1 00:00:01,310 --> 00:00:08,669 Hello sunshines and welcome to this video in which I'm going to explain you the relative clauses, 2 00:00:08,669 --> 00:00:13,630 the rules, the types that there are, and I'm going to provide you with some examples as well. 3 00:00:14,589 --> 00:00:21,949 Now let's begin with the basics. What are relative clauses? Relative clauses, also known as 4 00:00:21,949 --> 00:00:29,149 adjective clauses, are used to include or provide information about a noun, the same way that 5 00:00:29,149 --> 00:00:36,189 adjectives do and that's why they are also named adjective clauses and that noun can be a person 6 00:00:36,189 --> 00:00:46,670 or a group of people, animals, objects, a place, a time or a possession. Also in order for relative 7 00:00:46,670 --> 00:00:54,509 clauses to be considered as such they must include their own verb. That means that a sentence with a 8 00:00:54,509 --> 00:01:00,750 relative clause is always going to have two or more verbs and they must be 9 00:01:00,750 --> 00:01:08,430 introduced by a relative pronoun which makes a reference to the noun that has 10 00:01:08,430 --> 00:01:17,670 been mentioned before and that pronoun can be who used for people which used 11 00:01:17,670 --> 00:01:27,150 for animals and objects. That, which is a wild card, un comodín, it's a wild card 12 00:01:27,150 --> 00:01:33,909 that can be used instead of who or which but only in defining clauses. That es un 13 00:01:33,909 --> 00:01:38,549 comodín que vamos a poder intercambiar por who or which pero únicamente en las 14 00:01:38,549 --> 00:01:46,870 defining relative clauses. Whose expresses possession and we will go into 15 00:01:46,870 --> 00:01:55,170 further detail near the end of the presentation because it's a bit tricky. Where works with places 16 00:01:55,170 --> 00:02:03,689 and when works with time. Let's have a look at some examples before we continue explaining stuff. 17 00:02:04,510 --> 00:02:11,330 So let's say for example that I have two sentences like I've got a lot of friends and they live in 18 00:02:11,330 --> 00:02:18,610 Alicante. I can transform those two sentences into one only sentence that could be, I've got a lot 19 00:02:18,610 --> 00:02:27,409 of friends who or that live in Alicante. As you can see, here we are using who or that, so that 20 00:02:27,409 --> 00:02:35,050 gives you a clue about this relative clause being defining, okay? Another example, my father lives 21 00:02:35,050 --> 00:02:43,789 in Belgium. He is a diplomat. I wish he were, but it's not. He's not. My father, who is a diplomat, 22 00:02:44,069 --> 00:02:50,389 lives in Belgium. You see, here we can't use that. We are not using that. That means this 23 00:02:50,389 --> 00:02:58,770 sentence is non-defining. More examples. I'm dating a guy. Estoy saliendo con un chico. 24 00:02:58,770 --> 00:03:01,889 His sister works in the same school as me 25 00:03:01,889 --> 00:03:06,990 I'm dating a guy whose sister works in the same school as me 26 00:03:06,990 --> 00:03:08,430 See, this is the whose 27 00:03:08,430 --> 00:03:12,030 Here it makes reference to the guy but also to the sister 28 00:03:12,030 --> 00:03:14,870 It's the equivalent of the his 29 00:03:14,870 --> 00:03:20,689 And in Spanish we would say this sentence the same way 30 00:03:20,689 --> 00:03:26,889 Estoy saliendo con un chico cuya hermana trabaja en el mismo colegio que yo 31 00:03:26,889 --> 00:03:35,490 okay but as i said we will have a look at who's in detail further on i will never forget my trip 32 00:03:35,490 --> 00:03:42,949 to paris in paris i asked my girlfriend to marry me i will never forget my trip to paris where i 33 00:03:42,949 --> 00:03:52,169 asked my girlfriend to marry me we could also use when here because i popped the question during the 34 00:03:52,169 --> 00:03:59,150 trip, so it could also work as a time reference instead of a place reference, but I'm using the 35 00:03:59,150 --> 00:04:06,830 place reference here. Okay, now types of relative clauses. There are two, basically. Defining relative 36 00:04:06,830 --> 00:04:13,669 clauses, which give specific information about the noun, important information about the noun, 37 00:04:13,909 --> 00:04:20,629 and important information for the sentence to make sense. Here I'm giving you an example. The course 38 00:04:20,629 --> 00:04:29,850 which I'm taking is on Thursday evening, which or that, it doesn't matter. If we delete the bit 39 00:04:29,850 --> 00:04:35,370 where I say that I am taking the course, we don't know which course we are talking about. 40 00:04:35,870 --> 00:04:40,050 Si quitamos la parte en la que digo que es el curso que yo estoy haciendo, no sabemos de qué 41 00:04:40,050 --> 00:04:45,689 curso estamos hablando. Por lo tanto, no podemos quitar esa parte, ese trozo, which I'm taking 42 00:04:45,689 --> 00:04:50,790 or that I'm taking, porque entonces la oración, aunque en este caso gramaticalmente estaría 43 00:04:50,790 --> 00:04:56,189 correcta, a nivel de significado, a nivel de contenido del mensaje, pierde una parte esencial 44 00:04:56,189 --> 00:05:01,910 y fundamental. Y eso es lo que caracteriza a las defining relative clauses, que la información que 45 00:05:01,910 --> 00:05:09,730 aportan es fundamental. On the other hand, non-defining relative clauses give extra additional 46 00:05:09,730 --> 00:05:16,389 information about the noun, but it's not an important message for the sentence to 47 00:05:16,389 --> 00:05:22,730 make sense. Continuing with the previous example, I could continue saying the 48 00:05:22,730 --> 00:05:26,250 course, which I think is very useful, helps me work with the online 49 00:05:26,250 --> 00:05:32,089 educational platform. En este caso, sí que puedo quitar ese trozo en el que digo 50 00:05:32,089 --> 00:05:38,110 que el curso me parece muy útil, porque no aporta una información 51 00:05:38,110 --> 00:05:45,949 esencial para que la oración tenga sentido y sea lógica. Podría saltarme ese trozo y decir 52 00:05:45,949 --> 00:05:51,209 simplemente the course helps me work with the online educational platform. Sería una frase 53 00:05:51,209 --> 00:05:59,089 tanto gramaticalmente correcta como semánticamente completa y coherente también. ¿De acuerdo? 54 00:06:00,310 --> 00:06:04,649 Now let's have a look at the difference between defining and non-defining. There are basically 55 00:06:04,649 --> 00:06:10,649 four big differences, and we're going to analyze them in contrast. 56 00:06:11,110 --> 00:06:17,810 So, non-defining relative clauses go between punctuation marks, commas, or a comma plus 57 00:06:17,810 --> 00:06:24,490 a period, if it's at the end of the sentence, como ya hemos dicho, y visto, las non-defining 58 00:06:24,490 --> 00:06:28,930 van a ir siempre entre comas, o entre una coma y un punto, un punto y coma, dos puntos, 59 00:06:28,930 --> 00:06:35,350 cuando van al final de la oración, whereas defining relative clauses are not separated 60 00:06:35,350 --> 00:06:41,310 or divided from the rest of the sentence by punctuation marks because they are an essential 61 00:06:41,310 --> 00:06:47,089 part of the sentence. Las defining relative clauses forman parte esencial de la oración 62 00:06:47,089 --> 00:06:54,420 y por eso no van separadas del resto de la oración entre comas. Non-defining relative 63 00:06:54,420 --> 00:07:02,439 clauses can be skipped or omitted or deleted and the sentence is still complete whereas defining 64 00:07:02,439 --> 00:07:08,279 relative clauses need to be read or said for the sentence to make sense. Como ya hemos dicho, 65 00:07:08,839 --> 00:07:13,560 las defining relative clauses no nos las podemos saltar, hay que leerlas o decirlas para que la 66 00:07:13,560 --> 00:07:18,759 oración tenga sentido, mientras que las non-defining relative clauses sí que podemos omitirlas o 67 00:07:18,759 --> 00:07:21,199 soltárnoslas y sigue siendo una oración con sentido. 68 00:07:22,879 --> 00:07:28,720 In non-defining relative clauses, that is not allowed, whereas in defining relative 69 00:07:28,720 --> 00:07:34,759 clauses we can use that, but as we have already seen, not always, only instead of who or which. 70 00:07:35,259 --> 00:07:38,560 We're going to see a few examples of that in a few seconds. 71 00:07:39,180 --> 00:07:43,519 And finally, we can't omit the pronoun, ever. 72 00:07:43,519 --> 00:07:51,459 In a non-defining relative clause, the pronoun has always got to be there, whereas in a defining 73 00:07:51,459 --> 00:07:56,220 relative clause, we can omit the pronoun if it's not the subject of the verb. 74 00:07:56,720 --> 00:08:00,600 And how do we know that the pronoun is not the subject of the verb? 75 00:08:01,220 --> 00:08:08,360 Because there is something between the pronoun and the verb, and that something is going 76 00:08:08,360 --> 00:08:09,779 to be the subject of the verb. 77 00:08:10,779 --> 00:08:11,839 Me explico. 78 00:08:11,839 --> 00:08:18,240 Detrás del pronombre relativo siempre tiene que aparecer un verbo, como ya hemos comentado 79 00:08:18,240 --> 00:08:23,579 Ahora bien, si el pronombre no es el sujeto de ese verbo 80 00:08:23,579 --> 00:08:26,279 Si el pronombre relativo no es el sujeto de ese verbo 81 00:08:26,279 --> 00:08:31,660 El pronombre relativo, que tendría que ser who, which 82 00:08:31,660 --> 00:08:39,720 Y por deducción that or when 83 00:08:39,720 --> 00:08:48,000 can disappear and how do we know that it is not the subject of the verb because between the relative pronoun 84 00:08:48,000 --> 00:08:56,159 between that who, which, that or when and the verb that follows it there will be something in between a word 85 00:08:56,159 --> 00:09:04,259 a noun a pronoun a group of words that that will be the subject of that verb 86 00:09:04,259 --> 00:09:09,279 Al final de la presentación vais a tener varios ejemplos de esto, ¿de acuerdo? 87 00:09:09,919 --> 00:09:13,799 Voy a trabajar con ejemplos muy parecidos a lo largo de la presentación 88 00:09:13,799 --> 00:09:17,759 Para no bombardearos con 800.000 frases 89 00:09:17,759 --> 00:09:21,039 Y que sean cosas que os suenen, ¿vale? 90 00:09:22,200 --> 00:09:24,039 Ok, so let's have a look at the examples 91 00:09:24,039 --> 00:09:31,240 For all the pronouns we are going to see different examples of defining and non-defining relative clauses 92 00:09:31,240 --> 00:09:33,799 Except for that 93 00:09:33,799 --> 00:09:39,340 because, as we said, that is only working with defining relative clauses. Let's start with who. 94 00:09:41,750 --> 00:09:46,870 My cousin lives in London. He's a scientist. My cousin who lives in London, sorry, who is a 95 00:09:46,870 --> 00:09:54,269 scientist, lives in London. Here, the fact that he is a scientist is not essential for me to say 96 00:09:54,269 --> 00:10:02,169 that he lives in London, so we can take that part away and it still makes sense. Someone hacked the 97 00:10:02,169 --> 00:10:09,429 school's website. That person left a digital trace. Digital trace, un rastro digital, que es la forma 98 00:10:09,429 --> 00:10:16,789 que tienen tanto los hackers como las unidades de ciberdelincuencia de rastrear a las personas 99 00:10:16,789 --> 00:10:23,509 que cometen ciberdelitos. The person who hacked the school's website left a digital trace. Here, 100 00:10:24,129 --> 00:10:30,590 if we omit who hacked the school's website, we don't know what person we are talking about. 101 00:10:30,590 --> 00:10:33,529 and that's why it's a defining relative clause 102 00:10:33,529 --> 00:10:35,870 because we cannot take that away 103 00:10:35,870 --> 00:10:38,570 now let's move on to which 104 00:10:38,570 --> 00:10:41,490 I read a book last night 105 00:10:41,490 --> 00:10:43,629 it kept me awake for hours 106 00:10:43,629 --> 00:10:45,710 the book which I read last night 107 00:10:45,710 --> 00:10:47,269 kept me awake for hours 108 00:10:47,269 --> 00:10:51,860 someone hit my car from behind 109 00:10:51,860 --> 00:10:53,179 my car was parked 110 00:10:53,179 --> 00:10:55,840 someone hit my car which was parked 111 00:10:55,840 --> 00:10:56,779 from behind 112 00:10:56,779 --> 00:11:01,240 if we take away the which was parked part 113 00:11:01,240 --> 00:11:07,000 the sentence still makes sense whereas if we take away which I read last night 114 00:11:07,000 --> 00:11:12,659 from the previous example we don't know what book we are talking about and the 115 00:11:12,659 --> 00:11:19,580 sentence does not make complete sense so the first one is defining the 116 00:11:19,580 --> 00:11:26,179 second one non-defining let's move on to that so all these examples are going to 117 00:11:26,179 --> 00:11:32,159 defining relative clauses. The book that I read last night kept me awake for 118 00:11:32,159 --> 00:11:37,340 hours. I've used the same examples as before. Instead of the book 119 00:11:37,340 --> 00:11:41,899 which I read last night, the book that I read last night, and instead of the 120 00:11:41,899 --> 00:11:46,340 person who hacked the school's website, the person that hacked the school's 121 00:11:46,340 --> 00:11:53,659 website left a digital trace. Now here's an extra example for you to enjoy. Come 122 00:11:53,659 --> 00:12:01,259 did you pass the test many students failed it did you pass the test that many students failed 123 00:12:01,259 --> 00:12:12,399 y aquí me quiero detener porque si os fijáis en el that hace referencia al test pero es que en 124 00:12:12,399 --> 00:12:20,659 las dos oraciones simples it también hace referencia al test por lo tanto y por ese motivo 125 00:12:20,659 --> 00:12:28,320 cuando unimos esas dos oraciones y ponemos ese that el it desaparece y aquí me he querido detener 126 00:12:28,320 --> 00:12:36,559 porque este es un fallo muy común ¿vale? ese it es el complemento directo de failed y hace referencia 127 00:12:36,559 --> 00:12:45,899 al test por lo tanto al meter el relative clause failed el complemento directo pasa a ser that 128 00:12:45,899 --> 00:12:53,240 no podemos poner el it porque estamos pecando de redundancia y eso es una 129 00:12:53,240 --> 00:13:00,139 incorrección en gramática inglesa vale si usan si tenemos un objeto directo que 130 00:13:00,139 --> 00:13:04,940 es el pronombre relativo como es este caso no podemos poner otro objeto 131 00:13:04,940 --> 00:13:11,720 directo que sea el mismo vale por lo tanto did you pass the test that many 132 00:13:11,720 --> 00:13:19,580 students failed it? Sería incorrecto. Hay que quitar ese it final. Let's continue. 133 00:13:19,580 --> 00:13:25,279 Examples with when. Now we are obviously talking about time. I am planning a 134 00:13:25,279 --> 00:13:30,200 surprise party for my sister's birthday. Maluma is giving a concert that same 135 00:13:30,200 --> 00:13:34,759 night. Maluma is giving a concert on the night when I am planning my sister's 136 00:13:34,759 --> 00:13:43,279 surprise birthday party. So here we can't skip that part because otherwise the 137 00:13:43,279 --> 00:13:49,700 sentence doesn't make sense but here let's have a look William Shakespeare 138 00:13:49,700 --> 00:13:56,240 died on April 23rd 1616 Miguel de Cervantes passed away the same day to 139 00:13:56,240 --> 00:14:03,559 pass away is another way to say die with different words so we could say fallecer 140 00:14:03,559 --> 00:14:10,639 instead of morir in Spanish William Shakespeare died on April 23rd 1616 when 141 00:14:10,639 --> 00:14:19,100 Miguel de Cervantes passed away too okay see this is a non-defining we can take that away and 142 00:14:19,100 --> 00:14:27,620 it would still express Shakespeare's death now let's move on with where and here we're talking 143 00:14:27,620 --> 00:14:33,720 about places I use a box to keep my tools has anyone seen it has anyone seen the box where I 144 00:14:33,720 --> 00:14:41,500 keep my tools so the box even if it's an object it can also be a place because I use it to keep 145 00:14:41,500 --> 00:14:51,000 my tools. The place doesn't have to be big like a house or a room or a park or a city. It can be 146 00:14:51,000 --> 00:14:59,759 something as small as a box. But if it works as a place, then we are going to be using where. 147 00:15:00,679 --> 00:15:06,860 Existen palabras, tanto en inglés como en castellano, que funcionan al mismo tiempo como 148 00:15:06,860 --> 00:15:15,320 nouns and as objects I mean sorry as nouns and as places 149 00:15:15,320 --> 00:15:20,980 that is, as objects and as places and this example is very good because a box 150 00:15:20,980 --> 00:15:25,980 can be an object or it can be a place it can be an object that I have that 151 00:15:25,980 --> 00:15:32,360 I transport that I move and that would be there we would use the pronoun which or 152 00:15:32,360 --> 00:15:42,320 o puede ser un lugar donde yo guardo cosas, porque una caja es para guardar cosas, en este caso herramientas, 153 00:15:42,320 --> 00:15:49,139 y por lo tanto vamos a usar el pronombre where, siempre que haga función de lugar va a ser where, 154 00:15:49,480 --> 00:15:53,559 y cuando haga función de objeto va a ser which, ¿vale? 155 00:15:53,559 --> 00:16:01,929 I used to go to a bar for coffee last year. Now it is an ale salon. The bar where I used to go 156 00:16:01,929 --> 00:16:11,990 for coffee last year is an ale salon. These two examples are defining because we need to specify 157 00:16:11,990 --> 00:16:17,490 the box and the bar that we are talking about for the sentence to make sense. 158 00:16:17,490 --> 00:16:26,610 in this next example sorry in this next example um we don't i come from a town called vienna 159 00:16:26,610 --> 00:16:33,950 it has a well-kept castle the town called vienna where i come from has a well-kept castle the fact 160 00:16:33,950 --> 00:16:41,610 that i come from vienna is not relevant for the castle to be very well kept and in it so we can 161 00:16:41,610 --> 00:16:50,470 take that away now let's go to the pronoun whose i want to stop here and have a look at the rules 162 00:16:50,470 --> 00:16:54,889 because sometimes we make mistakes because we don't use this pronoun correctly in spanish either 163 00:16:54,889 --> 00:17:04,430 the equivalent in spanish to whose would be cuyo cuya cuyos cuyas all right now whose expresses a 164 00:17:04,430 --> 00:17:12,890 possession so the the reference that this pronoun has is double the owner and the 165 00:17:12,890 --> 00:17:20,569 possession puesto que whose o cuyo en castellano expresa una posesión la 166 00:17:20,569 --> 00:17:23,970 referencia siempre va a ser doble hasta ahora los pronombres que hemos visto 167 00:17:23,970 --> 00:17:29,150 hacían referencia al sustantivo que se había nombrado previamente ya que ya 168 00:17:29,150 --> 00:17:36,930 fuera una persona un objeto un animal un lugar o una o un tiempo pero en este caso estamos reflejando 169 00:17:36,930 --> 00:17:44,309 esa posesión por lo tanto la referencia va a ser doble al poseedor que es a quien acabamos de 170 00:17:44,309 --> 00:17:50,549 nombrar a quien o a lo que acabamos de nombrar y la posesión que es lo que viene detrás del 171 00:17:50,549 --> 00:17:57,970 who's, ¿de acuerdo? So, it can be used with people, with objects, with animals, with 172 00:17:57,970 --> 00:18:02,450 whatever. El hecho de que lo llamemos un posesivo no significa que solo pueda 173 00:18:02,450 --> 00:18:08,450 usarse con personas. También pueden ser usado con animales, objetos, lo que sea. 174 00:18:09,190 --> 00:18:18,559 Un ejemplo tonto que se me ocurre, ayer probé un juego cuyas reglas me 175 00:18:18,559 --> 00:18:27,200 parecían absurdas. ¿Vale? Las reglas eran las reglas del juego. Era su posesión. Pero el juego es un 176 00:18:27,200 --> 00:18:34,569 objeto. ¿De acuerdo? It can be used in defining and non-defining relative clauses. This pronoun 177 00:18:34,569 --> 00:18:41,650 works equally with both type of clauses. And, this is important, it can never be omitted. 178 00:18:42,670 --> 00:18:49,730 Because of that double reference, the pronoun itself is never going to be the subject of the 179 00:18:49,730 --> 00:18:58,950 verb, but it's never going to disappear, ¿ok? El pronombre whose, como tal, nunca va a ser el 180 00:18:58,950 --> 00:19:07,049 sujeto del verbo que le sigue. Por lo tanto, en teoría, se podría eliminar, como hemos visto 181 00:19:07,049 --> 00:19:14,970 antes, como hemos dicho que ocurría con who, which, that, and when. Pero, puesto que hace esa 182 00:19:14,970 --> 00:19:21,869 necesaria doble referencia entre posesión y poseedor, nunca lo vamos a poder eliminar, 183 00:19:22,210 --> 00:19:25,710 ¿de acuerdo? Siempre tiene que estar. Now, let's have a look at some examples. 184 00:19:27,509 --> 00:19:31,970 That restaurant is very expensive. I love their homemade chocolate cake. 185 00:19:32,630 --> 00:19:39,309 That restaurant, whose homemade chocolate cake I love, is very expensive. Ese restaurante, 186 00:19:39,309 --> 00:19:43,549 cuya tarta de chocolate casera me encanta 187 00:19:43,549 --> 00:19:45,309 es muy caro. 188 00:19:46,589 --> 00:19:50,029 ¿Veis aquí esa relación entre el restaurante y la tarta? 189 00:19:53,180 --> 00:19:55,759 My English teacher always calls us sunshines. 190 00:19:55,960 --> 00:19:57,920 His mother is an English teacher too. 191 00:19:58,579 --> 00:20:01,660 My English teacher, whose mother is an English teacher too, 192 00:20:02,059 --> 00:20:03,859 always calls us sunshines. 193 00:20:04,779 --> 00:20:08,279 These are two non-defining clause examples. 194 00:20:08,460 --> 00:20:09,700 Let's have a look at defining one. 195 00:20:09,700 --> 00:20:13,289 one of my cousins is a cop 196 00:20:13,289 --> 00:20:15,170 her son is my student 197 00:20:15,170 --> 00:20:17,450 my cousin whose son is my student 198 00:20:17,450 --> 00:20:18,309 is a cop 199 00:20:18,309 --> 00:20:21,369 here we cannot 200 00:20:21,369 --> 00:20:23,690 take away the fact that 201 00:20:23,690 --> 00:20:25,309 the son of my cousin 202 00:20:25,309 --> 00:20:26,750 is my student because otherwise 203 00:20:26,750 --> 00:20:29,450 we don't know which cousin 204 00:20:29,450 --> 00:20:30,410 we're talking about 205 00:20:30,410 --> 00:20:33,309 si quitamos la parte en la que digo 206 00:20:33,309 --> 00:20:34,990 que 207 00:20:34,990 --> 00:20:36,950 que su hijo 208 00:20:36,950 --> 00:20:38,269 es mi alumno 209 00:20:38,269 --> 00:20:42,529 perdemos una referencia acerca de qué prima estoy hablando 210 00:20:42,529 --> 00:20:44,450 y yo puedo tener muchas primas. 211 00:20:44,450 --> 00:20:48,609 Estoy hablando específicamente de la prima 212 00:20:48,609 --> 00:20:51,170 cuyo hijo es mi alumno 213 00:20:51,170 --> 00:20:54,849 y esa prima es policía, ¿vale? 214 00:20:55,250 --> 00:20:58,869 Now, let's recap to the omission, 215 00:20:59,670 --> 00:21:02,109 the pronoun omission part that we have seen 216 00:21:02,109 --> 00:21:05,450 and let's revise it once again 217 00:21:05,450 --> 00:21:13,309 that it's it can only happen in defining relative clauses when the pronoun is not the subject 218 00:21:13,309 --> 00:21:21,890 and that happens when there is something between the pronoun and the verb now I have to apologize 219 00:21:21,890 --> 00:21:29,650 in advance because this slide is a mess it was created in the computer and then transferred to 220 00:21:29,650 --> 00:21:40,589 the phone so that I could record this video, but it got messy on the way, but let's go at it, 221 00:21:40,849 --> 00:21:49,589 whatever. So here we have four examples and three of them we have already seen, okay? Example number 222 00:21:49,589 --> 00:21:55,329 one, the book which I read last night kept me awake for hours. If we take away the pronoun, 223 00:21:55,329 --> 00:21:57,390 the sentence is still correct 224 00:21:57,390 --> 00:21:59,049 because as you can see 225 00:21:59,049 --> 00:22:00,849 between the pronoun and the verb 226 00:22:00,849 --> 00:22:04,269 there was the other pronoun, I 227 00:22:04,269 --> 00:22:07,710 The book I read last night kept me awake for hours 228 00:22:07,710 --> 00:22:09,829 In Spanish 229 00:22:09,829 --> 00:22:12,809 En castellano esto no se puede hacer 230 00:22:12,809 --> 00:22:14,589 No podemos quitar el pronombre 231 00:22:14,589 --> 00:22:16,390 Aunque en inglés no aparezca 232 00:22:16,390 --> 00:22:17,809 En castellano esto sigue siendo 233 00:22:17,809 --> 00:22:21,630 El libro que me leí anoche 234 00:22:21,630 --> 00:22:23,750 me mantuvo despierto durante horas 235 00:22:23,750 --> 00:22:33,789 No, ese que no puede desaparecer. Por esto, por eso, esto nos resulta un poco lioso a los hispanohablantes. 236 00:22:34,349 --> 00:22:38,829 Next example. Did you pass the test that many students failed? 237 00:22:39,490 --> 00:22:45,190 Again, between that and failed, we have many students, so many students is the subject. 238 00:22:45,890 --> 00:22:51,769 Therefore, that can be eliminated. Did you pass the test many students failed? 239 00:22:51,769 --> 00:23:00,730 next example the girl who I'm dating is studying economics here we have a personal pronoun who and 240 00:23:00,730 --> 00:23:09,650 another personal pronoun then next I so I is the subject of I'm dating the girl I'm dating 241 00:23:09,650 --> 00:23:16,650 is studying economics as I say in Spanish this couldn't happen in Spanish it would still be 242 00:23:16,650 --> 00:23:24,890 La chica con la que estoy saliendo o la chica que estoy viendo está estudiando económicas. 243 00:23:25,750 --> 00:23:28,589 And finally, the Maluma example. 244 00:23:29,750 --> 00:23:35,349 Maluma is giving a concert on the night when I am planning her surprise birthday, 245 00:23:35,589 --> 00:23:42,309 my sister's surprise birthday, so that I is the subject of I'm planning and therefore when can disappear. 246 00:23:42,309 --> 00:23:47,289 Maluma is giving a concert on the night I am planning her surprise birthday 247 00:23:47,289 --> 00:23:55,390 party actually we can say when I am planning on the night I am planning and 248 00:23:55,390 --> 00:24:03,309 we can also say on the night that I am planning okay now that is all for now so 249 00:24:03,309 --> 00:24:08,829 don't forget to do the exercises for practice the solutions are going to be 250 00:24:08,829 --> 00:24:15,710 on the aula virtual in short i'm having a lot of problems with my computer and it's taking me much 251 00:24:15,710 --> 00:24:24,210 longer than usual so i apologize for that but they will be um they will be up this week so 252 00:24:24,210 --> 00:24:31,769 keep an eye on it and remember that you can ask me any questions that which you may have 253 00:24:31,769 --> 00:24:42,809 either on the private chat or on the group chat or with an email or finding me at school okay 254 00:24:42,809 --> 00:24:47,289 so i will see you soon in class bye