 00:43:44,040
Take a look. I've got the star Betelgeuse in the telescope.

858
00:43:44,040 --> 00:43:48,040
Betelgeuse? Isn't that a movie?

859
00:43:48,040 --> 00:43:50,040
Betelgeuse is a giant star.

860
00:43:50,040 --> 00:43:56,040
It's dying, and in its old age, it expanded to more than 500 times the size of the sun,

861
00:43:56,040 --> 00:43:59,040
which is larger than the orbit of Mars.

862
00:43:59,040 --> 00:44:03,040
I guess that if there were life on any planets around Betelgeuse, it wouldn't have survived.

863
00:44:03,040 --> 00:44:07,040
That's right. We don't expect to find life around giant stars.

864
00:44:07,040 --> 00:44:09,040
Do you know that stars come in different colors?

865
00:44:09,040 --> 00:44:13,040
Stars have colors? I guess Betelgeuse did look a little red.

866
00:44:13,040 --> 00:44:16,040
Here, check out this star called Regula.

867
00:44:21,040 --> 00:44:24,040
It looks blue. Does the color mean anything?

868
00:44:24,040 --> 00:44:26,040
Yes, the color indicates temperature.

869
00:44:26,040 --> 00:44:29,040
Blue stars are hot, and red stars are cooler.

870
00:44:29,040 --> 00:44:33,040
That's different. Usually blue is cold and red is hot.

871
00:44:33,040 --> 00:44:35,040
Isn't our sun yellow?

872
00:44:35,040 --> 00:44:42,040
Yes. Our sun, a dwarf star, is not too hot, it's not too cold, it's just right.

873
00:44:42,040 --> 00:44:44,040
Very funny, Dr. D.

874
00:44:44,040 --> 00:44:46,040
In order to have life as we know it,

875
00:44:46,040 --> 00:44:50,040
a planet must be just the right distance from a star so liquid water can exist.

876
00:44:50,040 --> 00:44:52,040
It's called the habitable zone.

877
00:44:52,040 --> 00:44:56,040
If the star is too hot, there will be too much ultraviolet radiation.

878
00:44:57,040 --> 00:45:00,040
I know about that. It's what causes you to get sunburn.

879
00:45:00,040 --> 00:45:05,040
Luckily I know about UV rays, and I'm wearing lots of sunscreen while here in Puerto Rico.

880
00:45:05,040 --> 00:45:07,040
Yes, and hotter stars don't live very long,

881
00:45:07,040 --> 00:45:11,040
so there might not be time enough for conditions necessary for life to develop.

882
00:45:11,040 --> 00:45:16,040
So does that mean there will only be life on planets that have stars exactly like ours?

883
00:45:16,040 --> 00:45:19,040
They don't have to be exactly the same as ours, just similar.

884
00:45:19,040 --> 00:45:22,040
They can be a little hotter or a little colder.

885
00:45:22,040 --> 00:45:24,040
Here, take a look at this.

886
00:45:27,040 --> 00:45:30,040
It looks like a blue cloud.

887
00:45:30,040 --> 00:45:32,040
It's called the Orion Nebula.

888
00:45:32,040 --> 00:45:36,040
It's a glowing cloud of hydrogen gas 1,500 light years from Earth.

889
00:45:36,040 --> 00:45:40,040
Right now a star is forming just behind this glowing cloud.

890
00:45:40,040 --> 00:45:44,040
If a star were born right now, we wouldn't know about it for 1,500 years.

891
00:45:44,040 --> 00:45:46,040
You've been paying attention.

892
00:45:46,040 --> 00:45:49,040
Let me show you something really spectacular.

893
00:45:50,040 --> 00:45:53,040
It just looks like a fuzzy patch of light.

894
00:45:53,040 --> 00:45:55,040
It's called the Whirlpool Galaxy.

895
00:45:55,040 --> 00:45:58,040
It doesn't look very bright because it is so far away.

896
00:45:58,040 --> 00:46:00,040
How far away is it?

897
00:46:00,040 --> 00:46:02,040
We don't have an exact distance,

898
00:46:02,040 --> 00:46:06,040
but we estimate it to be between 15 and 37 million light years.

899
00:46:06,040 --> 00:46:09,040
It has about 100 billion stars in it.

900
00:46:09,040 --> 00:46:11,040
That's amazing.

901
00:46:11,040 --> 00:46:15,040
With 100 billion stars, there's got to be a lot of just right stars,

902
00:46:16,040 --> 00:46:19,040
and at least one must have a planet with life on it.

903
00:46:19,040 --> 00:46:21,040
Well, if there isn't,

904
00:46:21,040 --> 00:46:25,040
there are hundreds of billions of other galaxies that might have life.

905
00:46:25,040 --> 00:46:29,040
Wow, trillions of galaxies with billions of stars.

906
00:46:29,040 --> 00:46:31,040
My mind hurts.

907
00:46:31,040 --> 00:46:33,040
Thanks, Dr. D.

908
00:46:33,040 --> 00:46:34,040
Anytime.

909
00:46:34,040 --> 00:46:35,040
See you later.

910
00:46:35,040 --> 00:46:36,040
Bye.

911
00:46:36,040 --> 00:46:40,040
Mi nombre es Bianca Baker, reporting here for my internship.

912
00:46:40,040 --> 00:46:42,040
You can proceed.

913
00:46:43,040 --> 00:46:46,040
I'm at the Arecibo Observatory.

914
00:46:46,040 --> 00:46:48,040
Let me tell you a little bit about its history.

915
00:46:48,040 --> 00:46:51,040
The observatory began operating in 1963.

916
00:46:51,040 --> 00:46:56,040
It has a 20-acre radar dish and a 1,010-platform suspended above it.

917
00:46:56,040 --> 00:46:58,040
I'm going on a tour later.

918
00:46:58,040 --> 00:47:00,040
Do you want to come along?

919
00:47:00,040 --> 00:47:01,040
Hi, Bianca.

920
00:47:01,040 --> 00:47:02,040
Welcome to Arecibo.

921
00:47:02,040 --> 00:47:03,040
I'm Dr. José Alonso.

922
00:47:03,040 --> 00:47:04,040
Nice to meet you.

923
00:47:04,040 --> 00:47:06,040
This place is so huge.

924
00:47:06,040 --> 00:47:08,040
I can't wait to see everything.

925
00:47:08,040 --> 00:47:09,040
Where do we start?

926
00:47:09,040 --> 00:47:12,040
I have a perfect spot where you can have a great look at the telescope.

927
00:47:18,040 --> 00:47:20,040
Wow, this is amazing.

928
00:47:20,040 --> 00:47:24,040
I can't believe I'm 550 feet above the dish.

929
00:47:24,040 --> 00:47:26,040
But I have a question.

930
00:47:26,040 --> 00:47:29,040
Is a regular telescope like a radio telescope?

931
00:47:29,040 --> 00:47:33,040
The difference is that regular telescopes gather light,

932
00:47:33,040 --> 00:47:36,040
and radio telescopes gather radio waves.

933
00:47:36,040 --> 00:47:38,040
Where do the signals come from?

934
00:47:38,040 --> 00:47:41,040
Most objects in the universe, like galaxies, pulsars, quasars,

935
00:47:41,040 --> 00:47:43,040
they emit radio waves.

936
00:47:43,040 --> 00:47:45,040
How does the radio telescope work?

937
00:47:45,040 --> 00:47:48,040
Radio signals, which are coming from the sky,

938
00:47:48,040 --> 00:47:51,040
they will be reflected from the very large reflector underneath.

939
00:47:51,040 --> 00:47:55,040
Then they will come up and be gathered into special receivers

940
00:47:55,040 --> 00:47:58,040
that will transform them into an electrical signal.

941
00:47:58,040 --> 00:48:01,040
That signal will then be sent to the control room

942
00:48:01,040 --> 00:48:04,040
where scientists will be able to see them.

943
00:48:04,040 --> 00:48:06,040
Why electrical signals?

944
00:48:06,040 --> 00:48:09,040
Because the signals can be monitored by these special computers.

945
00:48:09,040 --> 00:48:13,040
Here's an example of how the signal might be displayed.

946
00:48:13,040 --> 00:48:15,040
It looks like a graph.

947
00:48:17,040 --> 00:48:20,040
Bianca, I want you to meet Tapasi Gosh.

948
00:48:20,040 --> 00:48:22,040
She's one of our astronomers.

949
00:48:22,040 --> 00:48:23,040
Hi, Bianca.

950
00:48:23,040 --> 00:48:24,040
Hello.

951
00:48:24,040 --> 00:48:26,040
Puerto Rico is an island in the Caribbean,

952
00:48:26,040 --> 00:48:28,040
so why would they choose to build a large telescope here?

953
00:48:28,040 --> 00:48:30,040
I have some work to do.

954
00:48:30,040 --> 00:48:31,040
I'll see you later, Bianca.

955
00:48:31,040 --> 00:48:32,040
Bye.

956
00:48:32,040 --> 00:48:35,040
Do you know we can fit 16 football fields in this area?

957
00:48:35,040 --> 00:48:37,040
16 football fields?

958
00:48:37,040 --> 00:48:40,040
They had to find a huge sinkhole to put it in.

959
00:48:40,040 --> 00:48:43,040
Also, do you think you can move a 1,000-foot telescope around?

960
00:48:43,040 --> 00:48:45,040
I wouldn't even want to try.

961
00:48:45,040 --> 00:48:48,040
We knew we couldn't move such a large telescope,

962
00:48:48,040 --> 00:48:52,040
so it had to be put in a place where it points in the right direction.

963
00:48:52,040 --> 00:48:53,040
Where does it need to point?

964
00:48:53,040 --> 00:48:55,040
It points upwards,

965
00:48:55,040 --> 00:48:59,040
but one of the main purposes of this telescope is to observe planets,

966
00:48:59,040 --> 00:49:01,040
and from near the equator,

967
00:49:01,040 --> 00:49:04,040
you can observe them across the sky for a long time.

968
00:49:04,040 --> 00:49:07,040
I understand now, but where are we going next?

969
00:49:07,040 --> 00:49:09,040
I'm going to take you under the dish,

970
00:49:09,040 --> 00:49:11,040
and then we come back to the control room.

971
00:49:13,040 --> 00:49:16,040
I can't believe they were underneath the telescope,

972
00:49:16,040 --> 00:49:18,040
but I can see the sky through it.

973
00:49:18,040 --> 00:49:19,040
Why are there holes in the dish?

974
00:49:19,040 --> 00:49:22,040
Don't the holes let the radio waves leak through?

975
00:49:22,040 --> 00:49:26,040
No, it's like bouncing a ball off a tennis racket.

976
00:49:26,040 --> 00:49:29,040
If the ball were smaller, then it would go through the hole.

977
00:49:29,040 --> 00:49:32,040
Likewise, radio signal, being of longer wavelength,

978
00:49:32,040 --> 00:49:36,040
bounces off the dish, but optical signal won't.

979
00:49:36,040 --> 00:49:37,040
That's right.

980
00:49:37,040 --> 00:49:40,040
We learned about the wavelength of light in the case of the mysterious red light.

981
00:49:40,040 --> 00:49:43,040
Bianca, let me take you to the control room now.

982
00:49:43,040 --> 00:49:44,040
You will meet our director,

983
00:49:44,040 --> 00:49:47,040
and he's going to tell you about alien research.

984
00:49:50,040 --> 00:49:51,040
Hi, Bianca.

985
00:49:51,040 --> 00:49:53,040
I'm Dr. Altshuler.

986
00:49:53,040 --> 00:49:55,040
I'm the director of the LACB Observatory.

987
00:49:55,040 --> 00:49:57,040
Are you enjoying your tour?

988
00:49:57,040 --> 00:49:59,040
Yes, this place is awesome.

989
00:49:59,040 --> 00:50:02,040
Yes, it's an exciting place to work.

990
00:50:02,040 --> 00:50:06,040
We study things very near, like our atmosphere.

991
00:50:06,040 --> 00:50:09,040
We study things in the solar system,

992
00:50:09,040 --> 00:50:13,040
like the moons of Jupiter or asteroids.

993
00:50:13,040 --> 00:50:16,040
We even search for extraterrestrial intelligence.

994
00:50:16,040 --> 00:50:18,040
Have you found any yet?

995
00:50:18,040 --> 00:50:20,040
No, not yet, but we're not discouraged.

996
00:50:20,040 --> 00:50:23,040
It's a very big place to look for something like this,

997
00:50:23,040 --> 00:50:25,040
and we have to keep on searching.

998
00:50:25,040 --> 00:50:28,040
Why do you look for life in the universe?

999
00:50:28,040 --> 00:50:30,040
Ever since the beginning of mankind,

1000
00:50:30,040 --> 00:50:34,040
we've always wondered, by looking at the stars at night,

1001
00:50:34,040 --> 00:50:37,040
if we're really alone, and we would like to really know.

1002
00:50:37,040 --> 00:50:39,040
This would be the greatest discovery ever.

1003
00:50:39,040 --> 00:50:41,040
How do you look for life?

1004
00:50:41,040 --> 00:50:44,040
Well, one way is to search for artificial signals.

1005
00:50:44,040 --> 00:50:46,040
What's that?

1006
00:50:46,040 --> 00:50:49,040
A signal that is not produced by nature.

1007
00:50:49,040 --> 00:50:53,040
So if we detect a signal like that coming from somewhere else,

1008
00:50:53,040 --> 00:50:58,040
we will probably conclude that there's somebody who made that signal.

1009
00:50:58,040 --> 00:51:00,040
How do you locate these signals?

1010
00:51:00,040 --> 00:51:02,040
Well, researchers bring special equipment

1011
00:51:02,040 --> 00:51:05,040
to connect to our huge telescope,

1012
00:51:05,040 --> 00:51:09,040
and then we point the telescope to thousands of stars

1013
00:51:09,040 --> 00:51:12,040
that look like and are like the sun.

1014
00:51:12,040 --> 00:51:14,040
Dr. D told us that sun-like stars

1015
00:51:14,040 --> 00:51:17,040
are the most likely to have planets with life.

1016
00:51:17,040 --> 00:51:19,040
He's right, and the ones we know have planets

1017
00:51:19,040 --> 00:51:21,040
will be looked at very carefully.

1018
00:51:21,040 --> 00:51:24,040
Have you ever tried to send an alien a signal?

1019
00:51:24,040 --> 00:51:27,040
We did that once in 1974.

1020
00:51:27,040 --> 00:51:30,040
We sent a signal that had something to say

1021
00:51:30,040 --> 00:51:34,040
about who we are and how we are and where we are,

1022
00:51:34,040 --> 00:51:36,040
but usually we listen.

1023
00:51:36,040 --> 00:51:40,040
Do you really believe there's life out there?

1024
00:51:40,040 --> 00:51:45,040
It's such a large universe, so many stars, many planets.

1025
00:51:45,040 --> 00:51:49,040
It would be difficult to think that we're just all alone in this big place.

1026
00:51:49,040 --> 00:51:53,040
What would you do if you were contacted by other intelligent life?

1027
00:51:53,040 --> 00:51:56,040
It would be the greatest discovery ever.

1028
00:51:56,040 --> 00:51:59,040
But before we go out and announce it to the world,

1029
00:51:59,040 --> 00:52:02,040
we would have to confirm and make sure that it is real,

1030
00:52:02,040 --> 00:52:04,040
that we didn't make a mistake,

1031
00:52:04,040 --> 00:52:07,040
and probably ask other observatories to look also

1032
00:52:07,040 --> 00:52:10,040
and see that it is true.

1033
00:52:10,040 --> 00:52:12,040
I'm not sure I would even know what to say

1034
00:52:12,040 --> 00:52:15,040
if I made contact with an extraterrestrial being.

1035
00:52:15,040 --> 00:52:17,040
Would you?

1036
00:52:17,040 --> 00:52:20,040
If we ever make contact here with an extraterrestrial intelligence,

1037
00:52:20,040 --> 00:52:22,040
Bianca, we'll call you.

1038
00:52:22,040 --> 00:52:24,040
Thank you.

1039
00:52:25,040 --> 00:52:27,040
Hi, guys. I'm back.

1040
00:52:27,040 --> 00:52:29,040
Well, hi, Bianca.

1041
00:52:29,040 --> 00:52:32,040
Great. Now that you're back from your out-of-this-world internship,

1042
00:52:32,040 --> 00:52:34,040
we can get to work on the travel brochure.

1043
00:52:34,040 --> 00:52:36,040
What did we decide to do?

1044
00:52:36,040 --> 00:52:40,040
For some great ideas on how to present the final report on your investigations,

1045
00:52:40,040 --> 00:52:42,040
visit the NASA Sci-Files website.

1046
00:52:42,040 --> 00:52:44,040
I think we should create a space cruise line.

1047
00:52:44,040 --> 00:52:46,040
That's a great idea.

1048
00:52:46,040 --> 00:52:49,040
The Moon could be our first dock of call, Mars our second,

1049
00:52:49,040 --> 00:52:51,040
and somewhere in the galaxy our third.

1050
00:52:51,040 --> 00:52:53,040
I have the cruise ship.

1051
00:52:53,040 --> 00:52:55,040
Our brochure can read something like this.

1052
00:52:55,040 --> 00:52:58,040
You can begin your out-of-this-world vacation with a three-day trip to the Moon.

1053
00:52:58,040 --> 00:53:02,040
Unfortunately, the accommodations and food aren't exactly five-star.

1054
00:53:02,040 --> 00:53:04,040
Yes, as we learned from the ISS crew,

1055
00:53:04,040 --> 00:53:07,040
eating and sleeping are much different from on Earth.

1056
00:53:07,040 --> 00:53:11,040
But Starship 2040 said things will be much better in the future.

1057
00:53:11,040 --> 00:53:13,040
At least we can advertise, truthfully,

1058
00:53:13,040 --> 00:53:16,040
that on this cruise you'll be at your thinnest.

1059
00:53:16,040 --> 00:53:17,040
Huh?

1060
00:53:17,040 --> 00:53:19,040
Remember, because of less gravity on the Moon,

1061
00:53:19,040 --> 00:53:22,040
one will weigh 15 pounds instead of 90.

1062
00:53:22,040 --> 00:53:26,040
And our travelers won't need to worry about buying expensive cruise clothing.

1063
00:53:26,040 --> 00:53:28,040
Because of extreme temperatures and lack of air,

1064
00:53:28,040 --> 00:53:30,040
spacesuits are required.

1065
00:53:30,040 --> 00:53:32,040
From the Moon we could head to Mars.

1066
00:53:32,040 --> 00:53:35,040
Remember, Mars is 1.5 times farther from the Sun than the Earth,

1067
00:53:35,040 --> 00:53:37,040
so it's a lot colder.

1068
00:53:37,040 --> 00:53:39,040
It also has some great tourist attractions,

1069
00:53:39,040 --> 00:53:42,040
such as the largest volcano and mountain in the solar system.

1070
00:53:42,040 --> 00:53:45,040
Make sure you sign up for that tour, Jacob.

1071
00:53:45,040 --> 00:53:46,040
Yeah, right.

1072
00:53:46,040 --> 00:53:50,040
Finally, our last stop will be the next nearest star in our Milky Way galaxy,

1073
00:53:50,040 --> 00:53:52,040
Proxima Centauri.

1074
00:53:52,040 --> 00:53:54,040
I hope our group has a lot of time,

1075
00:53:54,040 --> 00:53:56,040
because even in our fastest space probe,

1076
00:53:56,040 --> 00:53:58,040
it could take 60,000 years to get there.

1077
00:53:58,040 --> 00:54:00,040
Unless we get a new propulsion system,

1078
00:54:00,040 --> 00:54:02,040
I don't think we'll be making our last stop.

1079
00:54:02,040 --> 00:54:04,040
If we do, then who knows?

1080
00:54:04,040 --> 00:54:09,040
The researchers from Arecibo might pick us up on their radio telescope.

1081
00:54:09,040 --> 00:54:11,040
We might even run into extraterrestrial life.

1082
00:54:11,040 --> 00:54:13,040
This is going to be a great brochure.

1083
00:54:13,040 --> 00:54:16,040
We should also take some videos so we can make a commercial, too.

1084
00:54:16,040 --> 00:54:18,040
Great idea.

1085
00:54:21,040 --> 00:54:23,040
So what do you think, Tony?

1086
00:54:23,040 --> 00:54:26,040
Jacob, I think you're gearing up for the wrong kind of cruise.

1087
00:54:26,040 --> 00:54:30,040
No, just getting in the mood for an out-of-this-world vacation.

1088
00:54:31,040 --> 00:54:36,040
I'm glad to give you this key and the logo of Loíza

1089
00:54:36,040 --> 00:54:40,040
as present in the name of Loíza Municipality.

1090
00:54:40,040 --> 00:54:42,040
Muchas gracias.

1091
00:54:42,040 --> 00:54:44,040
Me mola.

1092
00:54:44,040 --> 00:54:48,040
The difference is, on the Alpengeist, she'll let you...

1093
00:54:48,040 --> 00:54:50,040
She'll let you...

1094
00:54:57,040 --> 00:55:00,040
Billions of galaxies and billions of stars

1095
00:55:00,040 --> 00:55:03,040
all in this universe of ours.

1096
00:55:18,040 --> 00:55:23,040
The Alpengeist

1097
00:55:48,040 --> 00:55:51,040
The Alpengeist

1098
00:56:11,040 --> 00:56:13,040
NASA Science Files was made possible

1099
00:56:13,040 --> 00:56:16,040
through the generous support of Bush Gardens Williamsburg,

1100
00:56:16,040 --> 00:56:19,040
SeaWorld, and NASA Langley Research Center's

1101
00:56:19,040 --> 00:56:22,040
Aerospace Vehicles Technology Office.

1102
00:56:22,040 --> 00:56:26,040
Captioning provided by NEC Foundation of America.