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Hi, I'm Christy Carlson Romano.

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I play Wren Stevens on Disney Channel's Even Stevens, and I'm the voice of Kim Possible.

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You know, the wonder teen who saves the world, does her homework, and updates her wardrobe

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all on a school night?

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Yeah.

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And she uses math, science, and technology to fight off evil villains.

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But seriously, I have some really cool friends who find these subjects helpful in solving

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real problems.

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They are the Treehouse Detectives, and you can meet them on NASA Sci-Files.

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They're going to be traveling to places that we can only dream of going, so join in the

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adventure and help the Treehouse Detectives solve their newest case.

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Come on now, and learn about math, science, and technology.

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NASA Sci-Files.

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Discovering the world we're in.

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Doing cool things in our mans.

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NASA Sci-Files.

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Neuroscience Sci-Files.

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Don't forget to look for the answers to the following questions.

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Why is it important to find water ice on Mars?

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How will the Phoenix Mars Lander analyze soil and water ice on Mars?

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What is ferrofluid, and why did NASA develop it?

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When you see this icon, the answer is near.

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So, uh, good job, Bianca.

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Next time I think we need to slow down a bit, because I don't want you to pull a muscle

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or anything.

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Actually, I was thinking about picking up the pace a little.

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Me too, but let's think about this realistically.

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We still have a few years before we have to take the physical test to be astronauts, and

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uh, I think we should take it easy, you know at first.

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RJ, we're talking about possibly being the first astronauts to travel to Mars.

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I think I'll go ahead and run home.

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That's two miles.

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Have you considered speed walking?

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It's okay, I'm expecting a letter.

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Maybe I'll just shoot for going to the moon.

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Hi, RJ.

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Are you okay?

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You look awful.

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Tony!

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I mean, awfully fit.

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Bianca's killing me.

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I can't hide it any longer.

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I mean, I'm running twice a day just to keep up with her.

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Why the sudden interest in physical fitness?

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Remember what Mr. Gregory said?

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We could actually be the first astronauts to go to Mars.

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And you have to be in great shape to be an astronaut.

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Yes, and in the case of the biological biosphere,

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Ms. Shepard told us about how astronauts have to train to stay in shape,

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both on Earth and in space.

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We also learned that you can overdo it.

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Getting in shape shouldn't mean you have to run yourself into the ground.

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Maybe that's why NASA has manned and unmanned missions.

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Did you say manned and unmanned?

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Sure.

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With the way my fitness training is going,

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maybe I need to think about working on an unmanned mission.

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Good idea.

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Not that you're not in shape,

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but Mr. Gregory did say that NASA not only needs future astronauts,

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but also researchers, engineers, and scientists.

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And GFPs.

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What's a GFP?

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Galactic Financial Planners.

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Come on, guys, get with the program.

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Actually, Tony has an interesting point.

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I'm sure there's lots of ways to get involved with space exploration.

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Yes, NASA needs lots of people in all kinds of careers.

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We just need to find one we like.

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Let's bring up the problem board.

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What do we know?

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We know that there are both manned and unmanned missions to explore space.

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Exactly.

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And we also know that there are missions that involve going to the moon, Mars, and beyond.

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We also know that NASA needs space explorers and scientists.

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Okay, so what do we need to know?

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We need to learn more about unmanned missions and what it takes to be an astronaut.

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I'll check out the NASA website.

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The NASA website is the perfect place to find out about future NASA missions

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and space exploration, along with careers.

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Perhaps I can do something in R&D.

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R&D?

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Research and Development.

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Because, as you know, I'm a big fan of research.

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Well, this may be right up your alley, RJ.

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What is it?

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I've contacted Dr. Carol Stoker.

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She's working on the latest NASA Mars mission.

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It's a lander called the Phoenix that the University of Arizona

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and the NASA Ames Research Center are developing.

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Isn't Kaylee in San Francisco doing some research on redwood trees?

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Yes, she doesn't get back until next week.

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I'll send her an email to see if she can talk to Dr. Stoker.

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Great.

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Maybe we should talk to Dr. D, too.

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Maybe he'll have some ideas about manned space travel.

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Actually, I was supposed to meet Dr. D at the Virginia Air and Space Center

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to check out a new exhibit on strange matter.

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I better run.

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We're very excited about the new vision for NASA, space exploration, and the Phoenix lander.

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But we are just wondering why we want to explore Mars instead of some of the other planets.

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Well, Mars is the planet in our solar system most like Earth,

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and it also may be another home for life.

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What do you mean?

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Well, some scientists think that life may have evolved on Mars early in its history

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when it was warmer and wetter than it is today.

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But the exciting thing would be if life still exists on Mars now.

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That's very exciting.

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So why don't we check it out instead of sending unmanned missions to Mars?

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Robotic missions cost less, and they help us learn a lot about the surface of Mars.

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The more we know about Mars, the more information we have to help design more effective human missions.

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That makes sense.

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So where will the Phoenix lander explore?

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The Phoenix will land in Mars' northern Arctic plains between 65 and 75 degrees north.

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Why is it landing there?

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The landing site was chosen because another mission to Mars called the Mars Odyssey

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has discovered near subsurface water ice.

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That's water ice that's under a layer of dry soil that's fairly thin right in that location.

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Why is water ice so important?

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Well, the simple answer is that water is the most important ingredient for life,

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but it must be liquid water.

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On Earth, wherever we find liquid water, we find life.

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But isn't ice the solid form of water?

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Yes, but recent climate studies and climate modeling

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indicate that ice at the surface or near the subsurface in the area Phoenix is landing

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may melt from time to time under some circumstances.

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And melted ice means liquid water.

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That's correct.

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And when the water is liquid, microbial life could be growing in the soil

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and then become dormant when conditions get harsh.

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I learned at camp that when a plant or animal is dormant, it's inactive, sort of like sleeping.

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It's not actively growing, but it's protected by the environment

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until conditions are favorable for it to grow.

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That's right, and on Mars we hope to find that when conditions become favorable,

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the ice melts and organisms wake up and grow.

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How will you know if there are microbes in the soil?

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Well, Phoenix won't be able to actually detect microbes in the soil,

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but it will be able to determine if the environment was ever habitable.

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And it may detect things left by biology in the past,

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such as organic compounds and other clues.

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But how will it be able to analyze the soil and water ice?

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There's a robotic arm with a digging tool designed to dig into the subsurface

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and scratch and obtain samples of the soil and ice.

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Those samples will then be placed into instruments that will analyze the samples

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for such things as the type of minerals in the soil, any organic compounds,

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the chemical properties, and much more.

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The data will help us determine if the environment would be a good one for life.

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That sounds so exciting. I can't wait until the Phoenix lands on Mars.

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Well, it doesn't launch until 2007, but in the meantime,

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there's lots of exciting things going on at NASA that hold your interest.

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Thank you so much, Dr. Stoker.

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You're welcome. Don't hesitate to call if you have any more questions.

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[♪ music playing ♪

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Hi, Tony. This strange matter exhibit is really cool,

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and it's a great place to learn about manned missions to space.

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Strange matter? I don't see the connection.

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Space is a very harsh environment.

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And for people to explore space,

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we have to overcome such problems as meteoroids and other space debris

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colliding with the spacecraft.

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I never thought of that. I guess it could be very dangerous.

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So, uh, what can we do?

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Couldn't you shatter the glass with a bowling ball?

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Because it is specially tempered glass.

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Thankfully.

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[♪ music playing ♪

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Space is really important to have materials that don't shatter upon impact.

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The International Space Station, for example,

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has layers of Kevlar that prevent micrometeorites from penetrating.

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Isn't that the same stuff they use for bulletproof vests?

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That's right. I've got a Kevlar glove right here. Check it out.

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[♪ music playing ♪

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Wow, that must be a really tall blade.

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Let's see how this works on an ordinary glove.

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[♪ music playing ♪

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I'll take the Kevlar glove.

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Good choice.

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Now, what else about space is harsh?

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Well, I would think it's extremely cold in space.

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Yes, it is.

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Insulation to protect from extreme heat and cold is critical,

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like the display on soap foams.

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That's pretty impressive.

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What does that have to do with insulation?

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Let me show you.

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Here, take this piece of aerogel.

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It's sometimes called frozen smoke.

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It's the world's lightest solid, which means it's the least dense.

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You're right. It weighs a lot less than I thought it would.

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A piece the size of a human body would have a mass of less than half a kilogram,

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or about a pound.

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It's mostly air, about 99.8%.

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Oh, I see. It's like the soap bubbles. They're mostly air.

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It turns out that air does a great job of insulation,

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either keeping heat out or preventing heat from leaving.

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Let me show you.

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Here, hold this balloon on the opposite side of the aerogel from the microtorch.

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Now move the balloon up.

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That torch looks mighty hot, but nothing happened to the balloon

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as long as the aerogel was right there.

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Try touching the aerogel. Is it hot?

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No, not at all.

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Aerogel was used to insulate the Mars rover Sojourner

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from intense swings in the Martian temperature.

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NASA is experimenting with aerogel now

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to see if it can be made more transparent and used as a window.

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What about radiation in space? Isn't that a difficult problem?

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That's right. Astronauts need protection from radiation.

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The atmosphere and the Earth's magnetic field protect us from these things.

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On a journey to Mars, for example, it's especially important to have shielding.

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So will they use lead? I've heard that it stops a lot of radiation.

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It does, but it's way too hot.

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So what's the solution?

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Well, NASA is experimenting with a lot of different ideas,

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but one of them involves this.

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Dr. G, you've got to be kidding. That's a grocery bag.

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It's called polyethylene plastic.

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Of course it would have to be thicker than this.

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Another possibility is liquid hydrogen.

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Now, let's talk about ferrofluid.

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Ferrofluid is a chemical that is used to make liquids.

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Hydrogen.

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Now, let's talk about ferrofluids.

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Ferrofluids.

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NASA first developed ferrofluids to deal with the flow of liquid fuel

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and the weightlessness of space.

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It has magnetic material suspended in the liquid,

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so it can be controlled by magnets.

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I didn't realize how harsh it is in space.

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I think we really need to learn more about how space travel affects the human body.

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Why don't you contact Dr. Schaffner at NASA Johnson Space Center in Houston?

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That would be a big help.

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Thanks, Dr. D.

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Go ahead and enjoy the rest of the exhibit.

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By the way, I hear that Bianca is going to space camp.

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I'm sure she'll also learn a lot about being an astronaut.

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RJ's got my bags.

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Now, make sure that you all run at least two miles a day.

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It's never too early to get a start on your preparation.

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And you remember to report daily about what you've learned about working and living in space.

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Even areas that aren't directly involved with astronauts.

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You know manned and unmanned.

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Of course.

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Are you running in those shoes?

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You need better arch support.

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Have a nice trip, Bianca.

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Keep in touch.

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See ya.

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So what's up?

250
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Will Bianca's training pay off?

251
00:13:18,760 --> 00:13:21,760
Will she have the right stuff for space camp?

252
00:13:21,760 --> 00:13:23,760
Will RJ keep up his fitness training?

253
00:13:23,760 --> 00:13:28,760
Find out in the next episode of The Case of the Great Space Exploration.

254
00:13:30,760 --> 00:13:33,760
Don't forget to look for the answers to the following questions.

255
00:13:33,760 --> 00:13:36,760
Why is it important to exercise in space?

256
00:13:37,760 --> 00:13:39,760
Why are calories important?

257
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Why are robots important to the future of space travel?

258
00:13:46,760 --> 00:13:47,760
Welcome to Huntsville, Alabama.

259
00:13:47,760 --> 00:13:52,760
A home space camp where kids get the chance to get behind the controls of a NASA space shuttle

260
00:13:52,760 --> 00:13:54,760
and simulate a mission in space.

261
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It's the next best thing to being a real astronaut.

262
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In fact, you spend the entire week doing exactly what they do.

263
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Training, working in teams, problem solving, and of course flying missions.

264
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But I'm getting ahead of myself.

265
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I've got to meet my team members, but I'll be sure to keep you posted as I learn more.

266
00:14:11,760 --> 00:14:13,760
The Case of the Great Space Exploration

267
00:14:29,760 --> 00:14:31,760
There you are. Where were you?

268
00:14:31,760 --> 00:14:33,760
We were supposed to meet at the track to run this morning.

269
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I've been here all day.

270
00:14:35,760 --> 00:14:36,760
What happened?

271
00:14:36,760 --> 00:14:38,760
Well, it turns out Bianca's right.

272
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I know. She usually is.

273
00:14:40,760 --> 00:14:42,760
Isn't that why we're all getting in shape?

274
00:14:42,760 --> 00:14:43,760
I mean the shoes.

275
00:14:43,760 --> 00:14:47,760
After careful study, it's clear that the shoes, though very cool,

276
00:14:47,760 --> 00:14:49,760
are not the best things for running.

277
00:14:49,760 --> 00:14:52,760
I never really took that kind of thing seriously.

278
00:14:52,760 --> 00:14:55,760
Remember last spring when you tried to catch up to the bus in your dress shoes?

279
00:14:55,760 --> 00:14:56,760
Sure.

280
00:14:56,760 --> 00:14:58,760
And you could barely walk for the next few days.

281
00:14:58,760 --> 00:15:00,760
That could have been a result of bad equipment.

282
00:15:00,760 --> 00:15:03,760
Wow. If something as simple as shoes can make such a difference,

283
00:15:03,760 --> 00:15:07,760
then I wonder what kind of equipment they use in space when they exercise.

284
00:15:07,760 --> 00:15:10,760
I knew. That's exactly why I'm here. Research.

285
00:15:10,760 --> 00:15:13,760
I thought you were focusing on unmanned missions in space.

286
00:15:13,760 --> 00:15:16,760
I am, but Kathleen called me last night.

287
00:15:16,760 --> 00:15:19,760
She's going down to Houston with her dad for the rest of the week.

288
00:15:19,760 --> 00:15:20,760
What for?

289
00:15:20,760 --> 00:15:22,760
She's going to meet with Dr. Grant Shaffner

290
00:15:22,760 --> 00:15:25,760
to learn about the effects of space travel on the body.

291
00:15:25,760 --> 00:15:28,760
Okay, but I still don't understand why that was sent to the library.

292
00:15:28,760 --> 00:15:30,760
Not that there's anything wrong with the library.

293
00:15:30,760 --> 00:15:33,760
Oh, sorry. The connection to space travel.

294
00:15:33,760 --> 00:15:35,760
If it has an effect on human beings,

295
00:15:35,760 --> 00:15:40,760
then it must also have a significant impact on cameras, robots, sensors,

296
00:15:40,760 --> 00:15:43,760
and everything else that's involved in the missions.

297
00:15:43,760 --> 00:15:45,760
So I came here to learn what space is really like.

298
00:15:45,760 --> 00:15:50,760
Wow. I think I'll head back to the treehouse and catch everyone up on our progress.

299
00:15:50,760 --> 00:15:52,760
Let me know how it ends.

300
00:15:52,760 --> 00:15:54,760
No problem.

301
00:15:58,760 --> 00:16:02,760
Dr. Shaffner works with fitness testing and exercise equipment at NASA Johnson Space Center.

302
00:16:02,760 --> 00:16:05,760
We met at the bioastronautics lab.

303
00:16:10,760 --> 00:16:13,760
I hear you want to learn how space affects the body.

304
00:16:13,760 --> 00:16:16,760
Yes. We're doing research on the future of space exploration,

305
00:16:16,760 --> 00:16:21,760
and we're curious as to what the effect of long-term space flight will have on the human body.

306
00:16:22,760 --> 00:16:29,760
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology

307
00:16:29,760 --> 00:16:33,760
Exposure to space flight is very similar to prolonged bed rest.

308
00:16:33,760 --> 00:16:37,760
During prolonged exposure to weightlessness, the body gradually degrades

309
00:16:37,760 --> 00:16:42,760
and loses bone mass, muscle mass, and endurance capacity.

310
00:16:42,760 --> 00:16:44,760
Can these problems be prevented?

311
00:16:44,760 --> 00:16:47,760
We're not sure if they can be totally prevented,

312
00:16:47,760 --> 00:16:50,760
but with proper exercise and nutrition, the effects are minimized.

313
00:16:50,760 --> 00:16:55,760
We know how important it is to be in good physical condition, even if you aren't an astronaut.

314
00:16:55,760 --> 00:16:58,760
But do astronauts have to be in super condition?

315
00:16:58,760 --> 00:17:04,760
Actually, there are no physical requirements other than to be healthy and to pass a physical examination.

316
00:17:04,760 --> 00:17:07,760
But all astronauts should be in good physical condition.

317
00:17:07,760 --> 00:17:11,760
How is exercise in space different from regular exercise?

318
00:17:11,760 --> 00:17:16,760
Exercises performed in space are similar to exercises done on Earth, but with a few differences.

319
00:17:16,760 --> 00:17:21,760
Astronauts use a cycle ergometer, treadmill, and resistive exercise devices

320
00:17:21,760 --> 00:17:24,760
for strength training both on Earth and in space.

321
00:17:24,760 --> 00:17:28,760
However, the equipment is just designed a little differently for space.

322
00:17:28,760 --> 00:17:30,760
How is the equipment different?

323
00:17:30,760 --> 00:17:34,760
The equipment has to be lighter because it is very expensive to carry mass into space.

324
00:17:34,760 --> 00:17:37,760
When you exercise on Earth, you work against your own body weight.

325
00:17:37,760 --> 00:17:40,760
What do astronauts do in a weightless environment?

326
00:17:40,760 --> 00:17:45,760
We use bungees or other devices to simulate gravity loading while running on the treadmill.

327
00:17:45,760 --> 00:17:50,760
And we increase the amount of resistance for some resistive exercises.

328
00:17:50,760 --> 00:17:53,760
Why is it important to exercise while in space?

329
00:17:53,760 --> 00:17:57,760
In space, exercise helps limit the amount of bone or muscle loss.

330
00:17:57,760 --> 00:18:03,760
Astronauts who are able to complete the exercise program return to Earth in better shape and recover faster.

331
00:18:03,760 --> 00:18:06,760
What happens if they don't exercise while in space?

332
00:18:06,760 --> 00:18:12,760
Those astronauts are at greater risk for bone fractures and have to complete a longer rehabilitation program.

333
00:18:12,760 --> 00:18:15,760
What concerns are there for the astronauts that are going to Mars and beyond?

334
00:18:15,760 --> 00:18:19,760
One concern is that the exercise equipment be very reliable.

335
00:18:19,760 --> 00:18:24,760
If it breaks down and is not repairable, then there would be serious health risks to the crew.

336
00:18:24,760 --> 00:18:29,760
Also, due to the small space, only a limited number of devices can be used.

337
00:18:29,760 --> 00:18:33,760
If exercising is important in space, isn't eating right also important?

338
00:18:33,760 --> 00:18:36,760
You bet. But the real expert is Miss Davis-Street.

339
00:18:36,760 --> 00:18:38,760
Let's see if she can meet with you.

340
00:18:39,760 --> 00:18:43,760
Dr. Schaffner said you had some questions about nutrition in space.

341
00:18:43,760 --> 00:18:46,760
I'm curious. Are nutritional needs different in space?

342
00:18:46,760 --> 00:18:50,760
Good nutrition is critical for all aspects of human health on Earth.

343
00:18:50,760 --> 00:18:53,760
While there are some specific differences during space flight,

344
00:18:53,760 --> 00:18:59,760
just like on Earth, we need to make sure that astronauts are able to do their jobs while they're on the mission.

345
00:18:59,760 --> 00:19:01,760
How do you do that?

346
00:19:01,760 --> 00:19:06,760
We make sure they have enough calories, vitamins and minerals to maintain energy levels and good health.

347
00:19:06,760 --> 00:19:08,760
What are calories?

348
00:19:08,760 --> 00:19:12,760
Food provides us with the energy to perform our daily activities.

349
00:19:12,760 --> 00:19:18,760
The term calorie is a way to measure energy, either in the foods we eat or in the activities we perform.

350
00:19:18,760 --> 00:19:20,760
Why are calories important?

351
00:19:20,760 --> 00:19:27,760
To maintain an appropriate body weight, we must balance energy in the foods we eat with energy we expend during physical activity.

352
00:19:27,760 --> 00:19:33,760
In other words, calorie intake must match calories burned or you will lose or gain body weight.

353
00:19:33,760 --> 00:19:35,760
How do we know how many calories we need?

354
00:19:35,760 --> 00:19:42,760
There is a formula to calculate a person's resting calorie needs, or BMR, basal metabolic rate.

355
00:19:42,760 --> 00:19:48,760
Once you know your BMR, you multiply it by a factor depending on low, medium or high activity level.

356
00:19:48,760 --> 00:19:52,760
To learn more about BMR, visit the NASA SAF files website.

357
00:19:52,760 --> 00:19:54,760
So calories are pretty important.

358
00:19:54,760 --> 00:19:59,760
Yes, but remember, it's not just important to eat food to the right number of calories.

359
00:19:59,760 --> 00:20:01,760
They also need to be nutritious.

360
00:20:01,760 --> 00:20:04,760
How can you determine if the foods you eat are nutritious?

361
00:20:04,760 --> 00:20:08,760
One way is to follow the food pyramid as a guide to healthy eating.

362
00:20:08,760 --> 00:20:15,760
There are six food groups, grains, vegetables, fruits, milk, meat, fat and sweets.

363
00:20:15,760 --> 00:20:19,760
Each level of the pyramid represents the correct number of servings of each group.

364
00:20:19,760 --> 00:20:20,760
What is a serving?

365
00:20:20,760 --> 00:20:27,760
A serving is a recommended portion size and is usually measured in ounces, grams, pounds, or kilograms.

366
00:20:27,760 --> 00:20:33,760
It's usually measured in ounces, cups, teaspoons or pieces, depending on the type of food.

367
00:20:33,760 --> 00:20:36,760
Is there anything else that we can do to make sure that we eat healthy?

368
00:20:36,760 --> 00:20:42,760
Yes, you can also read nutritional labels to find foods low in saturated fats and sugar

369
00:20:42,760 --> 00:20:46,760
and higher in fiber, protein, vitamins and minerals.

370
00:20:46,760 --> 00:20:51,760
So how do astronauts make sure that they eat healthy and get the right number of calories while in space?

371
00:20:51,760 --> 00:20:56,760
Nutrition experts help the astronauts plan proper menus for a space flight.

372
00:20:56,760 --> 00:21:02,760
Astronauts like to have a choice in their diet, so various foods are prepared just like they will be in space.

373
00:21:02,760 --> 00:21:05,760
Variety in menus is always very important.

374
00:21:05,760 --> 00:21:12,760
Then the astronauts conduct taste tests to select their favorite foods while creating a nutritionally balanced meal.

375
00:21:12,760 --> 00:21:17,760
It doesn't sound that much different than going to a restaurant that serves nutritionally balanced meals.

376
00:21:17,760 --> 00:21:18,760
It is very similar.

377
00:21:18,760 --> 00:21:24,760
We also help astronauts keep track of what they eat on orbit to make sure they maintain a healthy diet.

378
00:21:24,760 --> 00:21:26,760
Thanks for all your help, Ms. Davis-Street.

379
00:21:26,760 --> 00:21:29,760
You're welcome. Call if you have any other questions.

380
00:21:29,760 --> 00:21:30,760
I will. Bye.

381
00:21:30,760 --> 00:21:31,760
Bye.

382
00:21:37,760 --> 00:21:39,760
Hello, RJ. What's in the bag?

383
00:21:39,760 --> 00:21:41,760
New shoes.

384
00:21:41,760 --> 00:21:43,760
Actually, I think you'll be fine.

385
00:21:43,760 --> 00:21:44,760
What do you mean?

386
00:21:44,760 --> 00:21:48,760
Well, I've been going over to Catherine's get-up-and-go sheet from her visit with NASA Johnson Space Center.

387
00:21:48,760 --> 00:21:51,760
Apparently, you don't need to be a marathon runner to be an astronaut.

388
00:21:51,760 --> 00:21:53,760
I know. I also checked out her report.

389
00:21:53,760 --> 00:21:56,760
Isn't that good news? You can just take the shoes back.

390
00:21:56,760 --> 00:21:58,760
I think I'm going to keep them.

391
00:21:58,760 --> 00:22:02,760
Remember, it's important to be physically fit, and good shoes are important for healthy feet.

392
00:22:02,760 --> 00:22:05,760
I just hope Bianca will lighten up a bit.

393
00:22:05,760 --> 00:22:10,760
I sent her Catherine's report, and it looks like we have a pretty good handle on how manned missions will affect the body.

394
00:22:10,760 --> 00:22:13,760
Yes, but I think we need to learn more about an astronaut's diet in space.

395
00:22:13,760 --> 00:22:16,760
Ms. Davis-Street made it sound pretty important.

396
00:22:16,760 --> 00:22:17,760
I've got just the thing.

397
00:22:17,760 --> 00:22:19,760
The NASA Sci-Files Kids Club?

398
00:22:19,760 --> 00:22:20,760
You got it.

399
00:22:20,760 --> 00:22:25,760
It looks like Maryvale Elementary School in Rockville, Maryland, is studying nutrition.

400
00:22:25,760 --> 00:22:26,760
Cool.

401
00:22:26,760 --> 00:22:29,760
And the mentors from the Society of Women Engineers are helping out.

402
00:22:29,760 --> 00:22:36,760
To learn more about the Society of Women Engineers, or where you can get a free classroom mentor, visit the NASA Sci-Files website.

403
00:22:36,760 --> 00:22:37,760
Here they are now.

404
00:22:37,760 --> 00:22:38,760
Hi, I'm Jeff.

405
00:22:38,760 --> 00:22:39,760
And I'm Tracey.

406
00:22:39,760 --> 00:22:43,760
You're just in time. You're ready to evaluate our astronaut measures.

407
00:22:43,760 --> 00:22:46,760
Wow, that sounds like a difficult task.

408
00:22:46,760 --> 00:22:48,760
How do you know what to plan for an astronaut?

409
00:22:48,760 --> 00:22:50,760
Right, like you can order a pizza in orbit.

410
00:22:50,760 --> 00:22:55,760
At first we didn't. We just planned what we thought would be a good diet for an astronaut.

411
00:22:55,760 --> 00:23:01,760
Then we decided to look at our own diets and wrote down everything we ate the day before.

412
00:23:01,760 --> 00:23:08,760
Next, with the help of our mentors from the Society of Women Engineers, we did some research to learn about serving sizes.

413
00:23:08,760 --> 00:23:12,760
We were surprised to find out that a serving size is not what we thought it was.

414
00:23:12,760 --> 00:23:14,760
What do you mean, not what you thought it was?

415
00:23:15,760 --> 00:23:22,760
We learned that serving sizes listed on nutrition facts labels are often larger than serving sizes listed on guides to healthy eating.

416
00:23:22,760 --> 00:23:30,760
For example, did you know that a large bagel is actually about three and a half servings of grain instead of one?

417
00:23:30,760 --> 00:23:31,760
That's a big difference.

418
00:23:31,760 --> 00:23:35,760
Large bagel. Cream cheese.

419
00:23:35,760 --> 00:23:38,760
What other factors do you consider when planning a menu?

420
00:23:38,760 --> 00:23:44,760
We learned that calories are very important in order to maintain appropriate weight and to give you enough energy for the day.

421
00:23:44,760 --> 00:23:51,760
And that the number of daily required calories is determined by your age, weight, height, and activity level.

422
00:23:51,760 --> 00:23:58,760
Although everyone is different for this exercise, we estimated that an average astronaut would need about 3,000 calories.

423
00:23:58,760 --> 00:24:02,760
Many very large bagels. Extra cream cheese.

424
00:24:03,760 --> 00:24:08,760
And the calories need to be balanced throughout the day to help maintain a good energy level all day long.

425
00:24:08,760 --> 00:24:10,760
That's a lot to remember in planning a menu.

426
00:24:10,760 --> 00:24:14,760
It becomes even more complicated when you consider nutrition.

427
00:24:14,760 --> 00:24:17,760
We learned from Ms. Davis-Street that the food pyramid can help you with nutrition.

428
00:24:17,760 --> 00:24:23,760
Yes, the food pyramid showed us how many servings of each food should be consumed in a day.

429
00:24:23,760 --> 00:24:37,760
Did you know that you need 6 to 11 servings of grain, 3 to 5 servings of vegetables, 2 to 4 servings of fruit, 2 to 3 servings of milk, 2 to 3 servings of meat, but only one serving of fats and sweets?

430
00:24:37,760 --> 00:24:40,760
Candy bars aren't considered grain, are they?

431
00:24:40,760 --> 00:24:44,760
No. I think we need to make some major changes to our diet.

432
00:24:44,760 --> 00:24:46,760
That's exactly what we thought.

433
00:24:46,760 --> 00:24:49,760
We found out that astronauts say that fruit tastes different in space.

434
00:24:49,760 --> 00:24:52,760
They also like a lot of variety in their diet.

435
00:24:52,760 --> 00:24:55,760
They also like spicy fruits such as salsa.

436
00:24:55,760 --> 00:25:00,760
And we didn't even think about crumbs floating around in space, so no crackers for the astronauts.

437
00:25:00,760 --> 00:25:04,760
Did you know that they don't even have a refrigerator on the space shuttle?

438
00:25:04,760 --> 00:25:07,760
That would be rough. No frozen pizzas.

439
00:25:07,760 --> 00:25:11,760
Well, after we finished our research, we began to evaluate our menu.

440
00:25:11,760 --> 00:25:17,760
We think we have a good menu now for our astronauts, but we are going to share it with our class and get their suggestions.

441
00:25:17,760 --> 00:25:21,760
That's great. It's always good to get advice from lots of people.

442
00:25:21,760 --> 00:25:23,760
You never know where you'll get a good idea.

443
00:25:23,760 --> 00:25:28,760
Well, we better get back to the discussions. We'll post our results on the website.

444
00:25:28,760 --> 00:25:29,760
We'll be sure to check it out.

445
00:25:29,760 --> 00:25:31,760
Thanks for sharing your research with us.

446
00:25:31,760 --> 00:25:32,760
You're welcome.

447
00:25:32,760 --> 00:25:37,760
Goodbye from Maryborough Elementary School in Rockville, Maryland.

448
00:25:39,760 --> 00:25:43,760
Wow. I never knew there was so much to think about in planning a healthy diet.

449
00:25:43,760 --> 00:25:46,760
All this talk about nutrition and calories is making me hungry.

450
00:25:46,760 --> 00:25:49,760
Me too. Hey, why don't we stop by my house and grab a quick bite?

451
00:25:49,760 --> 00:25:53,760
Cool. I'll meet you there, but first I need to stop by Dr. D's.

452
00:25:53,760 --> 00:25:55,760
I have a few questions I'd like to ask him.

453
00:25:55,760 --> 00:25:56,760
What questions?

454
00:25:56,760 --> 00:26:01,760
Well, we have a good idea about the body and how to prepare it for space travel and keep it fit while in space,

455
00:26:01,760 --> 00:26:03,760
but we still need to learn more about unmanned missions.

456
00:26:03,760 --> 00:26:08,760
We know space is an extremely harsh environment for people, but what about robots?

457
00:26:08,760 --> 00:26:10,760
I'm sure Dr. D would have some ideas.

458
00:26:20,760 --> 00:26:22,760
Yay!

459
00:26:25,760 --> 00:26:26,760
Hi, Dr. D.

460
00:26:26,760 --> 00:26:28,760
It's nice to see you're finally taking a break.

461
00:26:28,760 --> 00:26:31,760
Break? This is serious robotics research.

462
00:26:31,760 --> 00:26:33,760
It looks like Lego, Dr. D.

463
00:26:33,760 --> 00:26:36,760
It is Lego, but it's also a computerized robot.

464
00:26:36,760 --> 00:26:38,760
That's pretty cool. What does it do?

465
00:26:38,760 --> 00:26:42,760
Here, let me show you. This robot is programmed to go forward and avoid obstacles.

466
00:26:42,760 --> 00:26:44,760
How does it do that?

467
00:26:44,760 --> 00:26:50,760
It has a bumper with a touch sensor, which causes it to back up and then move around any object that it runs into.

468
00:26:50,760 --> 00:26:53,760
That's pretty important, especially if a robot is exploring Mars,

469
00:26:53,760 --> 00:26:58,760
where there is about a 10-minute time delay between questions sent and answers received.

470
00:27:00,760 --> 00:27:04,760
So are there other ways to avoid obstacles than just knowing how to back up when you hit one?

471
00:27:04,760 --> 00:27:10,760
Yes. One example is the Mars Exploration Rovers that use pairs of cameras spaced some distance apart.

472
00:27:10,760 --> 00:27:12,760
Two cameras? Like two eyes?

473
00:27:12,760 --> 00:27:15,760
So the rover has depth perception, and it can tell how far away things are.

474
00:27:15,760 --> 00:27:21,760
That's right. 3D images help the onboard computer plot a path that avoided obstacles.

475
00:27:21,760 --> 00:27:24,760
Didn't the rovers only go a short distance from their spacecraft landers?

476
00:27:24,760 --> 00:27:28,760
Actually, the Mars rover named Spirit did travel for only about 10 seconds at a time

477
00:27:28,760 --> 00:27:31,760
before it had to stop and consider its next step.

478
00:27:31,760 --> 00:27:33,760
But it did travel a total of several kilometers.

479
00:27:33,760 --> 00:27:35,760
So what else can your robot do?

480
00:27:35,760 --> 00:27:39,760
If I place these light sensors on the robot, it will follow this black line.

481
00:27:39,760 --> 00:27:42,760
I want this program to go forward until it hits black,

482
00:27:42,760 --> 00:27:45,760
and turn away from the black and go forward again.

483
00:27:45,760 --> 00:27:48,760
Cayley learned that robots are very important to the future of space travel.

484
00:27:48,760 --> 00:27:50,760
That's correct. Robotic explorers will lead the way,

485
00:27:50,760 --> 00:27:54,760
followed by human explorers who will conduct in-depth research.

486
00:27:54,760 --> 00:27:57,760
Aren't robotic probes also able to collect data for long periods of time?

487
00:27:57,760 --> 00:28:01,760
Very good. For a Mars mission, robotic explorers are especially important,

488
00:28:01,760 --> 00:28:05,760
because travel to Mars is a very lengthy process for human beings.

489
00:28:05,760 --> 00:28:08,760
Doesn't it take just as long for a machine to get to Mars?

490
00:28:08,760 --> 00:28:10,760
Yes, it takes about eight months to get to Mars,

491
00:28:10,760 --> 00:28:13,760
but you don't have to bring a robot back to Earth.

492
00:28:13,760 --> 00:28:16,760
I guess 16 months of food, oxygen, and water could be a challenge.

493
00:28:16,760 --> 00:28:19,760
Actually, it's a lot longer than 16 months.

494
00:28:19,760 --> 00:28:23,760
Travel to and from Mars requires proper planetary alignment.

495
00:28:23,760 --> 00:28:26,760
Once you get to Mars, you'll probably have to wait 10 months or longer

496
00:28:26,760 --> 00:28:29,760
for the alignment is correct to come back.

497
00:28:29,760 --> 00:28:33,760
We learned that the harshness of space makes it difficult for humans to travel.

498
00:28:33,760 --> 00:28:35,760
Is the same true for robots?

499
00:28:35,760 --> 00:28:39,760
Robots have to be shielded from radiation and also protected from temperature extremes.

500
00:28:39,760 --> 00:28:42,760
Dr. D, can we borrow your robot and take it back to the treehouse?

501
00:28:42,760 --> 00:28:45,760
No problem. In fact, let me give you an assignment.

502
00:28:45,760 --> 00:28:48,760
Try to find several new things for the robot to do,

503
00:28:48,760 --> 00:28:52,760
and then we can sell the robots to NASA for future missions.

504
00:28:52,760 --> 00:28:54,760
So what's up?

505
00:28:54,760 --> 00:28:57,760
What else do the treehouse detectives need to know about space?

506
00:28:57,760 --> 00:29:01,760
How will humans overcome the harshness of space for travel to Mars?

507
00:29:01,760 --> 00:29:04,760
How will robots help lead the way to Mars?

508
00:29:04,760 --> 00:29:07,760
All this and more when the NASA Sight Files continues.

509
00:29:08,760 --> 00:29:11,760
Don't forget to look for the answers to the following questions.

510
00:29:11,760 --> 00:29:14,760
What are galactic cosmic rays?

511
00:29:14,760 --> 00:29:18,760
Explain how spacecraft will be self-healing in the future.

512
00:29:18,760 --> 00:29:22,760
Why does NASA need new propulsion systems?

513
00:29:26,760 --> 00:29:28,760
Houston, how do you read us?

514
00:29:28,760 --> 00:29:32,760
Roger, Houston. We're at Mach 10.5 and everything looks okay.

515
00:29:34,760 --> 00:29:37,760
Guys, I'm reviewing protocols for an upcoming mission.

516
00:29:37,760 --> 00:29:40,760
It's so cool because you work directly with Mission Control

517
00:29:40,760 --> 00:29:44,760
to troubleshoot and solve problems throughout the entire mission simulation.

518
00:29:44,760 --> 00:29:47,760
Right now I'm reviewing re-entry and landing procedures

519
00:29:47,760 --> 00:29:51,760
after successfully launching a new satellite to track RJ's exercise program.

520
00:29:51,760 --> 00:29:54,760
The counselors monitor your progress closely

521
00:29:54,760 --> 00:29:58,760
and they even introduce problems into the mission simulation for the teams to solve.

522
00:29:58,760 --> 00:30:00,760
You really have to be prepared.

523
00:30:00,760 --> 00:30:03,760
Keep up the good work, RJ. Over and out.

524
00:30:05,760 --> 00:30:10,760
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology

525
00:30:12,760 --> 00:30:15,760
Kind of goes against the whole idea of working out, doesn't it?

526
00:30:15,760 --> 00:30:16,760
No, that's the beauty.

527
00:30:16,760 --> 00:30:19,760
No fat, frozen yogurt with sugarless sauce and toppings

528
00:30:19,760 --> 00:30:22,760
and it even has fresh fruit. It's totally healthy.

529
00:30:22,760 --> 00:30:24,760
I'll just stick with the water.

530
00:30:25,760 --> 00:30:27,760
I have to admit, Bianca's right.

531
00:30:27,760 --> 00:30:30,760
Ever since we started exercising, I feel great.

532
00:30:30,760 --> 00:30:33,760
We're not quite ready to go into space, but we're getting there.

533
00:30:33,760 --> 00:30:37,760
Dr. V's comments on the potential danger of space travel do have me a little concerned.

534
00:30:37,760 --> 00:30:41,760
Me too. I've been going over all our research and the radiation problem seems critical.

535
00:30:41,760 --> 00:30:42,760
So what do we do next?

536
00:30:42,760 --> 00:30:44,760
Time for the problem board.

537
00:30:44,760 --> 00:30:46,760
We know that space is an extreme environment.

538
00:30:46,760 --> 00:30:49,760
And NASA trains astronauts to live safely in that environment.

539
00:30:49,760 --> 00:30:52,760
And astronauts will also need to learn to live on the Moon and Mars.

540
00:30:52,760 --> 00:30:54,760
So what do we need to know?

541
00:30:54,760 --> 00:30:58,760
We need to know more about how astronauts will deal with radiation in space.

542
00:30:58,760 --> 00:31:01,760
Katherine mentioned in her report that she might be able to meet with Mr. Mark Whelan

543
00:31:01,760 --> 00:31:04,760
at the NASA Johnson Space Center to learn more about radiation.

544
00:31:04,760 --> 00:31:05,760
Good idea.

545
00:31:05,760 --> 00:31:08,760
We might even be able to learn how to send a trios detective to Mars.

546
00:31:08,760 --> 00:31:10,760
Excellent idea.

547
00:31:10,760 --> 00:31:14,760
Wait, what? Send someone to Mars? Are you crazy?

548
00:31:14,760 --> 00:31:15,760
I'm fine.

549
00:31:15,760 --> 00:31:19,760
Corinne is going to stop by the Mars Society's remote habitat in Utah.

550
00:31:19,760 --> 00:31:22,760
It actually simulates what working and living will be like on Mars.

551
00:31:22,760 --> 00:31:24,760
That is really cool.

552
00:31:24,760 --> 00:31:26,760
Where are you going? To see Dr. V?

553
00:31:26,760 --> 00:31:30,760
No, Dr. V isn't home. I'm going to get another banana split.

554
00:31:30,760 --> 00:31:31,760
You're kidding.

555
00:31:31,760 --> 00:31:36,760
No, when you eat the light version, sometimes you have to eat twice as much to fill up.

556
00:31:36,760 --> 00:31:38,760
You'll never learn.

557
00:31:45,760 --> 00:31:46,760
Hi, Mr. Whelan.

558
00:31:46,760 --> 00:31:48,760
Hi, Katherine. I'm glad you could stop by.

559
00:31:48,760 --> 00:31:50,760
I understand you want to learn more about radiation in space.

560
00:31:50,760 --> 00:31:53,760
Yes. We've read that radiation is very dangerous.

561
00:31:53,760 --> 00:31:55,760
But we're not exactly sure what it is.

562
00:31:55,760 --> 00:31:58,760
Well, radiation is one of the top biological concerns for our astronauts.

563
00:31:58,760 --> 00:32:01,760
There's two basic types of radiation, light and particles.

564
00:32:01,760 --> 00:32:03,760
How is light dangerous?

565
00:32:03,760 --> 00:32:05,760
Light comes in many different forms.

566
00:32:05,760 --> 00:32:08,760
The low-energy visible light that you're familiar with isn't dangerous.

567
00:32:08,760 --> 00:32:10,760
But light comes in a high-energy form called ultraviolet.

568
00:32:10,760 --> 00:32:12,760
Isn't that what causes sunburn?

569
00:32:12,760 --> 00:32:13,760
Well, that's right.

570
00:32:13,760 --> 00:32:17,760
X-rays and gamma rays are another form of light with more energy than ultraviolet.

571
00:32:17,760 --> 00:32:19,760
And they can cause serious damage to your body's cells.

572
00:32:19,760 --> 00:32:21,760
What about the particles?

573
00:32:21,760 --> 00:32:23,760
Very fast-moving particles are considered to be radiation.

574
00:32:23,760 --> 00:32:27,760
One example is high-energy protons, which are released by flares on the sun.

575
00:32:27,760 --> 00:32:31,760
Another even more dangerous type of radiation are galactic cosmic rays, or GCRs.

576
00:32:31,760 --> 00:32:33,760
What's a galactic cosmic ray?

577
00:32:33,760 --> 00:32:38,760
GCRs are extremely fast-moving protons and nuclei of elements such as iron, silicon and other elements

578
00:32:38,760 --> 00:32:40,760
that come from outside our solar system.

579
00:32:40,760 --> 00:32:42,760
Why are they so dangerous?

580
00:32:42,760 --> 00:32:46,760
They can penetrate more than 100 centimeters into materials and can cause a lot of cell damage.

581
00:32:46,760 --> 00:32:48,760
They are also very difficult to shield against.

582
00:32:48,760 --> 00:32:52,760
And they can even create additional radiation when they collide with metal spacecraft.

583
00:32:52,760 --> 00:32:56,760
Wow. I've heard that radiation can increase your chances of getting cancer.

584
00:32:56,760 --> 00:32:57,760
Is that true?

585
00:32:57,760 --> 00:32:58,760
That's correct.

586
00:32:58,760 --> 00:33:02,760
The greater the radiation exposure, the greater the risk of getting cancer and other effects such as cataracts,

587
00:33:02,760 --> 00:33:04,760
which is a clouding of the eye lens.

588
00:33:04,760 --> 00:33:06,760
What determines how much exposure you get?

589
00:33:06,760 --> 00:33:09,760
The length of the mission is one of the most important factors.

590
00:33:09,760 --> 00:33:11,760
A mission to Mars could take several years.

591
00:33:11,760 --> 00:33:14,760
Longer missions mean greater health risk from radiation exposure,

592
00:33:14,760 --> 00:33:17,760
especially compared to space shuttle missions, which are much shorter.

593
00:33:17,760 --> 00:33:19,760
However, NASA is working hard to reduce the risk.

594
00:33:19,760 --> 00:33:21,760
What are they doing?

595
00:33:21,760 --> 00:33:24,760
They're developing better shielding materials that will prevent the radiation

596
00:33:24,760 --> 00:33:26,760
from reaching the astronauts in the spacecraft.

597
00:33:26,760 --> 00:33:30,760
And high exposures can also come from very intense events, like solar flares.

598
00:33:30,760 --> 00:33:32,760
Isn't that when the sun has a solar storm?

599
00:33:32,760 --> 00:33:33,760
Very good.

600
00:33:33,760 --> 00:33:36,760
If you can monitor the sun for solar storms that produce these flares,

601
00:33:36,760 --> 00:33:38,760
then you can warn the astronauts to avoid spacewalks

602
00:33:38,760 --> 00:33:41,760
and to enter specially shielded storm shelters in their spacecraft.

603
00:33:41,760 --> 00:33:44,760
Is there anything that can help the body handle the effects of radiation exposure?

604
00:33:44,760 --> 00:33:49,760
NASA is looking at how a healthy lifestyle, including dietary vitamin supplements, might provide protection.

605
00:33:49,760 --> 00:33:53,760
They are also looking at the role that age, gender, and or genetic factors play

606
00:33:53,760 --> 00:33:55,760
in how the body responds to radiation.

607
00:33:55,760 --> 00:33:56,760
Wow.

608
00:33:56,760 --> 00:34:00,760
If radiation is such a problem for astronauts, why don't we have to worry about it on Earth?

609
00:34:00,760 --> 00:34:03,760
We do have some radiation on Earth, but we're protected from most of it

610
00:34:03,760 --> 00:34:05,760
by something the astronauts don't have, an atmosphere.

611
00:34:05,760 --> 00:34:06,760
Yes.

612
00:34:06,760 --> 00:34:09,760
I learned in my science class that an ozone layer of our atmosphere

613
00:34:09,760 --> 00:34:11,760
blocks a lot of the ultraviolet light from getting to Earth.

614
00:34:11,760 --> 00:34:12,760
Well, that's correct.

615
00:34:12,760 --> 00:34:15,760
And it also absorbs a lot of X-rays, gamma rays, and high-energy particles.

616
00:34:15,760 --> 00:34:18,760
Charged particles, like cosmic rays and protons from the sun,

617
00:34:18,760 --> 00:34:22,760
are deflected by Earth's magnetic field, and Earth itself acts like a big shield.

618
00:34:22,760 --> 00:34:24,760
Well, I'm glad that we have some protection.

619
00:34:24,760 --> 00:34:26,760
Radiation sounds pretty serious.

620
00:34:26,760 --> 00:34:27,760
Yes, it is.

621
00:34:27,760 --> 00:34:30,760
So don't forget you should always wear sunscreen when you're working or playing outside.

622
00:34:30,760 --> 00:34:31,760
Don't worry.

623
00:34:31,760 --> 00:34:32,760
I will.

624
00:34:32,760 --> 00:34:33,760
Thanks, Mr. Weiland.

625
00:34:33,760 --> 00:34:34,760
You've been a big help.

626
00:34:34,760 --> 00:34:35,760
You're welcome, Katherine.

627
00:34:35,760 --> 00:34:36,760
And good luck.

628
00:34:39,760 --> 00:34:41,760
Hi, guys.

629
00:34:41,760 --> 00:34:44,760
It looks like you've been working hard on the unmanned missions.

630
00:34:44,760 --> 00:34:48,760
Along with research, we've been working with LEGO to build possible Mars explorers.

631
00:34:48,760 --> 00:34:49,760
Cool.

632
00:34:49,760 --> 00:34:51,760
Of course, we've read all of your reports on the Internet.

633
00:34:51,760 --> 00:34:54,760
Access to the Internet is a wonderful thing.

634
00:34:54,760 --> 00:34:59,760
Speaking of the Internet, you can always find great tools for research on the NASA Sci-Files website.

635
00:34:59,760 --> 00:35:01,760
Are you ready to go to the next level?

636
00:35:01,760 --> 00:35:02,760
What do you mean?

637
00:35:02,760 --> 00:35:05,760
Well, we've been working on different aspects of space travel,

638
00:35:05,760 --> 00:35:07,760
but there's one area that we haven't explored.

639
00:35:07,760 --> 00:35:08,760
Like what?

640
00:35:08,760 --> 00:35:12,760
Dr. Herb Waite from the University of California, Santa Barbara, just sent us an e-mail.

641
00:35:12,760 --> 00:35:14,760
Doesn't he research bio-inspired nanotechnology?

642
00:35:14,760 --> 00:35:15,760
Right.

643
00:35:15,760 --> 00:35:17,760
He referred us to Ms. Dana Novak.

644
00:35:17,760 --> 00:35:18,760
She's helping him in his research.

645
00:35:18,760 --> 00:35:20,760
Here she is now.

646
00:35:20,760 --> 00:35:22,760
Hi, you must be the treehouse detectives.

647
00:35:22,760 --> 00:35:24,760
Dr. Waite sent you a call.

648
00:35:24,760 --> 00:35:25,760
How can I help you?

649
00:35:25,760 --> 00:35:30,760
We are researching space technology to learn more about the future of space exploration.

650
00:35:30,760 --> 00:35:32,760
What does bio-inspired mean?

651
00:35:32,760 --> 00:35:36,760
Well, it simply refers to any technology inspired by biology.

652
00:35:36,760 --> 00:35:40,760
For example, when George DeMestrel took his dog for a walk one day,

653
00:35:40,760 --> 00:35:43,760
he saw that they both had burrs stuck to them.

654
00:35:43,760 --> 00:35:47,760
He looked at a burr under a microscope and saw hooks and loops.

655
00:35:47,760 --> 00:35:49,760
That inspired him to invent Velcro.

656
00:35:49,760 --> 00:35:50,760
That's a great invention.

657
00:35:50,760 --> 00:35:52,760
I use Velcro all the time.

658
00:35:52,760 --> 00:35:55,760
What plants or animals do you look at for inspiration?

659
00:35:55,760 --> 00:36:00,760
Right now, we're investigating muscle threads and bloodworm and clamworm jaws.

660
00:36:00,760 --> 00:36:04,760
Muscles, clamworms, and bloodworms?

661
00:36:04,760 --> 00:36:10,760
Sounds interesting, but why exactly are you interested in worm jaws and muscles?

662
00:36:10,760 --> 00:36:13,760
If we're going to explore the moon, Mars, and beyond,

663
00:36:13,760 --> 00:36:18,760
then we need new, advanced, and self-healing materials for spacecraft construction.

664
00:36:18,760 --> 00:36:20,760
What do you mean by self-healing?

665
00:36:20,760 --> 00:36:23,760
Think about what happens when you accidentally cut yourself.

666
00:36:23,760 --> 00:36:27,760
It's amazing to watch how quickly your body acts to mend the wound.

667
00:36:27,760 --> 00:36:33,760
Like this model, we're trying to understand how to give composite materials those same qualities.

668
00:36:33,760 --> 00:36:38,760
This model demonstrates how two different types of bonds within a material work together to self-heal.

669
00:36:38,760 --> 00:36:40,760
And why is that important?

670
00:36:40,760 --> 00:36:45,760
One weakness of current composite materials is that they tend to form tiny hairline cracks,

671
00:36:45,760 --> 00:36:48,760
which can lead to major damage over time.

672
00:36:48,760 --> 00:36:52,760
In long-distance space exploration, repairs won't be easy.

673
00:36:52,760 --> 00:36:56,760
Right. There won't be a spare parts store we can stop at while in space.

674
00:36:56,760 --> 00:36:58,760
Nope, there won't.

675
00:36:58,760 --> 00:37:03,760
However, with new, high-performance materials, such as the self-healing materials,

676
00:37:03,760 --> 00:37:06,760
we will be taking the first step in building spacecraft

677
00:37:06,760 --> 00:37:11,760
capable of traveling millions of miles from Earth that can fix themselves.

678
00:37:11,760 --> 00:37:16,760
That's awesome, but I still don't understand what muscles and worm jaws have to do with it.

679
00:37:16,760 --> 00:37:22,760
Nature specializes in how to put materials together in the most effective and efficient ways.

680
00:37:22,760 --> 00:37:27,760
We look at the muscle threads because they're very strong, yet thin and lightweight.

681
00:37:27,760 --> 00:37:30,760
It's amazing how much we can learn just by looking at nature.

682
00:37:30,760 --> 00:37:34,760
We can learn how to make materials that recover quickly from stress.

683
00:37:34,760 --> 00:37:36,760
Think about when you buy a six-pack of soda.

684
00:37:36,760 --> 00:37:41,760
When you take a can out of the plastic loop, the plastic stretches but is difficult to break.

685
00:37:41,760 --> 00:37:45,760
Nature inflicts damage on the muscle threads just like you do on the plastic.

686
00:37:45,760 --> 00:37:49,760
We call this damage creep, and it is undesirable.

687
00:37:49,760 --> 00:37:54,760
However, in nature, many materials that experience creep recover from it,

688
00:37:54,760 --> 00:37:57,760
and we're studying the muscle threads to learn how.

689
00:37:57,760 --> 00:38:00,760
What about the blood and clam worm jaws?

690
00:38:00,760 --> 00:38:05,760
The jaws appear to be just as resistant to abrasion as the tiles on the space shuttle,

691
00:38:05,760 --> 00:38:09,760
yet they have only half the weight per equal volume.

692
00:38:09,760 --> 00:38:13,760
We learned in the case of the challenging flight that weight is a very important factor.

693
00:38:13,760 --> 00:38:16,760
The lighter the airplane or spacecraft, the less fuel it needs.

694
00:38:16,760 --> 00:38:23,760
That's right, and we hope to learn not only how to make very lightweight spacecraft materials, but also tougher ones.

695
00:38:23,760 --> 00:38:25,760
Why do the materials need to be tougher?

696
00:38:25,760 --> 00:38:30,760
The materials used for spacecraft are subjected to enormous stress,

697
00:38:30,760 --> 00:38:34,760
so it's crucial that they be tough as well as self-healing.

698
00:38:34,760 --> 00:38:36,760
Sounds like this research is exciting.

699
00:38:36,760 --> 00:38:37,760
Thanks, Ms. Novak.

700
00:38:37,760 --> 00:38:38,760
You're welcome.

701
00:38:38,760 --> 00:38:42,760
Keep up the investigation and call me back if you have any other questions.

702
00:38:42,760 --> 00:38:43,760
Bye.

703
00:38:43,760 --> 00:38:44,760
That was impressive.

704
00:38:44,760 --> 00:38:48,760
Never thought that setting muscles in worms could help us learn about traveling through space.

705
00:38:48,760 --> 00:38:51,760
But I'm still trying to figure out how we're going to do it.

706
00:38:51,760 --> 00:38:53,760
I mean, what will our future space vehicles look like?

707
00:38:53,760 --> 00:38:54,760
I'm not sure.

708
00:38:54,760 --> 00:38:56,760
Maybe Bianca can help us.

709
00:38:56,760 --> 00:39:01,760
Well, she's been training down at space camp, but I don't think their program includes future spacecraft.

710
00:39:01,760 --> 00:39:04,760
No, but they are close to NASA Marshall Space Flight Center.

711
00:39:04,760 --> 00:39:05,760
I emailed her last night.

712
00:39:05,760 --> 00:39:08,760
She wrote back and said she was meeting with Mr. Cook.

713
00:39:08,760 --> 00:39:09,760
Way to go, Catherine.

714
00:39:09,760 --> 00:39:11,760
Have you heard from Dr. D yet?

715
00:39:11,760 --> 00:39:12,760
No.

716
00:39:12,760 --> 00:39:13,760
Wasn't he working with you and Tony?

717
00:39:13,760 --> 00:39:17,760
Well, we talked to him a couple days ago, but we haven't heard from him.

718
00:39:17,760 --> 00:39:20,760
Maybe Bianca gave him a new fitness program to work on, too.

719
00:39:20,760 --> 00:39:22,760
Well, if so, maybe we should call his house.

720
00:39:22,760 --> 00:39:24,760
He may need some help.

721
00:39:25,760 --> 00:39:32,760
Mr. Cook agreed to meet me at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, where they test rocket engines for spacecraft.

722
00:39:32,760 --> 00:39:36,760
They call it the Propulsion System Component Testing Facility.

723
00:39:36,760 --> 00:39:38,760
Of course, I had lots of questions.

724
00:39:38,760 --> 00:39:42,760
So, how is NASA researching new spacecraft for the future?

725
00:39:42,760 --> 00:39:44,760
One way is through propulsion.

726
00:39:44,760 --> 00:39:49,760
With the new Exploration Vision, we will need propulsion systems that will be low-cost

727
00:39:49,760 --> 00:39:55,760
and will enable rapid, safe, and reliable access to, in, and from space.

728
00:39:55,760 --> 00:39:57,760
So, why do we need new propulsion systems?

729
00:39:57,760 --> 00:39:59,760
Aren't the old ones good enough?

730
00:39:59,760 --> 00:40:03,760
Most U.S. propulsion systems are based on 1950s and 60s technology.

731
00:40:03,760 --> 00:40:05,760
They are high-risk and expensive.

732
00:40:05,760 --> 00:40:10,760
Right now, it costs $10,000 per pound to put payload into Earth's orbit.

733
00:40:10,760 --> 00:40:12,760
Wow, that's a lot of money.

734
00:40:12,760 --> 00:40:13,760
Exactly.

735
00:40:13,760 --> 00:40:15,760
So, for us to carry out the Exploration Vision,

736
00:40:16,760 --> 00:40:19,760
missions must be affordable, the reliability must be increased,

737
00:40:19,760 --> 00:40:25,760
and we must find a way to rapidly and safely take us beyond Earth's orbit to the Moon, Mars, and beyond.

738
00:40:25,760 --> 00:40:28,760
What types of propulsion systems are being researched?

739
00:40:28,760 --> 00:40:31,760
The primary ones for exploration are chemical, like these here,

740
00:40:31,760 --> 00:40:35,760
nuclear, electric, and propellantless propulsion systems.

741
00:40:35,760 --> 00:40:38,760
What's a propellantless propulsion system?

742
00:40:38,760 --> 00:40:40,760
One type is a system that uses solar sails.

743
00:40:40,760 --> 00:40:43,760
These are sails much like those found on a ship.

744
00:40:43,760 --> 00:40:47,760
Solar sails are made from thin layers of mylar and act like a very large mirror.

745
00:40:47,760 --> 00:40:52,760
As photons of sunlight strike the sail and bounce off, they gently push the sail along.

746
00:40:52,760 --> 00:40:54,760
How does electrical propulsion work?

747
00:40:54,760 --> 00:40:57,760
You can't have an extension cord in space.

748
00:40:57,760 --> 00:41:02,760
No, it uses electrical energy from a solar array to accelerate a propellant.

749
00:41:02,760 --> 00:41:05,760
There are three types of electric propulsion systems.

750
00:41:05,760 --> 00:41:08,760
Electrothermal, which uses electrical heat.

751
00:41:08,760 --> 00:41:12,760
Electromagnetic, which creates thrust using a magnetic field.

752
00:41:12,760 --> 00:41:16,760
And electrostatic, which uses charged particles in an electric field.

753
00:41:16,760 --> 00:41:18,760
Don't we currently use chemical rockets?

754
00:41:18,760 --> 00:41:21,760
Yes, and they have been the primary means for transportation in space

755
00:41:21,760 --> 00:41:26,760
because of the very large amounts of thrust they generate that are needed to overcome Earth's gravity.

756
00:41:26,760 --> 00:41:31,760
As fuels become more advanced, chemical propulsion will continue to play a vital role in space transportation.

757
00:41:31,760 --> 00:41:35,760
They all sound great, but isn't one propulsion system better than the other?

758
00:41:35,760 --> 00:41:38,760
Well, there are pros and cons to each system.

759
00:41:38,760 --> 00:41:41,760
The choice of propulsion system depends on the energy requirements of the mission,

760
00:41:41,760 --> 00:41:45,760
its duration and destination, and whether it is robotic or human.

761
00:41:45,760 --> 00:41:48,760
I can't wait to travel through space. It's so exciting.

762
00:41:48,760 --> 00:41:51,760
Yes, it is. So keep studying your math and science.

763
00:41:51,760 --> 00:41:53,760
Don't worry, I will.

764
00:41:53,760 --> 00:41:57,760
Oh, by the way, Dr. D called. He said he wanted to meet you over at the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory.

765
00:41:57,760 --> 00:42:01,760
Dr. D at space camp? That's strange.

766
00:42:01,760 --> 00:42:04,760
Well, it is Dr. D.

767
00:42:05,760 --> 00:42:14,760
Attach stabilizer into position on both the array and above utility power panel and lock into place.

768
00:42:14,760 --> 00:42:16,760
Roger.

769
00:42:26,760 --> 00:42:31,760
Fully deploy array by rotating handle counterclockwise.

770
00:42:31,760 --> 00:42:33,760
Roger.

771
00:42:35,760 --> 00:42:39,760
Dr. D, is that you?

772
00:42:39,760 --> 00:42:45,760
You bet. I'm training for a spacewalk. I'm working on this underwater solar array.

773
00:42:45,760 --> 00:42:50,760
Of course. We learned from Dr. Utley in the case of the Inhabitable Habitat

774
00:42:50,760 --> 00:42:55,760
that astronauts learn to work in the weightlessness of space by diving into a huge tank of water

775
00:42:55,760 --> 00:42:58,760
called the Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory.

776
00:42:59,760 --> 00:43:01,760
That's what I love about space camp.

777
00:43:01,760 --> 00:43:04,760
We get to practice, they emphasize the importance of teamwork,

778
00:43:04,760 --> 00:43:07,760
and, of course, I'm looking forward to the simulators.

779
00:43:07,760 --> 00:43:11,760
Simulators are great. They allow you to experience what space is really like.

780
00:43:11,760 --> 00:43:14,760
Let's go check them out.

781
00:43:14,760 --> 00:43:16,760
This is the space shot.

782
00:43:16,760 --> 00:43:19,760
Great. It simulates liftoff.

783
00:43:19,760 --> 00:43:21,760
That's great.

784
00:43:21,760 --> 00:43:23,760
Let's go check them out.

785
00:43:23,760 --> 00:43:25,760
This is the space shot.

786
00:43:25,760 --> 00:43:28,760
Great. It simulates liftoff.

787
00:43:29,760 --> 00:43:33,760
Doesn't liftoff make astronauts feel heavy?

788
00:43:33,760 --> 00:43:35,760
We'll see.

789
00:43:36,760 --> 00:43:38,760
Whoa!

790
00:43:46,760 --> 00:43:51,760
You just experienced four times the force of gravity, just like the Apollo astronauts at liftoff.

791
00:43:51,760 --> 00:43:52,760
Can we do it again?

792
00:43:52,760 --> 00:43:56,760
Sure. Three, two, one.

793
00:44:06,760 --> 00:44:10,760
Dr. D., I also felt weightless for a few seconds at the top.

794
00:44:10,760 --> 00:44:13,760
It was because you were freely falling.

795
00:44:16,760 --> 00:44:19,760
It's not quite free fall, but if you go to the moon,

796
00:44:19,760 --> 00:44:22,760
you will only weigh one-sixth of what you do on the Earth.

797
00:44:22,760 --> 00:44:24,760
That's a great weight loss program.

798
00:44:24,760 --> 00:44:30,760
Let's see how you do weighing only slightly more than two gallons of milk.

799
00:44:36,760 --> 00:44:41,760
Buzz Aldrin said that galloping like a horse was easier than jogging.

800
00:44:41,760 --> 00:44:44,760
Why don't you try the bunny hop?

801
00:44:47,760 --> 00:44:49,760
Awesome.

802
00:44:53,760 --> 00:44:57,760
Training like this before going to the moon is a great idea.

803
00:45:01,760 --> 00:45:03,760
Now that you've experienced walking on the moon,

804
00:45:03,760 --> 00:45:07,760
you need to train for reentry into the Earth's atmosphere.

805
00:45:10,760 --> 00:45:12,760
This is the multi-axis trainer,

806
00:45:12,760 --> 00:45:16,760
and trainers like this were used by our country's first astronauts in the Mercury program

807
00:45:16,760 --> 00:45:19,760
to prepare for the possibility of a tumble spin during reentry.

808
00:45:19,760 --> 00:45:21,760
Oh, I almost forgot.

809
00:45:21,760 --> 00:45:23,760
You've got to contact the other treehouse detectives.

810
00:45:23,760 --> 00:45:24,760
They don't know where you are.

811
00:45:24,760 --> 00:45:26,760
Well, that's right. I didn't tell them.

812
00:45:26,760 --> 00:45:30,760
I'll get on it right away, just after I become disoriented.

813
00:45:34,760 --> 00:45:36,760
Dear treehouse detectives,

814
00:45:36,760 --> 00:45:38,760
sorry about the quick departure.

815
00:45:38,760 --> 00:45:40,760
I had some important work to do at space camp.

816
00:45:40,760 --> 00:45:43,760
I saw Bianca. I'm sure she will fill you in.

817
00:45:46,760 --> 00:45:49,760
Looking good. They just a little longer than I can handle.

818
00:45:52,760 --> 00:45:53,760
So what's up?

819
00:45:53,760 --> 00:45:56,760
Will Bianca survive the rigors of training?

820
00:45:56,760 --> 00:45:59,760
Who will be the next generation of explorers to go to Mars?

821
00:45:59,760 --> 00:46:01,760
Would you like to walk on Mars someday?

822
00:46:01,760 --> 00:46:04,760
Stay tuned for the exciting conclusion of

823
00:46:04,760 --> 00:46:06,760
The Case of the Great Space Exploration.

824
00:46:08,760 --> 00:46:11,760
Don't forget to look for the answers to the following questions.

825
00:46:11,760 --> 00:46:13,760
What is the X Prize?

826
00:46:15,760 --> 00:46:18,760
Why are aviation and space contests important?

827
00:46:19,760 --> 00:46:23,760
What is the purpose of simulated Mars habitat on Earth?

828
00:46:32,760 --> 00:46:37,760
What is the purpose of simulated Mars habitat on Earth?

829
00:46:39,760 --> 00:46:41,760
Doing all right? Ready to go for this thing?

830
00:46:41,760 --> 00:46:42,760
I'm ready.

831
00:46:43,760 --> 00:46:45,760
Today I tested out at 3Gs in the centrifuge.

832
00:46:45,760 --> 00:46:49,760
It was a very intense experience as the centrifuge spun around

833
00:46:49,760 --> 00:46:51,760
to simulate the heaviness of a rocket launch.

834
00:46:51,760 --> 00:46:55,760
It was really difficult to move my arms and legs for such a long time.

835
00:46:58,760 --> 00:47:00,760
I've been here at space camp for almost a week now

836
00:47:00,760 --> 00:47:03,760
and I feel really prepared for my last mission.

837
00:47:03,760 --> 00:47:04,760
Wish me luck.

838
00:47:11,760 --> 00:47:13,760
Exercise has really changed my life.

839
00:47:13,760 --> 00:47:16,760
I think I can feel myself getting healthier every time I run.

840
00:47:16,760 --> 00:47:19,760
Maybe you should volunteer for an experimental research project.

841
00:47:19,760 --> 00:47:21,760
Do they give prizes or money?

842
00:47:21,760 --> 00:47:23,760
If they do, don't tell Tony.

843
00:47:23,760 --> 00:47:26,760
Because we'll find ourselves under strict observation in the treehouse

844
00:47:26,760 --> 00:47:27,760
for the next six months.

845
00:47:27,760 --> 00:47:30,760
I've spent a few days here before. It's not that bad.

846
00:47:30,760 --> 00:47:33,760
Well, speaking of prizes, Tony sent us an email.

847
00:47:33,760 --> 00:47:35,760
It said to be sure to check out the X Prize.

848
00:47:35,760 --> 00:47:37,760
There must be money involved.

849
00:47:37,760 --> 00:47:39,760
Ten million dollars.

850
00:47:39,760 --> 00:47:41,760
What? Sign me up.

851
00:47:41,760 --> 00:47:43,760
What do you have to do to win the ten million dollars?

852
00:47:43,760 --> 00:47:44,760
I'm not sure.

853
00:47:44,760 --> 00:47:47,760
But Tony said to contact Mr. Eric Lindberg.

854
00:47:47,760 --> 00:47:49,760
I wonder if he's related to Charles Lindberg.

855
00:47:49,760 --> 00:47:52,760
As a matter of fact, he's his grandson.

856
00:47:52,760 --> 00:47:53,760
Here he is now.

857
00:47:53,760 --> 00:47:55,760
Hi, you must be the treehouse detectives.

858
00:47:55,760 --> 00:47:58,760
I got Tony's email. How can I help you guys?

859
00:47:58,760 --> 00:47:59,760
Hi, Mr. Lindberg.

860
00:47:59,760 --> 00:48:01,760
We want to know more about the X Prize.

861
00:48:01,760 --> 00:48:03,760
What kind of contest is it?

862
00:48:03,760 --> 00:48:05,760
It's a ten million dollar prize

863
00:48:05,760 --> 00:48:09,760
to be awarded to the first privately funded suborbital space launch.

864
00:48:09,760 --> 00:48:11,760
That doesn't sound too hard.

865
00:48:11,760 --> 00:48:13,760
Well, to win the prize,

866
00:48:13,760 --> 00:48:15,760
you have to be able to carry three people

867
00:48:15,760 --> 00:48:18,760
to an altitude of 100 kilometers, or 62 miles,

868
00:48:18,760 --> 00:48:20,760
return safely, that's important,

869
00:48:20,760 --> 00:48:22,760
and do it again within two weeks.

870
00:48:22,760 --> 00:48:24,760
Okay, maybe that's a little harder.

871
00:48:24,760 --> 00:48:26,760
Why was the X Prize created?

872
00:48:26,760 --> 00:48:29,760
The mission of the X Prize is to create a future

873
00:48:29,760 --> 00:48:32,760
in which the public can personally participate

874
00:48:32,760 --> 00:48:34,760
in space travel and its benefits.

875
00:48:34,760 --> 00:48:37,760
I'm there. Just tell me where and when I can go.

876
00:48:37,760 --> 00:48:39,760
How soon can tourists go into space?

877
00:48:39,760 --> 00:48:41,760
Whoa, hold on a minute.

878
00:48:41,760 --> 00:48:43,760
No one's won the prize yet.

879
00:48:43,760 --> 00:48:45,760
But when someone does win the prize,

880
00:48:45,760 --> 00:48:47,760
it'll probably take a year or two

881
00:48:47,760 --> 00:48:50,760
before the paying public can go and fly into space.

882
00:48:50,760 --> 00:48:52,760
Who started the X Prize?

883
00:48:52,760 --> 00:48:55,760
Peter Diamandis was reading my grandfather's book,

884
00:48:55,760 --> 00:48:57,760
The Spirit of St. Louis,

885
00:48:57,760 --> 00:48:59,760
when a light bulb went on in his mind,

886
00:48:59,760 --> 00:49:01,760
and he thought, that's it.

887
00:49:01,760 --> 00:49:03,760
We need a prize for space travel.

888
00:49:03,760 --> 00:49:05,760
That's how I'm going to get to space.

889
00:49:05,760 --> 00:49:08,760
In 1996, we launched the X Prize

890
00:49:08,760 --> 00:49:10,760
under the arch in St. Louis.

891
00:49:10,760 --> 00:49:12,760
Didn't your grandfather, Charles Lindbergh,

892
00:49:12,760 --> 00:49:14,760
win the Ortig Prize in 1927

893
00:49:14,760 --> 00:49:16,760
for being the first person to fly solo

894
00:49:16,760 --> 00:49:18,760
across the Atlantic Ocean?

895
00:49:18,760 --> 00:49:20,760
Very good. You know your history.

896
00:49:20,760 --> 00:49:22,760
People often forget that aviation was developed

897
00:49:22,760 --> 00:49:25,760
by contests and prizes like the Ortig Prize

898
00:49:25,760 --> 00:49:27,760
and the Bendix Prize,

899
00:49:27,760 --> 00:49:29,760
and we hope to do the same thing for space travel

900
00:49:29,760 --> 00:49:31,760
with the X Prize.

901
00:49:31,760 --> 00:49:34,760
What will happen to NASA if we have commercial space flight?

902
00:49:34,760 --> 00:49:36,760
Well, private industry can often operate

903
00:49:36,760 --> 00:49:38,760
more efficiently than government,

904
00:49:38,760 --> 00:49:40,760
and private enterprise will allow NASA

905
00:49:40,760 --> 00:49:42,760
to concentrate on their core mission

906
00:49:42,760 --> 00:49:44,760
of science and exploration

907
00:49:44,760 --> 00:49:47,760
without having to operate a space transportation system.

908
00:49:47,760 --> 00:49:50,760
I guess NASA doesn't operate the airlines today,

909
00:49:50,760 --> 00:49:52,760
even though in the early years when it was NACA,

910
00:49:52,760 --> 00:49:55,760
it was important to the development of commercial aviation.

911
00:49:55,760 --> 00:49:57,760
That's right, and the more people

912
00:49:57,760 --> 00:49:59,760
who have the opportunity to fly into space

913
00:49:59,760 --> 00:50:01,760
and look at our planet

914
00:50:01,760 --> 00:50:03,760
and experience what those astronauts are telling us

915
00:50:03,760 --> 00:50:06,760
as a life-changing experience,

916
00:50:06,760 --> 00:50:09,760
the more they'll work harder to try to save our planet

917
00:50:09,760 --> 00:50:11,760
and the quality of life that we know

918
00:50:11,760 --> 00:50:13,760
for future generations.

919
00:50:13,760 --> 00:50:15,760
Now this is truly exciting,

920
00:50:15,760 --> 00:50:18,760
to think that I might get to go to space as a tourist.

921
00:50:18,760 --> 00:50:20,760
Thanks, Mr. Lindberg.

922
00:50:20,760 --> 00:50:23,760
You're very welcome. I'll see you in space.

923
00:50:23,760 --> 00:50:26,760
Fantastic. Next stop, Mars.

924
00:50:26,760 --> 00:50:28,760
One step at a time, Space Cowboy.

925
00:50:28,760 --> 00:50:30,760
Seriously, didn't Tony tell you?

926
00:50:30,760 --> 00:50:32,760
Corinne is already on her way

927
00:50:32,760 --> 00:50:34,760
to the Mars Society Research Habitat.

928
00:50:34,760 --> 00:50:36,760
Oh, right. I forgot.

929
00:50:36,760 --> 00:50:38,760
I can't wait to read her report.

930
00:50:38,760 --> 00:50:40,760
It's like a postcard from the Red Planet.

931
00:50:40,760 --> 00:50:42,760
And isn't Bianca's simulated spacewalk

932
00:50:42,760 --> 00:50:44,760
happening later today?

933
00:50:44,760 --> 00:50:46,760
Yes, it is. She said we should contact

934
00:50:46,760 --> 00:50:48,760
Space Camp's Mission Control this afternoon.

935
00:50:48,760 --> 00:50:50,760
We've got trios detectives on Mars,

936
00:50:50,760 --> 00:50:53,760
performing spacewalks, developing rovers and landers.

937
00:50:53,760 --> 00:50:55,760
We're practically on our own mission control.

938
00:50:55,760 --> 00:50:57,760
We are go for liftoff.

939
00:51:04,760 --> 00:51:06,760
Dr. Muscatello said he would meet me

940
00:51:06,760 --> 00:51:08,760
at the Mars Analog Research Station,

941
00:51:08,760 --> 00:51:10,760
but where is it?

942
00:51:10,760 --> 00:51:13,760
My GPS says it should be right about here.

943
00:51:14,760 --> 00:51:18,760
Music

944
00:51:25,760 --> 00:51:27,760
Wow, Dr. Muscatello.

945
00:51:27,760 --> 00:51:29,760
This looks just like Mars.

946
00:51:29,760 --> 00:51:31,760
It is so cool.

947
00:51:31,760 --> 00:51:33,760
Actually, on Mars it's quite cold,

948
00:51:33,760 --> 00:51:35,760
around minus 60 degrees Celsius.

949
00:51:35,760 --> 00:51:37,760
If we were really on Mars, you'd be frozen.

950
00:51:37,760 --> 00:51:39,760
Why don't you come inside?

951
00:51:40,760 --> 00:51:43,760
Music

952
00:51:43,760 --> 00:51:45,760
If it's so cold on Mars,

953
00:51:45,760 --> 00:51:47,760
why do you have the habitat

954
00:51:47,760 --> 00:51:49,760
in the middle of a hot desert?

955
00:51:49,760 --> 00:51:51,760
We built it here because this environment

956
00:51:51,760 --> 00:51:53,760
not only looks as alien as Mars,

957
00:51:53,760 --> 00:51:55,760
but it also exhibits landforms

958
00:51:55,760 --> 00:51:57,760
made by infrequent rain and wind

959
00:51:57,760 --> 00:51:59,760
that are very similar to the Martian landscape.

960
00:51:59,760 --> 00:52:01,760
What is the purpose of the habitats?

961
00:52:01,760 --> 00:52:03,760
The idea behind the habitats is to build

962
00:52:03,760 --> 00:52:05,760
simulated Mars bases here on Earth

963
00:52:05,760 --> 00:52:07,760
in places that resemble Mars as much as possible.

964
00:52:07,760 --> 00:52:09,760
Then scientists who volunteer their time

965
00:52:09,760 --> 00:52:11,760
live and work there and study

966
00:52:11,760 --> 00:52:13,760
the biology and geology

967
00:52:13,760 --> 00:52:15,760
of these Mars-like environments.

968
00:52:15,760 --> 00:52:17,760
Where are the other Mars habitats?

969
00:52:17,760 --> 00:52:19,760
Oh, we have one in Devon Island,

970
00:52:19,760 --> 00:52:21,760
which is in the Canadian Arctic.

971
00:52:21,760 --> 00:52:23,760
That's a polar desert just like Mars.

972
00:52:23,760 --> 00:52:25,760
A third habitat is being installed in Iceland,

973
00:52:25,760 --> 00:52:27,760
which resembles volcanic areas of Mars,

974
00:52:27,760 --> 00:52:29,760
and a fourth one is being designed for Australia,

975
00:52:29,760 --> 00:52:32,760
which has lots of very dry, red desert terrain.

976
00:52:32,760 --> 00:52:34,760
So what kinds of experiments

977
00:52:34,760 --> 00:52:36,760
do scientists do in the habitats?

978
00:52:36,760 --> 00:52:38,760
Scientists live and work here

979
00:52:38,760 --> 00:52:40,760
just as they would on Mars.

980
00:52:40,760 --> 00:52:42,760
One ongoing research experiment being conducted

981
00:52:42,760 --> 00:52:44,760
is to look for microscopic lifeforms

982
00:52:44,760 --> 00:52:46,760
called extremophiles that can survive

983
00:52:46,760 --> 00:52:48,760
in very extreme environments.

984
00:52:48,760 --> 00:52:50,760
Why do they look for extremophiles?

985
00:52:50,760 --> 00:52:52,760
Mars might have similar organisms,

986
00:52:52,760 --> 00:52:54,760
so we need to know where to look

987
00:52:54,760 --> 00:52:56,760
and what characteristics they might have.

988
00:52:56,760 --> 00:52:58,760
Scientists are also looking at rocks in the desert

989
00:52:58,760 --> 00:53:00,760
that have a coating called desert varnish,

990
00:53:00,760 --> 00:53:02,760
which looks like a stain.

991
00:53:02,760 --> 00:53:04,760
Why is that important?

992
00:53:04,760 --> 00:53:06,760
The varnish rocks have a biological component

993
00:53:06,760 --> 00:53:08,760
that eats the rock.

994
00:53:08,760 --> 00:53:10,760
On Mars, the Spirit rovers examine rocks

995
00:53:10,760 --> 00:53:12,760
with varnish as well,

996
00:53:12,760 --> 00:53:14,760
so there might be a form of life on Mars.

997
00:53:14,760 --> 00:53:16,760
Do you have your own Mars rover?

998
00:53:16,760 --> 00:53:18,760
No, but we do have transportation.

999
00:53:18,760 --> 00:53:20,760
We use ATVs just like you did today.

1000
00:53:20,760 --> 00:53:22,760
Scientists use ATVs?

1001
00:53:22,760 --> 00:53:24,760
Why would a scientist need an ATV?

1002
00:53:24,760 --> 00:53:26,760
To evaluate exploration techniques.

1003
00:53:26,760 --> 00:53:28,760
They might use an ATV

1004
00:53:28,760 --> 00:53:30,760
to extend an astronaut's range.

1005
00:53:30,760 --> 00:53:32,760
Cliff reconnaissance vehicles

1006
00:53:32,760 --> 00:53:34,760
can send steep embankments.

1007
00:53:34,760 --> 00:53:36,760
Their research might be useful to help us learn

1008
00:53:36,760 --> 00:53:38,760
how to overcome the limitations of living on Mars.

1009
00:53:38,760 --> 00:53:40,760
I would love to live on Mars

1010
00:53:40,760 --> 00:53:42,760
and ride ATVs.

1011
00:53:42,760 --> 00:53:44,760
Well, let's see what it would be like.

1012
00:53:44,760 --> 00:53:46,760
But first, we have to put on our spacesuits.

1013
00:53:46,760 --> 00:53:48,760
Spacesuits? I don't have a spacesuit.

1014
00:53:52,760 --> 00:53:54,760
Wow, this is great.

1015
00:53:54,760 --> 00:53:56,760
Do you think that we'll really go to Mars?

1016
00:53:56,760 --> 00:53:58,760
Most definitely.

1017
00:53:58,760 --> 00:54:00,760
We already have the technology to travel to Mars.

1018
00:54:00,760 --> 00:54:02,760
We just have to be very clever

1019
00:54:02,760 --> 00:54:04,760
and use the resources that are already on the Red Planet.

1020
00:54:04,760 --> 00:54:06,760
What kind of resources does Mars have?

1021
00:54:06,760 --> 00:54:08,760
The atmosphere of Mars has a lot of carbon dioxide,

1022
00:54:08,760 --> 00:54:10,760
which it would combine with hydrogen

1023
00:54:10,760 --> 00:54:12,760
brought from the Earth.

1024
00:54:12,760 --> 00:54:14,760
With the right catalyst, you make methane,

1025
00:54:14,760 --> 00:54:16,760
which is your fuel for the return trip home.

1026
00:54:16,760 --> 00:54:18,760
But what would happen if you got there

1027
00:54:18,760 --> 00:54:20,760
and the process didn't work?

1028
00:54:20,760 --> 00:54:22,760
With a plan developed by Robert Zubrin and David Baker

1029
00:54:22,760 --> 00:54:24,760
called Mars Direct,

1030
00:54:24,760 --> 00:54:26,760
you would send the Earth return vehicle to Mars

1031
00:54:26,760 --> 00:54:28,760
without astronauts.

1032
00:54:28,760 --> 00:54:30,760
Then you would start making fuel.

1033
00:54:30,760 --> 00:54:32,760
Once you knew the fuel tanks were full,

1034
00:54:32,760 --> 00:54:34,760
the astronauts would leave Earth.

1035
00:54:34,760 --> 00:54:36,760
Speaking of leaving Earth, can we go exploring?

1036
00:54:36,760 --> 00:54:38,760
You bet, but don't forget your helmet and backpack.

1037
00:54:38,760 --> 00:54:40,760
Yes, that's very important.

1038
00:54:40,760 --> 00:54:42,760
Are you ready to see Mars?

1039
00:54:42,760 --> 00:54:44,760
You bet.

1040
00:54:44,760 --> 00:54:46,760
Mars

1041
00:54:56,760 --> 00:54:58,760
Bianca, can you give me the order of the switches

1042
00:54:58,760 --> 00:55:00,760
to deactivate the antenna?

1043
00:55:00,760 --> 00:55:02,760
Roger. Turn off B2,

1044
00:55:02,760 --> 00:55:04,760
B3, B4,

1045
00:55:04,760 --> 00:55:06,760
B5, and finally B1.

1046
00:55:06,760 --> 00:55:08,760
Roger.

1047
00:55:08,760 --> 00:55:10,760
Our EVA mission is on target.

1048
00:55:10,760 --> 00:55:12,760
Going to get the broken antenna.

1049
00:55:12,760 --> 00:55:14,760
This is excellent work.

1050
00:55:14,760 --> 00:55:16,760
Keep up your concentration.

1051
00:55:16,760 --> 00:55:18,760
Space campus is mission controlled.

1052
00:55:18,760 --> 00:55:20,760
The satellite is worse than it was before.

1053
00:55:20,760 --> 00:55:22,760
Wait a minute.

1054
00:55:22,760 --> 00:55:24,760
That sounds like Jacob.

1055
00:55:24,760 --> 00:55:26,760
You got me.

1056
00:55:26,760 --> 00:55:28,760
Catherine, RJ, and I are monitoring your progress from the treehouse.

1057
00:55:28,760 --> 00:55:30,760
It looks like you're having a great time.

1058
00:55:30,760 --> 00:55:32,760
Plus, you've been on some amazing simulators

1059
00:55:32,760 --> 00:55:34,760
and really experienced space.

1060
00:55:34,760 --> 00:55:36,760
Yes, and I learned how important

1061
00:55:36,760 --> 00:55:38,760
communication and teamwork are in space travel.

1062
00:55:38,760 --> 00:55:40,760
Here's antenna A, Dr. D.

1063
00:55:40,760 --> 00:55:42,760
Got it.

1064
00:55:42,760 --> 00:55:44,760
I'll be right back with a new one.

1065
00:55:44,760 --> 00:55:46,760
For an astronaut to be successful,

1066
00:55:46,760 --> 00:55:48,760
you have to have the proper training.

1067
00:55:48,760 --> 00:55:50,760
That's right.

1068
00:55:50,760 --> 00:55:52,760
There's a lot of practice, practice, and more practice.

1069
00:55:52,760 --> 00:55:54,760
Don't forget.

1070
00:55:54,760 --> 00:55:56,760
Astronauts have to be physically fit,

1071
00:55:56,760 --> 00:55:58,760
eat a healthy diet,

1072
00:55:58,760 --> 00:56:00,760
and also practice, practice, practice.

1073
00:56:00,760 --> 00:56:02,760
We also learned to avoid spacewalks

1074
00:56:02,760 --> 00:56:04,760
during solar storms.

1075
00:56:04,760 --> 00:56:06,760
Radiation is a big problem in space.

1076
00:56:10,760 --> 00:56:12,760
Here's the antenna.

1077
00:56:12,760 --> 00:56:14,760
Do you have the instructions for installing it?

1078
00:56:14,760 --> 00:56:16,760
Affirmative.

1079
00:56:16,760 --> 00:56:18,760
Space is a harsh environment,

1080
00:56:18,760 --> 00:56:20,760
so astronauts not only need protection from radiation,

1081
00:56:20,760 --> 00:56:22,760
but also from the extreme temperatures of space

1082
00:56:22,760 --> 00:56:24,760
and from micrometeoroids.

1083
00:56:32,760 --> 00:56:34,760
Installation complete.

1084
00:56:34,760 --> 00:56:36,760
Bianca, do you have the order of switches

1085
00:56:36,760 --> 00:56:38,760
for the reactivation of the antenna?

1086
00:56:38,760 --> 00:56:40,760
Okay, TRAOS detectives,

1087
00:56:40,760 --> 00:56:42,760
we have to focus on our task here.

1088
00:56:42,760 --> 00:56:44,760
I look forward to reading your research report.

1089
00:56:44,760 --> 00:56:46,760
Goodbye from space camp.

1090
00:56:46,760 --> 00:56:48,760
It's amazing. It looks like we were learning

1091
00:56:48,760 --> 00:56:50,760
some of the same things.

1092
00:56:50,760 --> 00:56:52,760
Yes, we learned about special materials used to protect

1093
00:56:52,760 --> 00:56:54,760
both people and spacecraft from radiation.

1094
00:56:54,760 --> 00:56:56,760
Like polyethylene.

1095
00:56:56,760 --> 00:56:58,760
You mean plastic bags.

1096
00:56:58,760 --> 00:57:00,760
And we know that galactic cosmic rays are a real problem.

1097
00:57:00,760 --> 00:57:02,760
We also learned how astronauts' meals are planned

1098
00:57:02,760 --> 00:57:04,760
based upon calorie count and the food pyramid.

1099
00:57:04,760 --> 00:57:06,760
Let's not forget what we learned about unmanned missions.

1100
00:57:06,760 --> 00:57:08,760
The future of the space program depends upon robots

1101
00:57:08,760 --> 00:57:10,760
preparing the way for people.

1102
00:57:10,760 --> 00:57:12,760
Wouldn't it be cool if we all became astronauts

1103
00:57:12,760 --> 00:57:14,760
and worked on a mission together?

1104
00:57:14,760 --> 00:57:16,760
Sure, as long as Bianca isn't the commander.

1105
00:57:16,760 --> 00:57:18,760
She would make an excellent commander.

1106
00:57:18,760 --> 00:57:20,760
And plus, now she has more experience than any of us.

1107
00:57:20,760 --> 00:57:22,760
You're right.

1108
00:57:22,760 --> 00:57:24,760
It would be pretty cool.

1109
00:57:24,760 --> 00:57:26,760
Are you going home?

1110
00:57:26,760 --> 00:57:28,760
I think I'll go for a run.

1111
00:57:28,760 --> 00:57:30,760
Great, I'll run with you.

1112
00:57:30,760 --> 00:57:32,760
Okay, I'll run too.

1113
00:57:32,760 --> 00:57:34,760
Katherine, prepare to be blinded by my pure speed.

1114
00:58:02,760 --> 00:58:04,760
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology

1115
00:58:32,760 --> 00:58:34,760
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology

1116
00:59:02,760 --> 00:59:04,760
NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology