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Hey, hey, hey. It's Fat Albert. Well, actually, my real name is Kenan Thompson, but I play

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Fat Albert in the live-action film based on Bill Cosby's hit show. My buddies and I love

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adventure, but we also love a good challenge. That's why we love the NASA Sci-Fys. If you

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want an adventure in math, science, and technology, check in on the Treehouse Detectives hot on

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the trail with their latest case on this exciting episode of the NASA Sci-Fys.

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Come on out and learn about math, science, and technology. NASA Sci-Fys.

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Be sure to look for the answers to the following questions. Why is it important to classify

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animals? Which phylum of invertebrates is most common? What are the five classes of vertebrates?

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When you see this icon, the answer is near.

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What an awesome ride.

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Riding across the water at top speeds, checking out nature, and the wildlife was amazing.

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Right. Amazing. Come on, Catherine. That has to rank up there as one of the coolest.

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You're right. It was cool, but...

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But what?

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I've been thinking.

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Remember when we were out on the boat and we stopped to examine some of the plant life

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under the water? Well, I turned around to see this bird fall from the sky. I followed it down,

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only to see another bird flailing around in the water, obviously hurt. I mentioned it to our guide,

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and he said that on a preserve, they don't usually rescue or help animals under stress

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from natural causes. There are no traps or anything there, so the bird probably had been

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attacked by a predator, but it got in the way. They don't interfere.

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I don't know. It just seems like there's something that we can do to help.

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Well, we are talking about nature. I'm not sure we can help every animal.

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True, but I wonder what we can do.

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Kaylee might be able to help. She's the expert on nature and animals.

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She probably doesn't have time. I think she's working on some kind of project.

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I have an idea, but it's going to require everyone's help and Jacob's backyard.

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Jacob might be hard to convince.

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I don't know. Beneath his harsh exterior lies a truly compassionate nature lover.

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Really?

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Okay, so I'm exaggerating, but I'm sure I'll help. Let's contact the others.

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So,

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I don't know how you expect me to help you with the wildlife badge research with all this

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prime real estate just waiting to be developed.

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Tony, if we build houses everywhere there are forests, there won't be any wildlife.

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Of course, you're right. By the way, how's the research coming along?

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I've taken some pictures of our state bird and I've identified some poisonous plants,

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but I still have a lot of work to do.

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Well, I hope you have some extra time on your hands.

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What's up?

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I just got an email from Catherine. She said she saw an injured animal in the Everglades,

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and she and Bianca want to create their own backyard habitat.

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Sounds cool. Who's backyard?

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They've talked to Jacob and he's agreed to use his backyard.

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I think he's hoping he doesn't have to cut the grass anymore.

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At least he's doing what he can to help.

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Good point, but the question is, what can we do?

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They're shown Florida and don't know where to begin.

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I'm not sure, but maybe my research for my wildlife badge can help them.

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Great idea. Let's start with the problem board.

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Okay, what do we know?

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We know that Catherine saw an injured animal in distress.

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And of course we know that animals are a part of the animal kingdom.

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And we also know that there are many different types of animals.

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So, what do we need to know?

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I think we need to start with the basics.

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If we're going to make a habitat for animals,

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we should learn how to classify and identify them.

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And which ones we need to protect.

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So, where should we go?

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Didn't you go on a camping trip to Busch Gardens with your Girl Scout troop?

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Right. They take care of some amazing animals there.

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I'm sure they'll help us. I'll email my troop leader.

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Excellent idea. And don't forget, we have to email Dr. D,

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Bianca and Catherine, and download a get-up-and-go sheet.

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You can get your own get-up-and-go sheet at the NASA SciFiles website.

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It may take a lot of hard work, but it's good to help.

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I'm here at Busch Gardens in Williamsburg, Virginia,

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to talk with their zoological manager, Mr. Rob Yorty.

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He actually works with wolves here at the park, so it should be very exciting.

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The wolves are very fascinating creatures.

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But remember, no cameras, backpacks,

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and also don't look them in the eyes so we won't distract them.

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No problem.

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They look like dogs.

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Well, that's because they're in the same phylum Chordata, subphylum Vertebrata,

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class Mammalia, order Carnivora, and family Canidae, as dogs are.

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Could you repeat that?

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Well, actually, in your email, you requested information on how to classify animals,

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and that is the classification for wolves.

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But maybe we should start at the beginning.

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That sounds like a good idea.

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We know that there are two main kingdoms, plants and animals,

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but we need to learn more about how animals are classified.

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Just like for plants, scientists use a classification system for animals.

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The animal kingdom is divided into smaller groups.

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The largest group within a kingdom is a phylum.

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Phylum are divided into classes.

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Classes are divided into smaller and smaller groups.

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The smallest group is the species.

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Why is it important to classify animals?

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By classifying animals, we can give each organism a unique,

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scientifically accepted name, which avoids confusion.

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Why can't you just call a dog a dog?

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Well, an animal's common name can vary within languages,

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also within regions, even in the same country.

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Here in the U.S., the mountain lion is also called the panther, the cougar, or the puma.

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It's known as a cat of many names.

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So how do animals get their names?

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Scientists look at specific characteristics of each organism to divide them into groups.

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The animal kingdom is divided into two specific groups, vertebrates and invertebrates.

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How are they different?

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Vertebrates are animals with a backbone or spinal column.

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Invertebrates are not.

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I have a backbone. I must be a vertebrate.

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Yes, you are.

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About 5% of animals are vertebrates and are categorized into classes according to their traits.

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Vertebrates include fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

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Wow, only 5%?

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Does that mean the other 95% are invertebrates?

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That's correct.

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The invertebrate phyla consists of many different species of worms,

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insects, sponges, and even microscopic organisms.

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If I were to find an animal in my backyard that I didn't recognize, how could I identify it?

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Well, one way that scientists use to identify an animal is through the use of a dichotomous key.

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Dichotomous key? I'm not sure I understand.

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Dichotomous means separated into two parts.

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Dichotomous key is a method used to identify an object by giving a specific set of choices

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all the way down to the object's name, or in this case, an animal.

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How does it work?

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You start out with two characteristics.

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After choosing the first characteristic, you are given two more to choose from.

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You keep making choices until you classify the animal.

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If you're looking at an animal, the first set of characteristics would be backbone or no backbone.

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And if it has a backbone, then you would keep looking at other characteristics to narrow it down.

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Exactly, like the gray wolf.

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You would start out with backbone or no backbone.

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You would choose backbone.

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The next set of choices would be fur or feathers.

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You would choose fur.

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Go down to the next set would be long canine teeth or short canine teeth.

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You would choose long canine teeth and eventually get down to the gray wolf classification.

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They're really beautiful.

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The gray wolf used to be endangered in the United States due to overhunting and the loss of habitat.

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But through conservation efforts, it is now considered threatened.

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It is the largest of the canid species and has the largest range of any land mammal,

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with the exception of humans.

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They are pack hunters and usually feed on mammals larger than themselves,

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including caribou, elk, and deer.

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They also have a very distinctive howl.

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You're lucky to have such cool animals here at the park.

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We're thrilled, and Busch Gardens Williamsburg is committed to the conservation of all animals.

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We have lots of different animals in our park to help teach our guests about their habitats,

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behaviors, the animal's status in the wild, and what needs to be done to help the environment.

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Seeing an animal up close and personal really does make a difference.

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Just waiting to see the show.

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Hi, Kaylee. What a cool vessel.

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Yes, it is.

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It's like the kind used to collect bioluminescent organisms.

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You sure can learn a lot about organisms in this glowing exhibit.

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Very funny, Dr. D.

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I was surprised to learn that organisms can give off light by mixing chemicals in their own body,

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just like mixing chemicals in this glow stick.

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Right. Organisms that make themselves glow are called bioluminescent organisms.

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Right. Organisms that make themselves glow are called bioluminescent.

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Did you know that 90% of mid-ocean organisms are bioluminescent?

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They use their light to blind their predators, attract prey, and find a mate.

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Wow, you really know your stuff.

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In the ocean, you'll find jellyfish, sea cucumbers, shrimp, squid, and octopuses that glow.

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And on land, you'll find fireflies, glow worms, snails, and click beetles.

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So far, you've mentioned only invertebrate animals.

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Right. We learned that the animal kingdom is divided into vertebrates and invertebrates.

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Mr. Yorty at Busch Gardens told us that most of the animals are invertebrates.

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Very good. The animal kingdom has over 30 major groups or phyla.

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One of these includes all of the vertebrates,

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and there are eight others that include a majority of the invertebrates.

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Do you know which of the invertebrates are the most common?

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I'm pretty sure insects are the most common.

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Insects, including fireflies, are part of the phylum known as arthropoda.

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There are more than a million arthropod species, and most of them are insects.

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Does arthropoda also include crabs and spiders?

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Yes, it does, along with bioluminescent shrimp.

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Are snails arthropods?

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No. Arthropods have a hardened exoskeleton, which you might confuse with a snail's shell.

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Arthropods also have jointed appendages like wings, legs, or antennas.

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So snails must be grouped with other shelled animals, like clams.

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Very good. Clams, mussels, and snails, along with octopus and squid, are all part of mollusca.

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Molluscs are soft-bodied.

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In fact, mollusca comes from the Latin word for soft.

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Jellyfish are soft. Are they also part of mollusca?

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Unfortunately, classification is a little more complicated than just hard and soft.

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Jellyfish, along with corals, are part of cnidaria.

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These animals have tentacles and stinging cells.

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Cnidaria? That's strange to say.

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How about nematoda?

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That sounds like it has to do with a frog.

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Nematoda actually refers to roundworms, which have a tube-like body.

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Earthworms are also tube-like, but they belong to the phylum annelida, which are segmented animals.

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Worms share some complicated names.

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Just wait, there's more.

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Platyhelminthiid, which is Latin for flatworm, are the simplest animals that have organ systems.

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And I thought sea cucumber was a strange name.

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Oh, sea cucumbers are from the conidromata phylum, along with sand dollars and starfish.

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These spiny-skinned animals have suction cup feet.

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The next phylum is very simple.

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Finally, a simple name.

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No, the name is not simple, but the animals are.

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Sponges are part of the peripherophylum.

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These primitive animals have no symmetry, tissues, or organs.

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Wow, classifying animals is harder than I thought.

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I hope we fare better with our backyard habitat.

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Have you heard from the others?

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Bianca and Catherine are researching vertebrates.

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They made a contact at NASA Kennedy Space Center, so they should have some excellent data.

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True.

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I'm going out of town.

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If I can help, check me in.

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Catherine and I are meeting with Ms. Rebecca Smith, a wildlife ecologist at NASA Kennedy Space Center.

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Part of her job is to monitor and minimize the effects of the space program on the environment,

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habitats, and wildlife.

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Plus, she knows all about vertebrates.

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Maybe we'll get to see some, other than ourselves.

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Reach around and touch the middle of your back.

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What do you feel?

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I feel my backbone.

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Exactly.

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All vertebrates have an endoskeleton, which is an internal skeleton with a backbone.

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They have small bones called vertebrae.

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They typically consist of a bony arch that encloses a hole for the spinal cord

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and have stubby projections that connect with adjacent bones.

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Why do animals, I mean vertebrates, need an endoskeleton?

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It supports and protects the internal organs of the body

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and also provides a place for muscles to attach.

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The vertebrae protect the nerve or spinal cord,

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and because it is in many pieces, it allows an animal to bend.

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So if an animal has a backbone, you know it belongs to the phylum vertebrata.

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But how can you determine which class it belongs to?

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You have to look at other characteristics or attributes.

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A key difference among vertebrates is how they regulate body temperature.

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What do you mean?

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The frog and the snake are both cold-blooded animals called ectotherms.

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They don't have an internal ability to control their body temperature.

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They rely on heat from the environment to keep them at a temperature for life processes.

234
00:14:52,040 --> 00:14:56,760
So when it's cold, their body processes slow down, and when it's warm, they speed up.

235
00:14:56,760 --> 00:14:58,360
What about warm-blooded animals?

236
00:14:58,360 --> 00:14:59,880
They're called endotherms.

237
00:14:59,880 --> 00:15:03,400
Their bodies can regulate heat, so they maintain a constant body temperature

238
00:15:03,400 --> 00:15:05,480
even if the temperature changes around them.

239
00:15:05,480 --> 00:15:07,720
Shivering, panting, and sweating are some of the ways

240
00:15:07,720 --> 00:15:10,040
that endotherms can control their body temperature.

241
00:15:10,040 --> 00:15:13,400
Which classes of vertebrates are warm-blooded and which are cold-blooded?

242
00:15:14,120 --> 00:15:15,960
There are five classes of vertebrates.

243
00:15:15,960 --> 00:15:18,520
Fish, amphibians, and reptiles are cold-blooded.

244
00:15:18,520 --> 00:15:20,120
Birds and mammals are warm-blooded.

245
00:15:20,120 --> 00:15:22,440
So once you know if they are warm-blooded or cold-blooded,

246
00:15:22,440 --> 00:15:25,800
what other characteristics can you use to determine an animal's class?

247
00:15:25,800 --> 00:15:27,400
Each class is very different.

248
00:15:27,400 --> 00:15:32,840
For example, fish have fins, gills, and most have scales that cover and protect their body.

249
00:15:32,840 --> 00:15:36,840
They live in a variety of aquatic habitats from saltwater to freshwater.

250
00:15:36,840 --> 00:15:38,360
So all fish aren't the same?

251
00:15:38,360 --> 00:15:39,880
No, there are three types.

252
00:15:39,880 --> 00:15:42,360
Jawless fish, cartilage fish, and bony fish.

253
00:15:42,920 --> 00:15:46,120
Amphibians live in water. How are they different from fish?

254
00:15:46,120 --> 00:15:49,720
Unlike fish, most amphibians only spend part of their lives in the water

255
00:15:49,720 --> 00:15:51,400
and the rest of their lives on land.

256
00:15:51,400 --> 00:15:53,000
There are three types of amphibians.

257
00:15:53,000 --> 00:15:56,200
Frogs and toads, newts and salamanders, and caecilians.

258
00:15:56,200 --> 00:15:58,600
Why do they spend time on land and in water?

259
00:15:58,600 --> 00:16:00,920
Amphibians need the water to lay their eggs.

260
00:16:00,920 --> 00:16:04,360
The young are also aquatic for a time before they go through metamorphosis.

261
00:16:04,360 --> 00:16:08,040
Metamorphosis is the process that occurs when an animal changes form

262
00:16:08,040 --> 00:16:09,880
as it develops into an adult.

263
00:16:09,880 --> 00:16:10,760
That's correct.

264
00:16:10,760 --> 00:16:15,080
For example, a frog develops from an egg to a tadpole and then to an adult.

265
00:16:15,080 --> 00:16:16,520
What about reptiles?

266
00:16:16,520 --> 00:16:18,840
Snakes are reptiles. You want to see a corn snake?

267
00:16:18,840 --> 00:16:19,560
Sure.

268
00:16:19,560 --> 00:16:20,060
Come on.

269
00:16:21,720 --> 00:16:24,920
Some reptiles, such as water snakes and sea turtles,

270
00:16:24,920 --> 00:16:26,920
live most of their lives in the water.

271
00:16:26,920 --> 00:16:30,920
But reptiles are primarily crocodilians, turtles, lizards, and snakes

272
00:16:30,920 --> 00:16:34,840
that can live on land from birth to death without returning to the water to reproduce.

273
00:16:35,640 --> 00:16:37,240
This is a corn snake.

274
00:16:37,320 --> 00:16:40,840
Most snakes in the U.S. are not poisonous and are actually beneficial to us

275
00:16:40,840 --> 00:16:43,560
because they occupy an important ecological niche,

276
00:16:43,560 --> 00:16:46,200
such as keeping the rodent population under control.

277
00:16:46,200 --> 00:16:48,520
She's cool. What about birds?

278
00:16:48,520 --> 00:16:50,920
Birds are unique because they lay hard-shelled eggs,

279
00:16:50,920 --> 00:16:53,000
they have beaks, wings, and feathers,

280
00:16:53,000 --> 00:16:55,880
and lightweight, hollow bones that make it easier to fly.

281
00:16:55,880 --> 00:16:57,480
So that leaves us mammals.

282
00:16:57,480 --> 00:16:58,360
That's correct.

283
00:16:58,360 --> 00:17:02,280
Mammals have hair, give live birth, and feed milk to their young.

284
00:17:02,280 --> 00:17:03,880
There are three different types of mammals.

285
00:17:03,880 --> 00:17:07,560
The egg-laying mammals, the pouched mammals or marsupials,

286
00:17:07,560 --> 00:17:10,280
and the placental mammals, which are the largest group.

287
00:17:10,280 --> 00:17:13,080
Don't mammals live in a variety of different habitats?

288
00:17:13,080 --> 00:17:15,960
Animals such as whales and dolphins live in the ocean,

289
00:17:15,960 --> 00:17:17,400
sloths live in the trees,

290
00:17:17,400 --> 00:17:19,800
bats fly around, and moles live underground.

291
00:17:19,800 --> 00:17:22,600
Wow, I never knew animals were so diverse.

292
00:17:22,600 --> 00:17:24,840
It must be fun to study animals every day.

293
00:17:24,840 --> 00:17:25,720
And challenging.

294
00:17:25,720 --> 00:17:29,960
For example, whenever a new building needs to be built or a pipeline needs to be laid,

295
00:17:29,960 --> 00:17:33,560
we go to the area and survey the site to see what animals will be affected.

296
00:17:34,280 --> 00:17:37,080
Whenever possible, we move the animals out of harm's way,

297
00:17:37,080 --> 00:17:41,160
and we work closely with project managers to reduce or eliminate the impacts.

298
00:17:41,160 --> 00:17:42,360
Thanks, Ms. Smith.

299
00:17:42,360 --> 00:17:44,520
Now we need to research what animals need.

300
00:17:44,520 --> 00:17:47,560
Mr. Mario Moda, a colleague of mine, might be able to help you.

301
00:17:47,560 --> 00:17:48,060
Great!

302
00:17:49,560 --> 00:17:52,280
Protecting animals may be more difficult than we thought.

303
00:17:52,280 --> 00:17:55,160
I know Kaylee and the other treehouse detectives are working hard,

304
00:17:55,160 --> 00:17:56,600
but we still have a lot to do.

305
00:18:00,920 --> 00:18:01,720
So what's up?

306
00:18:02,600 --> 00:18:05,320
What kinds of animals will Jacob find in his backyard?

307
00:18:05,880 --> 00:18:08,280
Will the treehouse detectives find a new species?

308
00:18:08,840 --> 00:18:11,080
Is a backyard nature preserve a good idea?

309
00:18:11,720 --> 00:18:16,200
Find out in the next exciting chapter of The Case of the Zany Animal Antics.

310
00:18:17,240 --> 00:18:19,960
Be sure to look for the answers to the following questions.

311
00:18:20,600 --> 00:18:22,280
What are the basic needs of animals?

312
00:18:22,920 --> 00:18:25,960
What are the three basic reasons animals migrate?

313
00:18:25,960 --> 00:18:28,440
What is different between mitosis and meiosis?

314
00:18:29,160 --> 00:18:32,360
Why is it important for a species to have genetic diversity?

315
00:18:35,880 --> 00:18:38,600
You're not going to believe it, but it's all right here.

316
00:18:38,600 --> 00:18:43,240
With proper planning and maintenance, you can create your own backyard preserve or habitat.

317
00:18:43,240 --> 00:18:44,600
That's amazing!

318
00:18:44,600 --> 00:18:46,280
And if you follow their guidelines,

319
00:18:46,280 --> 00:18:48,760
you can actually have your backyard officially recognized.

320
00:18:49,320 --> 00:18:50,840
How'd you find out about all this?

321
00:18:51,480 --> 00:18:54,360
I have a friend who deals strictly with agricultural stocks.

322
00:18:54,360 --> 00:18:56,680
I gave him a few leads on some farm equipment companies,

323
00:18:56,680 --> 00:18:59,000
and he gave me the scoop on backyard habitats.

324
00:18:59,000 --> 00:18:59,500
Cool.

325
00:19:00,680 --> 00:19:01,880
So is everybody helping out?

326
00:19:02,520 --> 00:19:04,840
All the treehouse detectives are pitching in.

327
00:19:04,840 --> 00:19:07,720
Catherine and Bianca are down at NASA Kennedy in Florida,

328
00:19:07,720 --> 00:19:10,840
and RJ's at Adventure Camp at Bush Gardens in Tampa.

329
00:19:10,840 --> 00:19:12,440
We certainly have a great team.

330
00:19:12,440 --> 00:19:15,080
Well, we haven't officially heard from RJ yet,

331
00:19:15,080 --> 00:19:17,640
but Dr. D's going to talk to him down in Florida.

332
00:19:17,640 --> 00:19:19,960
And of course, NASA's a big resource.

333
00:19:19,960 --> 00:19:20,760
Yes, they are.

334
00:19:20,760 --> 00:19:25,000
In fact, Catherine and Bianca are supposed to talk to Mr. Mario Moda there today.

335
00:19:25,000 --> 00:19:27,160
I hope they remember to download their get-up-and-go sheets.

336
00:19:27,800 --> 00:19:30,600
You can download your own get-up-and-go sheet at the NASA softball's website.

337
00:19:35,000 --> 00:19:36,280
Miss Smith was right.

338
00:19:36,280 --> 00:19:39,320
Mr. Mario Moda agreed to meet with us about animals.

339
00:19:39,320 --> 00:19:43,800
He's a wildlife biologist working with sea turtles here at NASA Kennedy Space Center.

340
00:19:43,800 --> 00:19:45,960
We hope to learn more about basic needs of animals,

341
00:19:45,960 --> 00:19:48,680
and if we're lucky, we may find a sea turtle nest on the beach.

342
00:19:49,560 --> 00:19:52,120
Well, an animal's basic needs are pretty simple.

343
00:19:52,120 --> 00:19:56,600
They need food, water, shelter, and another mate so they can reproduce.

344
00:19:56,600 --> 00:19:58,120
That sounds simple enough.

345
00:19:58,120 --> 00:20:00,280
But how do you know what kind of food animals need?

346
00:20:00,840 --> 00:20:03,800
Depends on the species, but no matter what kind of animal it is,

347
00:20:03,800 --> 00:20:06,120
you gotta make sure you have a healthy food chain.

348
00:20:06,120 --> 00:20:07,480
Do you know about the food chain?

349
00:20:07,480 --> 00:20:09,640
We've studied the food chain in school.

350
00:20:09,640 --> 00:20:13,560
It's the process of energy being transferred from one organism to another.

351
00:20:13,560 --> 00:20:14,200
That's right.

352
00:20:14,200 --> 00:20:16,680
All living things need food for energy.

353
00:20:16,680 --> 00:20:20,360
Producers such as plants, algae, and other organisms

354
00:20:20,360 --> 00:20:25,320
convert light energy into sugar molecules that the plant uses for food energy.

355
00:20:26,200 --> 00:20:30,920
A portion of this energy is passed on when animals called consumers eat the plants.

356
00:20:31,640 --> 00:20:35,160
And then other consumers eat the consumers that ate the plants.

357
00:20:35,160 --> 00:20:35,800
Very good.

358
00:20:35,800 --> 00:20:41,080
And then energy stored in the molecules of one organism is transferred to another organism.

359
00:20:41,080 --> 00:20:42,040
Making a food chain.

360
00:20:42,760 --> 00:20:44,360
Plants are at the bottom.

361
00:20:44,360 --> 00:20:49,240
Animals such as deer and rabbits are called herbivores, and they eat the plants.

362
00:20:49,240 --> 00:20:53,960
The herbivores are then eaten by a carnivore, such as a wolf or lion.

363
00:20:53,960 --> 00:20:56,520
Aren't there some that eat both plants and animals?

364
00:20:57,160 --> 00:20:59,080
Yes, they're called omnivores.

365
00:20:59,080 --> 00:21:02,840
In the final stage of the food chain, when an animal or plant dies,

366
00:21:02,840 --> 00:21:05,800
they're broken down by bacteria called decomposers.

367
00:21:05,800 --> 00:21:10,520
Decomposers turn the remains into materials that can be used by the plants.

368
00:21:10,520 --> 00:21:13,640
Food chains seem simple at first, but they're really complex.

369
00:21:14,280 --> 00:21:16,760
In a habitat, there are many feeding relationships.

370
00:21:17,320 --> 00:21:22,760
Some can be very complex, so scientists use a food web to better share these relationships.

371
00:21:22,760 --> 00:21:24,520
A web like a spider's web?

372
00:21:24,520 --> 00:21:26,760
Actually, a spider's web is a good analogy.

373
00:21:26,760 --> 00:21:29,960
It is intricately woven and connected, just like a food web.

374
00:21:29,960 --> 00:21:32,520
What if something happened to an animal's habitat?

375
00:21:32,520 --> 00:21:34,440
The food web would be disrupted,

376
00:21:34,440 --> 00:21:37,960
and it could disrupt the balance of plant and animal populations.

377
00:21:37,960 --> 00:21:38,920
What do you mean?

378
00:21:38,920 --> 00:21:42,280
Let's say a fire destroyed a habitat and removed all the plants.

379
00:21:42,920 --> 00:21:46,440
Without plants, then the herbivores would not have food to eat.

380
00:21:47,000 --> 00:21:50,200
Without herbivores, then the carnivores would also starve.

381
00:21:50,760 --> 00:21:53,000
The animals would have to move to a new habitat.

382
00:21:53,640 --> 00:21:55,080
It's not always that easy.

383
00:21:55,080 --> 00:22:00,920
Some habitats are small or enclosed by human development, such as subdivisions,

384
00:22:00,920 --> 00:22:04,280
making it difficult for animals to migrate to a new habitat.

385
00:22:04,280 --> 00:22:07,400
If they can't find a new habitat, won't they die?

386
00:22:07,400 --> 00:22:11,320
They might, and it could even lead to the extinction of some species.

387
00:22:11,320 --> 00:22:13,640
I never realized that everything is so connected.

388
00:22:14,200 --> 00:22:17,320
Yes, it is, and as part of my job here at NASA,

389
00:22:17,320 --> 00:22:20,760
I study the sea turtles that live in the estuaries and lagoons

390
00:22:20,760 --> 00:22:23,000
to make sure that their habitats aren't disrupted.

391
00:22:24,760 --> 00:22:28,200
Mr. Moda told us all about how sea turtles are endangered and threatened,

392
00:22:28,200 --> 00:22:31,160
and how the beaches of NASA Kennedy provide nesting sites for them.

393
00:22:31,720 --> 00:22:35,480
By monitoring their population health, age structure, growth reproduction,

394
00:22:35,480 --> 00:22:40,200
mortality, and the impact of human activity, NASA can help the species thrive.

395
00:22:40,200 --> 00:22:42,840
We didn't get to see any, but Mr. Moda said that to do that,

396
00:22:42,840 --> 00:22:44,040
we would have to go out to sea.

397
00:22:49,320 --> 00:22:52,200
I never knew that working as a zookeeper required so much.

398
00:22:52,840 --> 00:22:56,200
Feeding, raking, cleaning, more feeding.

399
00:22:56,200 --> 00:22:58,200
It's hard work, but it's very rewarding.

400
00:22:58,760 --> 00:23:00,280
Of course, I'm looking forward to my break.

401
00:23:01,000 --> 00:23:03,960
Hopefully, I can take care of a little research for the treehouse detectives

402
00:23:03,960 --> 00:23:07,720
when I meet Dr. D today on the Busch Gardens Serengeti Plain habitat.

403
00:23:08,360 --> 00:23:10,360
Each zebra has a unique set of stripes,

404
00:23:10,360 --> 00:23:13,720
which creates an optical illusion that confuses a predator.

405
00:23:13,720 --> 00:23:15,880
Oh, and I also learned that in 12 months,

406
00:23:15,880 --> 00:23:18,200
the animals of the Serengeti Plain in Africa

407
00:23:18,200 --> 00:23:21,960
will travel in a large circle of about 1,000 kilometers.

408
00:23:21,960 --> 00:23:22,760
That's right.

409
00:23:22,760 --> 00:23:25,640
The migration includes hundreds of thousands of herbivores,

410
00:23:25,640 --> 00:23:29,640
including Thompson's gazelles, zebras, and wildebeest like these here.

411
00:23:30,200 --> 00:23:32,920
Wow, they're pretty funny looking animals.

412
00:23:32,920 --> 00:23:35,640
African legend says they're made for spare parts.

413
00:23:35,640 --> 00:23:38,840
Wildebeest are, however, well suited for their migration.

414
00:23:38,840 --> 00:23:43,960
For example, most wildebeest calves can stand and run in less than 10 minutes after birth.

415
00:23:43,960 --> 00:23:45,080
Wow, that's amazing.

416
00:23:46,200 --> 00:23:48,760
But I thought migration meant going south for the winter.

417
00:23:48,760 --> 00:23:50,280
Does it get that cold in Africa?

418
00:23:50,840 --> 00:23:53,640
No, but there are seasons, wet and dry.

419
00:23:53,640 --> 00:23:57,080
During the dry season, the grass dries out and water becomes scarce.

420
00:23:57,080 --> 00:24:01,080
The herbivores that migrate leave in search of new grass and plentiful water.

421
00:24:02,040 --> 00:24:05,640
I know that other animals like birds will migrate great distances.

422
00:24:05,640 --> 00:24:07,240
Is this also in search of food?

423
00:24:07,240 --> 00:24:09,240
There are three basic reasons for migration.

424
00:24:09,240 --> 00:24:10,920
The first is food and water.

425
00:24:10,920 --> 00:24:13,000
The second is to escape harsh weather.

426
00:24:13,000 --> 00:24:15,400
So I guess that when birds fly south for the winter,

427
00:24:15,400 --> 00:24:17,960
they get both a milder climate and more food.

428
00:24:17,960 --> 00:24:19,000
Very good.

429
00:24:19,000 --> 00:24:22,920
When they go north for the summer, they get more hours of daylight to gather food.

430
00:24:22,920 --> 00:24:26,600
How do animals travel thousands of kilometers and find their destination?

431
00:24:26,600 --> 00:24:28,360
They must have some way to navigate.

432
00:24:28,360 --> 00:24:29,880
Are you ready to try an experiment?

433
00:24:30,600 --> 00:24:31,960
Okay, why not?

434
00:24:31,960 --> 00:24:33,880
Close your eyes and I'll spin you around.

435
00:24:38,200 --> 00:24:41,320
Now, keep your eyes closed and point north.

436
00:24:42,360 --> 00:24:43,880
Are you kidding, Dr. D?

437
00:24:43,880 --> 00:24:45,880
I can't point north with my eyes closed.

438
00:24:46,440 --> 00:24:49,560
I'm not even sure if I can point north with my eyes open without a compass.

439
00:24:50,280 --> 00:24:51,400
Some animals can.

440
00:24:51,400 --> 00:24:54,760
They have a built-in compass in their head that helps them find their destination.

441
00:24:54,760 --> 00:24:57,400
Other animals use the sun or stars to find their way.

442
00:24:57,400 --> 00:25:01,480
Couldn't animals just use landmarks such as mountains or lakes on their journeys?

443
00:25:01,480 --> 00:25:02,280
Sometimes they do.

444
00:25:02,920 --> 00:25:05,240
Salmon migrate using a keen sense of smell.

445
00:25:05,560 --> 00:25:08,680
Dr. D, can I ask just one more quick question?

446
00:25:09,400 --> 00:25:10,280
Sure, RJ.

447
00:25:11,080 --> 00:25:12,280
Can I open my eyes now?

448
00:25:13,320 --> 00:25:14,280
Of course.

449
00:25:14,280 --> 00:25:17,080
You'll need to see to feed the giraffes.

450
00:25:17,080 --> 00:25:36,200
Dr. D, didn't you say there are three reasons for migration?

451
00:25:36,200 --> 00:25:37,720
Good memory, RJ.

452
00:25:37,720 --> 00:25:40,760
The third reason for animal migration is reproduction.

453
00:25:40,760 --> 00:25:45,000
They want to provide their young with plenty of food and with protection from predators

454
00:25:45,000 --> 00:25:46,520
and extremes in the environment.

455
00:25:46,520 --> 00:25:47,320
I should have guessed.

456
00:25:47,320 --> 00:25:48,360
Reproduction.

457
00:25:48,360 --> 00:25:50,520
That's one of an animal's basic needs.

458
00:25:50,520 --> 00:25:54,040
And migration is all about meeting basic needs.

459
00:25:54,040 --> 00:25:55,080
Thanks, Dr. D.

460
00:25:55,080 --> 00:25:57,800
I'm working at the Nairobi field station later today.

461
00:25:57,800 --> 00:26:00,360
That'll be a great place to learn more about animal reproduction.

462
00:26:01,320 --> 00:26:01,880
Right.

463
00:26:01,880 --> 00:26:04,360
But first, let's get some more hibiscus leaves for the giraffe.

464
00:26:07,560 --> 00:26:09,640
I've been going over our notes so far.

465
00:26:09,640 --> 00:26:11,960
I think Jacob's in for a big surprise.

466
00:26:11,960 --> 00:26:14,680
There's a lot to consider when it comes to creating your own preserve.

467
00:26:14,680 --> 00:26:15,080
Right.

468
00:26:15,080 --> 00:26:18,040
Like whether your property is rural, suburban, or urban.

469
00:26:18,040 --> 00:26:20,920
And what types of wildlife the habitat will support.

470
00:26:20,920 --> 00:26:24,040
And of course, you have to support the basic needs of the animals in your habitat.

471
00:26:24,040 --> 00:26:26,280
Otherwise, they might migrate to another area.

472
00:26:26,280 --> 00:26:28,120
Good thing we have RJ's notes on migration.

473
00:26:28,120 --> 00:26:31,080
And Dr. D talked about animal growth through reproduction.

474
00:26:31,080 --> 00:26:32,440
Which is critical to the population.

475
00:26:33,080 --> 00:26:36,680
Hopefully, RJ will learn more at the Nairobi field station at Bush Gardens in Tampa.

476
00:26:36,680 --> 00:26:38,280
He's working with Ms. Deidre as we speak.

477
00:26:38,920 --> 00:26:42,840
We should visit Jacob's backyard to see what types of animals already live there.

478
00:26:42,840 --> 00:26:43,400
Good idea.

479
00:26:44,040 --> 00:26:47,480
Otherwise, I'll have to hire some survey consultants as well.

480
00:26:47,480 --> 00:26:48,280
What do you mean?

481
00:26:48,280 --> 00:26:51,080
Well, if the habitat is successful, I have other problems to consider.

482
00:26:51,800 --> 00:26:55,880
Parking, ticket prices, a possible trios detective gift shop.

483
00:26:55,880 --> 00:26:58,680
I'm sure you'll be giving Jacob some of the proceeds.

484
00:26:58,680 --> 00:27:00,280
Don't worry, he's salaried.

485
00:27:14,120 --> 00:27:28,280
So, Dr. D mentioned that animal reproduction was important for the survival species.

486
00:27:28,280 --> 00:27:31,000
We need to learn more about how animals reproduce.

487
00:27:31,000 --> 00:27:34,280
Well, there are two main ways that animals reproduce.

488
00:27:34,280 --> 00:27:37,560
Sexually and by asexual reproduction.

489
00:27:37,560 --> 00:27:38,760
What's the difference?

490
00:27:38,760 --> 00:27:42,600
Well, to understand the difference, first, you need to know a little bit about sex.

491
00:27:43,160 --> 00:27:46,120
I remember from science class that a cell is the smallest unit

492
00:27:46,120 --> 00:27:48,520
or basic building block of living things.

493
00:27:48,520 --> 00:27:52,280
And they have a nucleus that is surrounded by cytoplasm and a cell membrane.

494
00:27:52,280 --> 00:27:53,480
That's correct. Very good.

495
00:27:54,040 --> 00:27:56,680
The nucleus actually contains DNA.

496
00:27:56,680 --> 00:28:01,480
Now, DNA is the genetic code that determines the characteristics of animals,

497
00:28:01,480 --> 00:28:06,360
such as blonde hair or brown hair or blue eyes or green eyes, and so on, as with humans.

498
00:28:07,080 --> 00:28:08,440
So, how do cells reproduce?

499
00:28:09,000 --> 00:28:11,560
All cells reproduce from other cells.

500
00:28:11,560 --> 00:28:13,800
Do all cells reproduce the same way?

501
00:28:13,800 --> 00:28:17,080
No, there are actually two ways that cells reproduce.

502
00:28:17,080 --> 00:28:20,840
One way that cells, such as body cells, reproduce is through mitosis.

503
00:28:21,480 --> 00:28:24,520
In mitosis, the cell duplicates its genetic material

504
00:28:24,520 --> 00:28:27,240
and then splits in two, forming two identical cells.

505
00:28:27,880 --> 00:28:30,920
Mitosis is the process by which animals are able to grow.

506
00:28:31,720 --> 00:28:35,240
Okay, so if that's mitosis, what's the other way?

507
00:28:35,240 --> 00:28:36,200
Meiosis.

508
00:28:36,200 --> 00:28:39,560
In this method, certain cells in the reproductive tissue divide

509
00:28:39,560 --> 00:28:42,280
so that they contain exactly half of the genetic material.

510
00:28:43,080 --> 00:28:46,360
The chromosomes that carry the genetic codes occur in pairs.

511
00:28:46,360 --> 00:28:49,880
And during meiosis, one half of each pair goes to the new cells.

512
00:28:50,520 --> 00:28:52,360
In males, these are the sperm cells.

513
00:28:52,360 --> 00:28:54,680
And in females, they're the egg cells.

514
00:28:54,680 --> 00:28:58,600
Okay, so what does cell division have to do with reproduction?

515
00:28:58,600 --> 00:29:02,760
In asexual reproduction, an offspring is formed from one parent cell.

516
00:29:03,320 --> 00:29:05,160
The parent cell goes through mitosis

517
00:29:05,160 --> 00:29:07,960
and forms an offspring that is identical to the parent.

518
00:29:07,960 --> 00:29:10,680
What types of animals reproduce asexually?

519
00:29:10,680 --> 00:29:13,000
Flatworms and sponges are two of them.

520
00:29:13,000 --> 00:29:16,920
Starfish, also known as sea stars, reproduce by regeneration,

521
00:29:16,920 --> 00:29:19,560
which is a form of asexual reproduction.

522
00:29:19,560 --> 00:29:20,120
Right.

523
00:29:20,120 --> 00:29:23,240
My dad said that if a starfish loses one of its rays,

524
00:29:23,240 --> 00:29:24,600
then it'll grow a new one.

525
00:29:24,600 --> 00:29:26,760
And the one that broke off will grow four more.

526
00:29:26,760 --> 00:29:27,720
That's right.

527
00:29:27,720 --> 00:29:31,720
Long ago, some fishermen had a problem with starfish getting caught in their net.

528
00:29:31,720 --> 00:29:34,520
So they tried to get rid of them by chopping them into pieces.

529
00:29:35,240 --> 00:29:37,560
But they were actually only adding to the problem

530
00:29:37,560 --> 00:29:41,880
because each new piece grew new limbs and created more starfish.

531
00:29:41,880 --> 00:29:44,040
It sounds like they could have used a scientific method

532
00:29:44,040 --> 00:29:46,760
and done more research before they tried to solve the problem.

533
00:29:47,640 --> 00:29:49,320
So what is sexual reproduction?

534
00:29:49,320 --> 00:29:52,280
Well, it occurs when a sperm and egg cell combine

535
00:29:52,280 --> 00:29:54,360
to produce a new cell, which is called a zygote,

536
00:29:54,360 --> 00:29:56,360
which will then grow into an offspring.

537
00:29:56,360 --> 00:29:59,800
Now, the offspring produced will receive a combination of genetic material

538
00:29:59,800 --> 00:30:01,880
from both the male and female parent.

539
00:30:02,520 --> 00:30:05,400
Is one type of reproduction better than the other?

540
00:30:05,400 --> 00:30:07,480
No, it just depends on the animal.

541
00:30:07,480 --> 00:30:09,560
However, with sexual reproduction,

542
00:30:09,560 --> 00:30:13,560
meiosis helps to sort of shuffle the genetic material to the offspring

543
00:30:13,560 --> 00:30:15,640
to help ensure genetic diversity.

544
00:30:15,640 --> 00:30:16,840
Why is that important?

545
00:30:16,840 --> 00:30:20,280
Well, genetic diversity is critical for a species' survival

546
00:30:20,280 --> 00:30:22,120
because it increases the probability

547
00:30:22,120 --> 00:30:25,000
that only healthy, strong individuals will be produced.

548
00:30:25,720 --> 00:30:29,560
Additionally, genetic diversity also helps reduce the probability

549
00:30:29,560 --> 00:30:32,120
that a genetic defect will overcome a population.

550
00:30:32,760 --> 00:30:36,280
So would it be important to have a large population of a species

551
00:30:36,280 --> 00:30:37,960
for better genetic shuffling?

552
00:30:37,960 --> 00:30:41,560
Yes, with a large population, there's much more genetic diversity.

553
00:30:41,560 --> 00:30:44,200
Are there any factors that keep animals from reproducing?

554
00:30:44,200 --> 00:30:45,000
Sure there are.

555
00:30:45,000 --> 00:30:50,200
Geographic isolation, genetic defects, and a lack of food, water, and shelter.

556
00:30:50,200 --> 00:30:52,600
So for reproduction, it's pretty important to make sure

557
00:30:52,600 --> 00:30:54,600
that an animal's basic needs are met.

558
00:30:54,600 --> 00:30:55,480
Yes, it is.

559
00:30:55,480 --> 00:30:58,680
Without adequate amounts of food, water, and shelter,

560
00:30:58,680 --> 00:31:00,760
animals will actually stop reproducing

561
00:31:00,760 --> 00:31:03,800
so that they can better enable those that are living to survive.

562
00:31:03,800 --> 00:31:06,520
I can't wait to send my report to the Treehouse Detectives.

563
00:31:06,520 --> 00:31:09,560
Maybe you can email them after we clean the porcupine habitat.

564
00:31:09,560 --> 00:31:11,480
Well, a zookeeper's job is never done.

565
00:31:18,200 --> 00:31:19,000
So what's up?

566
00:31:19,560 --> 00:31:23,560
Will the Treehouse Detectives find any endangered animals in Jacob's backyard?

567
00:31:24,200 --> 00:31:26,200
Will Kaylee get her Girl Scout badge?

568
00:31:26,840 --> 00:31:30,520
What else should the detectives do to help Jacob get a certified habitat?

569
00:31:31,080 --> 00:31:35,560
Find out in the next exciting chapter of The Case of the Zany Animal Antics.

570
00:31:37,480 --> 00:31:40,360
Be sure to look for answers to the following questions.

571
00:31:40,360 --> 00:31:41,800
What is carrying capacity?

572
00:31:42,600 --> 00:31:45,160
Why is it important to randomly sample a population?

573
00:31:46,120 --> 00:31:47,400
What makes a good habitat?

574
00:31:48,280 --> 00:31:49,640
What does territorial mean?

575
00:31:52,280 --> 00:31:54,760
Thanks for helping me on my bat project, Dr. D.

576
00:31:54,760 --> 00:31:59,000
Helping an endangered species is one of the requirements for my wilderness badge.

577
00:31:59,000 --> 00:32:00,120
No problem.

578
00:32:00,120 --> 00:32:01,960
I'm glad that your project involves bats

579
00:32:01,960 --> 00:32:05,000
because over 40% of bat species are endangered or threatened.

580
00:32:05,560 --> 00:32:08,760
It's especially important because the eastern big-eared bat,

581
00:32:08,760 --> 00:32:12,200
which is native to southeastern Virginia, is endangered.

582
00:32:12,200 --> 00:32:13,560
I read that as well.

583
00:32:13,560 --> 00:32:18,600
Did you know that one bat can eat up to 3,000 insects in one night?

584
00:32:18,600 --> 00:32:21,160
It also helps to disperse seeds and pollinate fruits.

585
00:32:21,720 --> 00:32:25,400
So by providing the bats with shelter and a place to raise their young,

586
00:32:25,400 --> 00:32:27,640
the number of bats in the area should increase.

587
00:32:28,440 --> 00:32:31,960
It will certainly help, but a lot of factors affect the growth of a population.

588
00:32:32,600 --> 00:32:37,160
Isn't a population a group of the same species that's living in a particular area?

589
00:32:37,160 --> 00:32:38,760
I see that you've been doing some research.

590
00:32:39,560 --> 00:32:42,920
Let's do an experiment with pennies that simulates population growth.

591
00:32:43,560 --> 00:32:48,360
If I throw down eight pennies to represent eight bats, how many will turn up heads?

592
00:32:48,360 --> 00:32:50,920
On the average, four should turn up as heads.

593
00:32:50,920 --> 00:32:51,880
That's right.

594
00:32:51,880 --> 00:32:57,640
Let's say that the bat population as a whole averages one baby or pup per bat couple per year.

595
00:32:57,640 --> 00:33:00,760
That means that with four bat couples or eight bats,

596
00:33:00,760 --> 00:33:03,240
they would produce a total of four pups per year,

597
00:33:03,240 --> 00:33:06,040
which means after one year you would have 12 bats.

598
00:33:06,040 --> 00:33:06,520
Excellent.

599
00:33:06,520 --> 00:33:09,560
We can then add four pennies and throw down a total of 12

600
00:33:09,560 --> 00:33:11,720
to see how many bats we'll have in the next year.

601
00:33:11,720 --> 00:33:15,640
Let's try to experiment five times to see how many bats we'll have in five years.

602
00:33:16,600 --> 00:33:22,600
I've got five heads.

603
00:33:37,560 --> 00:33:38,840
I get 45.

604
00:33:38,840 --> 00:33:40,840
The population increased rapidly.

605
00:33:40,840 --> 00:33:42,120
I have 62.

606
00:33:42,120 --> 00:33:45,240
It's different because you don't always get the average when you throw down pennies.

607
00:33:45,720 --> 00:33:50,040
Shouldn't we subtract a few pennies to represent the bats that died or left the area?

608
00:33:50,840 --> 00:33:51,880
That's a good point.

609
00:33:51,880 --> 00:33:55,960
Under ideal conditions where bats only die of old age and no bats immigrate,

610
00:33:55,960 --> 00:34:01,320
the population will eventually reach what's called its biotic potential as it grows very rapidly.

611
00:34:01,320 --> 00:34:05,640
I guess that means that the animals' needs are met and that they have a healthy habitat.

612
00:34:05,640 --> 00:34:06,280
That's right.

613
00:34:06,280 --> 00:34:10,280
In the real world, the population will eventually reach an equilibrium situation

614
00:34:10,280 --> 00:34:12,600
where the number of births equal the number of deaths.

615
00:34:13,400 --> 00:34:15,880
I guess that's because the population gets so big,

616
00:34:15,880 --> 00:34:18,200
there's just not enough food to feed everyone.

617
00:34:18,200 --> 00:34:20,920
That's one factor, but there are a lot of other factors.

618
00:34:20,920 --> 00:34:24,120
A lot of animals in a small area is called a high density.

619
00:34:24,120 --> 00:34:26,600
High densities of prey attract more predators.

620
00:34:27,240 --> 00:34:32,200
And I would think that diseases would spread more easily through high density populations.

621
00:34:32,200 --> 00:34:35,400
Plus, I guess that animals just need a certain amount of space.

622
00:34:35,400 --> 00:34:36,120
That's right.

623
00:34:36,120 --> 00:34:40,680
All these factors affect the maximum number of a species that a given environment can support.

624
00:34:40,680 --> 00:34:42,520
That's called the carrying capacity.

625
00:34:43,640 --> 00:34:46,600
I just hope we can help increase the bat population.

626
00:34:46,600 --> 00:34:47,800
I hope so, too.

627
00:34:47,800 --> 00:34:51,000
So how can you tell if the population is shrinking or growing?

628
00:34:51,000 --> 00:34:52,200
We would have to count them,

629
00:34:52,200 --> 00:34:55,640
but I would think it would be almost impossible to count all of the animals.

630
00:34:56,280 --> 00:34:57,720
Yes, it would be difficult.

631
00:34:57,720 --> 00:35:00,440
In order to estimate the population of a species,

632
00:35:00,440 --> 00:35:04,120
scientists will capture some of them, mark them with a tag, and then release them.

633
00:35:04,120 --> 00:35:08,280
Some time later, they'll capture some more of the same species and see what fraction are tagged.

634
00:35:08,280 --> 00:35:12,760
I bet there's some mathematical way to figure out the size of the total population.

635
00:35:12,760 --> 00:35:15,080
There's some other techniques to measure populations.

636
00:35:15,080 --> 00:35:17,880
Right on the internet, the Carroll City Elementary School in Miami,

637
00:35:17,880 --> 00:35:20,520
Florida is investigating a random sampling technique.

638
00:35:20,520 --> 00:35:22,760
Aren't they a NASA Explore School?

639
00:35:22,760 --> 00:35:26,440
To find out how you can get your school to become a NASA Explore School,

640
00:35:26,440 --> 00:35:28,600
visit the NASA Sci-Files website.

641
00:35:28,600 --> 00:35:31,240
Yes, and they're working with the Society of Women Engineers.

642
00:35:32,600 --> 00:35:33,400
Here they are now.

643
00:35:34,600 --> 00:35:37,640
Hi, I'm Ta'Quinn, and I'm from Ms. Belanco's class.

644
00:35:38,040 --> 00:35:39,960
And I'm Anita, and I'm in Ms. Gant's class

645
00:35:39,960 --> 00:35:42,520
here at Carroll City Elementary School in Miami, Florida.

646
00:35:43,160 --> 00:35:45,880
Hi, Dr. D told us about your investigation.

647
00:35:45,880 --> 00:35:47,400
Can you tell us about it?

648
00:35:47,400 --> 00:35:47,800
Sure.

649
00:35:47,800 --> 00:35:50,840
With the help from our mentors from the Society of Women Engineers,

650
00:35:50,840 --> 00:35:55,080
we begin by looking at this critter page and trying to predict how many critters are on it.

651
00:35:55,080 --> 00:35:56,920
It looks like it has a lot of critters.

652
00:35:57,480 --> 00:36:01,560
Yes, it's a lot to count, so we brainstormed some ways to estimate the number.

653
00:36:01,560 --> 00:36:04,200
We decided to use a random sampling technique.

654
00:36:04,200 --> 00:36:08,200
Right, we used a sampling square and randomly dropped it on the page of critters.

655
00:36:08,200 --> 00:36:09,720
Why did you drop it randomly?

656
00:36:10,280 --> 00:36:14,120
Randomly dropping the square gives a better sample of the population.

657
00:36:14,120 --> 00:36:17,800
If you choose where to count the critters, you may pick areas with lots of them.

658
00:36:17,800 --> 00:36:19,480
Then your estimate will be too high.

659
00:36:19,480 --> 00:36:22,920
Next, we outlined the square and then counted the number of critters in it.

660
00:36:22,920 --> 00:36:25,480
What do you do if a square cuts a critter in half?

661
00:36:25,480 --> 00:36:26,680
How do you count it?

662
00:36:26,680 --> 00:36:27,560
Good question.

663
00:36:27,560 --> 00:36:31,560
For our sample, we only used critters that were at least half in the square.

664
00:36:31,560 --> 00:36:33,640
So how many samples did you take?

665
00:36:33,640 --> 00:36:37,720
Remember, in a random sample, the more data you collect, the more accurate your estimate.

666
00:36:38,440 --> 00:36:40,200
We dropped the square four more times.

667
00:36:40,840 --> 00:36:44,040
Next, we found the average number of critters per square unit.

668
00:36:44,040 --> 00:36:46,040
How did you find the total number of critters?

669
00:36:46,680 --> 00:36:50,520
We counted the number of square units on the page and there were 63.

670
00:36:50,520 --> 00:36:54,760
So we multiplied our average number by 63 and recorded it on our chart.

671
00:36:54,760 --> 00:36:56,840
To give us an even more accurate estimate,

672
00:36:56,840 --> 00:37:00,600
we used each group's average and calculated the class average.

673
00:37:00,600 --> 00:37:02,680
How do you know if your estimates are accurate?

674
00:37:02,760 --> 00:37:05,880
Don't you need to know the total number of critters on the page?

675
00:37:05,880 --> 00:37:08,760
Yes, we each counted the critters and compared our answers.

676
00:37:08,760 --> 00:37:11,800
There were 393 critters on the page.

677
00:37:11,800 --> 00:37:14,120
How did your estimates compare with the actual numbers?

678
00:37:14,680 --> 00:37:18,040
Our group estimated 433, so we were off by 40.

679
00:37:18,040 --> 00:37:23,080
However, when we compared the class estimates to the actual, it was 412, a lot closer.

680
00:37:23,080 --> 00:37:26,440
That's why it's important to take lots of samples and gather plenty of data.

681
00:37:27,400 --> 00:37:30,440
It is very difficult to count a large population of animals,

682
00:37:30,440 --> 00:37:33,880
but by sampling and finding an estimate, you can get pretty close to the number.

683
00:37:34,440 --> 00:37:38,360
Next, we're going outside to do a sample of some real critters, like grasshoppers.

684
00:37:39,080 --> 00:37:42,600
Sounds like fun. Maybe we should do that for Jacob's backyard.

685
00:37:42,600 --> 00:37:45,720
Be sure to post your results on the website so we can see what you found.

686
00:37:46,360 --> 00:37:50,200
Will do, and let us know about the animal population in your preserve.

687
00:37:50,200 --> 00:37:53,160
Goodbye from Carroll City Elementary School in Miami, Florida.

688
00:37:55,480 --> 00:37:59,560
I'm not sure that Jacob will want to know the population of critters in his backyard.

689
00:38:00,040 --> 00:38:03,960
Probably not, but at least you have an idea of how to find the size of a population.

690
00:38:04,600 --> 00:38:08,280
I wonder how Jacob's doing. Maybe I should go see if he needs some help.

691
00:38:09,000 --> 00:38:11,400
Well, this will take some time to dry.

692
00:38:59,880 --> 00:39:03,880
Have you heard from Jacob? I wonder if he's working in his backyard.

693
00:39:04,840 --> 00:39:08,040
No, but Kaylee's report on populations is very helpful.

694
00:39:08,040 --> 00:39:10,520
She's almost done all of her work to earn her badge.

695
00:39:10,520 --> 00:39:14,120
All she needs is to find out about an endangered species in our state.

696
00:39:14,120 --> 00:39:16,440
I wonder if there's one in Jacob's backyard.

697
00:39:16,440 --> 00:39:19,800
I think everything in Jacob's backyard is endangered.

698
00:39:19,800 --> 00:39:24,520
I know, but if we could find a species that his backyard could support, maybe we could help Kaylee.

699
00:39:24,520 --> 00:39:27,160
That would be awesome. Let's go to the problem board.

700
00:39:27,160 --> 00:39:27,800
Good idea.

701
00:39:28,200 --> 00:39:29,400
So what do we know?

702
00:39:29,400 --> 00:39:33,400
We know that animals belong to the animal kingdom and are divided into two separate divisions.

703
00:39:33,400 --> 00:39:35,240
Right, vertebrates and invertebrates.

704
00:39:35,960 --> 00:39:40,120
We know that animals have basic needs and that they will migrate to find new food sources.

705
00:39:40,120 --> 00:39:44,760
We also know that animals reproduce based on the amount of food available and the right conditions.

706
00:39:44,760 --> 00:39:47,080
That's why populations will vary so much.

707
00:39:47,080 --> 00:39:48,520
So what do we need to know?

708
00:39:48,520 --> 00:39:50,520
We need to know what makes a good habitat.

709
00:39:50,520 --> 00:39:54,760
We also need to learn more about how habitats can help endangered species.

710
00:39:54,760 --> 00:39:55,960
So where do we go?

711
00:39:55,960 --> 00:40:00,440
Mr. Motta mentioned that Dr. Brenninger studies and protects the wildlife at NASA Kennedy.

712
00:40:00,440 --> 00:40:01,720
I'll see if he can help.

713
00:40:01,720 --> 00:40:04,920
Great. Since we're going to be creating a habitat that can support wildlife

714
00:40:04,920 --> 00:40:08,840
and possibly even an endangered species, we'll need to know what makes up a good one.

715
00:40:08,840 --> 00:40:11,080
Exactly. Here's Dr. Brenninger now.

716
00:40:11,800 --> 00:40:17,720
Hi, I read your email and I understand that Jacob wants to turn his backyard into a nature preserve.

717
00:40:17,720 --> 00:40:21,240
Yes, but we need to learn more about habitats before he does.

718
00:40:21,240 --> 00:40:23,000
What exactly is a habitat?

719
00:40:23,080 --> 00:40:28,280
It's an area with specific habitat features that allows a specific species to survive.

720
00:40:28,280 --> 00:40:34,200
For example, this area has loess trees and a sparse tree canopy and is called scrubby flatwoods.

721
00:40:34,200 --> 00:40:36,200
So what makes a good habitat?

722
00:40:36,200 --> 00:40:41,960
Lots of things. Habitat should provide enough food, shelter, and protection from predators.

723
00:40:41,960 --> 00:40:48,440
When all these things are present, animals can produce enough young for their population to survive.

724
00:40:48,440 --> 00:40:51,080
Does a species ever produce too many young?

725
00:40:51,080 --> 00:40:53,640
Yes, and that makes the habitat overcrowded.

726
00:40:53,640 --> 00:40:57,880
In fact, some animals will leave and find less crowded areas,

727
00:40:57,880 --> 00:41:01,160
while others will stay but will produce fewer young.

728
00:41:01,160 --> 00:41:05,400
So the size and health of a habitat can determine the population of a species?

729
00:41:06,280 --> 00:41:11,400
Exactly. Each individual or family of animals needs enough habitat to survive.

730
00:41:11,400 --> 00:41:15,880
Depending on the amount of food, water, and shelter in a habitat,

731
00:41:15,880 --> 00:41:18,760
only a certain number of individuals can be supported.

732
00:41:18,760 --> 00:41:25,560
If the habitat cannot provide for a large enough population, the species faces extinction.

733
00:41:25,560 --> 00:41:26,920
What do you mean?

734
00:41:26,920 --> 00:41:31,080
In a species, there are years when there are more deaths than births.

735
00:41:31,080 --> 00:41:36,840
There are also times when the habitat is disrupted by disease, fire, and storms.

736
00:41:36,840 --> 00:41:39,880
But won't they just reproduce once the habitat is restored?

737
00:41:39,880 --> 00:41:44,040
If the disruption causes the population to decrease,

738
00:41:44,040 --> 00:41:50,360
then the probability that enough individuals will survive to reproduce is less likely.

739
00:41:50,360 --> 00:41:53,000
How much habitat does each species need?

740
00:41:53,000 --> 00:41:59,080
That varies among species. Florida scrub jays need about 25 acres, and they're very territorial.

741
00:41:59,080 --> 00:42:01,000
What is territorial?

742
00:42:01,000 --> 00:42:05,640
Territorial means that they claim a specific area of their own.

743
00:42:05,640 --> 00:42:10,840
If other scrub jays try to live in their area, they will defend it.

744
00:42:11,080 --> 00:42:13,320
I never thought of birds defending their home.

745
00:42:13,320 --> 00:42:17,800
Scrub jays live within the same territory with their mate for life.

746
00:42:17,800 --> 00:42:21,640
Their young also often stay with them for many years.

747
00:42:21,640 --> 00:42:25,080
So how are habitats destroyed or disrupted?

748
00:42:25,080 --> 00:42:30,840
Fires and storms regularly can change habitat but seldom destroy them.

749
00:42:30,840 --> 00:42:36,840
Humans, however, regularly destroy habitats to build houses and grow food.

750
00:42:36,840 --> 00:42:40,840
They also disrupt natural processes such as wildfires.

751
00:42:40,840 --> 00:42:42,840
Why is fire so important?

752
00:42:42,840 --> 00:42:46,840
Fires keep the shrubs low and add nutrients back into the soil.

753
00:42:46,840 --> 00:42:49,640
How do you help NASA protect the environment?

754
00:42:49,640 --> 00:42:56,840
I use field studies, remote sensing, and computer models to study animal populations and their habitat.

755
00:42:56,840 --> 00:43:00,840
I then advise NASA on how to take care of the environment.

756
00:43:00,840 --> 00:43:04,840
NASA sure is concerned about the environment.

757
00:43:04,840 --> 00:43:10,840
That's right, and we want to make sure that endangered animals such as scrub jays are around for a long time.

758
00:43:10,840 --> 00:43:14,840
Thanks Mr. Brenninger, this has been helpful.

759
00:43:14,840 --> 00:43:18,840
You're welcome and good luck on your nature preserve.

760
00:43:18,840 --> 00:43:22,840
Wow, I never realized how difficult it was to protect habitats and endangered species.

761
00:43:22,840 --> 00:43:26,840
That's why it's such a great idea to create a backyard habitat.

762
00:43:26,840 --> 00:43:28,840
Just think of what you can do to help animals.

763
00:43:28,840 --> 00:43:30,840
Do you really think we can actually help an endangered species?

764
00:43:30,840 --> 00:43:32,840
Well, we can try.

765
00:43:32,840 --> 00:43:38,840
In fact, now that we've done the research, we may be ready to start learning about protecting animals in the backyard habitat.

766
00:43:38,840 --> 00:43:40,840
Great, I hope we can help.

767
00:43:40,840 --> 00:43:42,840
So what's up?

768
00:43:42,840 --> 00:43:46,840
Will the treehouse detectives find any endangered animals in Jacob's backyard?

769
00:43:46,840 --> 00:43:50,840
Will Kaylee get her Girl Scout badge?

770
00:43:50,840 --> 00:43:54,840
What else should the detectives do to help Jacob get a certified habitat?

771
00:43:54,840 --> 00:44:00,840
Find out in the exciting conclusion of The Case of the Zany Animal Antics.

772
00:44:00,840 --> 00:44:04,840
Be sure to look for answers to the following questions.

773
00:44:04,840 --> 00:44:08,840
What criteria are used to classify an animal as endangered?

774
00:44:08,840 --> 00:44:10,840
What is exploitation?

775
00:44:10,840 --> 00:44:14,840
What are the three levels of endangerment?

776
00:44:14,840 --> 00:44:18,840
How many breeding pairs of bald eagles are currently in the U.S.?

777
00:44:18,840 --> 00:44:20,840
That's awesome.

778
00:44:20,840 --> 00:44:22,840
I know.

779
00:44:22,840 --> 00:44:26,840
I never thought it could happen, but I may have actually discovered a species that we could help.

780
00:44:26,840 --> 00:44:30,840
Are you sure it's an endangered species and that we can help?

781
00:44:30,840 --> 00:44:33,840
I think it's endangered. I'm not sure exactly.

782
00:44:33,840 --> 00:44:37,840
Did you get any information from NASA about how to determine if a species is endangered?

783
00:44:37,840 --> 00:44:39,840
No, but I did get a lead.

784
00:44:39,840 --> 00:44:43,840
Dr. Bruninger works with lots of NASA researchers who work with endangered species.

785
00:44:43,840 --> 00:44:45,840
I'll try to contact him.

786
00:44:45,840 --> 00:44:47,840
Good idea.

787
00:44:47,840 --> 00:44:49,840
You know, it's strange.

788
00:44:49,840 --> 00:44:54,840
But I never thought I could actually help out an animal, possibly even an endangered one, in my own backyard.

789
00:44:54,840 --> 00:44:56,840
It's kind of cool.

790
00:44:56,840 --> 00:44:58,840
Yes, but you're getting ahead of yourself.

791
00:44:58,840 --> 00:45:00,840
First, we need some more answers.

792
00:45:00,840 --> 00:45:02,840
Here's Mr. Scheidt.

793
00:45:02,840 --> 00:45:05,840
He works with endangered species at NASA Kennedy.

794
00:45:05,840 --> 00:45:07,840
Hi, Mr. Scheidt.

795
00:45:07,840 --> 00:45:10,840
Hello. I understand you want to learn about endangered animals.

796
00:45:10,840 --> 00:45:13,840
Yes, but we're not even sure how we know a species is endangered.

797
00:45:14,840 --> 00:45:18,840
The Endangered Species Act says that any species that is in danger of becoming extinct

798
00:45:18,840 --> 00:45:23,840
throughout all or a significant portion of its range can be classified as endangered.

799
00:45:23,840 --> 00:45:26,840
What kind of things cause animals to become endangered?

800
00:45:26,840 --> 00:45:28,840
Loss of habitat is one way.

801
00:45:28,840 --> 00:45:32,840
We learned that an animal's habitat is very important to providing its basic needs.

802
00:45:32,840 --> 00:45:36,840
That's right. If an animal's habitat is greatly altered, reduced, or destroyed,

803
00:45:36,840 --> 00:45:39,840
it can have a significant impact on the species.

804
00:45:39,840 --> 00:45:44,840
We also learned that in addition to fire and storms, people have a big effect on an animal's habitat.

805
00:45:44,840 --> 00:45:47,840
Yes, human impacts can have serious effects on habitat.

806
00:45:47,840 --> 00:45:52,840
For example, water and or air pollution can restrict plant growth or harm a habitat.

807
00:45:52,840 --> 00:45:56,840
Exploitation is another way it can endanger a species.

808
00:45:56,840 --> 00:45:58,840
What do you mean by exploitation?

809
00:45:58,840 --> 00:46:02,840
Exploitation is where a species' population is reduced to a point

810
00:46:02,840 --> 00:46:05,840
that it cannot reproduce fast enough to sustain itself.

811
00:46:05,840 --> 00:46:07,840
How are animals exploited?

812
00:46:07,840 --> 00:46:09,840
Take the Manti, for example.

813
00:46:09,840 --> 00:46:14,840
In the 18th and 19th centuries, they were hunted extensively for their meat, fat, and tough hides,

814
00:46:14,840 --> 00:46:16,840
which greatly reduced their population.

815
00:46:16,840 --> 00:46:19,840
Currently, residential and commercial development along the coast

816
00:46:19,840 --> 00:46:23,840
has also degraded their habitat, thus decreasing their population.

817
00:46:23,840 --> 00:46:26,840
Sort of like what happened to the buffalo in the plains.

818
00:46:26,840 --> 00:46:29,840
They were hunted until there were hardly any left.

819
00:46:29,840 --> 00:46:31,840
But I think they're making a comeback.

820
00:46:31,840 --> 00:46:33,840
Are there levels of endangerment?

821
00:46:33,840 --> 00:46:36,840
Yes, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has three levels.

822
00:46:36,840 --> 00:46:38,840
Endangered is the most severe.

823
00:46:38,840 --> 00:46:42,840
Threatened is when a species is likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future

824
00:46:42,840 --> 00:46:44,840
throughout all or most of its range.

825
00:46:44,840 --> 00:46:46,840
And last, are species of special concern.

826
00:46:46,840 --> 00:46:48,840
What's that?

827
00:46:48,840 --> 00:46:51,840
It's when a species may need a conservation action.

828
00:46:51,840 --> 00:46:55,840
This usually means periodic monitoring of the species' population or its habitat.

829
00:46:55,840 --> 00:46:58,840
Do most become threatened or endangered?

830
00:46:58,840 --> 00:47:00,840
No, not always.

831
00:47:00,840 --> 00:47:03,840
Sometimes, if we become aware of the problem early enough,

832
00:47:03,840 --> 00:47:06,840
we can remedy it before the species gets to that point.

833
00:47:06,840 --> 00:47:08,840
How many animals are on the endangered species list?

834
00:47:08,840 --> 00:47:12,840
There are over 900 species of plants and animals on the list.

835
00:47:12,840 --> 00:47:14,840
How many are there in NASA Kennedy?

836
00:47:14,840 --> 00:47:18,840
Kennedy Space Center is actually home to 10 endangered species.

837
00:47:18,840 --> 00:47:21,840
Of course, these species aren't endangered due to the Space Center,

838
00:47:21,840 --> 00:47:23,840
but are actually protected by Kennedy Space Center,

839
00:47:23,840 --> 00:47:26,840
since it is so large and covers so much space.

840
00:47:26,840 --> 00:47:31,840
Did you know that only 6% of the Space Center is used for space launch operations?

841
00:47:31,840 --> 00:47:34,840
And the rest is Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge.

842
00:47:34,840 --> 00:47:36,840
That's right.

843
00:47:36,840 --> 00:47:38,840
We not only have programs to protect these species,

844
00:47:38,840 --> 00:47:41,840
but we also conduct research to aid in their recovery.

845
00:47:41,840 --> 00:47:43,840
Do you ever have to rescue animals?

846
00:47:43,840 --> 00:47:45,840
Yes.

847
00:47:45,840 --> 00:47:47,840
Sometimes when we encounter an injured or distressed animal,

848
00:47:47,840 --> 00:47:51,840
we do our best to stabilize the animal until a rescue team arrives.

849
00:47:51,840 --> 00:47:53,840
Who helps you rescue the animals?

850
00:47:53,840 --> 00:47:56,840
We work closely with state and federal agencies,

851
00:47:56,840 --> 00:47:59,840
along with private organizations such as SeaWorld.

852
00:47:59,840 --> 00:48:02,840
You may want to go to SeaWorld and talk to Dr. Beth Chitty,

853
00:48:02,840 --> 00:48:05,840
a veterinarian that works with the SeaWorld Rescue Program.

854
00:48:05,840 --> 00:48:07,840
Thanks, Mr. Scheidt.

855
00:48:07,840 --> 00:48:09,840
This has been fascinating information.

856
00:48:09,840 --> 00:48:11,840
You're welcome.

857
00:48:11,840 --> 00:48:13,840
SeaWorld Rescue Program sounds awesome.

858
00:48:13,840 --> 00:48:15,840
Yes, it does.

859
00:48:15,840 --> 00:48:18,840
And it sounds like it's right up RJ's alley, since he's still down in Florida.

860
00:48:18,840 --> 00:48:21,840
You send him an email while I go check on our endangered species.

861
00:48:21,840 --> 00:48:23,840
I hope you know what you're doing, Jacob.

862
00:48:23,840 --> 00:48:26,840
Remember, this is me we're talking about.

863
00:48:28,840 --> 00:48:30,840
I'm here in Florida with Dr. Beth Chitty,

864
00:48:30,840 --> 00:48:32,840
a veterinarian who works at SeaWorld.

865
00:48:32,840 --> 00:48:37,840
She has a real inside scoop on why SeaWorld rescues and rehabilitates animals.

866
00:48:37,840 --> 00:48:40,840
SeaWorld is committed to wildlife conservation.

867
00:48:40,840 --> 00:48:43,840
Our rescue programs allow us to help animals

868
00:48:43,840 --> 00:48:45,840
and also learn more about them at the same time.

869
00:48:45,840 --> 00:48:47,840
What kind of animals do you rescue?

870
00:48:47,840 --> 00:48:49,840
The four main animal groups we rescue are

871
00:48:49,840 --> 00:48:52,840
sea turtles, aquatic birds, manatees, and dolphins.

872
00:48:52,840 --> 00:48:55,840
What about an animal injured by natural causes?

873
00:48:55,840 --> 00:48:58,840
We rescue those animals that are sick or injured

874
00:48:58,840 --> 00:49:02,840
or who need medical attention in order to survive, regardless of the cause.

875
00:49:02,840 --> 00:49:06,840
For example, sometimes manatees become cold-stressed in the winter,

876
00:49:06,840 --> 00:49:09,840
which is natural, but we would still attempt to rescue them,

877
00:49:09,840 --> 00:49:11,840
especially since they are endangered.

878
00:49:11,840 --> 00:49:15,840
So if a manatee or dolphin is sick enough to be rescued, what do you do?

879
00:49:15,840 --> 00:49:17,840
We mobilize our crew and equipment any time.

880
00:49:17,840 --> 00:49:21,840
We mobilize our crew and equipment and head to the site where the animal is located.

881
00:49:21,840 --> 00:49:24,840
We approach it slowly and encircle it with a net.

882
00:49:24,840 --> 00:49:29,840
We then pull that net into the boat and transport the animal to our rescue vehicle.

883
00:49:29,840 --> 00:49:33,840
Do you treat an animal right away or do you wait until they get back to SeaWorld?

884
00:49:33,840 --> 00:49:37,840
If the injury is minor, the animal can be treated and released.

885
00:49:37,840 --> 00:49:40,840
If the animal is more seriously sick or injured,

886
00:49:40,840 --> 00:49:42,840
it receives a full exam during transport,

887
00:49:42,840 --> 00:49:45,840
and if any initial treatment is needed, we give it right away.

888
00:49:45,840 --> 00:49:48,840
What happens to the animal once it arrives here?

889
00:49:48,840 --> 00:49:50,840
We're a lot like a hospital.

890
00:49:50,840 --> 00:49:54,840
Once an animal arrives, we do tests such as take blood samples and X-rays

891
00:49:54,840 --> 00:49:56,840
to help us determine what's wrong with the animal.

892
00:49:56,840 --> 00:50:00,840
Once we know what the problem is, then we can devise a plan to treat it.

893
00:50:00,840 --> 00:50:02,840
So when the animal gets well, it gets to go home?

894
00:50:02,840 --> 00:50:06,840
Yes, once it is rehabilitated and ready for release.

895
00:50:06,840 --> 00:50:08,840
SeaWorld works with the appropriate government agency

896
00:50:08,840 --> 00:50:11,840
to determine when and where to release the animal,

897
00:50:11,840 --> 00:50:14,840
usually as close as possible to where we rescued it.

898
00:50:14,840 --> 00:50:16,840
What about the animals that can't be rehabilitated?

899
00:50:16,840 --> 00:50:20,840
It is our goal to release all rescued animals if possible.

900
00:50:20,840 --> 00:50:25,840
However, if an animal's injuries keep them from being able to survive on their own in the wild,

901
00:50:25,840 --> 00:50:28,840
we would either keep them here or find them another home.

902
00:50:28,840 --> 00:50:31,840
I know you can't save every manatee that's sick or injured,

903
00:50:31,840 --> 00:50:33,840
but you do save a lot of them, right?

904
00:50:33,840 --> 00:50:39,840
Yes, we have rescued 324 manatees and released 121 back into the wild.

905
00:50:39,840 --> 00:50:43,840
NASA Kennedy says that sometimes NASA works with SeaWorld to rescue animals.

906
00:50:43,840 --> 00:50:45,840
Do you work with any other organizations?

907
00:50:45,840 --> 00:50:47,840
Yes, and you should meet Ms. Jenny Bush.

908
00:50:47,840 --> 00:50:51,840
She is president of our SeaWorld Bush Gardens Conservation Fund

909
00:50:51,840 --> 00:50:53,840
and can answer that question for you.

910
00:50:53,840 --> 00:50:56,840
I think she's working with one of the eagles today in the park.

911
00:50:56,840 --> 00:50:58,840
Hi, Ms. Bush.

912
00:50:58,840 --> 00:51:00,840
Hi, RJ. This is Maddie.

913
00:51:00,840 --> 00:51:02,840
She's from the Audubon Bird of Prey Center.

914
00:51:02,840 --> 00:51:04,840
She fell out of her tree when she was 5 weeks old.

915
00:51:04,840 --> 00:51:06,840
Is she okay now?

916
00:51:06,840 --> 00:51:09,840
Maddie is okay now, but after 8 months of rehabilitation,

917
00:51:09,840 --> 00:51:11,840
she was deemed non-releasable,

918
00:51:11,840 --> 00:51:14,840
so she trains here at SeaWorld to become an animal ambassador.

919
00:51:14,840 --> 00:51:16,840
Aren't bald eagles endangered?

920
00:51:16,840 --> 00:51:18,840
Bald eagles are a great success story.

921
00:51:18,840 --> 00:51:20,840
Just 50 years ago, they were very endangered,

922
00:51:20,840 --> 00:51:22,840
but now through conservation efforts and awareness,

923
00:51:22,840 --> 00:51:25,840
there are over 7,000 pairs, and they're protected.

924
00:51:25,840 --> 00:51:28,840
Wow, that's a lot of eagle families.

925
00:51:28,840 --> 00:51:30,840
It's a great story to tell, and we hope in the future

926
00:51:30,840 --> 00:51:33,840
that we can help many more animals just like the bald eagle.

927
00:51:33,840 --> 00:51:34,840
How will you do that?

928
00:51:34,840 --> 00:51:37,840
Through the efforts of the SeaWorld and Bush Gardens Conservation Fund.

929
00:51:37,840 --> 00:51:39,840
What exactly is a conservation fund?

930
00:51:39,840 --> 00:51:41,840
Well, the fund is a nonprofit organization

931
00:51:41,840 --> 00:51:45,840
that helps to grant monies to other organizations

932
00:51:45,840 --> 00:51:47,840
like World Wildlife Fund, National Wildlife Federation,

933
00:51:47,840 --> 00:51:50,840
to go towards projects like conservation education,

934
00:51:50,840 --> 00:51:52,840
habitat protection, species research,

935
00:51:52,840 --> 00:51:56,840
both marine and terrestrial, and rescue and rehabilitation.

936
00:51:56,840 --> 00:51:58,840
What kind of research do you do?

937
00:51:58,840 --> 00:52:00,840
Well, the SeaWorld Bush Gardens Conservation Fund

938
00:52:00,840 --> 00:52:02,840
grants monies to many different projects in the field,

939
00:52:02,840 --> 00:52:04,840
from protecting black rhinos in Africa

940
00:52:04,840 --> 00:52:06,840
to protecting coral reefs in South America.

941
00:52:06,840 --> 00:52:09,840
Our five zoological parks participate in research as well,

942
00:52:09,840 --> 00:52:12,840
from creating a better flotation device for ill manatees

943
00:52:12,840 --> 00:52:14,840
to also learning how killer whales communicate.

944
00:52:14,840 --> 00:52:17,840
I learned a thing or two about taking care of animals this week at Adventure Camp.

945
00:52:17,840 --> 00:52:20,840
Well, I imagine it hasn't been as easy as you thought it would be.

946
00:52:20,840 --> 00:52:21,840
That's for sure.

947
00:52:21,840 --> 00:52:24,840
It's definitely a career I'm interested in learning more about.

948
00:52:24,840 --> 00:52:26,840
Yes, working with animals is very rewarding.

949
00:52:26,840 --> 00:52:29,840
You should try the marine mammal keeper experience here at SeaWorld.

950
00:52:29,840 --> 00:52:30,840
That's great.

951
00:52:30,840 --> 00:52:33,840
It sure sounds like you're committed to helping the animals and the environment.

952
00:52:33,840 --> 00:52:37,840
Yes, SeaWorld and Bush Gardens have been environmental stewards for over 40 years.

953
00:52:37,840 --> 00:52:40,840
Thanks, Ms. Bush. This has been great.

954
00:52:40,840 --> 00:52:42,840
You're welcome, RJ. Enjoy the rest of your time at camp.

955
00:52:42,840 --> 00:52:43,840
Thank you.

956
00:52:49,840 --> 00:52:51,840
Bianca, did you get RJ's report?

957
00:52:51,840 --> 00:52:56,840
Yes, it has all kinds of information on how injured and endangered animals are taken care of.

958
00:52:56,840 --> 00:52:58,840
He's getting really good work done.

959
00:52:58,840 --> 00:53:00,840
Yes, it is all coming together.

960
00:53:00,840 --> 00:53:02,840
What's coming together?

961
00:53:02,840 --> 00:53:05,840
Well, you know how Catherine wanted to protect animals.

962
00:53:05,840 --> 00:53:06,840
Yes.

963
00:53:06,840 --> 00:53:09,840
And Kaylee needed to protect an endangered species to get a wildlife badge.

964
00:53:09,840 --> 00:53:12,840
And it was your idea to turn my backyard into a habitat.

965
00:53:12,840 --> 00:53:14,840
Thank you. Yes.

966
00:53:14,840 --> 00:53:16,840
Well, it all just might work.

967
00:53:16,840 --> 00:53:19,840
I've got to go to my house and get Tony and Catherine,

968
00:53:19,840 --> 00:53:21,840
and then we're going to Mr. Kutchin's to meet Kaylee.

969
00:53:21,840 --> 00:53:23,840
Who is Mr. Kutchin?

970
00:53:23,840 --> 00:53:26,840
He has an official backyard habitat.

971
00:53:26,840 --> 00:53:31,840
Dr. D is going to meet us there to give us an idea of what goes into an actual habitat.

972
00:53:31,840 --> 00:53:35,840
That's great, but how does all that relate to endangered species?

973
00:53:35,840 --> 00:53:39,840
Kaylee built a bat house for eastern big-eared bats, but she has no place to put it.

974
00:53:39,840 --> 00:53:44,840
Well, they are endangered, and it turns out my backyard is in their range.

975
00:53:44,840 --> 00:53:47,840
Jacob, that's great. You've helped Catherine and Kaylee.

976
00:53:47,840 --> 00:53:50,840
Yes, but I have one obstacle left.

977
00:53:50,840 --> 00:53:53,840
Can you check my e-mail?

978
00:53:53,840 --> 00:53:56,840
Are you expecting official notification for your yard?

979
00:53:56,840 --> 00:53:58,840
Sort of.

980
00:53:58,840 --> 00:54:00,840
All you have is a letter from your mom.

981
00:54:00,840 --> 00:54:01,840
What's it say?

982
00:54:01,840 --> 00:54:03,840
One word. Okay.

983
00:54:03,840 --> 00:54:05,840
Yes! I've got to go.

984
00:54:05,840 --> 00:54:08,840
I'll never understand him.

985
00:54:13,840 --> 00:54:17,840
Wow, Mr. Kutchin has a great backyard habitat.

986
00:54:17,840 --> 00:54:22,840
Look, he even has a cool plaque indicating he's certified by the National Wildlife Federation.

987
00:54:22,840 --> 00:54:28,840
You have to provide food, water, shelter, and a place for animals to raise their young if you want to be certified.

988
00:54:28,840 --> 00:54:32,840
That makes sense. That's the list of animals' basic needs.

989
00:54:32,840 --> 00:54:36,840
The habitat also has to be managed to conserve soil and water.

990
00:54:36,840 --> 00:54:41,840
We have a lot of work to do to get your backyard up to this level, but it'll be worth it.

991
00:54:41,840 --> 00:54:43,840
Did you get your wildlife badge?

992
00:54:43,840 --> 00:54:50,840
Well, I've done all my research, and I finished my bat house, but I haven't found a suitable habitat for it.

993
00:54:51,840 --> 00:54:53,840
Is that your bat house over there?

994
00:54:53,840 --> 00:54:55,840
Yeah, I brought it today so you could see it.

995
00:54:55,840 --> 00:55:00,840
Cool. But it's hard to believe bats could fit in there.

996
00:55:00,840 --> 00:55:02,840
Actually, that can hold up to 50 bats.

997
00:55:02,840 --> 00:55:06,840
Hi, guys. We're Tony and Catherine. Aren't they supposed to meet us here?

998
00:55:06,840 --> 00:55:10,840
They're in my house working on an observation area and fee structure for our habitat.

999
00:55:10,840 --> 00:55:12,840
Catherine should keep him under control.

1000
00:55:12,840 --> 00:55:13,840
I'm sure she will.

1001
00:55:13,840 --> 00:55:16,840
Okay, you've learned a lot about vertebrates and invertebrates.

1002
00:55:16,840 --> 00:55:20,840
Look around. Tell me which animals you think this backyard habitat will support.

1003
00:55:20,840 --> 00:55:25,840
That's easy. We know there are five types of vertebrates, and I bet we can find one of each in this backyard.

1004
00:55:25,840 --> 00:55:31,840
Right. I bet there are lots of birds. Mr. Cutchin told us these flowers attract hummingbirds.

1005
00:55:31,840 --> 00:55:35,840
And that bird feeder and bird bath should help attract migrating birds.

1006
00:55:35,840 --> 00:55:38,840
And those nesting boxes provide a place to raise young birds.

1007
00:55:38,840 --> 00:55:44,840
That looks like a squirrel house. And these logs and bushes would provide good shelter for rabbits. Those are both mammals.

1008
00:55:44,840 --> 00:55:47,840
Frogs and amphibians. I'm sure we'll find them here.

1009
00:55:47,840 --> 00:55:51,840
And don't forget reptiles. We might see a snake, lizard, or turtle.

1010
00:55:51,840 --> 00:55:55,840
There aren't any fish, but that might happen in a later addition to the habitat.

1011
00:55:55,840 --> 00:56:00,840
Don't forget the invertebrates. I'm sure the annelidophyllum will help the garden.

1012
00:56:00,840 --> 00:56:03,840
Oh, you mean earthworms.

1013
00:56:03,840 --> 00:56:09,840
And I know we'll see lots of insects, which are arthropoda, like beetles, ladybugs, flies, and mosquitoes.

1014
00:56:09,840 --> 00:56:11,840
You've learned your lessons well.

1015
00:56:11,840 --> 00:56:14,840
So why are backyard habitats so important?

1016
00:56:14,840 --> 00:56:17,840
Loss of habitat is the number one threat to wildlife.

1017
00:56:17,840 --> 00:56:23,840
And increasing the habitat increases the populations of animals. You know, the carrying capacity will go up.

1018
00:56:23,840 --> 00:56:27,840
And they are beautiful.

1019
00:56:27,840 --> 00:56:31,840
I mean, they are great for thoughtful reflection.

1020
00:56:31,840 --> 00:56:35,840
Creating backyard habitats helps restore the balance of nature.

1021
00:56:35,840 --> 00:56:39,840
As you can see here, you don't need a big space to make a difference.

1022
00:56:39,840 --> 00:56:44,840
This is an excellent example of a habitat, but it does seem to be missing something.

1023
00:56:44,840 --> 00:56:46,840
Like what?

1024
00:56:46,840 --> 00:56:49,840
I don't see any special accommodations for an endangered species.

1025
00:56:49,840 --> 00:56:51,840
Well, neither does our habitat.

1026
00:56:51,840 --> 00:56:53,840
That, young Kaylee, is where you are wrong.

1027
00:56:53,840 --> 00:56:57,840
In fact, you are the exact reason why my backyard habitat is going to be a success.

1028
00:56:57,840 --> 00:56:59,840
What are you talking about?

1029
00:56:59,840 --> 00:57:04,840
I had a serious discussion with my mom, and after a little extra yard work,

1030
00:57:04,840 --> 00:57:07,840
I was able to convince her to let me put your bat house in my backyard.

1031
00:57:07,840 --> 00:57:10,840
Do you have bats in your backyard?

1032
00:57:10,840 --> 00:57:16,840
Not yet, but research indicates that over 50% of all bat houses are occupied, and I'm feeling lucky.

1033
00:57:16,840 --> 00:57:18,840
I also spoke with your scout leader.

1034
00:57:18,840 --> 00:57:21,840
Let me be the first to congratulate you on earning your wildlife badge.

1035
00:57:21,840 --> 00:57:23,840
What do you mean?

1036
00:57:23,840 --> 00:57:27,840
Well, I knew you had built the bat house, but you hadn't found a good place to put it yet.

1037
00:57:27,840 --> 00:57:30,840
It turns out that my house is in the area where eastern big-eared bats live.

1038
00:57:30,840 --> 00:57:35,840
So by placing your bat house there, you are providing top-notch accommodations for an endangered species.

1039
00:57:35,840 --> 00:57:37,840
Jacob, you're the best.

1040
00:57:37,840 --> 00:57:44,840
Yes, like I've always said, underneath this harsh exterior lies a peaceful, nature-loving man.

1041
00:57:44,840 --> 00:57:47,840
Good work, kids. I look forward to seeing your habitat.

1042
00:57:47,840 --> 00:57:49,840
There's only one small problem.

1043
00:57:49,840 --> 00:57:50,840
What is it?

1044
00:57:50,840 --> 00:57:52,840
How can we help?

1045
00:57:52,840 --> 00:57:56,840
Well, I'm actually terrified of bats.

1046
00:57:56,840 --> 00:57:58,840
Maybe I can move into the tree house permanently.

1047
00:57:58,840 --> 00:58:02,840
Jacob, I don't think the tree house is ready to support your species long-term.

1048
00:58:05,840 --> 00:58:09,840
First Encountered

1049
00:58:09,840 --> 00:58:12,840
Second Encountered

1050
00:58:12,840 --> 00:58:15,840
Third Encountered

1051
00:58:15,840 --> 00:58:18,840
Fourth Encountered

1052
00:58:18,840 --> 00:58:21,840
Fifth Encountered

1053
00:58:21,840 --> 00:58:24,840
Sixth Encountered

1054
00:58:24,840 --> 00:58:27,840
Seventh Encountered

1055
00:58:27,840 --> 00:58:30,840
Eighth Encountered

1056
00:58:30,840 --> 00:58:32,840
Ninth Encountered

1057
00:58:32,840 --> 00:58:35,840
Twelfth Encountered

1058
00:58:35,840 --> 00:58:38,840
Fifteenth Encountered

1059
00:58:38,840 --> 00:58:41,840
Sixteenth Encountered

1060
00:58:41,840 --> 00:58:44,840
Seventeenth Encountered

1061
00:58:44,840 --> 00:58:47,840
Fifteenth Encountered

1062
00:58:47,840 --> 00:58:50,840
Eleventh Encountered

1063
00:58:50,840 --> 00:58:53,840
Twelfth Encountered

1064
00:58:53,840 --> 00:58:56,840
Two slowly Encounters

1065
00:58:56,840 --> 00:59:02,840
First Encountered

1066
00:59:02,840 --> 00:59:05,840
Twelfth Encountered