1 00:00:00,750 --> 00:00:07,549 Hello children, welcome back to my class. In this case we are going to do it via video and I hope you like it. 2 00:00:07,750 --> 00:00:13,130 We are going to start with the 20th century in Spain. 3 00:00:14,589 --> 00:00:29,050 To start with, well, I must say I hope every one of you is fine at home, everybody is healthy and I hope we see each other pretty soon. 4 00:00:29,050 --> 00:00:37,929 So to start with the 20th century we have to remember how the society was 5 00:00:37,929 --> 00:00:45,130 before the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution. If you remember the 6 00:00:45,130 --> 00:00:56,509 society then was very different from nowadays. There was inequality and there 7 00:00:56,509 --> 00:01:04,909 was a person, a king, a royal family, who was very powerful if we compared him with 8 00:01:04,909 --> 00:01:14,989 the rest of the people of them. And at the bottom there were people, peasants, farmers, 9 00:01:14,989 --> 00:01:25,269 who were most of them. But if we talk about money, you have to think that less had more 10 00:01:25,269 --> 00:01:33,969 money than the more we who usually were very poor as you remember so something 11 00:01:33,969 --> 00:01:40,310 happened in France it was the French Revolution as you already know they 12 00:01:40,310 --> 00:01:47,769 wanted more they wanted to live better and because they saw that there were a 13 00:01:47,769 --> 00:01:56,569 few people royal family and the nobles that they used to live very well if we 14 00:01:56,569 --> 00:02:07,450 compare them with more the peasants and so besides that something happened in 15 00:02:07,450 --> 00:02:14,889 England as well in Manchester and it was an invention of the steam engine as you 16 00:02:14,889 --> 00:02:21,849 know this changed everything and we are going to see a video about the steam 17 00:02:21,849 --> 00:02:36,060 engine I hope you like it and then we'll start the lesson 18 00:02:36,060 --> 00:02:46,620 the steam engine in 1769 James Watt perfected the steam engine the machine 19 00:02:46,620 --> 00:02:56,930 that changed the world this machine made it possible to transform thermal energy 20 00:02:56,930 --> 00:03:05,110 from steam into the mechanical energy that was used to power machines. By the 21 00:03:05,110 --> 00:03:10,550 mid 19th century the steam engine played a decisive role in the Industrial 22 00:03:10,550 --> 00:03:23,449 Revolution. It powered many industries around the world as well as all the main 23 00:03:23,449 --> 00:03:53,520 types of land and sea transport. Okay so as you know the Industrial Revolution 24 00:03:53,520 --> 00:04:00,620 came to Spain not at the same time as England or France or Germany because 25 00:04:00,620 --> 00:04:07,300 during the 19th century Spain had a lot of trouble. If you remember we had a lot 26 00:04:07,300 --> 00:04:14,219 of different kings and one queen because there were a time of trouble, problemas 27 00:04:14,219 --> 00:04:23,459 in the country, in our country in Spain. So it was the cause that the 28 00:04:23,459 --> 00:04:30,899 Industrial Revolution came later than in the rest of the European countries as we 29 00:04:30,899 --> 00:04:38,100 have already said England, France, Germany and we can say also Italy. If you 30 00:04:38,100 --> 00:04:42,839 remember during the 19th century there were different kings Carlos IV, 31 00:04:42,839 --> 00:04:53,319 Fernando VII, Isabel II then, they tried to have a new royal family 32 00:04:53,319 --> 00:04:59,220 La Casa de Saboya with Amadeo I and then because it was a disaster they 33 00:04:59,220 --> 00:05:07,600 tried to have the first Spanish Republic but it was also a disaster so later they 34 00:05:07,600 --> 00:05:16,279 tried to have the Isabel II's son Alfonso XII but as you already know 35 00:05:16,279 --> 00:05:26,100 they died, he died pretty soon so his son Alfonso XIII ruled Spain but he 36 00:05:26,100 --> 00:05:38,860 started in 1902 before that his mother Maria de las Mercedes ruled Spain so 37 00:05:38,860 --> 00:05:51,439 welcome to welcome to the 20th century so as we already know the king was 38 00:05:51,439 --> 00:06:05,439 Alfonso XIII in 1902. So, his goal was to have a peaceful country, tener paz en el país. 39 00:06:05,439 --> 00:06:14,439 Quería tener paz en el país. ¿Cómo lo hizo? What was his idea? His idea was actually a pretty bad idea 40 00:06:14,439 --> 00:06:21,600 idea, because his idea was the turnismo. He talked to two different politicians, Canovas 41 00:06:21,600 --> 00:06:39,160 del Castillo, conservative party, and Amadeo Sagasta. Canovas and Sagasta. Canovas and 42 00:06:39,160 --> 00:06:45,860 Sagasta were two politicians that, with the help of Alfonso XIII, maintained turnismo 43 00:06:45,860 --> 00:06:53,680 for almost 30 years. So, what did they do? They were in power in turns for four or five 44 00:06:53,680 --> 00:06:58,819 years Canovas del Castillo and then later Amadeo de Gasta-Gasta and then later Canovas 45 00:06:58,819 --> 00:07:06,459 del Castillo and then later Amadeo de Gasta-Gasta. So, with very rich amañadas elections, elecciones 46 00:07:06,459 --> 00:07:12,100 amañadas, no eran legales, they turned in power for almost 30 years. People thought 47 00:07:12,100 --> 00:07:17,100 they could do something voting but finally everything remained the same so 48 00:07:17,100 --> 00:07:30,100 people got very angry very people got very angry when they discovered that the 49 00:07:30,100 --> 00:07:39,139 elections were very rigged. Estaban amañadas. Okay so let's come back who was 50 00:07:39,139 --> 00:07:50,660 last king of the Restoration era. The King Alfonso XII died in 1885, as you already know, 51 00:07:50,660 --> 00:07:58,079 before his son Alfonso XIII was born. Queen Maria Cristina ruled the country as regent 52 00:07:58,079 --> 00:08:07,759 for the son until he was sixteen. Alfonso XIII started to rule in 1902. He was the last king 53 00:08:07,759 --> 00:08:17,959 of the restoration era and he had to rule with serious social and political 54 00:08:17,959 --> 00:08:27,079 conflicts because as you already know as I told you people got very angry they 55 00:08:27,079 --> 00:08:37,879 They wanted to improve their life conditions. 56 00:08:37,879 --> 00:08:46,039 People wanted to improve, mejorar, their life conditions, la gente quería vivir mejor. 57 00:08:46,039 --> 00:08:57,080 So it was the reason, because they made a lot of strikes, huelgas, walkers, and mass 58 00:08:57,080 --> 00:09:05,539 organized labor unions, sindicatos. Okay? Sindicatos. There were strikes and violent 59 00:09:05,539 --> 00:09:12,779 street protests. They asked for better labor conditions and a fair distribution 60 00:09:12,779 --> 00:09:19,940 of wealth. As you already know, people during the revolution, industrial 61 00:09:19,940 --> 00:09:25,519 revolution, used to work with very bad labor conditions. 62 00:09:25,519 --> 00:09:31,899 Si os acordáis, en el tema anterior vimos cómo la gente, los trabajadores, vivían muy mal. 63 00:09:32,759 --> 00:09:33,720 Vivían muy mal. 64 00:09:35,059 --> 00:09:42,519 Por eso fue que crearon los sindicatos para mejorar sus condiciones laborales y sus condiciones de vida. 65 00:09:42,519 --> 00:09:51,539 So, they had to do a lot of strikes, huelgas, and protest, manifestaciones, huelgas y manifestaciones. 66 00:09:51,539 --> 00:09:57,539 As you already know, Spain had a lot of wars during the 19th century. 67 00:09:57,539 --> 00:10:00,539 España tuvo muchas guerras en el siglo XIX. 68 00:10:00,539 --> 00:10:08,539 And Spain also had a few wars at the beginning of the 20th century. 69 00:10:08,539 --> 00:10:12,539 The first of all was the war in Morocco. 70 00:10:12,539 --> 00:10:19,539 A little part of Morocco was part of Spain. Una parte de Marruecos era de España. 71 00:10:19,539 --> 00:10:24,700 So, at the beginning of the 20th century, Spain controlled territories in North Africa. 72 00:10:25,399 --> 00:10:31,039 War broke out in Morocco in 1921 in the Battle of Anuel. 73 00:10:31,419 --> 00:10:35,539 Spain lost many soldiers and its territories in North Africa. 74 00:10:36,360 --> 00:10:38,879 So, Spain lost the war. 75 00:10:39,500 --> 00:10:47,700 España perdió la guerra de Marruecos y perdió los territorios que tenía en ese país, en Marruecos. 76 00:10:47,700 --> 00:10:57,080 except Ceuta and Melilla, except Ceuta and Melilla, as you already know, they are part of Spain as well. 77 00:10:57,580 --> 00:11:03,080 So, with this situation, there were people in Spain who wanted to leave Spain 78 00:11:03,080 --> 00:11:11,620 because Spain was a disaster in the 19th century and it was a disaster at the beginning of the 20th century. 79 00:11:11,620 --> 00:11:24,000 So, Catalonia and País Vasco started to think that they could improve, that they could live better if they abandoned and if they leave Spain. 80 00:11:24,259 --> 00:11:27,620 So, they tried to demand autonomy. 81 00:11:28,799 --> 00:11:36,740 Catalonia y el País Vasco pensaban que vivirían mejor si dejaban de ser parte de España. 82 00:11:36,919 --> 00:11:37,620 Y eso es lo que hicieron. 83 00:11:38,059 --> 00:11:39,779 Intentaron abandonar España. 84 00:11:39,779 --> 00:11:46,320 But what happened? There was a coup. What's a coup? Un golpe de estado. 85 00:11:47,379 --> 00:11:53,440 A military named Primo de Rivera made a coup. 86 00:11:53,779 --> 00:12:00,500 Parliament seemed incapable of solving the conflicts of the reign of Alfonso XIII. 87 00:12:01,399 --> 00:12:06,580 Some members of the armed forces believed that politicians were destroying the country. 88 00:12:06,580 --> 00:12:11,740 In 1923, General Miguel Primo de Rivera led a coup. 89 00:12:12,220 --> 00:12:17,059 In a coup, a person or a group overthrows a government using military force. 90 00:12:17,919 --> 00:12:26,299 So, what he did, General Primo de Rivera, he took control of the country. 91 00:12:27,179 --> 00:12:30,019 And Alfonso XIII knew it. 92 00:12:30,419 --> 00:12:32,279 And he approved it. 93 00:12:32,279 --> 00:12:43,159 He knew that Primo de Rivera was going to do, to make a coup and he approved it. 94 00:12:43,159 --> 00:12:51,899 El rey Alfonso XIII sabía que el general Primo de Rivera iba a dar un golpe de estado y lo aprobaba, estaba de acuerdo. 95 00:12:52,200 --> 00:12:54,480 So general Primo de Rivera became a dictator. 96 00:12:55,320 --> 00:12:58,620 He abolished the constitution and dissolved parliament. 97 00:12:58,620 --> 00:13:09,740 So, there were no more political parties and all the power was focused in General Primo de Rivera. 98 00:13:10,299 --> 00:13:14,059 He appointed men from the armed forces to help him rule. 99 00:13:14,659 --> 00:13:22,019 He banned political parties and labor unions, prohibió los partidos políticos y los sindicatos. 100 00:13:22,019 --> 00:13:30,059 And he limited freedom for citizens. Limitó la libertad para los ciudadanos. 101 00:13:30,820 --> 00:13:36,379 So, during the dictatorship, many roads, railways, and other public works were built. 102 00:13:36,720 --> 00:13:38,539 Spain won the war with Morocco. 103 00:13:39,360 --> 00:13:44,500 However, the population opposed the dictatorship and demanded more freedom. 104 00:13:44,500 --> 00:13:58,500 So, al final, la gente se opuso a la dictadura porque demandaba más libertad. 105 00:13:58,500 --> 00:14:11,360 In 1930, so from 1923 to 1930, here you have the timeline, you can see that for seven years there was a dictatorship in Spain. 106 00:14:11,360 --> 00:14:16,120 So, in 1930, Primo de Rivera lost support and resigned. 107 00:14:17,240 --> 00:14:23,000 In 1930, he left the power in Spain. 108 00:14:23,539 --> 00:14:26,159 So, general elections were held in 1931. 109 00:14:26,840 --> 00:14:30,299 And the political parties that supported that republic won. 110 00:14:30,559 --> 00:14:34,059 And Alfonso XV went into exile. 111 00:14:34,059 --> 00:14:45,059 After Primo Rivera was out of power, there were elections and the Republican Party won. 112 00:14:45,059 --> 00:14:50,059 And then Alfonso XIII left Spain. 113 00:14:50,059 --> 00:14:55,059 Okay, so we are going to finish here and we'll carry on later. 114 00:14:55,059 --> 00:15:02,419 If you have any questions, you can ask me whatever you want, right?