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So we are going to explain in this unit another topic, the Iberian Peninsula between the 13th

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century and the 15th century. We're going to explain in this unit the different evolution

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in the Iberian Peninsula and the relationship between the Christians and the Muslims.

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So, we are here and remember that in the year 929, it was the time of the Caliphate of Córdoba.

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This is only to know more, okay. Then you have to write a conceptual map, but I'm explaining

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these maps as an introduction for the topic, okay. So, we said before and in the previous

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lessons that in the year 929 it was the moment of the cordova caliphate was the golden age for

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cordova remember that but the christians began also in the north their reconquest

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up to the river

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Guys, if you don't close the microphones, you have to close the microphones.

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Someone doesn't know how to do it because if they don't...

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I've explained it, okay?

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Maybe someone who will be in the program later has it open.

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Does everyone have it closed?

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Great.

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So, as I said before, 929 was the moment of the Cordoba Caliphate.

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For the Muslims, it was the Golden Age.

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remember as the Roman III who conquered Cordoba and the Cordoba Caliphate,

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while the Christians in the north began the reconquest.

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It was the moment when Castile, León, Navarra and Barcelona, the Catalan counties, started the reconquest.

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But in the year 1031, the Cordoba Caliphate disappeared.

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it ended and it was the moment when the Cordoba Caliphate was divided into

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different Taifa kingdoms. So in this unit we are going to explain the Taifa

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kingdoms, the Muslims territories from 1031 to 1085, okay?

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We are going to start from here, from the year 1031, from the Muslim decline.

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So, what happened in the year 1031?

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In the year 1031, it began the decline in the Muslim territories.

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We are here.

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As you know, the Cordoba Caliphate was divided into different types of kingdoms.

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And what happened with the Christians? What happened with the Christians when they knew that the Caliphate disappeared and it was divided into different types of kingdoms?

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So when the Christians who were living here knew that the Cordoba Caliphate was divided into different types of kingdoms, what do you think?

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do you think what happened do you think that the taifa kingdom kingdoms were stronger or weaker

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or weaker than the cordova caliphate they were stronger or weaker open your microphones

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obviously they were weaker obviously exactly they were weaker and when the christians

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knew that the Taifa kingdoms were weaker than the Córdoba Caliphate, they took advantage,

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se aprovecharon, they took advantage of this situation and they moved southwards.

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Se movieron hacia el sur.

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They moved southwards.

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This is the map of the Córdoba Caliphate and this is the map of the Taifa kingdoms.

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And you can see on the map that the Christian kingdoms took advantage of this situation and they conquered more territories.

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They moved southwards, they moved southwards and they conquered more and more territory.

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Basically, they conquered from the river Duero up to the river Tagus, Tajo, okay?

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So we are here, the Christian kingdoms moved southwards and they conquered more territory.

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So when the Christians conquered more territory, at the beginning they charged Muslims with

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paryas, cargaron a los musulmanes con impuestos, I'm going to repeat it again.

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They charged Muslims with paryas.

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Do you know how to write charge?

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Okay, can you see it?

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They charged Muslims with paryas in exchange for peace.

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So when the Christians moved southwards and they conquered more territories, they charged Muslims with paryas, with taxes, because they wanted to earn more money in exchange for something.

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So, basically, los cristianos, los cristianos, al conquistar más territorios, cobraron impuestos.

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Christians, when they conquer more territories, they charge Muslims with barriers in exchange for peace, a cambio de la paz, in exchange for peace.

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But, class, when the Christians conquered more and more territories, and when they earned

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more money, they had enough.

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They had enough money, they had enough paryas, taxes, and one king was called Alfonso XVI.

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When he had enough money, he made an army, he reinforced his army, he made an army and

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he conquered in the year 1085 the important Muslim city of Toledo.

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This is the moment.

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So Christians took advantage of this situation, they moved southwards, they conquered more

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territories, and at the beginning they charged Muslims with paryas in exchange for peace,

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a cambio de la paz, but when they had more money, when they had enough money, or when

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they had more money, they made an army, they created an army, and they conquered the important

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Muslim city of Toledo in the year 1085, this is the moment when the Christians conquered

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Toledo, and Toledo was a Christian city from that moment onwards.

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Okay, this is the important city, Muslim city of Toledo, very close from here.

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When we finish the quarantena, maybe we should go there to see the important Muslim city and now Christian city of Toledo.

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And who was the king who conquered Toledo? The king from Castile and León, the king from the kingdom of León, who was Alfonso VI.

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Remember, class, that at that time there were two important kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula,

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two important Christian kingdoms.

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One was in Leon, and the king was Alfonso VI, and the other one was in Aragon, and the

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important king at that time was Alfonso I.

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So it's impressive because there were two different kingdoms with two different kings,

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but both of them were called the same, Alfonso, in this case, the sixth in Leon, and Alfonso

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the first, in this case, in Aragon, okay?

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Did you understand up to here?

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Yes?

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Can you repeat the last thing?

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Yes, as I said before, as I said before, there were two important kingdoms at that moment in our history in the Iberian Peninsula.

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One king in the kingdom of Leon, who was Alfonso the Seed, and another king in Aragon, who was Alfonso I.

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they belonged to different kingdoms

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they belonged to different kingdoms

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but both of them were called the same

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Alfonso

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but there were different

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they were different people

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one was ruling in Castilla and León

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and the other one in Aragon

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so imagine the situation class

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imagine the situation for the Muslims

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when the Christians conquered Toledo.

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What do you think would happen?

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Obviously, the Taifa kingdoms were really afraid of the Christians.

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Why? Because they managed to conquer Toledo.

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They were afraid of them.

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The Taifa kingdoms were really afraid,

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and the Taifa kings, the Muslim kings were really afraid of the Christians.

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and for this reason

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the Taifa kings

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took an important decision

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that I'm going to explain in a minute

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Isabel

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Toledo

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even though the Christians

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had invaded it, it was still divided

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as the Muslims had done

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Yes, exactly

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Toledo, actually

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if you pay attention to Toledo

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Toledo is a

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Muslim city

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because the streets

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were like a labyrinth

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with narrow streets

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and here we could see

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the old Alcázar

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and also the

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territory for the old mosque

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but when the Christians

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conquered the city in the year 1085

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under the rule of Alfonso the Seed

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he changed

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those buildings

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for the Christian Alcázar

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from the current cathedral

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okay okay well I remember that this class is in English you have to try to

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ask me okay I forgive you because this is the first class so I'm going to

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explain now the second part with this conceptual map we are going to finish

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for today I'm going to explain who were the Almoravids we explain up to the year

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1085, and now I'm going to explain what happened from the year 1085 up to 1144.

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So basically, as I said before, imagine the situation when the Christians conquered Toledo

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and here, imagine the situation, the Taifa kings were really desperate, they were really

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afraid of the christians and that's why the taifa kings took an important decision

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they took an important decision so the taifa kings were living here in the iberian peninsula

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and christians were conquering more and more territories and this is the moment when the

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The Taifa kings asked for the help to other tribes in North Africa.

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The Taifa kings knew that there were living in the North Africa some important tribes

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who were called the Almoravids and the Taifa kings knew that the Almoravids who were living

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in North Africa. They were strong. They were really good warriors, guerreros. They were

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earning a lot of money due to the Silk Road, La Ruta de la Seda, because they were living

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here. They were traders, comerciantes. They were traders in the Sahara Desert, but they

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were connected with the Silk Road, they earned a lot of money, they made an army, and the

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Taifa kings knew this situation. That's why the Taifa kings sent different letters, cartas,

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to the Almoravids who were living in North Africa. They explained the situation in the

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Iberian Peninsula, and the Taifa kings gave the offer to the Almoravids to cross the Strait

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of Gibraltar in order to help Muslims who were living in the Iberian Peninsula, in order

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to help the Taifa kingdoms and the Taifa kings who were living in the Iberian Peninsula.

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Remember that they were fighting against Christians.

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So to sum up, the Taifa kings sent an offer to the Almoravids, to the Almoravids who were

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living in North Africa, to cross the Strait of Gibraltar, to cross the Strait of Gibraltar.

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And they crossed it, the Strait of Gibraltar.

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You know that the Almoravids were nomadic Berbers.

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They belonged to the Berber tribes and they were nomads because they moved from one place

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to another in North Africa.

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They were also traders, remember that.

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And the Almoravids, when they were living in North Africa, remember they received the

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offer to cross the Straits of Gibraltar and they crossed it.

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They crossed the Strait of Gibraltar in order to help the Taifa Kings and the Taifa Kingdoms.

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By the way, ask me, Isabela.

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When they crossed the Strait of Gibraltar to help the other Muslims, did they stay there

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forever or did they go back to the...

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Really good question that I'm going to explain in a minute, Isabela.

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So the capital of the Almoravids was Marrakech, now it's an important city in Morocco, Marrakech.

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This is the mosque that was built during the time of the Almoravids.

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They built the mosque in Marrakech.

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And in order to answer your question, Isabella, from Marrakech, the Almoravids traveled to

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North Africa, they crossed the Strait of Gibraltar, they crossed Algeciras, they helped first

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of all the Taifa king in Seville, and in order to defeat the Christians, in order to defeat

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the christians in order to defeat the most important king at that time

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the christian king at that time who was alfonso the sith

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there was a battle there was a battle between the almoravids and the taifa

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kingdoms against the christians against alfonso

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the sith that happened in the year 1085

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sorry 1086 remember that the christians conquered toledo in the year 1085 and one year later on

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it was the moment when there was this important battle in history the battle of sagrajas

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and in this battle the taifa kingdoms plus the almoravids the almoravids and the taifa kingdoms

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fought against alfonso the sith who was the king in castile

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so what was the result of this battle what do you think what happened in this battle who was

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the winner i don't know you don't know who was the winner the winner were the almoravids

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the Almoravids won this battle, the Battle of Sagrajas, and they managed to stop Alfonso

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de Sif in this border. As the Almoravids and the Taifa kingdoms were the winners, they

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stopped Alfonso XVI in Toledo and they established the border in Toledo.

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When the Almoravids won this battle in the year 1086, they created an empire, Isabela.

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They created an empire not only in the territories of the Iberian Peninsula, but also in North

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Africa. So some Almoravids stayed in the Iberian Peninsula and others went back

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to North Africa. Okay, but some Almoravids stayed and they settled the

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border between Christians and Muslims in the river Tahoe and also in the other

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river, the other important river, which was the river Ebro.

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So I will say to sum up that after the Battle of Sagrajas, the Almoravids created an empire,

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the Almoravids Empire, not only in the territories of Al-Andalus, but also in Africa, in North

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Africa.

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And the Almoravids won the battle against Alfonso VII in Sagrajas and also they conquered Zaragoza after Sagrajas.

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Sagrajas happened in the year 1086. After Sagrajas they conquered Zaragoza in the year 1110.

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Okay, 1110, in the year 1110.

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So it was impressive, the Almoravid Empire, because you can have a look here.

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They conquered Zaragoza in the year 1110.

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They conquered also, and they were the winners in Zaragoza.

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They had an empire in the south of the Iberian Peninsula and in North Africa.

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They were earning a lot of money because they were traders.

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And in terms of religion class, they were very radical.

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They were very radical in religion.

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They were very radical in religion, I'm here,

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because they persecuted other religions.

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They persecuted the ones who were not Muslim.

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They were against members of the Jewish community, they persecuted the Christians, the Motharaps,

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who were Christians, who were living in the territory of Al-Andalus.

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They were very radical in religion because they were very strict in religion.

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They followed the Quran in a very strict way and that's why they fought against other religions,

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against jews and christians but the almoravid empire is not going to last very long the

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almoravid empire is not going to last very long i'm here because the other the other king in aragon

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Alfonso I, because the other king in the kingdom of Aragon, Alfonso I, conquered Zaragoza

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again eight years later on, in the year 1118. In the year 1118, Alfonso I, the king from

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Aragon conquered Zaragoza again. So, Zaragoza was only under the rule of the Muslims for

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only eight years. But in these eight years, Muslims built this royal palace in Zaragoza.

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But as I said before, but as I said before, Alfonso I, the king from Aragon conquered

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Zaragoza in the year 1118. And what was the consequence of that? This conquest was the

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end of the Almoravid Empire. After that moment they were disintegrated. The Almoravid Empire

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ended when Alfonso I conquered Zaragoza. And imagine the situation. Again, the Taifa kingdoms

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were really afraid. They were afraid of the Christians. Christians were conquering more

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and more territories in their reconquest. And that's why the Taifa kings took another

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important decision when they called another tribe from North Africa to help them. But

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we had enough for the first day and we are going to see the other part in the following