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After the introduction we have done in the previous video, we are going to start with

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the French Revolution.

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You must remember that we saw briefly the American Revolution with Jenna in class, so

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what we are going to do now is to see the French Revolution.

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It means we are going to go, or we are going to start with the second Atlantic Revolution

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because the first one, the American one, has been seen with Jenna.

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So let's start with the French Revolution.

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The first thing we need to know or we need to see before we see the revolutionary process

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is the causes.

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It means why this French Revolution is going to break out or is going to start.

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So we are going to see that there are four main causes, cultural causes, economic causes,

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social causes and political causes.

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So these four types of causes are going to lead France into a revolution.

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So remember, this French Revolution is going to take place where?

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Of course, in France, and it's going to take place in France just a few years after the

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American Revolution.

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So there is going to be a strong relation between the American Revolution and the French

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Revolution, and also between the French Revolution and the Enlightenment.

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the enlightenment ideas or the enlightenment thinkers, most of them were French. So these

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enlightenment thinkers were living in French and they were proposing these ideas against

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the absolute monarchy, against the stratified society. So the enlightenment ideas are going

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to be one of the causes of this French Revolution. So remember France, this is France in Europe in

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18th century so what you are going to see is spain is next to france as nowadays as

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happens presently so we have here portugal we have savoy with sardine remember naples and sicily

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together germany is here is the holy roman empire with prussia and austria as two main countries

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inside this holy roman empire if you check here you see the um the boundaries of the holy roman

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empire that would be german in the future and this holy roman empire is going to have

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two main countries inside this empire that are austria the austrian empire and prussia the

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Kingdom of Prussia. So keep these ideas in mind for this 19th century because

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they are really important. So we are now in France we are in 1789 okay this is

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the year 1789 is the year when this revolution is going to break out and

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what we are going to see is first the four causes why the the four reasons why

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this revolution is going to break out. So as I said cultural causes, economic

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causes, political causes and social causes. So these are the four causes we

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are going to study or we are going to see now in order to understand why the

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French Revolution broke out. So the cultural causes of course are going to

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be first the impact of the Enlightenment ideas. It means these ideas

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that wanted to change or to challenge at least the absolute monarchies

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and the stratified society so remember the separation of powers that was first

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proposed by John Locke and after that Montesquieu French person the social

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contract Constitution and the popular sovereignty proposed by Rousseau he was

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living in Switzerland but he he spoke French and he wrote his books in French

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so everything is related to France. The idea of a parliament limiting the power

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of the king that came from Voltaire but is strongly related with John Locke too.

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And finally the idea of equality before the law. All these ideas, we saw all these

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ideas in Unit 1 related with enlightenment and we have seen

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these ideas in the last class talking about liberalism. We said that these ideas,

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the idea of separation of power, of a constitution, of popular sovereignty, of a parliament limiting

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the power of the king, and equality before the law, all of them are liberal ideas, are the basis

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of liberalism that is a new ideology that is going to appear now and is going to spread through

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Europe and the world in the 19th century. So one of the causes of this revolution,

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or why this revolution is going to break out is because the people the population part of the

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population basically the bourgeoisie but part of the population even the nobility and the clergy

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are going to support these enlightenment ideas so they want a political change they want a social

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change also they have the example of the american revolution they are going to look to the 13

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colonies and they are going to say okay the 13 colonies the american revolution was based on

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these Enlightenment ideas they have created a republic a republic that is based on this

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liberal ideas separation of powers a constitution national sovereignty equality before the law so

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they are going to say okay this is possible this is possible we can achieve we can change

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our society we can change our political system so this is possible so these are the causes the

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cultural causes in order to understand why this revolution is going to break out and this okay

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and these are the cultural ones the London ideas and of course the example okay of the American

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revolution this is possible secondly we are going to talk about the social causes and the first one

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is that we are going to have an unequal society remember the stratified society okay we have the

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privileged people and the unprivileged people and remember inside these unprivileged people

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what we have are the bourgeoisie and this bourgeoisie they have the money they are rich

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but they cannot be privileged in the end or at the end of the 18th century they cannot buy

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titles of nobility okay they are paying taxes they are paying high taxes they are sick of this

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situation and they want to be on the top they want to be privileged it means not to pay taxes

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or if they are going to pay taxes at least to be able to control the politics in the country

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to be on the top of the social pyramid so what we are going to see in this unequal society is

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in one hand on one hand we have this social unrest it means they are angry these peasants

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are angry because they have to pay a lot of taxes remember they are the poor people but they have to

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pay taxes and also what they are going to see is this the price of bread is going to increase from

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1756 till 1790 it means a year before after the revolution you see they are paying double the

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price okay okay so the the bread is is really expensive and remember if you are poor you are

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going to buy these products that they are basic what we call staples okay those are basic products

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in order to survive so bread is going to be one of these staples one of these products food that

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this basic to survive so they are saying okay we are sick of this situation we cannot put up with

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it anymore any longer we we want to change the situation okay we we do not want to pay in taxes

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while the nobility is not paying taxes and and now the price of the bread is really high so we can

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barely eat okay we can hardly eat or barely eat the other one okay so remember the puppy the these

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peasants are really angry okay the other part is the bourgeoisie again they are there is a

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bourgeoisie unrest too because they they pay heavy taxes too and also remember there are obstacles

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they have these problems in order to achieve the political power because they are in non-privileged

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in a non-privileged group so they want to be part of the privileged group but they cannot be there

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because they are unprivileged and we have this society that is an unequal society, an stratified society.

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So there are obstacles to do that and also to develop the free trade.

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Remember the tolls. They need to pay if they want to get into a city.

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They need to pay if they won't go from one country to the other or from one region to the other.

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so they are sick of this situation too being paying taxes when they are rich

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and maybe richer than the nobility and these obstacles to achieve or to gain

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political power and develop this free trade the second social cause is that 80%

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of population are peasants you need to understand that this is a rural society

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so if we if we think of the population that is sick of the situation that they

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are angry with this situation are going to be more than 80% because we need to

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count on bourgeoisie too so most of the population are not happy with this

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situation the third problem or the third cause that is going to explain why this

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revolution is going to break out is this a deep financial crisis so the state

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France has economic problems the spenders exceed its incomes what does it

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mean it means the money they are expending is higher than the money they

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are obtaining from taxes and this unbalanced situation between the

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Spengler and the incomes is basically based on the American Revolution the

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participation of France in this American Revolution

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Why?

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Because France has spent money in order to send troops. It means soldiers. They need to pay the soldiers

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They need to pay the ammunition the the guns. They need to pay the ships everything

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Okay, and they gain no money with this

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with this

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war with with a participation in this war

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so the idea is they have

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the

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Expenditures, okay are

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Hundred percent of incomes. It means all the money the state is earning in a year must be spent

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on

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different activities paying debts, etc

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So it means the situation is really hard because all the money

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we are earning the state is earning must be spent so they have no extra money

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okay to give different services or make the situation easier so these are the

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real the real situation the spenders and the incomes as you can see there are

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more spenders the debt is really high okay the military expenditure is really

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high okay and these are the civil expenditures okay related with the court the privileged people

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the administration etc remember the state is paying the money of the civil servants the

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salaries of the civil servants so the problem is the state can get a less money than the money

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it's spending in a year so in order to change the situation you'll see that the different

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financial ministers they are going to suggest to make the nobility and the

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clergy to pay taxes and that's one that's the beginning of the revolution

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when they try to make the nobility and the clergy to pay taxes but we will see

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that later on okay also what we related with economic state the causes and we

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have seen this before is the consumer staples means the basic food

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okay bread and wheat the price of these consumer staples are going to increase

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okay due to what subsistent crisis flood inundaciones and drought sequias so the

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idea is they are producing less so the price remember the law of the offer and

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demand so the price is going to increase because the offer the supplies are

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decreasing due to this flood and drought and the demand is really high

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because we have a lot of people that they need to eat so that's why the price

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is going to increase a lot remember this is one of the reasons why the peasants

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are really angry okay remember the price of the bread is going to increase a lot

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and also if we check to this graph what we are going to see is how and the price

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of bread is going to increase okay how the the price of meat is going to

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increase but remember this is the salary of a month of construction worker so 300

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deniers they need to pay more than 40 deniers only to buy bread so imagine you have 300 for a

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month and in a day you are going to spend 40 and if you buy meat more than 70 so imagine the

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situation the real situation for this population for more than the 80 percent of the population

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that they can barely vibrate the last causes are the political causes which are the political

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causes okay remember we have an absolute monarchy and this monarchy is governing without the states

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general what are the state general the state general as you can see here is the french

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parliament okay and this is important because the the king is governing without the parliament

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he doesn't need the Parliament in this moment but the problem is with this

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financial crisis the monarchy needs more taxes they want to create more taxes or

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at least to make the nobility and the clergy to pay taxes who which which

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institution is the one that is going to approve new taxes the States General

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okay so the king is going to summon this state general that they haven't been

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summoned since 1614 it means almost 200 years so that's the situation the

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revolution is going to break out when they are going to start discussing if

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the nobility and the clergy they have to pay or not taxes so remember the state

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general was composed by the nobility the clergy and the third state the bourgeoisie

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basically the bourgeoisie and they have this function to approve new taxes so this is the

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beginning of the bourgeoisie of the sorry of the of the revolution that they need to approve new

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new taxes so the king needs to summon these states general second that we have this economic

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situation that is in crisis so the population we are going to see this social unrest the bourgeoisie

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that they want free trade and they want to get the power achieve power and also the

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the peasants that they are they are paying a lot of taxes as well as the

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the bourgeoisie and remember these enlightened ideas that they want to change the structure

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of the society to change the economy remember adam smith and economic liberalism so all these ideas

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are in the minds of all this bourgeoisie the last one is that there was no separation of

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power so it means there is an absolute monarchy and remember we have this social structure and

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political structure that is old-fashioned if we compare it with the enlightenment ideas

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so these are the basic causes that they are going to lead France into a revolutionary process in

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order to change everything politics economy society okay so what we are going to see in

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the next video and in the next class is the National Assembly we are going to start that

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That is the beginning of this French Revolution.