0 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:05,000 So yesterday we explained the Barbarossa operation. 1 00:00:05,000 --> 00:00:08,000 So could you explain to me very, very quickly 2 00:00:09,000 --> 00:00:13,000 Hitler's mistakes in 1941. 3 00:00:13,000 --> 00:00:16,000 There were two important mistakes 4 00:00:16,000 --> 00:00:21,000 and this is an easy question, for example, to Julia. 5 00:00:21,000 --> 00:00:26,000 He made two mistakes. 6 00:00:29,000 --> 00:00:34,000 One of those was mainly he divided the troops 7 00:00:37,000 --> 00:00:38,000 and the center was... 8 00:00:38,000 --> 00:00:39,000 Weaker. 9 00:00:39,000 --> 00:00:40,000 Weaker, yeah. 10 00:00:40,000 --> 00:00:45,000 So one of the troops was sent to Sweden, to Leningrad 11 00:00:46,000 --> 00:00:51,000 and the other one, which had the aim to go to Moscow, 12 00:00:51,000 --> 00:00:55,000 was finally sent to the south. 13 00:00:55,000 --> 00:00:56,000 To the south. 14 00:00:56,000 --> 00:00:57,000 It was to Ukraine, yeah. 15 00:00:57,000 --> 00:00:58,000 To the Ukraine, exactly. 16 00:00:58,000 --> 00:01:03,000 Hitler lost time and the mud and snow appeared, exactly. 17 00:01:05,000 --> 00:01:08,000 So after that, we explained the Battle of Moscow 18 00:01:08,000 --> 00:01:10,000 and I don't know what was the result 19 00:01:10,000 --> 00:01:13,000 of the Battle of Moscow. 20 00:01:13,000 --> 00:01:17,000 So for example, Noel, could you explain to me 21 00:01:17,000 --> 00:01:19,000 the result of the Battle of Moscow? 22 00:01:20,000 --> 00:01:22,000 So as it was a very cold winter, 23 00:01:22,000 --> 00:01:26,000 the Russians were more prepared for the battle. 24 00:01:26,000 --> 00:01:28,000 Noel, could you speak louder? 25 00:01:28,000 --> 00:01:32,000 The Russians were more prepared than the Germans. 26 00:01:32,000 --> 00:01:36,000 They were more prepared for the cold winter. 27 00:01:36,000 --> 00:01:41,000 So basically, the result was that the Russians won. 28 00:01:43,000 --> 00:01:45,000 Yes, and very, very quickly, 29 00:01:45,000 --> 00:01:49,000 the Soviet Union recaptured the territory 30 00:01:49,000 --> 00:01:54,000 that they had lost from the beginning of the campaign. 31 00:01:54,000 --> 00:01:59,000 And also yesterday, we paid attention to the Pacific Ocean. 32 00:01:59,000 --> 00:02:03,000 We explained what happened in Pearl Harbor. 33 00:02:03,000 --> 00:02:07,000 Could you explain to me, for example, I don't know, 34 00:02:07,000 --> 00:02:12,000 Adrian, if Pearl Harbor was a decisive battle? 35 00:02:12,000 --> 00:02:13,000 Yes or no? 36 00:02:13,000 --> 00:02:14,000 What do you think? 37 00:02:16,000 --> 00:02:17,000 We can hear, Adrian. 38 00:02:18,000 --> 00:02:20,000 Do you hear me now? 39 00:02:20,000 --> 00:02:21,000 Yes, perfectly. 40 00:02:21,000 --> 00:02:26,000 Okay, so Pearl Harbor, it wasn't a decisive battle 41 00:02:27,000 --> 00:02:32,000 because despite Japan attack Pearl Harbor, 42 00:02:35,000 --> 00:02:36,000 there wasn't 43 00:02:36,000 --> 00:02:41,000 the aircraft planes. 44 00:02:45,000 --> 00:02:47,000 Carriers. 45 00:02:47,000 --> 00:02:49,000 And they could use these aircraft planes 46 00:02:49,000 --> 00:02:53,000 to make a contract attack. 47 00:02:55,000 --> 00:02:58,000 Later on, exactly in 1942. 48 00:02:58,000 --> 00:03:02,000 Actually, we are going to start it to be today, this moment. 49 00:03:02,000 --> 00:03:07,000 And could you explain also to me the causes of Pearl Harbor? 50 00:03:09,000 --> 00:03:14,000 Why did the Japanese invade and bomb the port of Pearl Harbor? 51 00:03:15,000 --> 00:03:18,000 Pearl Harbor's port. 52 00:03:19,000 --> 00:03:23,000 They launched a bomb in Pearl Harbor 53 00:03:23,000 --> 00:03:28,000 because China invaded in the China. 54 00:03:28,000 --> 00:03:30,000 And this was territory of United States. 55 00:03:30,000 --> 00:03:33,000 Oh, because the Japanese invaded what? 56 00:03:34,000 --> 00:03:36,000 In the China. 57 00:03:36,000 --> 00:03:41,000 First Manchuria, then China, and finally in the China, yes. 58 00:03:44,000 --> 00:03:48,000 And what was the response of President Roosevelt? 59 00:03:48,000 --> 00:03:53,000 The response was that they cut off 80% of the oil 60 00:03:55,000 --> 00:03:58,000 and steel to the Japanese government. 61 00:03:59,000 --> 00:04:04,000 And the Japanese knew that without this oil and steel, 62 00:04:04,000 --> 00:04:06,000 they couldn't win the war. 63 00:04:06,000 --> 00:04:08,000 So if they wanted to win the war, 64 00:04:08,000 --> 00:04:12,000 they needed that the war. 65 00:04:17,000 --> 00:04:18,000 Julian? 66 00:04:20,000 --> 00:04:21,000 Yes? 67 00:04:21,000 --> 00:04:23,000 Yes, carry on. 68 00:04:23,000 --> 00:04:27,000 Yeah, and they knew that if the war was too long, 69 00:04:28,000 --> 00:04:29,000 they wouldn't win. 70 00:04:29,000 --> 00:04:34,000 So they needed that the war lasted like six months 71 00:04:35,000 --> 00:04:36,000 to one year. 72 00:04:36,000 --> 00:04:40,000 So to what extent do you agree, Elena, 73 00:04:40,000 --> 00:04:44,000 that 1941 was a turning point in the war? 74 00:04:44,000 --> 00:04:45,000 Elena Díaz. 75 00:04:48,000 --> 00:04:51,000 To what extent do you agree that 1941 76 00:04:51,000 --> 00:04:53,000 was a turning point in the war? 77 00:04:54,000 --> 00:04:55,000 He's cutting me off all the time. 78 00:04:55,000 --> 00:04:57,000 I'm not getting anything. 79 00:04:57,000 --> 00:04:58,000 Ah, okay. 80 00:04:58,000 --> 00:05:01,000 Could you turn off the microphones? 81 00:05:01,000 --> 00:05:02,000 I'm going to check. 82 00:05:05,000 --> 00:05:06,000 Now it's okay. 83 00:05:06,000 --> 00:05:07,000 Elena? 84 00:05:11,000 --> 00:05:14,000 No, Elena is not there. 85 00:05:16,000 --> 00:05:17,000 Could you hear me? 86 00:05:19,000 --> 00:05:21,000 Antonio, what do you think? 87 00:05:21,000 --> 00:05:26,000 To what extent do you agree that 1941 was a turning point? 88 00:05:28,000 --> 00:05:33,000 I think it was a turning point in the war 89 00:05:33,000 --> 00:05:38,000 because it entered Japan in the war, 90 00:05:43,000 --> 00:05:48,000 like really, do you follow me? 91 00:05:48,000 --> 00:05:51,000 Yes, I'm following you. 92 00:05:52,000 --> 00:05:54,000 It was when Japan really entered the war 93 00:05:54,000 --> 00:05:57,000 and start like making something. 94 00:05:58,000 --> 00:06:01,000 And also, Alejandro, we need to pay attention. 95 00:06:01,000 --> 00:06:02,000 Why? 96 00:06:02,000 --> 00:06:04,000 I think that the most important steps, 97 00:06:05,000 --> 00:06:09,000 things that happened in 1942 to the turning point 98 00:06:09,000 --> 00:06:13,000 and in World War II was that the USSR 99 00:06:13,000 --> 00:06:16,000 entered the Allied side after the Ravel's operation 100 00:06:16,000 --> 00:06:18,000 and as well. 101 00:06:18,000 --> 00:06:23,000 The USA did the same to respond to the attack, 102 00:06:23,000 --> 00:06:25,000 the Japanese attack. 103 00:06:25,000 --> 00:06:26,000 Yeah, I agree, I agree. 104 00:06:26,000 --> 00:06:29,000 I think that it was a turning point 105 00:06:29,000 --> 00:06:33,000 because it was the moment when the United States 106 00:06:33,000 --> 00:06:36,000 as well as the Soviet Union joined the war 107 00:06:37,000 --> 00:06:41,000 and it changed completely the tide of the war. 108 00:06:41,000 --> 00:06:42,000 Yes, I agree. 109 00:06:42,000 --> 00:06:47,000 So today we are going to pay attention to 1942. 110 00:06:48,000 --> 00:06:51,000 We are going to explain from here, from 1942. 111 00:06:54,000 --> 00:06:58,000 So what happened in 1942? 112 00:06:58,000 --> 00:07:02,000 As I said before, it was the moment when the USSR 113 00:07:02,000 --> 00:07:06,000 and United States entered in the conflict. 114 00:07:06,000 --> 00:07:11,000 The USSR before the United States 115 00:07:11,000 --> 00:07:15,000 because the USSR began basically in June in 1941 116 00:07:16,000 --> 00:07:18,000 due to the Barbarossa operation 117 00:07:18,000 --> 00:07:22,000 and United States in December after Pearl Harbor. 118 00:07:23,000 --> 00:07:27,000 So when both of them enter in the conflict, 119 00:07:27,000 --> 00:07:31,000 for the vast majority of the historians, 120 00:07:31,000 --> 00:07:33,000 it was the decisive turn 121 00:07:34,000 --> 00:07:39,000 because for the vast majority of the historians, 122 00:07:39,000 --> 00:07:41,000 this is the moment when Hitler knew 123 00:07:41,000 --> 00:07:45,000 that he might not win the war. 124 00:07:46,000 --> 00:07:50,000 But other historians said that the turning point 125 00:07:50,000 --> 00:07:53,000 was in December in 1941 and to be honest, 126 00:07:53,000 --> 00:07:57,000 in my humble opinion, I agree with them. 127 00:07:57,000 --> 00:08:02,000 But it was true that 1942, it was the decisive turn 128 00:08:03,000 --> 00:08:07,000 because the Soviet Union and United States, 129 00:08:07,000 --> 00:08:10,000 both of them were in the war 130 00:08:10,000 --> 00:08:13,000 and obviously Hitler knew from that moment 131 00:08:13,000 --> 00:08:16,000 that he might not win the war 132 00:08:16,000 --> 00:08:20,000 because it was impossible to win only Germany 133 00:08:20,000 --> 00:08:22,000 because we all know the support 134 00:08:22,000 --> 00:08:26,000 that Mussolini gave to Hitler. 135 00:08:26,000 --> 00:08:28,000 It was impossible for Hitler to win the war 136 00:08:28,000 --> 00:08:31,000 against the Soviet Union together 137 00:08:31,000 --> 00:08:35,000 also as well with the United States. 138 00:08:35,000 --> 00:08:38,000 Both of them were allies, 139 00:08:38,000 --> 00:08:41,000 both of them from Pearl Harbor, the United States, 140 00:08:41,000 --> 00:08:44,000 together with the UK and the Soviet Union were allies 141 00:08:44,000 --> 00:08:49,000 and it was not possible for Hitler to win against them. 142 00:08:49,000 --> 00:08:54,000 So also in 1942, it was a decisive turn 143 00:08:54,000 --> 00:08:59,000 I'm here because it was the moment 144 00:08:59,000 --> 00:09:04,000 when the Americans deciphered the codes from the Japanese. 145 00:09:07,000 --> 00:09:10,000 So in terms of the intelligence, 146 00:09:10,000 --> 00:09:13,000 it was also a decisive turn 147 00:09:13,000 --> 00:09:16,000 because it was the moment when the Americans 148 00:09:16,000 --> 00:09:21,000 developed the magic operation, the magic operation. 149 00:09:22,000 --> 00:09:25,000 It was when the Americans deciphered 150 00:09:25,000 --> 00:09:28,000 the secret codes from the Japanese. 151 00:09:30,000 --> 00:09:32,000 This is only to know more, 152 00:09:32,000 --> 00:09:37,000 but William Friedman was working for the Americans 153 00:09:38,000 --> 00:09:43,000 and he was the man who deciphered the Japanese codes 154 00:09:43,000 --> 00:09:46,000 in the magic operation. 155 00:09:46,000 --> 00:09:51,000 The Japanese were using one machine, the Purple, 156 00:09:52,000 --> 00:09:55,000 which was similar than the Enigma machine. 157 00:09:57,000 --> 00:09:59,000 It was more complicated than the Enigma machine 158 00:09:59,000 --> 00:10:04,000 because it has a double system to decipher the codes 159 00:10:04,000 --> 00:10:09,000 and the Americans managed to decipher the codes in 1942. 160 00:10:11,000 --> 00:10:13,000 And this moment was key in the world 161 00:10:13,000 --> 00:10:18,000 because from that moment at the end of 1941 162 00:10:18,000 --> 00:10:23,000 and at the beginning of the fall, at the beginning of 1942, 163 00:10:23,000 --> 00:10:28,000 the Americans began to decipher the Japanese codes. 164 00:10:29,000 --> 00:10:33,000 So after Pearl Harbor, which took place in December, 165 00:10:34,000 --> 00:10:39,000 the Americans knew when they deciphered the codes 166 00:10:39,000 --> 00:10:44,000 that the Japanese were preparing another battle in Midway. 167 00:10:49,000 --> 00:10:52,000 So the Americans knew in advance 168 00:10:52,000 --> 00:10:55,000 that the Japanese would attack in Midway, 169 00:10:55,000 --> 00:10:58,000 would attack in Midway and it was key. 170 00:10:58,000 --> 00:11:00,000 This moment was key. 171 00:11:01,000 --> 00:11:06,000 But before that, I'm going to explain the battles, 172 00:11:06,000 --> 00:11:11,000 the battles which took place on the Pacific Ocean. 173 00:11:11,000 --> 00:11:12,000 We are going to explain from here 174 00:11:12,000 --> 00:11:14,000 because you are going to see better the map. 175 00:11:14,000 --> 00:11:19,000 The first battle was the Battle of the Coral Sea 176 00:11:19,000 --> 00:11:23,000 in May in 1942 and it was a draw. 177 00:11:23,000 --> 00:11:26,000 The Japanese fought against the Americans 178 00:11:26,000 --> 00:11:28,000 in the Battle of Coral Sea. 179 00:11:28,000 --> 00:11:30,000 It was a draw. 180 00:11:30,000 --> 00:11:33,000 It was true that it was a draw, empate, 181 00:11:33,000 --> 00:11:38,000 but the Americans won a strategic position 182 00:11:40,000 --> 00:11:44,000 because they prevented the Japanese 183 00:11:44,000 --> 00:11:46,000 from invading New Guinea. 184 00:11:47,000 --> 00:11:51,000 So in terms of, in military terms, 185 00:11:51,000 --> 00:11:53,000 it was true that it was a draw, 186 00:11:53,000 --> 00:11:57,000 but in terms of politics, the Americans won. 187 00:11:58,000 --> 00:12:01,000 A strategic position because they prevented 188 00:12:01,000 --> 00:12:06,000 the Japanese from invading New Guinea. 189 00:12:07,000 --> 00:12:10,000 And after the Battle of the Coral Sea, 190 00:12:10,000 --> 00:12:13,000 it took place the Battle of Midway. 191 00:12:14,000 --> 00:12:18,000 Yamamoto, Yamamoto who was the general 192 00:12:18,000 --> 00:12:23,000 of the Japanese forces prepared another attack in Midway. 193 00:12:24,000 --> 00:12:29,000 But as I said before, as I said before, 194 00:12:30,000 --> 00:12:34,000 the Americans knew in advance 195 00:12:34,000 --> 00:12:39,000 because they deciphered due to the magic operation, 196 00:12:39,000 --> 00:12:42,000 the Japanese codes and they knew in advance 197 00:12:42,000 --> 00:12:45,000 that the Japanese would attack in Midway. 198 00:12:45,000 --> 00:12:48,000 They were prepared for this attack 199 00:12:48,000 --> 00:12:53,000 and due to that, the Americans pay attention, 200 00:12:54,000 --> 00:12:59,000 destroyed three out of four aircraft, 201 00:12:59,000 --> 00:13:02,000 Japanese aircraft carriers. 202 00:13:04,000 --> 00:13:07,000 So it was decisive, this battle. 203 00:13:07,000 --> 00:13:12,000 The Battle of Midway was like the Battle of Alamein 204 00:13:12,000 --> 00:13:14,000 and the Battle of Stalingrad. 205 00:13:14,000 --> 00:13:18,000 It changed the turn of this war, okay? 206 00:13:18,000 --> 00:13:23,000 Why the Battle of Midway was decisive? 207 00:13:23,000 --> 00:13:26,000 Why the Battle of Midway was a turning point? 208 00:13:26,000 --> 00:13:28,000 Because the Americans destroyed 209 00:13:28,000 --> 00:13:32,000 three out of four aircraft carriers. 210 00:13:33,000 --> 00:13:37,000 And from that moment, the Americans, 211 00:13:37,000 --> 00:13:42,000 the United States had the initiative on the Pacific Ocean. 212 00:13:44,000 --> 00:13:47,000 After the Battle of Midway, I'm going to repeat it again, 213 00:13:47,000 --> 00:13:52,000 the United States had the initiative in the war. 214 00:13:52,000 --> 00:13:56,000 They had the initiative in the war. 215 00:13:56,000 --> 00:14:00,000 Actually, after the Battle of Midway, 216 00:14:00,000 --> 00:14:03,000 there was another battle in August, 217 00:14:03,000 --> 00:14:06,000 the Battle of Guadalcanal. 218 00:14:07,000 --> 00:14:11,000 In this battle, again, the Americans, 219 00:14:11,000 --> 00:14:15,000 the United States were the winners. 220 00:14:15,000 --> 00:14:18,000 And after this battle in August, 221 00:14:18,000 --> 00:14:22,000 the United States took the Solomon Island 222 00:14:22,000 --> 00:14:26,000 and the important fortress of Rabaul, 223 00:14:26,000 --> 00:14:30,000 Rabaul, close to New Guinea, Rabaul, close to New Guinea. 224 00:14:32,000 --> 00:14:34,000 And from that moment, it was really, really important 225 00:14:34,000 --> 00:14:36,000 for the United States, 226 00:14:37,000 --> 00:14:40,000 because after the Battle of Guadalcanal, 227 00:14:41,000 --> 00:14:46,000 when they took over the fortress of Rabaul, 228 00:14:46,000 --> 00:14:50,000 the United States had a base, 229 00:14:52,000 --> 00:14:56,000 a naval base, they had a naval base 230 00:14:56,000 --> 00:15:00,000 to conquer more islands on the Pacific Ocean. 231 00:15:02,000 --> 00:15:04,000 For example, this is only to know more. 232 00:15:06,000 --> 00:15:08,000 You have to explain the important battles 233 00:15:08,000 --> 00:15:12,000 of the Coral Sea, Midway, and Guadalcanal. 234 00:15:12,000 --> 00:15:15,000 And I'm going to explain more only to know more. 235 00:15:16,000 --> 00:15:20,000 Because after Guadalcanal, one year later on, 236 00:15:20,000 --> 00:15:25,000 the United States took the Gilbert and Caroline Islands. 237 00:15:26,000 --> 00:15:31,000 It took one year to take the Gilbert and Caroline Islands, 238 00:15:31,000 --> 00:15:35,000 and another year to take over the Marsal 239 00:15:35,000 --> 00:15:37,000 and Mariana Islands. 240 00:15:38,000 --> 00:15:42,000 Another year to take over the Philippines. 241 00:15:42,000 --> 00:15:46,000 And from the Philippines, the United States 242 00:15:46,000 --> 00:15:51,000 tried to take over the islands of Iwo Jima and Okinawa, 243 00:15:54,000 --> 00:15:57,000 close to the Japanese archipelago. 244 00:15:57,000 --> 00:16:02,000 The United States wanted to take Iwo Jima and Okinawa, 245 00:16:04,000 --> 00:16:09,000 which were the closest islands to the Japanese archipelago, 246 00:16:10,000 --> 00:16:14,000 because they wanted to have another naval base 247 00:16:14,000 --> 00:16:19,000 to bomb the Japanese archipelago. 248 00:16:20,000 --> 00:16:25,000 But Iwo Jima and above all, Okinawa were a bloody massacre. 249 00:16:31,000 --> 00:16:35,000 More than 200,000 soldiers died. 250 00:16:39,000 --> 00:16:42,000 And also, the Japanese didn't surrender. 251 00:16:42,000 --> 00:16:47,000 They sent their kamikazes to take over the islands 252 00:16:49,000 --> 00:16:53,000 to try to stop the United States. 253 00:16:53,000 --> 00:16:56,000 And as the Japanese didn't surrender, 254 00:16:56,000 --> 00:17:00,000 this is the moment when President Truman, 255 00:17:01,000 --> 00:17:03,000 who replaced Roosevelt in power, 256 00:17:03,000 --> 00:17:07,000 because Roosevelt died for natural reasons, 257 00:17:07,000 --> 00:17:12,000 and President Truman, his vice president replaced him. 258 00:17:13,000 --> 00:17:15,000 And when the Japanese didn't surrender, 259 00:17:15,000 --> 00:17:18,000 it was the moment when President Truman 260 00:17:18,000 --> 00:17:21,000 was convinced to use the atomic bombs. 261 00:17:24,000 --> 00:17:26,000 Because Iwo Jima and Okinawa 262 00:17:27,000 --> 00:17:30,000 were both of them a bloody massacre. 263 00:17:31,000 --> 00:17:36,000 So this is the situation on the Pacific Islands. 264 00:17:38,000 --> 00:17:43,000 So as I said before, Midway was a decisive battle 265 00:17:44,000 --> 00:17:47,000 as the battle of Alamein and Stalingrad. 266 00:17:47,000 --> 00:17:50,000 Today, we are going to explain also the battle of Alamein, 267 00:17:50,000 --> 00:17:54,000 but we are going to skip the battle of Stalingrad 268 00:17:54,000 --> 00:17:57,000 to the following class. 269 00:17:57,000 --> 00:17:59,000 We have questions. 270 00:17:59,000 --> 00:18:01,000 Alejandro first, and then Lara. 271 00:18:02,000 --> 00:18:04,000 Hey, what's the atomic bomb? 272 00:18:04,000 --> 00:18:07,000 I don't know about the geography of Japan, 273 00:18:07,000 --> 00:18:11,000 and what's the atomic bomb used in Okinawa 274 00:18:11,000 --> 00:18:15,000 and Iwo Jima or in other places? 275 00:18:15,000 --> 00:18:20,000 They use the atomic bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. 276 00:18:22,000 --> 00:18:24,000 Yeah, but Hiroshima and Nagasaki 277 00:18:24,000 --> 00:18:25,000 aren't in those areas, right? 278 00:18:27,000 --> 00:18:30,000 Yes, they are cities in the Japanese archipelago. 279 00:18:31,000 --> 00:18:35,000 Yeah, but in the areas that they were fighting in or not? 280 00:18:38,000 --> 00:18:41,000 No, no. 281 00:18:41,000 --> 00:18:46,000 The General Toho, because Yamamoto died 282 00:18:47,000 --> 00:18:51,000 during the moment when the United States 283 00:18:51,000 --> 00:18:55,000 took over Okinawa and Iwo Jima, 284 00:18:55,000 --> 00:19:00,000 decided to carry on fighting in war. 285 00:19:01,000 --> 00:19:06,000 And it was a moment when the Japanese sent the kamikazes 286 00:19:06,000 --> 00:19:09,000 against the United States. 287 00:19:09,000 --> 00:19:13,000 And Iwo Jima and Okinawa were islands 288 00:19:13,000 --> 00:19:15,000 close to the archipelago, 289 00:19:15,000 --> 00:19:18,000 but the Americans didn't manage to land 290 00:19:18,000 --> 00:19:20,000 in the Japanese archipelago. 291 00:19:22,000 --> 00:19:27,000 It took a long time to take Iwo Jima and Okinawa, 292 00:19:32,000 --> 00:19:37,000 and it was a huge effort for the Japanese 293 00:19:40,000 --> 00:19:43,000 United States to take over Iwo Jima and Okinawa. 294 00:19:43,000 --> 00:19:46,000 It was true that they were planning the landing 295 00:19:46,000 --> 00:19:48,000 in the Japanese archipelago, 296 00:19:48,000 --> 00:19:52,000 but they didn't manage to get their source. 297 00:19:52,000 --> 00:19:55,000 And it was the moment when Truman decided 298 00:19:55,000 --> 00:20:00,000 to use the atomic bomb because the Japanese 299 00:20:01,000 --> 00:20:06,000 decided to force up to the last moment, 300 00:20:06,000 --> 00:20:09,000 to carry on fighting up to the last moment. 301 00:20:09,000 --> 00:20:12,000 To fight up to the last moment, okay? 302 00:20:12,000 --> 00:20:14,000 Okay, thank you. 303 00:20:14,000 --> 00:20:16,000 More questions, Lara. 304 00:20:16,000 --> 00:20:21,000 Yeah, so in the Battle of Guadalcanal. 305 00:20:21,000 --> 00:20:22,000 Yes. 306 00:20:22,000 --> 00:20:27,000 USA won and took over Solomon Islands, right? 307 00:20:27,000 --> 00:20:31,000 Yes, actually, Guadalcanal was one of the, 308 00:20:31,000 --> 00:20:33,000 it was one of the Solomon Islands. 309 00:20:33,000 --> 00:20:37,000 Guadalcanal was another Solomon Islands. 310 00:20:37,000 --> 00:20:41,000 When they won in Guadalcanal, they took over 311 00:20:41,000 --> 00:20:44,000 not only the rest of the Solomon Islands, 312 00:20:44,000 --> 00:20:47,000 but also the important fortress of Rabaul. 313 00:20:49,000 --> 00:20:53,000 Okay, so they did that with the help of the naval base 314 00:20:53,000 --> 00:20:55,000 they did in Solomon Islands, right? 315 00:20:55,000 --> 00:20:56,000 Yes, exactly. 316 00:20:56,000 --> 00:20:59,000 Actually, when they took over the fortress of Rabaul, 317 00:20:59,000 --> 00:21:04,000 Rabaul was, after that, the main naval base 318 00:21:05,000 --> 00:21:09,000 for the United States in the Solomon Islands. 319 00:21:10,000 --> 00:21:12,000 Okay, perfect, thank you. 320 00:21:12,000 --> 00:21:13,000 More questions? 321 00:21:15,000 --> 00:21:16,000 No. 322 00:21:16,000 --> 00:21:20,000 So this is the situation on the Pacific Islands. 323 00:21:20,000 --> 00:21:24,000 And I give you the reasons that Truman had in mind 324 00:21:24,000 --> 00:21:29,000 to use the atomic weapons, the atomic bomb. 325 00:21:29,000 --> 00:21:30,000 Elena. 326 00:21:32,000 --> 00:21:33,000 Elena Salinas. 327 00:21:33,000 --> 00:21:36,000 Yes, so you said something about the purple, 328 00:21:36,000 --> 00:21:37,000 but I did not hear what you said. 329 00:21:37,000 --> 00:21:38,000 Could you- 330 00:21:38,000 --> 00:21:42,000 Okay, the purple machine, the purple machine, 331 00:21:42,000 --> 00:21:46,000 purpura, was like the NIMBA machine. 332 00:21:47,000 --> 00:21:49,000 Ah, it's the cipher to code, right? 333 00:21:49,000 --> 00:21:52,000 Yes, the Germans used the NIMBA machine 334 00:21:52,000 --> 00:21:55,000 and the Japanese used the purple machine. 335 00:21:55,000 --> 00:21:56,000 Okay, thank you. 336 00:21:56,000 --> 00:21:58,000 Which was more complicated than the NIMBA machine 337 00:21:58,000 --> 00:22:03,000 because it has a double system of cables 338 00:22:04,000 --> 00:22:07,000 and it was even more difficult than the NIMBA machine 339 00:22:07,000 --> 00:22:10,000 to decipher the codes. 340 00:22:10,000 --> 00:22:11,000 So I have a question for you, class. 341 00:22:11,000 --> 00:22:14,000 I don't understand, I don't understand, 342 00:22:14,000 --> 00:22:16,000 maybe you have the answer. 343 00:22:16,000 --> 00:22:21,000 I don't understand why if the Americans 344 00:22:21,000 --> 00:22:25,000 decipher the codes from the Japanese, 345 00:22:25,000 --> 00:22:30,000 they didn't do anything to avoid the bombing of Pearl Harbor. 346 00:22:35,000 --> 00:22:40,000 I said that the Americans deciphered the codes 347 00:22:41,000 --> 00:22:45,000 at the end of the 1941, 348 00:22:45,000 --> 00:22:47,000 and I don't understand why did the Americans, 349 00:22:47,000 --> 00:22:52,000 why didn't do anything to avoid the bombing in Pearl Harbor? 350 00:22:53,000 --> 00:22:58,000 Alejandro Loeda raised his hand before, 351 00:22:58,000 --> 00:23:01,000 then Mario, and then Alejandro Acetuno. 352 00:23:01,000 --> 00:23:02,000 Loeda, go on. 353 00:23:03,000 --> 00:23:07,000 Well, maybe it's like in the first World War 354 00:23:07,000 --> 00:23:10,000 that they needed a reason to convince the people 355 00:23:10,000 --> 00:23:11,000 to enter war. 356 00:23:12,000 --> 00:23:15,000 So they let the Japanese attack Pearl Harbor 357 00:23:15,000 --> 00:23:20,000 in order to enter the war and start fighting the Japanese. 358 00:23:21,000 --> 00:23:24,000 This is the conspiracy theory, exactly. 359 00:23:24,000 --> 00:23:27,000 And this is, no, it's true. 360 00:23:27,000 --> 00:23:32,000 It's a conspiracy theory said that the Americans 361 00:23:33,000 --> 00:23:35,000 led the Japanese to bomb the Pearl Harbor 362 00:23:35,000 --> 00:23:37,000 because they needed a purpose, 363 00:23:37,000 --> 00:23:39,000 like in the first World War 364 00:23:39,000 --> 00:23:41,000 and in other wars to be part on it. 365 00:23:42,000 --> 00:23:45,000 This is one theory. 366 00:23:45,000 --> 00:23:47,000 And could you give me other theories? 367 00:23:47,000 --> 00:23:49,000 Thank you, Alejandro. 368 00:23:51,000 --> 00:23:56,000 Mario, Mario raised his hand before, Mario. 369 00:23:57,000 --> 00:23:58,000 Can you hear me? 370 00:23:58,000 --> 00:23:59,000 Yes, perfectly. 371 00:24:02,000 --> 00:24:07,000 In order to hide that they had deciphered the codes. 372 00:24:08,000 --> 00:24:09,000 So they- 373 00:24:09,000 --> 00:24:12,000 Well done, well done, brilliant, exactly. 374 00:24:12,000 --> 00:24:14,000 It was another reason. 375 00:24:14,000 --> 00:24:18,000 Other historians said that the Americans 376 00:24:18,000 --> 00:24:23,000 didn't want to reveal that they deciphered the codes. 377 00:24:24,000 --> 00:24:27,000 Exactly, well done. 378 00:24:27,000 --> 00:24:28,000 I'm impressed. 379 00:24:29,000 --> 00:24:32,000 Both of them were really good explanations. 380 00:24:32,000 --> 00:24:34,000 And could you think in another? 381 00:24:35,000 --> 00:24:38,000 Alejandro Aceituno also raised his hand. 382 00:24:38,000 --> 00:24:42,000 I was going to say Mario. 383 00:24:42,000 --> 00:24:44,000 Okay, we're connected. 384 00:24:44,000 --> 00:24:45,000 Well done, it was true. 385 00:24:46,000 --> 00:24:51,000 And to be honest, what we know now, 386 00:24:51,000 --> 00:24:54,000 what we know now from the sources, 387 00:24:54,000 --> 00:24:59,000 it was that the Americans, the United States, 388 00:24:59,000 --> 00:25:04,000 decipher only 15% of the codes from the Japanese 389 00:25:04,000 --> 00:25:07,000 during the time of Pearl Harbor. 390 00:25:07,000 --> 00:25:12,000 However, in 1942, they were deciphering more and more codes. 391 00:25:13,000 --> 00:25:16,000 They were deciphering during the time 392 00:25:16,000 --> 00:25:18,000 of the Battle of Midway. 393 00:25:18,000 --> 00:25:23,000 They were deciphering in 1942, 45% of the codes. 394 00:25:24,000 --> 00:25:27,000 So maybe, maybe it was the reason. 395 00:25:27,000 --> 00:25:31,000 During the time of Pearl Harbor, only 15% of the codes. 396 00:25:31,000 --> 00:25:36,000 And during the time of the Battle of Midway, 45%. 397 00:25:37,000 --> 00:25:42,000 So we are going to move now to another theater of war. 398 00:25:42,000 --> 00:25:46,000 We are going to explain now what happened 399 00:25:46,000 --> 00:25:47,000 in the Mediterranean Sea. 400 00:25:47,000 --> 00:25:50,000 So let's travel to North Africa. 401 00:25:50,000 --> 00:25:55,000 We explained what happened in the Pacific Ocean. 402 00:25:55,000 --> 00:25:59,000 And now we are going to explain what happened in North Africa. 403 00:25:59,000 --> 00:26:03,000 In North Africa, the most important battle 404 00:26:03,000 --> 00:26:05,000 was the Battle of El Alamein. 405 00:26:07,000 --> 00:26:12,000 Remember that Rommel managed, together with his troops, 406 00:26:13,000 --> 00:26:16,000 the Germans managed to reach El Alamein, 407 00:26:16,000 --> 00:26:21,000 which was close to Alexandria and Cairo. 408 00:26:21,000 --> 00:26:26,000 They reached El Alamein on the 24th of October in 1942. 409 00:26:30,000 --> 00:26:34,000 They were about to conquer, to take over Egypt, 410 00:26:34,000 --> 00:26:37,000 which was the main fortress, 411 00:26:37,000 --> 00:26:41,000 which was the main fortress for the Allies, 412 00:26:41,000 --> 00:26:44,000 for the British in North Africa. 413 00:26:44,000 --> 00:26:49,000 So they reached El Alamein on the 24th of October in 1942. 414 00:26:50,000 --> 00:26:55,000 It was the strategic battle in North Africa. 415 00:26:57,000 --> 00:26:58,000 Have you seen El Alamein? 416 00:26:58,000 --> 00:27:02,000 Very close to Alexandria and Cairo. 417 00:27:02,000 --> 00:27:07,000 But the Yemen forces, Rommel and the Afrika Korps, 418 00:27:08,000 --> 00:27:10,000 lost this battle. 419 00:27:10,000 --> 00:27:14,000 They lost for two different reasons. 420 00:27:14,000 --> 00:27:19,000 One, also due to the intelligence. 421 00:27:19,000 --> 00:27:22,000 The intelligence became really, really important 422 00:27:22,000 --> 00:27:26,000 in the Battle of Midway and also in the Battle of El Alamein 423 00:27:26,000 --> 00:27:31,000 because the British, due to the ultra operation, 424 00:27:31,000 --> 00:27:35,000 as they decipher the Nima codes, 425 00:27:35,000 --> 00:27:40,000 they knew the positions of Rommel in El Alamein. 426 00:27:41,000 --> 00:27:45,000 So they got the German plans in advance 427 00:27:47,000 --> 00:27:49,000 and they knew exactly the positions 428 00:27:49,000 --> 00:27:52,000 of the German soldiers in El Alamein. 429 00:27:52,000 --> 00:27:54,000 This is one reason. 430 00:27:54,000 --> 00:27:59,000 And the other, also the British, due to the intelligence, 431 00:27:59,000 --> 00:28:03,000 knew that the Germans ran out of resources. 432 00:28:03,000 --> 00:28:05,000 They ran out of oil. 433 00:28:05,000 --> 00:28:10,000 They didn't have enough oil and petrol. 434 00:28:12,000 --> 00:28:17,000 So this information was key for General Montgomery, 435 00:28:18,000 --> 00:28:23,000 who was the leader of the British forces in El Alamein 436 00:28:23,000 --> 00:28:28,000 because Rommel was defeated in El Alamein. 437 00:28:30,000 --> 00:28:32,000 And what happened next? 438 00:28:32,000 --> 00:28:35,000 After the Battle of El Alamein, 439 00:28:35,000 --> 00:28:40,000 Rommel retreated from Egypt to Libya and then to Tunisia. 440 00:28:45,000 --> 00:28:46,000 Okay, so I will say that. 441 00:28:46,000 --> 00:28:50,000 I will say that after the Battle of El Alamein, 442 00:28:50,000 --> 00:28:53,000 which was decisive in North Africa, 443 00:28:53,000 --> 00:28:58,000 Rommel retreated from Egypt to Libya and Tunisia, 444 00:28:58,000 --> 00:29:01,000 to Libya first, then Tunisia. 445 00:29:01,000 --> 00:29:06,000 And General Montgomery, Monty, whose nickname was Monty, 446 00:29:09,000 --> 00:29:13,000 General Montgomery persecuted Rommel 447 00:29:13,000 --> 00:29:15,000 from Egypt up to Tunisia. 448 00:29:16,000 --> 00:29:20,000 And at the same time, at the same time, 449 00:29:20,000 --> 00:29:25,000 the United States prepared the landing 450 00:29:25,000 --> 00:29:30,000 of Algeria and Morocco. 451 00:29:31,000 --> 00:29:35,000 So while General Montgomery persecuted Rommel 452 00:29:35,000 --> 00:29:40,000 from Egypt to Tunisia, the United States, 453 00:29:41,000 --> 00:29:46,000 together with its allies, prepared an operation, 454 00:29:46,000 --> 00:29:49,000 which was called the Torch Operation, 455 00:29:49,000 --> 00:29:53,000 Operación Antorcha, on the 8th of November, 456 00:29:53,000 --> 00:29:57,000 on the 8th of November in 1942. 457 00:29:58,000 --> 00:30:03,000 And the United States, together with its allies, 458 00:30:04,000 --> 00:30:07,000 the French, the Free French above all, 459 00:30:07,000 --> 00:30:11,000 there were two different kinds of French armies. 460 00:30:11,000 --> 00:30:16,000 The Vichy government, which were allies of the Nazis, 461 00:30:16,000 --> 00:30:19,000 and the Free French, and the Free French, 462 00:30:19,000 --> 00:30:23,000 under the rule of General de Gaulle, 463 00:30:23,000 --> 00:30:28,000 who were allies of the United States. 464 00:30:28,000 --> 00:30:33,000 Both of them, General de Gaulle and General Eisenhower, 465 00:30:34,000 --> 00:30:39,000 were the generals who were in the Torch Operation. 466 00:30:41,000 --> 00:30:46,000 And they landed, they managed to land in Algeria, 467 00:30:46,000 --> 00:30:50,000 on the shores of Algeria, on the shores of Morocco, 468 00:30:50,000 --> 00:30:53,000 on the 8th of November in 1942. 469 00:30:54,000 --> 00:30:57,000 Torch Operation was the name. 470 00:30:57,000 --> 00:31:00,000 It was key also in North Africa. 471 00:31:00,000 --> 00:31:01,000 But we have questions. 472 00:31:01,000 --> 00:31:03,000 First, Alejandro, and then Antonio. 473 00:31:04,000 --> 00:31:05,000 Alejandro first. 474 00:31:05,000 --> 00:31:06,000 I have two questions. 475 00:31:06,000 --> 00:31:09,000 The first one is that, 476 00:31:09,000 --> 00:31:11,000 was the Torch Operation sent from Spain, 477 00:31:11,000 --> 00:31:16,000 because the arrows are coming out of Spain? 478 00:31:16,000 --> 00:31:18,000 Which I don't think so, 479 00:31:18,000 --> 00:31:19,000 because it was a fight, 480 00:31:19,000 --> 00:31:22,000 nobody had anything, right, or something like that. 481 00:31:22,000 --> 00:31:23,000 Thank you for the question. 482 00:31:23,000 --> 00:31:25,000 They used the Menorca Island, 483 00:31:25,000 --> 00:31:29,000 but the bulk, main forces, 484 00:31:29,000 --> 00:31:33,000 came from the Atlantic Ocean, okay? 485 00:31:33,000 --> 00:31:35,000 And they landed in Morocco. 486 00:31:35,000 --> 00:31:40,000 The vast majority of the American troops landed in Morocco, 487 00:31:40,000 --> 00:31:45,000 and only just a few in Algeria, okay? 488 00:31:47,000 --> 00:31:48,000 Okay. 489 00:31:49,000 --> 00:31:50,000 And it was key, this moment, 490 00:31:50,000 --> 00:31:53,000 as you said, you mentioned Spain. 491 00:31:53,000 --> 00:31:56,000 It was key, this moment in war, 492 00:31:56,000 --> 00:31:58,000 because General Frank, 493 00:31:59,000 --> 00:32:04,000 if Rommel had won in Alamein, in Egypt, 494 00:32:07,000 --> 00:32:10,000 General Franco would join their forces, 495 00:32:11,000 --> 00:32:15,000 would have joined their forces together with Hitler. 496 00:32:17,000 --> 00:32:20,000 General Franco was prepared to do that, 497 00:32:20,000 --> 00:32:23,000 not only in 1942, 498 00:32:23,000 --> 00:32:28,000 but also before, in 1940 and in 1941. 499 00:32:29,000 --> 00:32:33,000 Actually, General Franco sent several messages 500 00:32:33,000 --> 00:32:35,000 to Hitler to join this war. 501 00:32:35,000 --> 00:32:38,000 He wanted a Spanish empire in North Africa, 502 00:32:38,000 --> 00:32:42,000 but Hitler rejected his offer, 503 00:32:42,000 --> 00:32:46,000 because he knew that Spain, after the Civil War, 504 00:32:46,000 --> 00:32:49,000 wasn't prepared to fight in another war. 505 00:32:49,000 --> 00:32:53,000 Was this because the reason why he launched 506 00:32:53,000 --> 00:32:56,000 the División Azul, or not? 507 00:32:57,000 --> 00:32:59,000 No, this is another reason. 508 00:32:59,000 --> 00:33:02,000 General Franco sent the Blue Division 509 00:33:02,000 --> 00:33:05,000 to, in operation, Barbarossa, 510 00:33:05,000 --> 00:33:09,000 because Hitler helped him during the Civil War. 511 00:33:11,000 --> 00:33:15,000 It was another moment when Franco thought 512 00:33:15,000 --> 00:33:18,000 that the Axis would win this war, 513 00:33:18,000 --> 00:33:22,000 and he sent his forces to Russia 514 00:33:23,000 --> 00:33:25,000 to fight against the Soviet Union, 515 00:33:25,000 --> 00:33:27,000 because he thought that maybe the Axis 516 00:33:27,000 --> 00:33:31,000 would win this war, and after the war, 517 00:33:31,000 --> 00:33:34,000 General Franco wanted to be in the peace table 518 00:33:34,000 --> 00:33:38,000 to get more territories in North Africa, 519 00:33:38,000 --> 00:33:43,000 because General Franco was obsessed with the idea 520 00:33:44,000 --> 00:33:47,000 of getting more territories in North Africa 521 00:33:47,000 --> 00:33:52,000 to create an empire, because he made his career in Morocco. 522 00:33:52,000 --> 00:33:56,000 But it was true, and it's really important, this moment, 523 00:33:56,000 --> 00:34:01,000 because as the Americans, as the Allies knew 524 00:34:01,000 --> 00:34:05,000 that General Franco had some sympathy for Hitler, 525 00:34:07,000 --> 00:34:09,000 they warned him, they warned him, 526 00:34:09,000 --> 00:34:13,000 so as not to be involved in this torch operation, 527 00:34:13,000 --> 00:34:16,000 and the United States prepared another operation, 528 00:34:16,000 --> 00:34:19,000 which was backbone operation, 529 00:34:19,000 --> 00:34:21,000 and if Franco would join in this moment 530 00:34:22,000 --> 00:34:25,000 during the torch operation, helping the Germans, 531 00:34:25,000 --> 00:34:30,000 the Allies would invade Spain 532 00:34:30,000 --> 00:34:34,000 in order to expel General Franco from government. 533 00:34:34,000 --> 00:34:38,000 Now we know this very, very recently, 534 00:34:38,000 --> 00:34:42,000 because it was declassified, all of these sources, okay? 535 00:34:44,000 --> 00:34:45,000 Thank you for the questions. 536 00:34:46,000 --> 00:34:49,000 And do we have more questions, Antonio? 537 00:34:51,000 --> 00:34:52,000 Antonio, go on. 538 00:34:52,000 --> 00:34:57,000 Hey, you said that France was, 539 00:34:58,000 --> 00:35:00,000 that 60% of France. 540 00:35:00,000 --> 00:35:02,000 The forces of the Free France, Antonio. 541 00:35:03,000 --> 00:35:05,000 Even that, where were they? 542 00:35:06,000 --> 00:35:08,000 Ah, really good question. 543 00:35:08,000 --> 00:35:13,000 They went into exile when Nazi Germany invaded France, 544 00:35:16,000 --> 00:35:20,000 General De Gaulle, together with his forces, 545 00:35:20,000 --> 00:35:25,000 went to London, they went into exile, 546 00:35:25,000 --> 00:35:29,000 and from that moment, they began to work with the British 547 00:35:29,000 --> 00:35:33,000 together with the Americans, with the United States. 548 00:35:35,000 --> 00:35:38,000 Thank you for the question, because I didn't say that. 549 00:35:38,000 --> 00:35:40,000 Suddenly, the Free French appeared. 550 00:35:40,000 --> 00:35:42,000 It's over now. 551 00:35:42,000 --> 00:35:44,000 No, I'm going to carry on. 552 00:35:44,000 --> 00:35:45,000 Do you want to finish? 553 00:35:48,000 --> 00:35:51,000 Don't worry, Enrique, I'm recording the lesson, okay? 554 00:35:51,000 --> 00:35:52,000 You missed it, Luis. 555 00:35:52,000 --> 00:35:55,000 Yes, of course, of course. 556 00:35:55,000 --> 00:35:57,000 I'm recording the lesson for you, okay? 557 00:35:57,000 --> 00:35:58,000 Don't worry. 558 00:35:59,000 --> 00:36:02,000 So let's carry on. 559 00:36:02,000 --> 00:36:04,000 What happened next? 560 00:36:04,000 --> 00:36:09,000 So it was key in this war when the United States, 561 00:36:10,000 --> 00:36:15,000 together with the Free French, landed in North Africa. 562 00:36:15,000 --> 00:36:20,000 Actually, they received the help from General Darlan. 563 00:36:21,000 --> 00:36:26,000 General Darlan was the main general in North Africa 564 00:36:26,000 --> 00:36:28,000 to the Vichy government. 565 00:36:28,000 --> 00:36:30,000 So he was a traitor. 566 00:36:31,000 --> 00:36:35,000 He decided to change, he changed sides, 567 00:36:35,000 --> 00:36:38,000 and he became a traitor for the Vichy government 568 00:36:38,000 --> 00:36:41,000 because instead of giving his support 569 00:36:41,000 --> 00:36:43,000 to the Vichy government, 570 00:36:43,000 --> 00:36:47,000 he decided to help General Eisenhower 571 00:36:47,000 --> 00:36:49,000 and the goal in the torch operation. 572 00:36:49,000 --> 00:36:52,000 But this is only to know more. 573 00:36:52,000 --> 00:36:56,000 What is important is what appeared in the conceptual map. 574 00:36:56,000 --> 00:37:00,000 And I will say that after the Battle of El Alamein 575 00:37:01,000 --> 00:37:06,000 and the torch operation on the 8th of November in 1942, 576 00:37:07,000 --> 00:37:10,000 as you can see here on the map, 577 00:37:10,000 --> 00:37:15,000 the Germans had a war into two different fronts. 578 00:37:16,000 --> 00:37:18,000 They had two war fronts. 579 00:37:19,000 --> 00:37:22,000 So the Germans were in minority 580 00:37:22,000 --> 00:37:25,000 because the Allies controlled Morocco, Algeria, 581 00:37:25,000 --> 00:37:27,000 Libya, and Egypt. 582 00:37:27,000 --> 00:37:29,000 And this is the moment, 583 00:37:29,000 --> 00:37:34,000 this is the moment when Rommel decided to evacuate 584 00:37:35,000 --> 00:37:40,000 to leave the territory of Tunisia. 585 00:37:40,000 --> 00:37:45,000 His forces left Tunisia in the spring of 1943 586 00:37:47,000 --> 00:37:50,000 because they were isolated. 587 00:37:50,000 --> 00:37:55,000 They were isolated for the United States 588 00:37:55,000 --> 00:37:57,000 and also the British. 589 00:37:58,000 --> 00:38:02,000 So General Rommel left Tunisia, 590 00:38:02,000 --> 00:38:07,000 he moved his forces to Sicily, to Italy. 591 00:38:11,000 --> 00:38:15,000 And this is also the moment when the Allies, 592 00:38:15,000 --> 00:38:18,000 when they occupied Tunisia, 593 00:38:18,000 --> 00:38:21,000 they prepared another attack. 594 00:38:21,000 --> 00:38:26,000 They launched another attack over Sicily in July in 1943. 595 00:38:27,000 --> 00:38:32,000 So General Rommel left Tunisia in the spring of 1943. 596 00:38:36,000 --> 00:38:39,000 And when General Rommel left Tunisia, 597 00:38:39,000 --> 00:38:44,000 the Allies, the UK, and also the United States 598 00:38:45,000 --> 00:38:47,000 prepared another campaign 599 00:38:47,000 --> 00:38:52,000 and they launched another attack over Sicily in July in 1943 600 00:38:53,000 --> 00:38:57,000 because the remains of the German forces 601 00:38:57,000 --> 00:39:02,000 and Italian forces were in obviously in Italy. 602 00:39:02,000 --> 00:39:02,000 Antonio. 603 00:39:07,000 --> 00:39:08,000 Antonio. 604 00:39:11,000 --> 00:39:15,000 So when General Rommel evacuated Tunisia, 605 00:39:15,000 --> 00:39:17,000 they went to Sicily. 606 00:39:17,000 --> 00:39:19,000 Yes, exactly. 607 00:39:20,000 --> 00:39:25,000 And from Sicily to, on the southern part, 608 00:39:25,000 --> 00:39:30,000 from Sicily to the south of Italy and then to the north. 609 00:39:31,000 --> 00:39:34,000 And they settled more or less first in Rome. 610 00:39:35,000 --> 00:39:40,000 And when the Allies were persecuting him in Italy, 611 00:39:41,000 --> 00:39:43,000 they moved from Rome to the north, 612 00:39:43,000 --> 00:39:45,000 or at least it would happen. 613 00:39:45,000 --> 00:39:48,000 There was a strong fight in Monte Cassino, 614 00:39:48,000 --> 00:39:50,000 just in the middle of the Italian peninsula. 615 00:39:53,000 --> 00:39:58,000 But finally, finally, the Allies took not only Naples, 616 00:39:59,000 --> 00:40:04,000 but also Rome, and they conquered up to the north of Italy 617 00:40:04,000 --> 00:40:07,000 when the Germans established another line, 618 00:40:07,000 --> 00:40:08,000 another defensive line. 619 00:40:11,000 --> 00:40:15,000 This is what happened on the Pacific Ocean. 620 00:40:15,000 --> 00:40:18,000 This is what happened also in Italy. 621 00:40:19,000 --> 00:40:21,000 And tomorrow we are going to finish with this. 622 00:40:21,000 --> 00:40:26,000 We will explain what happened from August in 1942 623 00:40:26,000 --> 00:40:30,000 up to February in 1943.