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Hello class, today we are going to analyze the main causes of imperialism.

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So you have to analyze one practical exercise related to imperialism.

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This part related to the consequence is going to be really useful for you.

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As a general rule, broadly speaking, I would say that imperialism was positive for the metropoles,

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for the European countries, because they got political power, they became wealthier than before

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because they got from Africa and from Asia raw materials and new markets to sell goods

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which were key in the second industrial revolution.

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However, by contrast, the rivalries between the European countries led to different confrontations

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which ended, as you know, in the First World War.

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So, also imperialism, now we are going to explain imperialism related to the African and Asian colonies.

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I would say that imperialism for the new nations and countries in Africa and Asia was, broadly speaking, negative.

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Why? Because the Europeans replaced the local governments by foreigners, by European foreigners.

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So the local governments in Africa and in Asia were replaced by foreigners.

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And if you remember, those foreigners, those European countries, imposed new borders in the famous conference in Berlin.

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So remember, in Berlin, the European diplomats put literally an African map on a table and they drew the new borders.

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So this situation led to internal conflicts in Africa.

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Because when the European countries drew the new borders in several countries, as they drew the new borders,

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different natives who were rivals for centuries, they finally became in the same country.

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And this situation led to different internal conflicts and civil wars.

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So I would say that in this point, in terms of politics, the Europeans created new countries and drew their borders.

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And as well as that, they cut down forests and they turned large, untouched, natural spaces into agricultural areas.

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In Africa, all of this changed the landscape and the economic and political structure of the continent.

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These changes took place without any consideration for the indigenous people.

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So also they didn't take any consideration for the tribal, linguistic and religious differences.

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This led to the creation of countries with serious problems and internal cohesion.

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Because they were artificial countries created by the Europeans.

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For example, when they drew the new border in Sudan, different native tribes who were rivals for centuries,

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they ended in the same country. And that explains why Sudan had all of this amount of civil wars.

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Also, this situation happened in other countries such as Chad or Nigeria,

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which ended in never-ending civil wars due to this moment.

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And now we are going to explain the economic consequences of imperialism in the colonies in Africa and in Asia.

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Because the Europeans altered the European foreigners from Great Britain, France, Germany, Spain, Portugal, Belgium.

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All of them altered, when they were in Africa, the traditional economy based on subsistence agriculture.

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They altered this economy based on subsistence. It was the moment when the African farmers or the Asian farmers

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produced only products for their own needs. And when the Europeans came, they altered completely,

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they changed completely this way of agriculture to an agriculture more modern, but based on exportation.

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So the economic interests of the colonizers, of the European colonizers, were imposed on the colonies.

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The colonizers, the European colonizers, took over land, they abandoned traditional crops that

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ensure the survival of indigenous families, and they replaced them with large plantations

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to grow products that benefited the European countries, such as coffee, cotton, fruits, rubber.

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So when the Europeans changed and altered completely the economy, they created an economy in Africa

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and in Asia for their own sake, or for their own benefit. The main commodity was slavery, so they

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trade with people, the European countries, such as Germany, Great Britain, France. They trade, and also

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the Muslim countries, which took over the eastern part of Africa, they trade with people. They

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created the slavery system, the slavery market, which was the main commodity. So when the Europeans

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changed completely the economic system, there were three important consequences. They prevented

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industrialization in Africa, that's why the vast majority of the countries in Africa were

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underdeveloped compared to the countries in Europe. They promoted also the European countries, I mean,

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they promoted the unequal trade, because obviously this trade benefited the European countries.

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They created the conditions for their own sake, and the European countries built infrastructures

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in Africa and in Asia. We can see here the infrastructure, the railway system that was

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built in Africa, but they built only the railway system, for example, to take, in order to take the

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diamonds or the gold from South Africa, they took it from here, they transported the raw materials,

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diamonds, and gold, for example, to Cape Town, and from there they transported the raw materials

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directly to the European countries. So what I tried to say, it was the following, the trade

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and economic consequences only benefited, the change in the economy only benefited the European

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countries. Here we have another image of South Africa, and we can see the mines in Johannesburg,

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which were very rich in diamond and gold, and the British transported the raw materials from here

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up to Cape Town, and then to Great Britain. That's why Great Britain became the first empire in the

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19th century, which developed their own industrialization process. Also, Spain became at

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that time a colony of France and Great Britain, because it was true that Great Britain and France

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built the railway system in Spain, but for the same reason, because they wanted to take

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over the raw materials, especially minerals from Spain, and they built only the railway system from

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the mines to the ports, and they transported from Santander and San Sebastian, together with Cádiz

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and Málaga, the raw materials directly to Paris and London. And now we are going to explain

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the social consequences of imperialism, because the colonizers show no respect for the ways of

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life of the indigenous people, and as a consequence of that, social structures change completely in

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Africa and in Asia. Actually, the foreign minority control, they took over the vast majority of the

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countries, the new countries in Africa and in Asia, they control the government and the wealth

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in those territories, and the European minority used to live in rich neighborhoods

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and rich houses like this one, and by contrast, the indigenous people were living in small

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towns without running water and without the same conditions than in Europe. So,

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I would say that in terms of the society and in terms of culture, many of the indigenous people

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customs and the oral tradition in Africa, for example, did not survive the impact of Western

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culture, which made them lose much of their identity and alter their beliefs and the way of life,

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not only in Africa but also in Asia. As education spread, I mean the European education,

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many, many countries in Africa and in Asia lost their languages, beliefs, and lifestyles,

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because the European missionaries spread the European culture and the European languages

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all over Africa and in Asia. That's why many, many countries now in Africa and in Asia,

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and in Asia, they're speaking French, English, and also other languages from Europe,

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because they became colonies of the metropoles in Europe. So, in a nutshell, in conclusion,

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I will say that who were the winners and who were the losers of this process in history?

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I will say that the European countries and the Muslim countries became the winners because they

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became wealthier than before, and the main losers were the Congolese people, for example, and other

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other natives in Africa, because the Congolese, only the Congolese, only in the territory of

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Congo, 10 million Congolese died to this process. It was a humanitarian disaster,

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and also the Europeans and the Muslims and the Muslims from the Arabian Peninsula

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promoted the slavery market, the slavery system, and the main consequence of that was the civil

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war. For example, in the United States, where the northern states were against the slavery system,

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fought against the southern states in USA, what is now USA, which were in favor of the

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slavery system because they needed the slaves to work on their fields.

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But this is another story. Thank you for your attention, and bye-bye.