1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:16,000 It's good to be here at Bradbury Heights Elementary School. 2 00:00:16,000 --> 00:00:20,180 Let me ask, do any of you ever need to navigate? 3 00:00:20,180 --> 00:00:25,840 Is math and science, are they involved in being able to navigate? 4 00:00:25,840 --> 00:00:32,320 And how does navigation tie in with matters pertaining to safety? 5 00:00:32,320 --> 00:00:39,520 Now I know you're wondering, why am I standing here next to this traffic signal? 6 00:00:39,520 --> 00:00:45,960 Can anyone tell me who invented the traffic signal? 7 00:00:45,960 --> 00:00:47,760 Garrett A. Morgan. 8 00:00:47,760 --> 00:00:50,080 Garrett A. Morgan, very good. 9 00:00:50,080 --> 00:00:56,800 Now let me ask, can you imagine a city without traffic signals to help us navigate? 10 00:00:56,800 --> 00:01:01,160 Well I can tell you, 75 years ago that was the case. 11 00:01:01,160 --> 00:01:08,760 And that's when Garrett A. Morgan, an African American, saw a collision involving an automobile 12 00:01:08,760 --> 00:01:11,160 and a horse-drawn carriage. 13 00:01:11,160 --> 00:01:18,560 And so he invented this navigation aid that helps us as we come to an intersection move 14 00:01:18,560 --> 00:01:21,200 through it safely. 15 00:01:21,200 --> 00:01:27,840 Now all of navigation though doesn't just control the way we move on the ground. 16 00:01:27,840 --> 00:01:33,240 As a matter of fact, what Garrett Morgan did with this traffic light, we are now doing 17 00:01:33,240 --> 00:01:39,240 with satellite navigation aids in the skies. 18 00:01:39,240 --> 00:01:43,500 And NASA is helping us to do that. 19 00:01:43,500 --> 00:01:50,500 Now before today's program ends, you're going to be introduced to the wonders of satellite 20 00:01:50,500 --> 00:01:58,580 navigation through the persons of Van Hughes and Shelley Canwright, the hosts of NASA Connects. 21 00:01:58,580 --> 00:02:00,500 Watch and be inspired. 22 00:02:13,500 --> 00:02:30,660 Hi, I'm Van Hughes and welcome to NASA Connect, the show that connects you with the world 23 00:02:30,660 --> 00:02:32,900 of math, science and NASA. 24 00:02:32,900 --> 00:02:36,880 I'm supposed to be meeting my friend Dr. Shelley Canwright somewhere around here at NASA Langley 25 00:02:36,880 --> 00:02:40,300 so we can start off our show about navigation. 26 00:02:40,300 --> 00:02:44,060 Well, in today's show, you'll meet students from Northampton Middle School on the eastern 27 00:02:44,060 --> 00:02:47,660 shore of Virginia who were given a special navigational challenge. 28 00:02:47,660 --> 00:02:51,140 You'll also meet researchers here at NASA Langley in Hampton, Virginia who will show 29 00:02:51,140 --> 00:02:53,140 us new forms of navigation. 30 00:02:53,140 --> 00:02:57,700 Oh, and when you see this symbol, that's your clue to check out more information, fun and 31 00:02:57,700 --> 00:03:00,260 activities on the NASA Connect website. 32 00:03:00,260 --> 00:03:04,700 So to start things off, Shelley has a special event lined up for us, so let's go check it 33 00:03:04,700 --> 00:03:05,700 out. 34 00:03:05,700 --> 00:03:06,700 Hey Shelley. 35 00:03:06,700 --> 00:03:07,700 Oh, hey Van. 36 00:03:07,700 --> 00:03:08,700 Finally, I found you. 37 00:03:08,700 --> 00:03:09,700 What's going on? 38 00:03:09,700 --> 00:03:10,700 Oh, this is so neat. 39 00:03:10,700 --> 00:03:11,700 We're going to be in a road rally. 40 00:03:11,700 --> 00:03:12,700 A road race? 41 00:03:12,700 --> 00:03:13,700 That's awesome. 42 00:03:13,700 --> 00:03:14,700 No, no, no, no. 43 00:03:14,700 --> 00:03:15,700 This is not a race against time or speed. 44 00:03:15,700 --> 00:03:16,700 This is a race that's involved with how well we can navigate accurately. 45 00:03:16,700 --> 00:03:17,700 Something you probably could stand some help on, Van. 46 00:03:17,700 --> 00:03:18,700 Oh, hey, and this is Brad Ball. 47 00:03:18,700 --> 00:03:19,700 He's from the Geographic Information Team and he's in charge of the road rally. 48 00:03:19,700 --> 00:03:20,700 Hey guys. 49 00:03:20,700 --> 00:03:21,700 Shelley, Van, this is a special road rally. 50 00:03:21,700 --> 00:03:22,700 No maps allowed. 51 00:03:22,700 --> 00:03:23,700 We're going to be in a road race. 52 00:03:23,700 --> 00:03:24,700 We're going to be in a road race. 53 00:03:24,700 --> 00:03:25,700 We're going to be in a road race. 54 00:03:25,700 --> 00:03:26,700 We're going to be in a road race. 55 00:03:26,700 --> 00:03:27,700 We're going to be in a road race. 56 00:03:27,700 --> 00:03:29,700 Oh, hey, and this is Brad Ball. 57 00:03:29,700 --> 00:03:33,700 He's from the Geographic Information Team and he's in charge of the road rally. 58 00:03:33,700 --> 00:03:34,700 Hey guys. 59 00:03:34,700 --> 00:03:36,700 Shelley, Van, this is a special road rally. 60 00:03:36,700 --> 00:03:37,700 No maps allowed. 61 00:03:37,700 --> 00:03:38,700 We're only going to use GPS receivers. 62 00:03:38,700 --> 00:03:40,700 What's a GPS receiver? 63 00:03:40,700 --> 00:03:42,700 GPS stands for Global Positioning System. 64 00:03:42,700 --> 00:03:46,700 This little device, a GPS receiver, is the future of navigation. 65 00:03:46,700 --> 00:03:51,700 So just how does this GPS receiver work and how are we supposed to use it in this road rally? 66 00:03:51,700 --> 00:03:55,700 The Global Positioning System is a constellation of 24 satellites that orbit the Earth. 67 00:03:55,700 --> 00:04:00,700 GPS makes it possible for people using ground receivers to determine their geographic location. 68 00:04:00,700 --> 00:04:04,700 By measuring the travel time of a signal transmitted from each satellite, 69 00:04:04,700 --> 00:04:07,700 a receiver can calculate its distance from the satellite. 70 00:04:07,700 --> 00:04:09,700 When receiving a signal from at least four satellites, 71 00:04:09,700 --> 00:04:14,700 a receiver can determine the latitude, longitude, altitude, and time. 72 00:04:14,700 --> 00:04:19,700 If the receiver is equipped with a computer that has a map, the position is shown on the map. 73 00:04:19,700 --> 00:04:24,700 If you are moving, a receiver may also tell you your speed, direction of travel, 74 00:04:24,700 --> 00:04:27,700 and estimated time of arrival at the destination. 75 00:04:27,700 --> 00:04:31,700 Oh, okay, I think I understand now how we're supposed to use this receiver in this rally. 76 00:04:31,700 --> 00:04:35,700 This receiver will help us navigate to each of our destination points, 77 00:04:35,700 --> 00:04:38,700 but we only have a certain amount of time to get there. 78 00:04:38,700 --> 00:04:41,700 Which means speed is important, so I'm driving. 79 00:04:41,700 --> 00:04:43,700 Wrong, Van, on both points. 80 00:04:43,700 --> 00:04:46,700 In a rally, you maintain the posted speed limit. 81 00:04:46,700 --> 00:04:49,700 Using the posted speed limit plus the distance to each checkpoint, 82 00:04:49,700 --> 00:04:52,700 we have calculated the time it should take you. 83 00:04:52,700 --> 00:04:55,700 Ah, time equals distance divided by speed. 84 00:04:55,700 --> 00:04:59,700 Right. Now program this receiver with your checkpoint coordinates. 85 00:04:59,700 --> 00:05:01,700 Your challenge is to find each point. 86 00:05:01,700 --> 00:05:05,700 The time and accuracy of finding each point contributes to your score. 87 00:05:05,700 --> 00:05:08,700 Shelly, you're the driver. Van, you're the navigator. 88 00:05:08,700 --> 00:05:09,700 Okay. 89 00:05:09,700 --> 00:05:11,700 One final rule. Here's your logbook. 90 00:05:11,700 --> 00:05:14,700 This must be signed and timestamped at each checkpoint. 91 00:05:14,700 --> 00:05:18,700 Also, at each checkpoint, you're to collect information on the navigation 92 00:05:18,700 --> 00:05:24,700 and how GPS applies to the featured site and get a clue to the next leg of your trip. 93 00:05:24,700 --> 00:05:27,700 Wait for the green light. I'll send each crew one minute apart. 94 00:05:27,700 --> 00:05:30,700 All right, Brad. I think we're ready. Okay. All right. 95 00:05:30,700 --> 00:05:32,700 All of us, how about hopping in? 96 00:05:32,700 --> 00:05:33,700 We've got room in the back. 97 00:05:33,700 --> 00:05:36,700 You can come along, help us collect the information, 98 00:05:36,700 --> 00:05:40,700 and maybe look over Van's shoulder. He'll probably need the help. 99 00:05:40,700 --> 00:05:41,700 Let's go. 100 00:05:49,700 --> 00:05:51,700 I still think you should have let me drive. 101 00:05:51,700 --> 00:05:55,700 Hey, hey, hey. Navigate. You navigate. I drive. 102 00:05:58,700 --> 00:06:03,700 Wow. This is awesome. There's a computerized map on this receiver. 103 00:06:04,700 --> 00:06:08,700 It says that we have to go northwesterly, so... 104 00:06:08,700 --> 00:06:10,700 Oh, take a right. Right here. 105 00:06:10,700 --> 00:06:11,700 Got it. 106 00:06:14,700 --> 00:06:17,700 Van, are you sure you have those coordinates right? 107 00:06:17,700 --> 00:06:20,700 We're coming into Busch Gardens Williamsburg. 108 00:06:22,700 --> 00:06:25,700 Okay, listen, Van. I think you got us to the right place. 109 00:06:25,700 --> 00:06:27,700 Read some more on the GPS instructions. 110 00:06:27,700 --> 00:06:29,700 I'm going to take this and see what I can find out, okay? 111 00:06:29,700 --> 00:06:31,700 And I'll be back in just a few moments. 112 00:06:32,700 --> 00:06:33,700 Busch Gardens. 113 00:06:34,700 --> 00:06:36,700 The bearings say here... 114 00:06:39,700 --> 00:06:41,700 Feathered Follies. Okay. 115 00:06:47,700 --> 00:06:50,700 Hello? Excuse me. Am I in the right place? 116 00:06:50,700 --> 00:06:52,700 Is this the first leg of the road rally? 117 00:06:52,700 --> 00:06:53,700 Yeah, come on down. 118 00:06:53,700 --> 00:06:57,700 Oh, great. Fantastic. Van, my man, you got us here. 119 00:06:57,700 --> 00:07:00,700 You navigated us correctly. All right. 120 00:07:01,700 --> 00:07:04,700 Oh, I am so relieved. Hi, I'm Shelly Canright. 121 00:07:04,700 --> 00:07:05,700 I'm Denise. 122 00:07:05,700 --> 00:07:07,700 Oh, I'm so glad to know I'm at the right place. 123 00:07:07,700 --> 00:07:08,700 Here's my rally log. 124 00:07:08,700 --> 00:07:09,700 Okay. 125 00:07:09,700 --> 00:07:11,700 If you could sign that, please. 126 00:07:11,700 --> 00:07:16,700 And I'm curious. Where am I? What is Feathered Follies? 127 00:07:16,700 --> 00:07:19,700 This is the Feathered Follies bird show at Busch Gardens. 128 00:07:19,700 --> 00:07:23,700 And what we do here is we have hawks, falcons, owls fly through the theater. 129 00:07:23,700 --> 00:07:28,700 We have different types of parrots that do different behaviors to entertain the audience, the guests, while they're here. 130 00:07:28,700 --> 00:07:34,700 So what in the world does Feathered Follies have to do with navigation or GPS? I'm confused. 131 00:07:34,700 --> 00:07:38,700 Well, all our birds that are here out in the wild, they do some type of natural migration. 132 00:07:38,700 --> 00:07:42,700 Songbirds migrate at night. They follow the stars, the birds of prey. 133 00:07:42,700 --> 00:07:46,700 They migrate during the day so they can move with the way the sun changes. 134 00:07:46,700 --> 00:07:49,700 They're following mainly their food and looking for warm weather. 135 00:07:49,700 --> 00:07:53,700 What is the farthest that a bird has ever migrated? Do you have any idea? 136 00:07:53,700 --> 00:07:58,700 The Arctic Tern is the bird species that migrates the most, and they can go from northern Greenland down to Antarctica. 137 00:07:58,700 --> 00:08:01,700 Wow, no kidding. This is fascinating. 138 00:08:01,700 --> 00:08:04,700 But I know I need to be on my way, so you've got some instructions there for me? 139 00:08:04,700 --> 00:08:07,700 Yes, your next leg is going to take you to learn about early navigation. 140 00:08:07,700 --> 00:08:08,700 Early navigation. 141 00:08:08,700 --> 00:08:12,700 All right, gang, you heard that. Back to the car. Let's get Van and let's go. 142 00:08:12,700 --> 00:08:14,700 Denise, thanks very much. We're on our way. 143 00:08:14,700 --> 00:08:15,700 Good luck. 144 00:08:15,700 --> 00:08:16,700 All right, thanks. 145 00:08:16,700 --> 00:08:20,700 Van, you were right. You do know how to use one of these things. 146 00:08:20,700 --> 00:08:21,700 What did you see? 147 00:08:21,700 --> 00:08:26,700 Oh, this is so neat. Birds. I learned how birds can navigate by instinct. 148 00:08:26,700 --> 00:08:30,700 Well, gee, that makes me wonder if the GPS could be used to study animals and nature. 149 00:08:30,700 --> 00:08:31,700 Hmm. 150 00:08:31,700 --> 00:08:32,700 Did you find our next clue? 151 00:08:32,700 --> 00:08:37,700 I did. All I know, though, is it has something to do with early navigation. 152 00:08:37,700 --> 00:08:38,700 Well, let's go. 153 00:08:38,700 --> 00:08:40,700 All right. Let's get out of here. 154 00:08:40,700 --> 00:08:46,700 [♪ music playing ♪ 155 00:08:46,700 --> 00:08:49,700 Okay, is this our next stop? 156 00:08:49,700 --> 00:08:53,700 Mariner's Museum. There has to be something on navigation here. 157 00:08:57,700 --> 00:09:00,700 Excuse me. Are you with the NASA Road Rally? 158 00:09:00,700 --> 00:09:01,700 Yes, I am. Do you have your logbook with you? 159 00:09:01,700 --> 00:09:02,700 Oh, I sure do. 160 00:09:03,700 --> 00:09:08,700 Now, according to our instructions, we're supposed to learn something from you about early navigation. 161 00:09:08,700 --> 00:09:10,700 Well, here at the Mariner's Museum in Newport News, Virginia, 162 00:09:10,700 --> 00:09:13,700 we tell the story of man's conquest of the seas. 163 00:09:13,700 --> 00:09:15,700 When people set out to explore the oceans, 164 00:09:15,700 --> 00:09:18,700 they had to create a system of measurement to determine their location. 165 00:09:18,700 --> 00:09:21,700 To determine the distance along north to south, 166 00:09:21,700 --> 00:09:24,700 the navigator had to determine the altitude of the sun. 167 00:09:24,700 --> 00:09:28,700 For instance, if the sun on the equator at noon is 90 degrees to the horizon, 168 00:09:28,700 --> 00:09:30,700 and if the sun at the north pole is zero degrees, 169 00:09:30,700 --> 00:09:33,700 then the degrees in between note a ship's position. 170 00:09:33,700 --> 00:09:35,700 This is called latitude. 171 00:09:35,700 --> 00:09:37,700 To locate his east to west position, 172 00:09:37,700 --> 00:09:40,700 the navigator had to measure the difference between local times. 173 00:09:40,700 --> 00:09:42,700 For example, when the sun was at noon in different places. 174 00:09:42,700 --> 00:09:44,700 This is called longitude, 175 00:09:44,700 --> 00:09:47,700 and spring-driven clocks were a great boon to determining that position. 176 00:09:47,700 --> 00:09:50,700 Although the cross staff, the magnetic compass, 177 00:09:50,700 --> 00:09:52,700 and the spring-driven clock were high-tech for their day, 178 00:09:52,700 --> 00:09:56,700 ancient mariners continued to navigate a lot by what we called dead reckoning. 179 00:09:56,700 --> 00:10:00,700 That is, by estimating a position travel from a previously determined position. 180 00:10:00,700 --> 00:10:03,700 Ah, I see you have one of those GPS contraptions. 181 00:10:03,700 --> 00:10:05,700 That's the way to navigate today. 182 00:10:05,700 --> 00:10:07,700 Captain, this has been very interesting, but you know, 183 00:10:07,700 --> 00:10:10,700 looking at my watch, I think we need to be shoving off. 184 00:10:10,700 --> 00:10:12,700 So, do you have a clue for us? 185 00:10:12,700 --> 00:10:13,700 Well, I think I might. 186 00:10:13,700 --> 00:10:15,700 On your next stop, you're going to be studying how early aviators 187 00:10:15,700 --> 00:10:18,700 and today's pilots navigate their way through the skies. 188 00:10:18,700 --> 00:10:20,700 Now, I'm waiting with you. 189 00:10:20,700 --> 00:10:22,700 I don't know. I don't get it. 190 00:10:22,700 --> 00:10:25,700 I mean, I don't see an airport, and we're nowhere near any water. 191 00:10:26,700 --> 00:10:29,700 Okay, Van, this one is your turn. 192 00:10:29,700 --> 00:10:32,700 How about you go in and check to see if this is the right location? 193 00:10:32,700 --> 00:10:33,700 Okay. 194 00:10:45,700 --> 00:10:47,700 Well, there's a positive sign. 195 00:10:48,700 --> 00:10:49,700 Van Hughes? 196 00:10:49,700 --> 00:10:51,700 Yes. How do you know my name? 197 00:10:51,700 --> 00:10:53,700 Well, I watch NASA Connect all the time. 198 00:10:53,700 --> 00:10:56,700 I'm Jane Garvey, head of the Federal Aviation Administration. 199 00:10:56,700 --> 00:10:58,700 Oh, wow. Nice to meet you. 200 00:10:58,700 --> 00:10:59,700 Nice to meet you. 201 00:10:59,700 --> 00:11:01,700 Are you part of the road rally? 202 00:11:01,700 --> 00:11:05,700 Yes, I am. I'm your next to last stop on your navigational tour. 203 00:11:05,700 --> 00:11:08,700 I'm here to learn about how early aviators and today's pilots 204 00:11:08,700 --> 00:11:10,700 navigate through the air. Can you help? 205 00:11:10,700 --> 00:11:11,700 Yes, I can. 206 00:11:11,700 --> 00:11:14,700 Just as Garrett A. Morgan improved roadway navigation 207 00:11:14,700 --> 00:11:17,700 and sailors built on early successes in nautical navigation, 208 00:11:17,700 --> 00:11:20,700 early aviators and the federal government worked hard 209 00:11:20,700 --> 00:11:23,700 to make air travel safer and more efficient. 210 00:11:23,700 --> 00:11:26,700 In the beginning, after the Wright brothers' successful flights 211 00:11:26,700 --> 00:11:30,700 at Kitty Hawk, the first pilots had no navigational aids. 212 00:11:30,700 --> 00:11:33,700 They simply watched for landmarks and followed roads, 213 00:11:33,700 --> 00:11:35,700 rivers, and railroad tracks. 214 00:11:35,700 --> 00:11:38,700 This approach to navigation obviously had its shortcomings. 215 00:11:38,700 --> 00:11:41,700 It only worked in daylight and in clear weather. 216 00:11:41,700 --> 00:11:45,700 In 1921, pilots for the U.S. Post Office 217 00:11:45,700 --> 00:11:48,700 conducted a daring experiment for night flying. 218 00:11:48,700 --> 00:11:52,700 Bonfires lit by helpful citizens helped to aid pilots 219 00:11:52,700 --> 00:11:54,700 flying the mail across the country. 220 00:11:54,700 --> 00:11:59,700 This approach was followed by airways marked by a series of light beacons. 221 00:11:59,700 --> 00:12:02,700 As technology developed, the government introduced 222 00:12:02,700 --> 00:12:05,700 still better navigational aids using radio. 223 00:12:05,700 --> 00:12:08,700 By listening to radio signals, pilots could stay on course 224 00:12:08,700 --> 00:12:11,700 even when bad weather kept them from seeing lights on the ground. 225 00:12:11,700 --> 00:12:14,700 Today's pilots draw on the advantages of GPS 226 00:12:14,700 --> 00:12:17,700 to guide aircraft along highways in the sky. 227 00:12:17,700 --> 00:12:20,700 The FAA and its partners, such as NASA, 228 00:12:20,700 --> 00:12:23,700 are working to build tomorrow's air traffic control system, 229 00:12:23,700 --> 00:12:27,700 which will draw on the benefits of the global positioning system. 230 00:12:27,700 --> 00:12:30,700 Well, it sounds like it can do anything. How about the weather? 231 00:12:30,700 --> 00:12:32,700 Van, everybody talks about the weather, 232 00:12:32,700 --> 00:12:35,700 but not even GPS can do anything about it. 233 00:12:35,700 --> 00:12:38,700 Weather is also a major factor with aviation accidents. 234 00:12:38,700 --> 00:12:42,700 But along with NASA, the FAA is developing several tools 235 00:12:42,700 --> 00:12:45,700 to give pilots more and better information 236 00:12:45,700 --> 00:12:47,700 on hazardous weather conditions. 237 00:12:47,700 --> 00:12:49,700 Well, it looks like I've collected what I need. 238 00:12:49,700 --> 00:12:51,700 Do you have a clue for my next stop? 239 00:12:51,700 --> 00:12:53,700 Well, your last stop will lead you to one of our partners 240 00:12:53,700 --> 00:12:56,700 who's working with us on GPS navigation. 241 00:12:56,700 --> 00:12:57,700 Good luck. 242 00:12:57,700 --> 00:12:59,700 Well, thanks. Bye. 243 00:12:59,700 --> 00:13:03,700 You know, the more I learn about GPS and its everyday applications, 244 00:13:03,700 --> 00:13:05,700 the more I'm convinced that I should get one of these 245 00:13:05,700 --> 00:13:09,700 for when I go on the road with my band, the Noodles. 246 00:13:11,700 --> 00:13:14,700 Van, when Jane Garvey was talking about some special friends, 247 00:13:14,700 --> 00:13:17,700 she was talking about us, NASA. 248 00:13:17,700 --> 00:13:19,700 Well, let's see who's here. 249 00:13:21,700 --> 00:13:24,700 Hey, hi. Are you with the NASA Road Rally? 250 00:13:24,700 --> 00:13:25,700 Yeah, come on up. 251 00:13:25,700 --> 00:13:27,700 All right. 252 00:13:29,700 --> 00:13:32,700 Hi, I'm Dick Houchen, and this is Charles Howell. 253 00:13:32,700 --> 00:13:33,700 Hi, nice to meet you. 254 00:13:33,700 --> 00:13:34,700 Hello. 255 00:13:34,700 --> 00:13:35,700 Hello. 256 00:13:35,700 --> 00:13:37,700 You did a good job in navigating here. 257 00:13:37,700 --> 00:13:39,700 It was as easy as a video game. 258 00:13:39,700 --> 00:13:42,700 Right. Well, listen, here's our logbook. 259 00:13:42,700 --> 00:13:44,700 Now, according to the Road Rally rules, 260 00:13:44,700 --> 00:13:48,700 we're supposed to learn some information from you on GPS navigation. 261 00:13:48,700 --> 00:13:50,700 So our question is, NASA, 262 00:13:50,700 --> 00:13:55,700 how is NASA helping to improve navigation tools for aircraft? 263 00:13:55,700 --> 00:13:59,700 Well, we have been investigating the use of GPS 264 00:13:59,700 --> 00:14:02,700 to help an aircraft navigate on the airport's surface 265 00:14:02,700 --> 00:14:04,700 using GPS navigation, 266 00:14:04,700 --> 00:14:08,700 particularly in bad weather and foggy conditions. 267 00:14:08,700 --> 00:14:10,700 Here is an example of how this happens. 268 00:14:10,700 --> 00:14:13,700 As a NASA 757 approaches a runway, 269 00:14:13,700 --> 00:14:17,700 computer-generated graphics outline the correct runway 270 00:14:17,700 --> 00:14:20,700 and its precise location on a head-up display 271 00:14:20,700 --> 00:14:23,700 mounted between the pilot and the windscreen. 272 00:14:23,700 --> 00:14:25,700 Upon contact to the ground, 273 00:14:25,700 --> 00:14:29,700 a head-down moving map display shows the pilot his or her location 274 00:14:29,700 --> 00:14:32,700 on the runway and the taxiway system, 275 00:14:32,700 --> 00:14:36,700 as well as the location of all other aircraft. 276 00:14:36,700 --> 00:14:41,700 The aircraft location is provided by the GPS satellite navigation system. 277 00:14:41,700 --> 00:14:43,700 Digital data link communications are used 278 00:14:43,700 --> 00:14:46,700 between the pilot and air traffic controller, 279 00:14:46,700 --> 00:14:50,700 greatly eliminating the possibility of miscommunication. 280 00:14:50,700 --> 00:14:55,700 Using this system, taxi speeds can be increased by as much as 25%. 281 00:14:55,700 --> 00:14:59,700 Such a system will play a role in helping reach the goal 282 00:14:59,700 --> 00:15:02,700 of tripling our nation's aviation system capacity 283 00:15:02,700 --> 00:15:06,700 while maintaining safety in all weather conditions. 284 00:15:06,700 --> 00:15:09,700 Dick and Charles, thank you so much for your time today. 285 00:15:09,700 --> 00:15:11,700 This has been so interesting. 286 00:15:11,700 --> 00:15:13,700 This whole road rally has been fun and informative. 287 00:15:13,700 --> 00:15:15,700 Thank you so much for sharing with us today. 288 00:15:15,700 --> 00:15:16,700 You're very welcome. 289 00:15:16,700 --> 00:15:17,700 We'll see you. 290 00:15:17,700 --> 00:15:18,700 Bye-bye. 291 00:15:21,700 --> 00:15:26,700 You know, Shelly, it's really amazing how GPS keeps pilots on track in the sky, 292 00:15:26,700 --> 00:15:30,700 sort of like managing flight traffic in a way not unlike the traffic signal 293 00:15:30,700 --> 00:15:32,700 Garrett A. Morgan invented for the ground. 294 00:15:32,700 --> 00:15:36,700 Yeah, Morgan had a great respect for education, which he used to help others. 295 00:15:38,700 --> 00:15:43,700 Well, team, I think we did a pretty good job navigating in this road rally. 296 00:15:43,700 --> 00:15:47,700 But right now, we want to see just how good you can navigate on your own. 297 00:15:47,700 --> 00:15:50,700 We're going to send them on over to Northampton Middle School, 298 00:15:50,700 --> 00:15:52,700 which is located on the eastern shore of Virginia, 299 00:15:52,700 --> 00:15:55,700 where you're going to meet up with science teacher Barbara Haynes 300 00:15:55,700 --> 00:15:58,700 and her students who are involved in a navigational challenge. 301 00:15:58,700 --> 00:16:01,700 For me, I'm going to head on back to the NASA Connect studio. 302 00:16:01,700 --> 00:16:03,700 I'm going to walk back there, send you to the eastern shore, 303 00:16:03,700 --> 00:16:06,700 and then how about you park in the car? 304 00:16:06,700 --> 00:16:07,700 Oh, well, sure. 305 00:16:07,700 --> 00:16:10,700 I think I might even check out a new location on my GPS. 306 00:16:10,700 --> 00:16:11,700 Sounds good. 307 00:16:11,700 --> 00:16:12,700 All right. 308 00:16:12,700 --> 00:16:13,700 See you. 309 00:16:13,700 --> 00:16:14,700 All righty. 310 00:16:14,700 --> 00:16:15,700 Bye. 311 00:16:15,700 --> 00:16:16,700 Hi. 312 00:16:16,700 --> 00:16:18,700 We're students from Northampton Middle School located in Machapongo 313 00:16:18,700 --> 00:16:21,700 on the eastern shore of Virginia. 314 00:16:22,700 --> 00:16:25,700 NASA Connect asked us to investigate angles and directions 315 00:16:26,700 --> 00:16:29,700 by plotting a course on graph paper using a compass, rose, and ruler. 316 00:16:29,700 --> 00:16:34,700 Our goal is to establish five outdoor pathways mapping direction and distance 317 00:16:34,700 --> 00:16:38,700 with five separate teams using a compass, compass rose, and transit. 318 00:16:38,700 --> 00:16:41,700 We hope our five different paths will converge at a single point. 319 00:16:41,700 --> 00:16:44,700 Here are the materials for an experiment. 320 00:16:44,700 --> 00:16:49,700 Five rolls of different color tape, five markers, tape, five compasses, 321 00:16:49,700 --> 00:16:52,700 five large compass rose transparencies, 322 00:16:52,700 --> 00:16:55,700 15 pencils to be used as field point markers, 323 00:16:55,700 --> 00:17:00,700 15 pieces of paper marked with the letters A through J and five Xs, 324 00:17:00,700 --> 00:17:05,700 meter sticks, five paper towel rolls, thread, five scissors, 325 00:17:05,700 --> 00:17:09,700 and before we go outside, we plot our course on graph paper. 326 00:17:09,700 --> 00:17:13,700 We need to review some simple vocabulary terms to help us prepare for this activity. 327 00:17:13,700 --> 00:17:18,700 The bearing is position or direction of an object or point based on a compass reading. 328 00:17:18,700 --> 00:17:22,700 Navigation is the science of finding distance, direction, compass positions, 329 00:17:22,700 --> 00:17:26,700 and time of travel to establish a course or determine a certain position on a map. 330 00:17:26,700 --> 00:17:31,700 Triangulation is the mathematical and scientific determination of an unknown position 331 00:17:31,700 --> 00:17:35,700 using distance or bearings from known positions. 332 00:17:35,700 --> 00:17:41,700 A transit is a sighting device used in surveying to plot a course or establish levels or heights. 333 00:17:41,700 --> 00:17:45,700 Having reviewed these terms, we are now ready to divide into five teams. 334 00:17:45,700 --> 00:17:48,700 Team A, Team C, Team E, Team G, Team I. 335 00:17:48,700 --> 00:17:52,700 We divide tasks among team members before navigating our course. 336 00:17:52,700 --> 00:17:56,700 One person will call out the bearings and distance and takes care of field position marks. 337 00:17:56,700 --> 00:17:59,700 One person handles the compass and compass rose. 338 00:17:59,700 --> 00:18:01,700 The third person handles the transit sightings. 339 00:18:01,700 --> 00:18:04,700 A fourth person handles the tape roll and measurement distance. 340 00:18:04,700 --> 00:18:08,700 And a fifth person checks the transit sightings and distance measurements. 341 00:18:08,700 --> 00:18:12,700 The first step in our activity is to create the transit. 342 00:18:12,700 --> 00:18:15,700 We take the paper tube and cut four slits into the end. 343 00:18:15,700 --> 00:18:19,700 Each slit should divide the diameter of the tube into quarters. 344 00:18:19,700 --> 00:18:21,700 Now put the string into the slits. 345 00:18:21,700 --> 00:18:26,700 This will create cross hairs, giving us greater accuracy as we look through the tube. 346 00:18:26,700 --> 00:18:30,700 Next the tube is attached to a meter stick. 347 00:18:30,700 --> 00:18:35,700 We then mark three separate pieces of paper with three position letters for our group. 348 00:18:35,700 --> 00:18:38,700 Group A marks A, B, X. 349 00:18:38,700 --> 00:18:40,700 Group C marks C, D, X. 350 00:18:40,700 --> 00:18:42,700 Group E marks E, F, X. 351 00:18:42,700 --> 00:18:45,700 Group G marks G, H, X. 352 00:18:45,700 --> 00:18:48,700 And Group I marks I, J, X. 353 00:18:48,700 --> 00:18:52,700 These pieces of paper will mark the points on our course. 354 00:18:52,700 --> 00:18:54,700 Now we're ready to go. 355 00:18:54,700 --> 00:18:56,700 Here are the procedures. 356 00:18:56,700 --> 00:19:03,700 Each group lines up exactly four meters apart with the letter designating our team on a line facing magnetic north. 357 00:19:03,700 --> 00:19:08,700 We mark our starting point and hold the compass over the starting point to confirm magnetic north. 358 00:19:08,700 --> 00:19:10,700 We also set the transit up at the starting point. 359 00:19:10,700 --> 00:19:15,700 Using the compass rose as our guide, we turn the transit to the first bearing on our chart. 360 00:19:15,700 --> 00:19:22,700 For your experiment, remember, north zero degrees must always be pointing to magnetic north on the rose, the appropriate direction. 361 00:19:22,700 --> 00:19:27,700 We then use the transit as a sighting guide and direct the student with the tape rule to the appropriate direction. 362 00:19:27,700 --> 00:19:31,700 It's okay to use hand signals to direct the person left or right. 363 00:19:31,700 --> 00:19:37,700 Once we find our correct bearing, we measure out our distance and mark the point with a pencil and paper with the appropriate letter. 364 00:19:37,700 --> 00:19:41,700 We then pick up the transit and move to point number two that we just determined. 365 00:19:41,700 --> 00:19:45,700 We complete leg two according to the chart using the same procedure. 366 00:19:45,700 --> 00:19:48,700 When all the groups finish, we check for navigation errors. 367 00:19:48,700 --> 00:19:50,700 Did everyone arrive at the same point, X? 368 00:19:50,700 --> 00:19:58,700 Now that we have finished our field experiment, we are ready to apply this knowledge to questions involving flight paths, distance, and time. 369 00:19:58,700 --> 00:20:00,700 All right. 370 00:20:00,700 --> 00:20:04,700 Joining me in the studio are some friendly faces involved with GPS. 371 00:20:04,700 --> 00:20:11,700 Before we talk to our researchers, let's give you a chance at some navigating that will involve calculating flight paths, distance, and time. 372 00:20:11,700 --> 00:20:17,700 Then, after this segment, our two researchers, Dick Huchin from NASA and Hugh Bergeron from the FAA, 373 00:20:17,700 --> 00:20:25,700 will answer your e-mail questions and take questions from some students attending a special anniversary event in Washington, D.C., as guests of the FAA. 374 00:20:25,700 --> 00:20:29,700 Okay, now, look carefully at the data, and using the information in the following diagram, 375 00:20:29,700 --> 00:20:38,700 work with your fellow students to answer the questions as read aloud by Mr. Rodney Slater, Secretary, U.S. Department of Transportation. 376 00:20:38,700 --> 00:20:49,700 What is the total distance in miles of an airplane flight that starts at point C, goes through point D, and ends at point X? 377 00:20:49,700 --> 00:20:52,700 What is the total distance in kilometers? 378 00:20:52,700 --> 00:20:58,700 Now, here's a hint. Use the formula to convert miles into kilometers. 379 00:20:58,700 --> 00:21:27,700 How long would it take an airplane traveling at 300 miles per hour to fly from point C to point D? 380 00:21:27,700 --> 00:21:34,700 From point D to point X, how long would the entire flight take? 381 00:21:58,700 --> 00:22:05,700 How many miles are there in a direct flight from point C to point X? 382 00:22:05,700 --> 00:22:11,700 Here's a hint. Use the Pythagorean theorem to find your answer. 383 00:22:27,700 --> 00:22:41,700 All right, so how do you think you did? 384 00:22:41,700 --> 00:22:45,700 Well, your mathematical computations and reasoning are going to be important skills to answering the questions. 385 00:22:45,700 --> 00:22:50,700 And speaking of questions, here with me now to answer some student questions are Dick and Hugh. 386 00:22:50,700 --> 00:22:58,700 So let's go to Washington, D.C., and meet up with a group of students from 14 schools that are spending a day with their adoptive business partner, the FAA, 387 00:22:58,700 --> 00:23:03,700 in a special event recognizing the 95th anniversary of the Wright Brothers' first flight. 388 00:23:03,700 --> 00:23:11,700 On the stage, we have some important leaders to our country in transportation and research, and I'd like to take a moment to introduce our viewers to them. 389 00:23:11,700 --> 00:23:16,700 First, we have Mr. Rodney Slater, Secretary of the Department of Transportation. 390 00:23:17,700 --> 00:23:23,700 We also have Mrs. Jane Garvey, who is the head of the FAA. 391 00:23:23,700 --> 00:23:29,700 And we have Mr. Daniel Golden, the head of NASA, who also has a very special message for our viewers. 392 00:23:29,700 --> 00:23:31,700 Mr. Golden. 393 00:23:31,700 --> 00:23:36,700 Hi, Mr. Golden. I understand you have some words for us, for our viewers. 394 00:23:36,700 --> 00:23:48,700 Yes, I hope all the students here in Washington and around the country, 700,000 of them, see the kind of tools we use at the FAA to make planes fly safer, 395 00:23:48,700 --> 00:23:55,700 at NASA to send the shuttle into space, and they understand that these are real tools and they're going to learn how to use them. 396 00:23:55,700 --> 00:24:04,700 And they also understand that if they understand how to use these tools, they'll have good jobs when they grow up, and they'll be able to lead our country. 397 00:24:05,700 --> 00:24:09,700 Mr. Golden, thank you. Those are very good words for our viewers. 398 00:24:09,700 --> 00:24:14,700 And now, beside Secretary Slater and Mrs. Garvey, is a student whom they will introduce. 399 00:24:14,700 --> 00:24:17,700 They will have a question for our researchers back here in the studio. 400 00:24:17,700 --> 00:24:20,700 So, Mr. Slater, will you introduce your guest, please? 401 00:24:20,700 --> 00:24:22,700 Yes. Thank you, Dr. Kenwright. 402 00:24:22,700 --> 00:24:30,700 Let me just say that I'm here next to Anthony Marino, and we were listening and saying, these are some good questions, I'll tell you. 403 00:24:30,700 --> 00:24:37,700 Well, Anthony is a student at the Tuckahoe Elementary School, and he actually has a question that he'd like to ask. Anthony? 404 00:24:37,700 --> 00:24:45,700 Thank you. My question is, how did we navigate before GPS? 405 00:24:45,700 --> 00:24:50,700 Oh, all right. Good question. And let's see, who'd like to answer that? 406 00:24:50,700 --> 00:24:52,700 All right, Hugh, all right. 407 00:24:53,700 --> 00:24:58,700 That's a really good question, because before GPS, people did navigate. 408 00:24:58,700 --> 00:25:05,700 And so I think the best way to answer that is to take you back several hundred years ago and show you how some of the early people navigated. 409 00:25:05,700 --> 00:25:13,700 Well, one thing people would do is if they'd go to a certain location, as they traveled over the land, they would mark where they went, and they'd make a map. 410 00:25:13,700 --> 00:25:17,700 And that would become a map, and they could give to somebody else, and they could navigate the same route. 411 00:25:17,700 --> 00:25:25,700 In fact, we still use that today. We have highways, that's a path, and we have road maps, and that's how we get from city to city. 412 00:25:25,700 --> 00:25:29,700 So you'll see some of these techniques, even though they're very old, they still use them today. 413 00:25:29,700 --> 00:25:33,700 Another technique was developed when we invented the compass. 414 00:25:33,700 --> 00:25:41,700 Now, the compass has a needle that points to the north, and if you know what direction you're going to go, you point in that direction and you see the angle, and that's called a bearing. 415 00:25:41,700 --> 00:25:45,700 And you follow that bearing, and then you can travel in that direction. 416 00:25:45,700 --> 00:25:50,700 Again, the compass is still used today. Any aircraft that you fly in will have a compass. 417 00:25:50,700 --> 00:25:55,700 That's great. So what I'm hearing from you is some of the tools from the past are still being used today. 418 00:25:55,700 --> 00:26:04,700 That is true. It's a combination of all of these tools, and they help back up each other and make sure that you have a more accurate path of direction. 419 00:26:04,700 --> 00:26:10,700 Fantastic. Great. That's a good answer. And I know we've got someone else back there with Mrs. Garvey. 420 00:26:10,700 --> 00:26:14,700 So, Mrs. Garvey, could you please introduce for us your guest, and then the question, please? 421 00:26:14,700 --> 00:26:20,700 Well, yes. Thank you very much. And I am joined by a wonderful young student named Brittany Jones. 422 00:26:20,700 --> 00:26:26,700 And Brittany is from Bradbury Heights Elementary School, and she has a question for us today. 423 00:26:26,700 --> 00:26:31,700 Thank you. My question is, how does GPS work? 424 00:26:31,700 --> 00:26:35,700 That's great. All right. How does GPS work? You got something there for us? 425 00:26:35,700 --> 00:26:40,700 Yes. I expected this question, and I used this illustration to try to answer that question. 426 00:26:40,700 --> 00:26:47,700 The GPS satellite sends signals down to the Earth, and then the receiver on the Earth makes measurements on these. 427 00:26:47,700 --> 00:26:52,700 And the first thing it does is determine the distance or range to those satellites. 428 00:26:52,700 --> 00:27:00,700 So let's let this wire here represent the range from this satellite and this one the range from this satellite. 429 00:27:00,700 --> 00:27:09,700 Then with mathematical equations in the computer of the GPS receiver, it calculates where these ranges intersect. 430 00:27:09,700 --> 00:27:13,700 And that becomes your latitude and longitude of your position on Earth. 431 00:27:13,700 --> 00:27:16,700 All right. And that's how Van and I were able to get where we needed to go. 432 00:27:16,700 --> 00:27:20,700 All right. Well, I see we're quickly running out of time. Thank you, Dick and Hugh. 433 00:27:20,700 --> 00:27:26,700 Oh, but I understand we have a special caller with a message. It's from Senator and astronaut John Glenn. 434 00:27:26,700 --> 00:27:27,700 Mr. Glenn, welcome. 435 00:27:27,700 --> 00:27:30,700 Thank you. Glad to be able to participate this morning. 436 00:27:30,700 --> 00:27:33,700 Thank you. I understand you have some words for our viewers. 437 00:27:33,700 --> 00:27:38,700 I do indeed, and I'm glad to be able to give some encouragement to our young people today. 438 00:27:38,700 --> 00:27:44,700 You know, today is the 95th anniversary of when the first airplane ever lifted off the ground under powered flight, 439 00:27:44,700 --> 00:27:50,700 when the Wright brothers made that first flight from Kill Devil Hill down in North Carolina. 440 00:27:50,700 --> 00:27:56,700 And it wasn't a very long flight, but they were the first people to ever get airborne in a powered vehicle. 441 00:27:56,700 --> 00:28:00,700 And ever since then, we've been trying to go higher and faster and higher and faster. 442 00:28:00,700 --> 00:28:02,700 And we're into space now. 443 00:28:03,700 --> 00:28:08,700 And you might even look at the Wright brothers as the first astronauts, if you want to look at it that way. 444 00:28:08,700 --> 00:28:14,700 They didn't get where they were and make their discoveries by just having an interest in it. 445 00:28:14,700 --> 00:28:18,700 You know, they were people who studied things. They made little wind tunnels at the time. 446 00:28:18,700 --> 00:28:20,700 They did the mathematical measurements. 447 00:28:20,700 --> 00:28:24,700 They had to know their mathematics, and they had to have a scientific mind. 448 00:28:24,700 --> 00:28:27,700 And that's what we like to encourage in all our young people today. 449 00:28:27,700 --> 00:28:35,700 You just have to have the background that you get from school with regard to math and reading skills and all those other things. 450 00:28:35,700 --> 00:28:38,700 And that's the good part about being in school. 451 00:28:38,700 --> 00:28:45,700 You all have the ability and the place that you're at now in school to do all those same things 452 00:28:45,700 --> 00:28:50,700 and make tremendous contributions in the future, just like the Wright brothers did 95 years ago. 453 00:28:50,700 --> 00:28:53,700 Senator Glenn, thank you. Powerful words there, and I appreciate it. 454 00:28:53,700 --> 00:28:58,700 Now, if you want to discover more ways researchers are using GPS, then check out our website. 455 00:28:58,700 --> 00:29:03,700 And for those of you interested in the world of transportation, check out the online resources of our program partners. 456 00:29:03,700 --> 00:29:05,700 We're going to have to say goodbye now. Let's wrap up. 457 00:29:05,700 --> 00:29:08,700 Thanks, program partners and all our guests. Thank you. 458 00:29:08,700 --> 00:29:13,700 Here you will engage in an online road rally that will take you to five continents 459 00:29:13,700 --> 00:29:16,700 with a checkpoint on each continent as seen from space. 460 00:29:16,700 --> 00:29:21,700 Finally, for a videotaped copy of this show along with the lesson plans, 461 00:29:21,700 --> 00:29:25,700 contact the NASA Central Operation of Resources for Educators. 462 00:29:25,700 --> 00:29:29,700 You know, I wonder what ever happened to Van. 463 00:29:29,700 --> 00:29:39,700 Hello, Van. 464 00:29:39,700 --> 00:29:42,700 Hello, Shelley. 465 00:29:42,700 --> 00:29:45,700 Van, where are you? 466 00:29:45,700 --> 00:29:48,700 Oh, I was just checking out one more stop on the GPS. 467 00:29:49,700 --> 00:29:53,700 And where might that be? 468 00:29:53,700 --> 00:29:59,700 Well, what's a road trip without a milkshake? 469 00:29:59,700 --> 00:30:04,700 Van, wrong answer. What is it that you're supposed to say? 470 00:30:04,700 --> 00:30:09,700 Oh, well, we hope you join us next time on NASA Connect, 471 00:30:09,700 --> 00:30:12,700 when we connect you to math, science, and NASA. 472 00:30:12,700 --> 00:30:15,700 See you later. 473 00:30:15,700 --> 00:30:18,700 Thanks.