1
00:00:00,820 --> 00:00:06,740
Aristotle thought that the objective of politics was to help us in order to achieve

2
00:00:06,740 --> 00:00:12,119
the common good of everybody, the collective happiness of a society.

3
00:00:12,679 --> 00:00:16,339
But this is only possible if there is justice in society.

4
00:00:16,800 --> 00:00:20,480
So justice is an essential value for politics.

5
00:00:21,500 --> 00:00:25,500
Have you ever stopped to think what justice means?

6
00:00:25,500 --> 00:00:32,899
we talk about justice frequently for example when we say this is unfair this is unjust

7
00:00:32,899 --> 00:00:39,060
what do we mean when we say that aristotle thought about this and he discovered that

8
00:00:39,060 --> 00:00:47,200
justice can have different meanings for example justice can mean legality we say sometimes that

9
00:00:47,200 --> 00:00:54,560
things are just when they are done according to the law but most generally aristotle thought

10
00:00:54,560 --> 00:01:00,640
When we talk about justice, we refer to two different meanings, which are the commutative

11
00:01:00,640 --> 00:01:07,900
justice and the distributive justice. What is commutative justice? Commutative justice refers

12
00:01:07,900 --> 00:01:16,420
to dealings. For example, when we trade, when we sell or buy something. If I sell something to you,

13
00:01:16,840 --> 00:01:23,680
what is it just to receive? It is just that you give me something that has the same value as the

14
00:01:23,680 --> 00:01:31,239
thing I have given to you. So, in dealings, commutative justice applies, and it refers

15
00:01:31,239 --> 00:01:40,519
to an equality in what we give and what we get. But this is not all. There is also another

16
00:01:40,519 --> 00:01:48,439
meaning of justice. Justice can also be interpreted as distributed justice, which is applied when we

17
00:01:48,439 --> 00:01:58,640
distribute things. Think about distributing the marks. The teacher has made an exam and he's giving

18
00:01:58,640 --> 00:02:06,439
the class their marks. Would it be just if the teacher gave everybody five points over ten

19
00:02:06,439 --> 00:02:14,400
regardless of their merit of what they did? Of course not. Here what is just is that the teacher

20
00:02:14,400 --> 00:02:20,360
gives each person what they deserve. And some people deserve more because they have more merit.

21
00:02:20,780 --> 00:02:28,800
Their results are better. Or think about citizens who pay their taxes. Would it be fair that

22
00:02:28,800 --> 00:02:36,479
everybody paid the same amount of money regardless of their wealth? Of course not. It is just that

23
00:02:36,479 --> 00:02:42,800
people who are rich pay more money than people who are poor. So when we talk about these kind

24
00:02:42,800 --> 00:02:50,259
of distributions, when we distribute benefits or charges, good or bad things, we're talking about

25
00:02:50,259 --> 00:02:58,800
distributive justice. Distributive justice refers to give and receive according to your merit or

26
00:02:58,800 --> 00:03:06,539
your needs. Thinking about all these different meanings of justice, justice as legality or

27
00:03:06,539 --> 00:03:13,919
commutative justice or distributive justice, how would you define what justice is? It is not an

28
00:03:13,919 --> 00:03:21,020
easy task. Aristotle thought that, generally speaking, justice could be defined as giving

29
00:03:21,020 --> 00:03:28,139
everyone what they deserve. But this depends on the situation. Sometimes giving you what you

30
00:03:28,139 --> 00:03:34,199
deserve is marked by the law. Sometimes it has to do with dealings, and the important thing here is

31
00:03:34,199 --> 00:03:38,900
to be fair in equality, and sometimes it has to be with distributions.