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Tonight on NOVA, the shocking story of a girl who spent her childhood locked in a bedroom.

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The girl reportedly was still wearing diapers when a social worker discovered the case two weeks ago.

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Raised in isolation, Jeannie was a wild child, uncivilized, barely able to walk or talk.

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The indications are that she was beaten for making noise.

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With footage never before seen on television, NOVA follows the controversial efforts to unlock the secret of the wild child.

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once in a great while civilized society comes across a wild child a child who

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has grown up in severe isolation with virtually no human contact this is the

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story of such a case the story begins in Los Angeles on November 4th 1970

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officials in the Los Angeles suburb of Arcadia have taken custody of a

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thirteen-year-old girl and they say was kept in such isolation by her parents

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that she never even learned to talk.

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Her elderly parents have been charged with child abuse.

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This is the scene of the crime.

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A child was locked in a room

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and tied to a potty chair for most of her life.

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Completely restrained, she was forced to sit alone

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day after day and often through the night.

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She had little to look at and no one to talk to

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for more than ten years.

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The girl reportedly was uttering infantile noises

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and still wearing diapers when a social worker discovered the case two weeks ago.

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But the authorities are hoping she still may have a normal learning capacity.

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Here was a 13-year-old who seemed like an infant,

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a girl who would be known as Jeannie.

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Jeannie was taken to Children's Hospital in Los Angeles,

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where she immediately won the hearts of doctors and scientists.

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She was fragile and beautiful, almost haunting.

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And so I was pulled, I was very drawn to her, even though I was nervous and had no idea, in many respects, what to expect.

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Jeanne was about to test an idea important to science and society,

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that a nurturing environment could make up for even the most nightmarish of pasts.

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If you make up a sentence in your head, or you write it down, and it has, say, 10, 12 words in it,

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And chances are, you can listen for the rest of your life for someone else to say the sentence.

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You can go to the library.

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Here at UCLA, Susan Curtis teaches students about a crucial human trait, the ability to learn language.

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And chances are, you will never come across that sentence.

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The students begin their study through a famous case.

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The case name is Jeannie.

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This is not the person's real name.

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But when we think about what a genie is, a genie is a creature that comes out of a bottle or whatever, but emerges into human society, past childhood, and we assume that it really isn't a creature that had a human childhood.

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Susan Curtis has a special connection to the story she's telling.

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Twenty years ago, she was asked to join a team working to rehabilitate genie.

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I was literally at the right place at the right time. I was a new graduate student interested in language acquisition.

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unencumbered by family ties or responsibilities,

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and they asked me if I would be interested.

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When Curtis first joined the case,

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Jeannie had a strange bunny walk

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and other almost inhuman characteristics.

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Jeannie constantly spat.

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She sniffed and clawed.

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She barely spoke or made any noises.

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The indications are that she was beaten for making noise,

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and consequently had learned basically not to vocalize,

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and she really didn't vocalize very much at all.

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When I first met her, she was silent most of the time.

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Jeannie also received daily visits at Children's Hospital

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from James Kent, her psychologist.

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Kent recalls first meeting his new patient.

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I was captivated by her.

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i was not the last person to become captivated by her

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the story as we began to to learn about it was sort of one of the things of course would reach

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out and grab you anyway but she had a personal quality that seemed to elicit rescue fantasies

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and this in a group of people who were interested in taking care of kids and

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who specialized in early childhood who were going to be sort of powered by rescue fantasies anyway

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she's reached out and grabbed lots of us one of genie's most captivating qualities was the intense

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way she explored her new environment oddly even strangers who knew nothing about her story

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seemed to sense her need to do so one particularly striking memory of those early months was an

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absolutely wonderful man who was a butcher and he never asked her name he never asked anything

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about her they just connected and communicated somehow and every time we came in and i know

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this was so with others as well he would slide open the little window and hand her something

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that wasn't wrapped a bone of some sort some meat fish whatever and he would allow her to do her

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thing with it and to do her thing what her thing was basically was to explore it tactilely to put

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it up against her lips and feel it with her lips and touch it almost as if she were blind

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word of the wild child spread attracting scientists from all around the country

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one of them was oklahoma psychiatrist jay shirley when introduced i extended my hand

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she reached out with her fingers and delicately touched my hand and then in a sense that was it

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She had made my acquaintance.

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She was satisfied for herself about me.

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But my reaction was I had a thousand questions immediately.

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Who, what, how?

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How does this come about?

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Why do I see what I'm seeing?

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Shirley was an expert in social isolation.

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Jeannie was the most extreme case he'd ever seen.

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solitary confinement is diabolically the most severe punishment and in my experience really

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quite dramatic symptoms develop in as little as 15 minutes to an hour and certainly inside of two

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or three days and try to expand this to 10 years boggles one's mind shirley wanted to assess how

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well Jeannie had survived her long years of isolation. He directed the team to gather

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information on her brain waves. For four nights running, they wired Jeannie to instruments

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that measured the electrical activity in her brain while she slept. What they found was

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an unusually high number of so-called sleep spindles, the dense bunching patterns that

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look like spindles on a spinning machine. This was an abnormal brainwave pattern.

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The sleep studies raised a question that would puzzle the Jeannie team for years.

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Was Jeannie brain damaged from her years of abuse, or had she been retarded from birth?

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When Jeannie was a baby, her father apparently decided she was retarded.

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He insisted on keeping her isolated because of that.

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authorities pieced together these few facts in the early weeks genie's strange family circumstances

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made it hard to learn more genie's mother weak and nearly blind claimed that she too had been

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a victim of her domineering husband genie's father shortly after authorities discovered genie

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shot and killed himself the suicide only added to the interest in genie's case she was a prized

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patient and in the months to come the number of visiting scientists increased

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Jeannie's new celebrity status marked the beginning of a debate that would

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intensify over time how should her case be handled James Kent's plan was the

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first to be adopted he believed Jeannie could get better if she were allowed to

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form relationships and he was encouraged when she started to do so up until one

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particular day Jeannie didn't seem to respond in any any special way to my

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coming or going at the at the end of our session then one day when I left her

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expression changed from happy to sad indicate that there was some some

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sadness in the separation for her and it was the first indication that I had that

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we were beginning to form this relationship I thought if long she had

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the capacity to form attachments, she had the capacity to learn, she had the capacity

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to get better.

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By the end of May, something had happened to add to the hopes for Jeannie's future.

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It was a breakthrough that everyone had waited for.

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It was captured on videotape by Jeanne Butler, Jeannie's special education teacher.

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Here in a classroom at Children's Hospital, Butler is teaching Jeannie to tie her own

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shoes.

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is about to tell Jeannie, you do it, and we can tell Dr. Kent what you can do. Listen

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to Jeannie's reaction. Jeannie said the word doctor. It was one of more than a hundred

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words she knew by that spring. Listen to another. She was difficult to understand, but Jeannie

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was repeating words genie was beginning to talk i could tell as all of us could just looking at her

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that there was a lot to genie and that what we had to do was to make sure we gave her opportunities

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to express find a way to take what was latent and express it or somehow then you know acquire it

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because the potential just seemed so great

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for the first time in her life genie seemed to be thriving

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her mental and physical growth since coming to children's hospital was obvious

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genie's progress gave birth to a daring hope she might fully recover and science might learn how

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her doctors even publicly predicted success their confidence was an eerie echo of a moment

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from the past, an echo of another case, like Jeanne's, that preceded hers by nearly 200

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years.

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The case began in 1800, when citizens of this region in southern France discovered a remarkable

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creature who had crept out of the nearby forest.

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He was animal in behavior, human in form, mute and naked.

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He was a wild child.

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He would be known as Victor,

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and this statue would be erected to mark his entry into civilization.

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Citizens in the village where Victor was discovered guessed he was 12 years old.

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His food preferences, his lack of speech,

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and the scars on his body indicated he had been in the wild for most of his life.

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Victor's story intrigued historian and psychologist Harlan Lane.

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around the time doctors in los angeles were following genie's case lane was in france

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tracking victor's story shortly after the boy was captured a biology professor took a very careful

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look at him name of bonitaire bonitaire tells a story of tremendous indifference to cold that

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victor had one day he took him and took off all his clothes and the boy was thrilled to have his

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clothes taken off and he started leading him into the outdoors and it was surrounded by snow at that

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time and victor far from protesting was filled with joy he gave out cries of joy and uh pulled

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bonitaire out the doors and wanted to get out into the snow on other occasions he was actually out in

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the snow bare naked leaping about throwing the snow in the air eating snow bonitaire concludes

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and I think we have to conclude that our sensitivity to temperature

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is very much influenced by our life experiences.

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Word of the wild child traveled north to Paris,

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where the first anthropological society had just formed.

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It was the end of the Age of Enlightenment,

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a time of enormous discovery and debate.

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Victor walked into the middle of a raging debate.

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His timing was incredible.

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The question was, what makes us human?

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What separates man from the beasts?

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Is it human appearance?

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Well, anthropological expeditions were returning with a wide variety of races,

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and Parisians were not so clear on human appearance.

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Is it walking upright?

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But orangutans walked upright.

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Is it language?

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First reports were that Victor had no language.

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Then again, perhaps he could learn some.

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In any case, philosophers, anatomists, and their ilk

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were convinced that careful study of Victor

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could finally answer the question,

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what is it that makes us human?

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With Victor, Parisians had a chance to see human nature

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stripped of society and culture.

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This was a situation no one would set out to create on purpose.

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It was therefore referred to as the forbidden experiment.

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Scientists in Paris quickly summoned Victor from the south of France

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Although Victor could hear, they brought him to this school

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The National Institute for the Deaf

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Okay, we're at the National Institute for the Deaf

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And it happened right here

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The gardener from Rodez brings the wild boy right through here

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Into the courtyard

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And I guess they were expected

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And the director, the Abbe Sikar, comes out

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And, come on, they would meet about here.

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Sika comes out, and what does he see?

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Not a nice little bourgeois deaf kid in the school uniform, his new pupil,

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but a raging, spitting, snarling, filthy savage,

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defecating where he is, urinating where he is,

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biting, covered with scars,

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long hair, wadded, yellow teeth, long fingernails,

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a savage. Sicard never seen anything like that in his life. So he backs off. What's he going to do?

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Idea. He's just hired a young physician from the military hospital up the street,

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followed by the name of Jean-Marc Itard. So he calls, Itard, Itard. Jean-Marc Itard was a 26-year-old

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medical student who was ready to make his mark. He saw the wild boy as an opportunity. Well,

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Tard was an interesting man, wasn't he? How is he going to make a name for himself, a place for

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himself in medicine and in the intellectual excitement of the time? Because he was a

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brilliant fellow and he read philosophy astutely, studied medicine. Well, the answer was that here

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was a chance that would make or break him. If he could actually civilize a wild child, the first

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person in history to do so. Why? He would be a figure down through history. Even in the 20th

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century, people might be discussing him. Itard's ambitions would pay off. Not only would people in

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the 20th century still be discussing him, but the famous French director Francois Truffaut

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would play Itard in a movie about the case. The movie illustrates the risk Itard took.

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More experienced doctors concluded

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Victor was profoundly retarded from birth

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and unable to learn.

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Itard, though, believed that Victor had become retarded

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because of his years of living in the wild.

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He believed he could civilize Victor.

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Itard's diary of his work with Victor

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makes this one of the most documented cases

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of wild children throughout history.

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In fact, the diary served as the basis

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for Truffaut's movie called The Wild Child.

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In Los Angeles, Truffaut's movie premiered at the Los Feliz Theater in Hollywood.

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One of the strangest chapters of this story is the timing of the premiere.

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For Truffaut's movie about history's most famous wild child

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opened exactly one week after Genie was discovered.

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In true Hollywood fashion, the Genie team took advantage of this coincidence.

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They arranged their own private screening.

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In charge of this event was hospital chief of psychiatry, Howard Hansen.

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Well, that afternoon at 4.30, we left Children's Hospital and we paraded up the street.

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We had an entourage up the street to the Las Feliz Theater.

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It was awe-inspiring to us because here was the first case that had been documented in any scientific way.

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and here we were having an opportunity to see a film portrayal of that here was history's stamp

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of approval for daring to rehabilitate a wild child guitar inspired everyone at the screening

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in other words everybody was shocked and stunned they just sat in silence for a bit because

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the film was so powerful in itself.

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And then the analogy with Genie began to hit.

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It was like here history was repeating itself,

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and everybody there thought,

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here is an opportunity to learn something.

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The screening was part of a special conference

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for which the Genie team invited consultants

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from all over the country.

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a government agency the national institute of mental health had agreed to fund a scientific

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project on genie now it was time to focus the direction of research it soon became clear though

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that participants were unlikely to agree on one course of action oh we were off in a million

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directions i mean each expert each person in their own discipline thought oh wow i can do this i can

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do this, I can do that. We were flooded, flooded with our own associations and with the pursuits

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that each of us might have thought, wow, look what we can do, look what we might learn from this,

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a girl who has appeared out of nowhere. To bring all the proposed plans for Jeannie into focus,

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there was another player on the team, David Riggler, a psychologist at Children's Hospital.

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Riggler, too, was hooked on Jeannie's case.

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I think everybody who came in contact with her was attracted to her.

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She had a quality of somehow connecting with people,

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which developed more and more, but was present really from the start.

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She had a way of reaching out without saying anything,

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but just somehow by the kind of look in her eyes,

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and people wanted to do things for her.

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Riggler decided how to focus the research

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around the time of Genie's first birthday at Children's Hospital.

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Genie was now 14 years old.

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The timing was fitting, because Riddler wanted to know,

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could the clock be turned back for Genie?

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In particular, could a teenager still learn to talk?

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This had already been the subject of much debate

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by the time Genie was discovered.

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It all began with Noam Chomsky,

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a young linguist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

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00:22:00,119 --> 00:22:02,380
Chomsky declared that we acquire language

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not just because we are taught it,

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but because we are born with the principles of language.

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They're in our genes.

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We have language, Chomsky said, because of nature,

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not just nurture.

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00:22:15,380 --> 00:22:17,339
Then along came a neuropsychologist

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to add his own twist to the theory.

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Eric Linenberg agreed we're born with the principles of language,

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but claimed there is a deadline for applying them.

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If a first language isn't acquired by puberty, he said, it may be too late.

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Chomsky and Lindenberg rocked the field.

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They were hot.

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Linguistics was in.

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It was a perfect time to test the new ideas, recalls linguist Alyssa Newport.

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What Lindenberg proposed is what's called the critical period hypothesis.

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And what he suggested is that there's a particular period in the life of humans

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when they're ripe for learning languages.

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What this hypothesis was looking for was some more direct evidence.

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But of course you don't do these experiments.

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One never wishes to deprive somebody of language

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during the critical period to see what happens.

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It happened that at that time,

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when that would have been the right thing for Lenneberg's hypothesis,

283
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genie was discovered.

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Stove! Stove!

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this is why Susan Curtis joined the genie team she was a graduate student in

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linguistics she would put the critical period hypothesis to its first real test

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this is one of the first videotapes of Curtis's work with genie she wanted it

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It seemed to me almost desperately to recode her world with verbal labels.

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And sometimes we would just stand at a window

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and she would take my hand and point out the window at a panorama before us

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and I wouldn't really know exactly what it was she wanted to know the word for,

292
00:24:02,720 --> 00:24:06,039
but she would persist until she at least got a new word.

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While Curtis tracked Jeannie's speech,

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James Kent continued work on her emotional development.

295
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Kent was concerned that with the growing number of people involved in her case Jeannie wouldn't

296
00:24:19,039 --> 00:24:26,660
be able to form single dependable relationships so he set out to be her surrogate parent wanted

297
00:24:26,660 --> 00:24:30,059
to be part of her sort of ordinary life so I would frequently be there in the morning when

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she had breakfast and be there in the evening when she went to bed read her a story kiss her

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goodnight turn off the lights go and then do things during the day when she became when she

300
00:24:40,700 --> 00:24:43,759
had sort of the important things that she had to go through like physical

301
00:24:43,759 --> 00:24:47,000
exams or things like that I would come along with her as though she were my

302
00:24:47,000 --> 00:24:56,299
child she was very special to me well doctors aren't supposed to love their

303
00:24:56,299 --> 00:25:02,299
patients but if you could find a word that meant the same thing yes yeah I was

304
00:25:02,299 --> 00:25:26,769
very attached to her first time she saw helium balloon she couldn't believe him

305
00:25:26,769 --> 00:25:32,650
the fact that you could let them go up and pull them back down again she had a kind of laugh that

306
00:25:32,650 --> 00:25:36,549
some people have and it's just a full-out chuckle it's so contagious everybody around them starts

307
00:25:36,549 --> 00:25:46,240
to laugh well they made her laugh like that one of my memories was that we would go to a place

308
00:25:46,240 --> 00:25:54,680
say Woolworth's where there would be a stand of spools of thread and spools where each color

309
00:25:54,680 --> 00:26:00,380
thread would incrementally change from the spools next to it and she wanted a

310
00:26:00,380 --> 00:26:06,500
word for every different hue and I didn't know I mean I had a box of 64

311
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Crayola crayons as a child and I remembered you know burnt sienna and all

312
00:26:10,579 --> 00:26:14,299
these colors that I tried to extract from my memory but I don't English

313
00:26:14,299 --> 00:26:17,839
doesn't have words for all of these different shoes and she was very

314
00:26:17,839 --> 00:26:24,619
frustrated when I would say very dark blue and very very dark blue for Jeannie

315
00:26:24,619 --> 00:26:32,210
every new object every field trip was a visit to a magic kingdom the previous

316
00:26:32,210 --> 00:27:03,130
fall the world had discovered genie now genie could discover the world there was

317
00:27:03,130 --> 00:27:09,269
a time that she passed a father and a little boy who were coming out of a shop

318
00:27:09,269 --> 00:27:14,309
and the little boy was carrying a toy fire engine and they just passed and

319
00:27:14,309 --> 00:27:19,829
then they turned around and came back and the boy without a word handed the

320
00:27:19,829 --> 00:27:24,930
fire engine to Jeannie. She never asked for it. She never said a word. She did this kind of thing

321
00:27:24,930 --> 00:27:40,730
somehow to people. Could I imagine what that was like? Could I see things with her eyes? I don't

322
00:27:40,730 --> 00:27:45,289
believe so. I don't believe I really could. Sometimes I could understand and guess pretty

323
00:27:45,289 --> 00:27:50,950
well what she was going to do, but that was familiarity and not an ability, I think, to

324
00:27:50,950 --> 00:28:07,099
empathize with, understand the way she saw the world. The summer after her discovery was a time

325
00:28:07,099 --> 00:28:15,440
firsts for Jeannie. The most significant happened here in the home of Jeanne

326
00:28:15,440 --> 00:28:25,099
Butler, her teacher at Children's Hospital. Jeannie moved in. It was a new

327
00:28:25,099 --> 00:28:30,140
step for Jeannie, her first trial run in a foster home.

328
00:28:37,099 --> 00:28:43,980
milk into the bedroom here butler videotapes genie's passion for hoarding things especially

329
00:28:43,980 --> 00:28:49,900
containers of liquid although there is no obvious explanation this has been reported in other cases

330
00:28:49,900 --> 00:28:58,730
of children raised in isolation genie began living here after butler said she had exposed

331
00:28:58,730 --> 00:29:05,049
genie to german measles it began as a temporary quarantine butler wanted to make it permanent

332
00:29:05,049 --> 00:29:16,460
butler shown here with genie and james kent wanted to be genie's official foster parent

333
00:29:16,460 --> 00:29:22,339
and she wanted to see changes in the handling of genie's case butler thought frequent visits

334
00:29:22,339 --> 00:29:27,319
by team members kent and susan curtis were exhausting genie that was the summer when we

335
00:29:27,319 --> 00:29:33,200
were then both disallowed into gene butler's house so um you know we didn't we didn't have

336
00:29:33,200 --> 00:29:39,839
such a fun summer it was a summer that included weeks of of uh concern and anxiety and you know

337
00:29:39,839 --> 00:29:46,819
anger and all kinds of things because he and i were kicked out of jane's house why she was crazy

338
00:29:46,819 --> 00:29:51,859
and she didn't want the other attachments i mean she wanted she i mean she used to walk around

339
00:29:51,859 --> 00:29:57,259
saying i'm going i am going to be the next annie sullivan this girl is going to make me famous

340
00:29:57,259 --> 00:30:02,839
and we used to sort of joke about it because she was so overt about it and we thought why doesn't

341
00:30:02,839 --> 00:30:06,980
you know even if she has the desire why is she so willing to tell the rest of us but she certainly

342
00:30:06,980 --> 00:30:09,079
found a way to concoct, and she concocted

343
00:30:09,079 --> 00:30:10,660
this story. The whole thing is untrue.

344
00:30:10,799 --> 00:30:12,559
She didn't have German measles. She had a rash.

345
00:30:14,859 --> 00:30:16,960
The bickering continued for more than

346
00:30:16,960 --> 00:30:18,759
a month, according to journals

347
00:30:18,759 --> 00:30:20,940
left behind by Jean Butler, who died

348
00:30:20,940 --> 00:30:21,759
in 1988.

349
00:30:23,599 --> 00:30:24,819
Butler wrote she

350
00:30:24,819 --> 00:30:26,900
feared Jeannie was being experimented

351
00:30:26,900 --> 00:30:27,700
with too much.

352
00:30:27,700 --> 00:30:29,460
Are you going to do that again?

353
00:30:30,759 --> 00:30:31,880
Whether this was

354
00:30:31,880 --> 00:30:33,740
Butler's true motivation in keeping

355
00:30:33,740 --> 00:30:35,940
away other team members cannot be known.

356
00:30:35,940 --> 00:30:39,519
but it raised again the issue of how Jeannie should be treated.

357
00:30:40,200 --> 00:30:43,700
Could she be a scientific subject and still be a patient?

358
00:30:45,400 --> 00:30:49,579
On the morning of August 13th, social workers arrived at Butler's house

359
00:30:49,579 --> 00:30:53,279
with a decision on her application to be Jeannie's foster parent.

360
00:30:54,380 --> 00:30:57,299
Partly on advice from Children's Hospital, it was rejected.

361
00:31:00,109 --> 00:31:03,250
We were not satisfied with the quality of the care

362
00:31:03,250 --> 00:31:07,589
that Jeannie had at Jean Butler's.

363
00:31:07,589 --> 00:31:09,849
So that had to be interrupted.

364
00:31:10,450 --> 00:31:17,529
And, again, it was up to management, i.e. us, to interrupt that.

365
00:31:18,769 --> 00:31:22,269
Jeannie returned to Children's Hospital for only a couple of hours.

366
00:31:22,769 --> 00:31:25,069
A new foster parent came to take her home.

367
00:31:26,390 --> 00:31:27,529
It was David Riggler.

368
00:31:28,910 --> 00:31:31,410
Riggler decided to take charge of the case.

369
00:31:32,190 --> 00:31:34,589
He decided to take over Kent's role as therapist

370
00:31:34,589 --> 00:31:38,730
and also be Jeannie's foster parent and the principal investigator.

371
00:31:40,589 --> 00:31:42,450
Ordinarily, mental health people

372
00:31:42,450 --> 00:31:45,630
are not involved in these kinds of multiple roles,

373
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but I have to stress how desperate we were

374
00:31:48,089 --> 00:31:51,069
to find a place that was appropriate.

375
00:31:51,569 --> 00:31:53,789
And I remember making the commitment in my mind

376
00:31:53,789 --> 00:31:54,970
for a three-month period,

377
00:31:55,210 --> 00:31:57,369
which obviously got extended much longer.

378
00:31:58,170 --> 00:31:59,789
How long was she with you?

379
00:31:59,849 --> 00:32:02,390
She was with us approximately four years.

380
00:32:04,589 --> 00:32:07,529
Jeannie's new home was in a neighborhood near Children's Hospital.

381
00:32:08,730 --> 00:32:12,349
She lived here with David Riggler, his wife Marilyn, and the Riggler children.

382
00:32:12,789 --> 00:32:18,789
We really didn't know what to expect, except that we knew that Jeannie needed a great deal of help.

383
00:32:18,890 --> 00:32:25,650
And on the other hand, it was very exciting to feel that perhaps we could help her,

384
00:32:26,029 --> 00:32:28,130
and perhaps she could be rehabilitated.

385
00:32:29,329 --> 00:32:33,869
Marilyn, a graduate student in human development, was Jeannie's new teacher.

386
00:32:34,589 --> 00:32:37,789
she soon found herself giving jeannie unconventional lessons

387
00:32:39,470 --> 00:32:44,029
jeannie would erupt in silent storms of rage tugging and tearing her own body

388
00:32:44,910 --> 00:32:49,470
to turn jeannie's self-destructive anger outward marilyn taught her how to have a fit

389
00:32:49,470 --> 00:32:58,099
how to slam doors and stamp her feet eventually marilyn encouraged jeannie to turn her pain and

390
00:32:58,099 --> 00:33:05,859
anger into words and there came a time when she could say rough time and sometimes she could tell

391
00:33:05,859 --> 00:33:13,619
you the degree of how upset she was by waving one finger, which meant she was very upset,

392
00:33:13,619 --> 00:33:19,019
or kind of waving her hand, which meant she was upset, but it wasn't going to be a big

393
00:33:19,019 --> 00:33:20,019
deal.

394
00:33:20,019 --> 00:33:35,299
One of Marilyn's first tasks was to awaken in Jeannie a sense of her connection to the

395
00:33:35,299 --> 00:33:44,900
physical world like her historic counterpart Victor Jeannie seemed

396
00:33:44,900 --> 00:33:50,039
disconnected from certain bodily sensations I would allow her to run her

397
00:33:50,039 --> 00:33:56,059
own bath water or her own shower water and when I would touch it I would

398
00:33:56,059 --> 00:34:03,740
realize it was icy cold and I would say oh this is so cold you're gonna freeze

399
00:34:03,740 --> 00:34:09,679
and it was as though it didn't make any difference in their new role as Jeannie's

400
00:34:09,679 --> 00:34:13,500
foster parents the Riddler's were suddenly responsible for a child who

401
00:34:13,500 --> 00:34:21,420
needed full-time supervision they also took responsibility for Jeannie's

402
00:34:21,420 --> 00:34:28,780
therapy attempts to help her grapple with the horror of her childhood in this

403
00:34:28,780 --> 00:34:33,280
primitive role-playing exercise, Marilyn pretends to be Jeannie's mother.

404
00:34:33,280 --> 00:34:40,280
Hurry up! Hurry up, because there isn't any time. Father's gonna be angry.

405
00:34:40,280 --> 00:34:44,280
Marilyn tries to elicit memories of Jeannie's past.

406
00:34:44,280 --> 00:34:47,280
I wonder what you're thinking.

407
00:34:47,280 --> 00:34:59,380
Do I die a father? Do I die a father?

408
00:34:59,380 --> 00:35:03,380
You want to see your father? Father is not living.

409
00:35:03,380 --> 00:35:10,619
Do you remember what it was like when you lived at home?

410
00:35:10,619 --> 00:35:14,619
What were you sitting on when you ate the cereal?

411
00:35:14,619 --> 00:35:22,619
In the potty chair.

412
00:35:22,619 --> 00:35:26,260
Where did you stay when you lived at home?

413
00:35:26,260 --> 00:35:27,260
Where did you live?

414
00:35:27,260 --> 00:35:28,260
Where did you sleep?

415
00:35:28,260 --> 00:35:41,920
While this videotape shows how distressed Jeannie was by her childhood,

416
00:35:42,320 --> 00:35:44,599
it also reveals a developmental breakthrough.

417
00:35:45,559 --> 00:35:48,500
Jeannie was using language to describe past events.

418
00:35:51,719 --> 00:35:54,099
Jeannie was talking about things that happened

419
00:35:54,099 --> 00:35:56,159
before words were a part of her world.

420
00:35:58,019 --> 00:36:01,440
For a child who barely spoke just a short time ago,

421
00:36:01,880 --> 00:36:04,340
Jeannie was doing remarkably well with language.

422
00:36:04,940 --> 00:36:07,280
Susan Curtis continued to track her progress.

423
00:36:09,099 --> 00:36:15,059
Jeannie could read simple words.

424
00:36:15,719 --> 00:36:17,000
Her vocabulary was growing.

425
00:36:17,780 --> 00:36:20,519
Here she is about to say, I like log.

426
00:36:21,159 --> 00:36:22,420
I like log.

427
00:36:23,139 --> 00:36:24,400
Let me see. The log?

428
00:36:24,760 --> 00:36:25,780
I like log.

429
00:36:26,440 --> 00:36:29,760
You found a picture of a log. I didn't even know you knew what a log was.

430
00:36:30,199 --> 00:36:32,300
Where do you see a log?

431
00:36:32,300 --> 00:36:42,179
I was struck with how different the words that she knew were from the vocabulary words that young children would know when they're acquiring a first language.

432
00:36:42,800 --> 00:36:48,780
She had words for emotions, angry, sad, excited, happy.

433
00:36:49,500 --> 00:36:54,159
She had words, color words, shape words, square, rectangle.

434
00:36:54,159 --> 00:36:55,639
I like shook.

435
00:36:56,099 --> 00:36:57,199
He likes your words.

436
00:36:57,360 --> 00:36:58,159
I shook.

437
00:36:58,760 --> 00:37:01,500
Jeannie seemed to be pulling off a linguistics coup.

438
00:37:02,300 --> 00:37:04,219
She had passed the critical age of puberty,

439
00:37:04,719 --> 00:37:06,800
but she seemed to be learning a first language.

440
00:37:07,699 --> 00:37:09,340
Curtis began doubting the notion

441
00:37:09,340 --> 00:37:11,639
that there was a deadline for doing so.

442
00:37:12,320 --> 00:37:15,900
My early ideas were that the sky might be the limit.

443
00:37:18,539 --> 00:37:22,219
I couldn't help thinking that she might in fact

444
00:37:22,219 --> 00:37:26,840
just be able to show that people really were wrong.

445
00:37:28,440 --> 00:37:30,980
Janie was at last settled into her new life.

446
00:37:30,980 --> 00:37:32,840
She even went to a nursery school.

447
00:37:36,429 --> 00:37:40,010
Hopes grew that unlike other cases of children isolated from society,

448
00:37:40,730 --> 00:37:42,550
genies could have a happy ending.

449
00:37:46,630 --> 00:37:48,429
At the Paris Institute for the Deaf,

450
00:37:48,929 --> 00:37:51,789
genies' historic counterpart also seemed to flourish

451
00:37:51,789 --> 00:37:53,630
when reunited with civilization.

452
00:37:56,070 --> 00:37:57,889
As shown in Truffaut's movie,

453
00:37:58,329 --> 00:38:02,289
Victor responded successfully to methods used to teach the deaf.

454
00:38:02,289 --> 00:38:06,289
Victor's teacher created his own methods as well.

455
00:38:06,289 --> 00:38:12,289
Itar used cut-out letters for lessons that are still used in kindergartens all over the world.

456
00:38:16,289 --> 00:38:20,289
He had a knack for gradually increasing the complexity of Victor's tasks.

457
00:38:20,289 --> 00:38:21,289
tasks.

458
00:38:21,289 --> 00:38:34,789
Victor is teaching Victor to read simple phrases like to throw a key, so he writes throw key

459
00:38:34,789 --> 00:38:39,650
in French and then flings a key, then expects Victor to do the same.

460
00:38:39,650 --> 00:38:43,690
Victor's doing well, he's reading the sentences, performing the actions, but Itar doesn't trust

461
00:38:43,690 --> 00:38:49,110
it, it could be by sheer memory, he's seen Itar do it, so he decides to scramble the

462
00:38:49,110 --> 00:38:54,469
nouns and verbs and get some weird combinations like to tear a stone to cut a cup to eat a broom

463
00:38:54,469 --> 00:39:01,730
presents tear a stone to victor and he shows some ingenuity he goes off he gets a hammer and he

464
00:39:01,730 --> 00:39:07,989
smashes the stone cut a cup picks up the cup and hurls it on the floor and it shatters eat a broom

465
00:39:07,989 --> 00:39:12,610
this time he changes the noun goes off and gets a piece of bread and devours it

466
00:39:12,610 --> 00:39:21,610
This was Etar, constantly analyzing, upping the ante, pushing the kid toward civilization, toward the skills that we have.

467
00:39:21,610 --> 00:39:27,610
And Victor, generally rising to the challenge, each time taking the small step.

468
00:39:27,610 --> 00:39:31,610
This was the kind of struggle they engaged in together for six years.

469
00:39:32,610 --> 00:39:38,610
Indeed, for a while, teacher and pupil were joined in a shared mission of awakening.

470
00:39:38,610 --> 00:39:43,929
and this is as far as film director Truffaut

471
00:39:43,929 --> 00:39:45,590
takes his version of the story

472
00:39:45,590 --> 00:39:48,670
many people have asked me

473
00:39:48,670 --> 00:39:50,369
well what do you think of the Truffaut film

474
00:39:50,369 --> 00:39:52,050
The Wild Child, L'Enfant Sauvage

475
00:39:52,050 --> 00:39:54,250
and what I think of it was

476
00:39:54,250 --> 00:39:56,550
that it was a pretty solid job

477
00:39:56,550 --> 00:39:58,829
of following Tard's reports

478
00:39:58,829 --> 00:40:02,869
but I do have one exception

479
00:40:02,869 --> 00:40:04,329
and that is at the end of the film

480
00:40:04,329 --> 00:40:05,769
the child climbs the stairs

481
00:40:05,769 --> 00:40:07,690
when the idea is that he's walking off

482
00:40:07,690 --> 00:40:10,849
into a future of endless possibilities

483
00:40:10,849 --> 00:40:12,969
in which he may even write his autobiography,

484
00:40:13,210 --> 00:40:14,710
and that's simply false.

485
00:40:15,889 --> 00:40:21,309
In reality, the history books show

486
00:40:21,309 --> 00:40:23,190
that Victor's progress slowed down.

487
00:40:23,909 --> 00:40:26,610
Itard reported, while Victor knew how to read simple words,

488
00:40:27,070 --> 00:40:28,809
he never really learned how to talk.

489
00:40:29,630 --> 00:40:33,130
Itard recommended that the forbidden experiment be stopped.

490
00:40:34,949 --> 00:40:37,690
You know, we attributed to Itard this motive

491
00:40:37,690 --> 00:40:40,309
of wanting to use Victor to build his own career,

492
00:40:40,409 --> 00:40:41,449
and I think that was true.

493
00:40:42,050 --> 00:40:44,650
When the point came that he was no longer serving Victor,

494
00:40:44,769 --> 00:40:48,010
nor serving science, he was no longer serving his career,

495
00:40:48,489 --> 00:40:50,150
he abandoned him, he let him go.

496
00:40:51,150 --> 00:40:52,110
Tarr gave up.

497
00:40:52,429 --> 00:40:54,369
He asked Madame Guérin, the housekeeper,

498
00:40:54,449 --> 00:40:57,130
to take the boy in down the street from the deaf school,

499
00:40:57,650 --> 00:41:01,050
and there they lived, a rather gray, sad,

500
00:41:01,489 --> 00:41:03,449
forlorn existence, the two of them.

501
00:41:03,449 --> 00:41:08,170
So the story is not as romantic as Truffaut would have us believe.

502
00:41:10,309 --> 00:41:13,750
Victor lived his last days at this very spot in Paris.

503
00:41:14,409 --> 00:41:16,769
He died in his 40s in 1828.

504
00:41:22,050 --> 00:41:23,809
Victor's story did not end well.

505
00:41:25,289 --> 00:41:27,309
In Los Angeles, more than a century later,

506
00:41:27,849 --> 00:41:31,469
Jeannie's caregivers were working to ensure that their pupil fared better.

507
00:41:34,159 --> 00:41:36,360
When will you see your mama in the house?

508
00:41:37,360 --> 00:41:37,920
When?

509
00:41:37,920 --> 00:41:40,699
When Jeannie used gestures a lot to communicate,

510
00:41:41,360 --> 00:41:43,699
the Rigglers arranged for her to learn sign language.

511
00:41:44,619 --> 00:41:51,940
I will see Mama Saturday night.

512
00:41:52,940 --> 00:41:56,960
Critics fault the teacher in Victor's case for emphasizing spoken speech.

513
00:41:57,139 --> 00:41:59,539
The Rigglers tried to avoid this mistake.

514
00:41:59,539 --> 00:42:01,719
And we're all finished.

515
00:42:02,739 --> 00:42:06,179
The weeks turned into months, the months into years,

516
00:42:06,400 --> 00:42:09,659
and David Riggler, the man who would be scientist, therapist,

517
00:42:09,659 --> 00:42:11,239
and foster parent to Jeannie

518
00:42:11,239 --> 00:42:14,039
seemed to find a way to juggle all those roles.

519
00:42:14,760 --> 00:42:18,320
In reality, the juggling act had started to fall apart.

520
00:42:18,880 --> 00:42:20,860
This is the paper that's unfolded.

521
00:42:20,860 --> 00:42:22,380
For years, Riggler had trouble

522
00:42:22,380 --> 00:42:24,360
managing the research part of the case.

523
00:42:25,159 --> 00:42:26,800
Curtis's language studies proceeded,

524
00:42:27,500 --> 00:42:29,820
but Riggler had been getting government money to do more.

525
00:42:31,179 --> 00:42:33,579
Indeed, he gathered hundreds of videos,

526
00:42:34,039 --> 00:42:35,860
he supervised countless tests,

527
00:42:35,860 --> 00:42:39,000
but he never clearly defined his own research.

528
00:42:39,659 --> 00:42:41,980
Show me the shoe that's untied.

529
00:42:43,980 --> 00:42:44,539
Untied.

530
00:42:44,539 --> 00:42:49,559
To add to the murkiness of the study was an unresolved question

531
00:42:49,559 --> 00:42:52,639
which would make it difficult to draw firm scientific conclusions.

532
00:42:53,559 --> 00:42:55,739
Was Jeannie brain damaged from birth?

533
00:42:56,460 --> 00:42:57,820
Team members disagreed.

534
00:42:58,400 --> 00:43:03,739
My impression was clearly that Jeannie was mentally retarded from birth

535
00:43:03,739 --> 00:43:08,659
based on, for example, my sleep study,

536
00:43:08,659 --> 00:43:11,400
which showed these extreme spindles,

537
00:43:11,400 --> 00:43:12,860
which are fairly characteristic

538
00:43:12,860 --> 00:43:14,739
of severe mental retardation.

539
00:43:16,039 --> 00:43:18,199
Jeannie, although functionally retarded

540
00:43:18,199 --> 00:43:20,039
because she had hardly lived

541
00:43:20,039 --> 00:43:22,940
and experienced the world around her,

542
00:43:22,940 --> 00:43:25,420
was not mentally deficient in any sense

543
00:43:25,420 --> 00:43:28,219
in which we typically think of as mentally deficient.

544
00:43:28,219 --> 00:43:32,659
For example, on psychological tests that measure mental age,

545
00:43:32,659 --> 00:43:35,280
every year after she had been found,

546
00:43:35,280 --> 00:43:37,780
her mental age increased one year.

547
00:43:37,780 --> 00:43:44,340
This is just not something that happens in a person with a child or an adult who's mentally retarded.

548
00:43:46,420 --> 00:43:56,900
The government agency that was funding the research project grew uneasy with the scientific ambiguities of Jeannie's case.

549
00:43:59,099 --> 00:44:06,119
The National Institute of Mental Health was looking for payback for the years of money it poured into the study, and it wasn't finding any.

550
00:44:06,119 --> 00:44:18,119
After repeated warnings in the fall of 74, NIMH stopped funding the Genie project, citing a failure to collect data in a scientifically meaningful way.

551
00:44:18,119 --> 00:44:28,119
Nobody knew exactly how to deal with this. We were doing our best. We got the best kind of counsel, the best kind of advice.

552
00:44:28,119 --> 00:44:33,739
we had to sort that out and take that as it came but we did the very best we

553
00:44:33,739 --> 00:44:41,659
knew how and we believe that nobody knew any better in the year following the

554
00:44:41,659 --> 00:44:46,480
loss of their research grant the Riggler's decided to end their foster

555
00:44:46,480 --> 00:44:55,400
care of Jeannie their decision caused concern among their colleagues it's not

556
00:44:55,400 --> 00:44:59,659
that it came as a surprise to us or shouldn't have we had a lot of

557
00:44:59,659 --> 00:45:02,559
consultants and a lot of people coming in and one of the questions we were

558
00:45:02,559 --> 00:45:08,599
asked often by more than one person is what's going to happen here when the

559
00:45:08,599 --> 00:45:12,559
hospital goes away when you know if the research grant goes away if all of the

560
00:45:12,559 --> 00:45:15,860
sort of interest in how this youngster is developing when the researchers fold

561
00:45:15,860 --> 00:45:21,440
their tents and go away who's gonna stay behind the genie this was something that

562
00:45:21,440 --> 00:45:28,980
I was certainly concerned about the fact that should we not take genie because we

563
00:45:28,980 --> 00:45:35,880
did not plan to have her forever and it was something that we we talked about

564
00:45:35,880 --> 00:45:42,360
very actively and we finally decided that if we could give her a good home

565
00:45:42,360 --> 00:45:51,780
with much love and rehabilitation within that home nurturing caretaking and good

566
00:45:51,780 --> 00:46:02,059
things that that would give her the ability to cope at some later time so

567
00:46:02,059 --> 00:46:07,079
that she would have a good foundation and a stable home and that was our

568
00:46:07,079 --> 00:46:15,599
reasoning for linguist Susan Curtis it was time to sum up her years of work

569
00:46:15,599 --> 00:46:21,059
with Jeannie a clear picture was emerging in her data but for Jeannie that

570
00:46:21,059 --> 00:46:24,099
That picture was not promising.

571
00:46:24,099 --> 00:46:35,800
Here when asked to make a question, Jeannie comes up with, what red-blue is in?

572
00:46:35,800 --> 00:46:41,179
Jeannie didn't seem to be able to put words together in a normal grammatical way.

573
00:46:41,179 --> 00:46:45,800
This seemed to support the idea of a critical period for acquiring language.

574
00:46:45,800 --> 00:46:49,480
In Jeannie's case, the vocabulary was what she was good at.

575
00:46:49,820 --> 00:46:52,139
Conveying messages is what she was good at.

576
00:46:52,400 --> 00:46:56,840
But if you look at a sentence that she would utter, it wouldn't be grammatical.

577
00:46:57,039 --> 00:47:01,880
So she might say things like, spot, chew, glove, applesauce, buy, store,

578
00:47:02,099 --> 00:47:04,179
where the message was clear.

579
00:47:04,619 --> 00:47:08,239
You know, the dog named Spot chewed the glove.

580
00:47:08,239 --> 00:47:11,719
Or we need applesauce, we need to buy applesauce at the store.

581
00:47:12,260 --> 00:47:15,840
But in both of these cases, you can see they're not sentences of English.

582
00:47:15,940 --> 00:47:17,900
We wouldn't say, applesauce by store.

583
00:47:17,980 --> 00:47:20,320
We would say, we need to buy applesauce at the store,

584
00:47:20,400 --> 00:47:22,440
or applesauce is what we want from the store,

585
00:47:22,480 --> 00:47:25,000
or something that is an actual sentence of English.

586
00:47:26,860 --> 00:47:30,599
Much of the language research on Jeannie was completed by 1975,

587
00:47:31,079 --> 00:47:32,159
a pivotal year for her.

588
00:47:33,539 --> 00:47:36,440
That summer, she returned here to her childhood home

589
00:47:36,440 --> 00:47:37,579
to live with her mother.

590
00:47:37,579 --> 00:47:44,289
Jeannie's mother had been acquitted of child abuse charges

591
00:47:44,289 --> 00:47:46,769
She wanted to resume care of her daughter

592
00:47:46,769 --> 00:47:50,389
But she soon found it too difficult

593
00:47:50,389 --> 00:47:56,260
Thus began another sad chapter in Jeannie's life

594
00:47:56,260 --> 00:47:59,199
A series of placements in foster homes

595
00:47:59,199 --> 00:48:03,719
Jeannie was subjected to abuse

596
00:48:03,719 --> 00:48:05,400
To punishment

597
00:48:05,400 --> 00:48:07,099
To harassment

598
00:48:07,099 --> 00:48:11,260
To the extreme in some of these homes

599
00:48:11,260 --> 00:48:15,940
Then she would be moved again to another home, and another home.

600
00:48:16,500 --> 00:48:20,400
And meanwhile, we knew nothing about it until the bombshell hit.

601
00:48:21,099 --> 00:48:21,920
The bombshell.

602
00:48:23,480 --> 00:48:24,639
A lawsuit.

603
00:48:25,059 --> 00:48:34,760
A lawsuit against Hansen, Riggler, Kent, Curtis, and Children's Hospital of Los Angeles.

604
00:48:35,699 --> 00:48:39,380
Like Victor's, Jeannie's case had not ended well.

605
00:48:39,380 --> 00:48:47,900
and now there was a modern American twist to her story a lawsuit the lawsuit

606
00:48:47,900 --> 00:48:51,860
filed by Jeannie's mother charged the Jeannie team with excessive and

607
00:48:51,860 --> 00:49:03,300
outrageous testing the lawsuit claimed the researchers gave testing priority

608
00:49:03,300 --> 00:49:08,599
over Jeannie's welfare pushing her beyond the limits of her endurance look

609
00:49:08,599 --> 00:49:21,440
carefully. It's dark, yes. Come on. Which box does that belong in? No. The lawyers suing

610
00:49:21,440 --> 00:49:27,199
Children's Hospital were Louise Monaco and Samuel Paz. They should have had clues that

611
00:49:27,199 --> 00:49:32,780
they were going at things wrongly because they were getting visits from NIMH, the National

612
00:49:32,780 --> 00:49:36,880
Institute of Mental Health, telling them, well, gee, yeah, you got all these videos,

613
00:49:36,880 --> 00:49:38,940
but they're not indexed, they're not catalogued,

614
00:49:38,980 --> 00:49:40,059
they're all thrown in a drawer.

615
00:49:41,159 --> 00:49:43,900
You're doing tests that have no scientific purpose.

616
00:49:44,039 --> 00:49:45,300
You're doing tests that you made up.

617
00:49:45,840 --> 00:49:47,500
And they were doing tests repetitively,

618
00:49:47,559 --> 00:49:50,340
which lose their validity with the repetitiveness.

619
00:49:50,679 --> 00:49:51,719
Yeah, I mean, there are certain tests,

620
00:49:51,800 --> 00:49:53,460
if you administer them within a year,

621
00:49:53,699 --> 00:49:55,719
you can't tell whether you're measuring anything or not.

622
00:49:55,880 --> 00:49:59,139
You're just measuring how familiar the subject is with the test.

623
00:50:00,360 --> 00:50:01,940
Okay, I'll try it again.

624
00:50:02,260 --> 00:50:03,119
Here, you do it.

625
00:50:03,219 --> 00:50:05,159
Put them in the box. I want you to work fast.

626
00:50:05,260 --> 00:50:06,420
Come on, let's work fast.

627
00:50:06,420 --> 00:50:12,659
it was our job to measure her progress to determine what changes were taking place indeed

628
00:50:13,860 --> 00:50:20,980
if we had not done as much as we did we would have really not fulfilled the purposes of our grant but

629
00:50:20,980 --> 00:50:28,579
in addition to that the testing that she underwent was by and large fun experiences for her

630
00:50:28,579 --> 00:50:36,739
depositions were taken experts were summoned while the suit was eventually settled it raised

631
00:50:36,739 --> 00:50:43,460
an important question did the team go as far as it could go in treating Jeannie or did the

632
00:50:43,460 --> 00:50:52,159
research get in the way we did everything we could not to exploit the case in a way that

633
00:50:52,159 --> 00:50:59,119
would impinge on her privacy or impact on her psychologically or emotionally.

634
00:50:59,119 --> 00:51:03,199
And that wasn't difficult because of the feelings we had for her.

635
00:51:03,199 --> 00:51:07,960
I don't think they started out with the notion of let's exploit her for all the money we

636
00:51:07,960 --> 00:51:10,119
can get.

637
00:51:10,119 --> 00:51:14,840
I think maybe everybody started out with the notion, one, they wanted to help her, but

638
00:51:14,840 --> 00:51:19,519
two, this was like the biggest thing that had hit town in quite a number of years.

639
00:51:19,519 --> 00:51:21,679
It was right on the heels of Truffaut's movie,

640
00:51:21,840 --> 00:51:24,780
The Wild Child, hence the name that was given to her.

641
00:51:24,900 --> 00:51:27,260
I mean, when they had seminars at Children's Hospital,

642
00:51:27,380 --> 00:51:31,260
they showed the movie as part of the seminar.

643
00:51:32,099 --> 00:51:34,320
And so, I mean, this was like a worldwide attraction,

644
00:51:34,519 --> 00:51:36,780
so I think it was really easy to get sidetracked.

645
00:51:40,360 --> 00:51:43,780
Despite all she'd been through, Jeannie's troubles were not over.

646
00:51:44,840 --> 00:51:48,679
In her first foster home, Jeannie was severely punished for vomiting.

647
00:51:50,519 --> 00:51:52,960
The experience was so traumatizing,

648
00:51:53,519 --> 00:51:55,519
Jeannie ended up back in Children's Hospital

649
00:51:55,519 --> 00:51:57,739
where the Rigglers offered assistance.

650
00:51:58,559 --> 00:52:01,599
You couldn't help it.

651
00:52:02,420 --> 00:52:08,239
So now you're keeping your mouth closed so you won't vomit.

652
00:52:09,579 --> 00:52:11,840
Jeannie was afraid to open her mouth.

653
00:52:12,800 --> 00:52:15,760
She regressed to the only way she knew how to be under siege,

654
00:52:16,440 --> 00:52:17,360
completely silent.

655
00:52:24,570 --> 00:52:28,889
This would be one of the last times the Rigglers videotaped Jeannie.

656
00:53:02,079 --> 00:53:06,219
Jeannie now lives in an adult care foster home in Southern California.

657
00:53:06,760 --> 00:53:10,940
It's at least the sixth home she has lived in since the research project ended.

658
00:53:15,650 --> 00:53:18,250
What do we take away from this really sad story?

659
00:53:18,750 --> 00:53:21,469
Look, there's an ethical dilemma in this kind of research.

660
00:53:21,670 --> 00:53:26,469
If you want to do rigorous science, then Jeannie's interests are going to come second some of the time.

661
00:53:26,949 --> 00:53:31,409
If you only care about helping Jeannie, then you wouldn't do a lot of this scientific research.

662
00:53:31,730 --> 00:53:32,710
So what are you going to do?

663
00:53:33,710 --> 00:53:36,909
To make matters worse, the two roles, scientist and therapist,

664
00:53:37,030 --> 00:53:39,010
were combined in one person in her case.

665
00:53:39,849 --> 00:53:42,969
So I think future generations are going to study Jeanne's case

666
00:53:42,969 --> 00:53:44,570
as we've been studying Victor's,

667
00:53:45,190 --> 00:53:47,530
not only for what it can teach us about human development,

668
00:53:47,530 --> 00:53:50,170
but also for what it can teach us about the rewards

669
00:53:50,170 --> 00:53:53,530
and the risks of conducting the forbidden experiment.