1 00:00:01,459 --> 00:00:11,099 Okay, so today we are going to talk about fascism in Italy, we are going to talk about this political movement, how it's going to appear in Italy, and how Mussolini is going to reach power. 2 00:00:11,919 --> 00:00:26,160 But before we study how fascism is going to appear in Italy and Mussolini reaching power, what we need to see is how is Italy, the characteristics of Italy, after the First World War. 3 00:00:26,160 --> 00:00:33,539 okay so there are going to be in this post-war Italy it means after the First World War in Italy 4 00:00:33,539 --> 00:00:37,840 what we are going to find is four main characteristics the first one is really 5 00:00:37,840 --> 00:00:47,219 important in order to understand the origins of fascism okay it you know that what is nationalism 6 00:00:47,219 --> 00:00:56,460 okay we studied nationalism in the in the other term in the last term remember nationalism appeared 7 00:00:56,460 --> 00:01:03,820 in the 19th century in Europe and this national nationalism is an ideology that is going to be 8 00:01:03,820 --> 00:01:13,659 based on the existence of a nation it means a group of people and this group of people having 9 00:01:13,659 --> 00:01:19,920 in common a language having in common some cultural aspects or characteristics 10 00:01:19,920 --> 00:01:27,519 having in common a specific frontiers and to have the right to create their 11 00:01:27,519 --> 00:01:38,420 own state if you remember in 1870 Italy was unified so Italy appeared and this 12 00:01:38,420 --> 00:01:45,760 Italian unification happened due to this Italian nationalism so you need to 13 00:01:45,760 --> 00:01:49,180 understand that when we talk about Italian nationalism we talk about a 14 00:01:49,180 --> 00:01:54,180 nation it means a group of people that speak the same language Italian that 15 00:01:54,180 --> 00:02:00,319 they have some cultural aspects in common we are talking about the Italian 16 00:02:00,319 --> 00:02:05,420 Peninsula so the people living there third that they have the right to create 17 00:02:05,420 --> 00:02:11,819 their own state and they created it in 1870 but the fourth one the four characteristics of of 18 00:02:11,819 --> 00:02:19,340 nationalism is to have a specific frontiers and you need to understand that when we talk about 19 00:02:19,340 --> 00:02:26,780 the specific frontiers are frontiers that nationalism this ideology thinks they have 20 00:02:26,780 --> 00:02:35,020 the right to have it means these are some boundaries frontiers that in their imagination 21 00:02:35,020 --> 00:02:44,219 in their minds are supposed to be the natural frontiers okay of that country in this case of 22 00:02:44,219 --> 00:02:53,960 italy so the problem is when in 1870 italy was created italian nationalism wasn't uh was 23 00:02:53,960 --> 00:03:00,599 unsatisfied it means this nationalism this italian nationalism wanted a specific frontiers 24 00:03:01,400 --> 00:03:09,400 but they couldn't reach these frontiers so keep this in mind after italian unification 25 00:03:09,400 --> 00:03:16,439 italian nationalist people or italian nationalism this ideology wanted a specific frontiers from 26 00:03:16,439 --> 00:03:23,879 for italy a specific natural frontiers for italy but they couldn't get these frontiers 27 00:03:23,960 --> 00:03:38,919 So this basic idea, this basic idea related with Italian nationalism is crucial in order to understand the first characteristic about Italy after the First World War. 28 00:03:38,919 --> 00:03:50,719 the thing is Italy in the First World War in the beginning was allied with Germany and Austria-Hungary 29 00:03:50,719 --> 00:03:59,560 so it means Italy was the ally of Germany and Austria-Hungary against France, Great Britain and also Russia 30 00:03:59,560 --> 00:04:02,039 but what is going to happen? 31 00:04:02,199 --> 00:04:06,219 you know that during the First World War Italy is going to change side 32 00:04:06,219 --> 00:04:16,120 is going to abandon Germany and Austria-Hungary and is going to join the other side, the side 33 00:04:16,120 --> 00:04:21,660 formed by the Entente, France, Great Britain and Russia. 34 00:04:21,660 --> 00:04:30,180 The thing is, or the question is, why Italy in 1915 is going to change side in the First 35 00:04:30,180 --> 00:04:31,699 World War? 36 00:04:31,699 --> 00:04:39,019 The answer is easy and is related to this nationalist claim. 37 00:04:39,019 --> 00:04:46,519 It means to this nationalist claim of a specific frontiers for Italy, the natural frontiers 38 00:04:46,519 --> 00:04:48,379 for Italy. 39 00:04:48,379 --> 00:04:55,660 So the idea is France, Great Britain and Italy are going to sign the Treaty of London. 40 00:04:55,660 --> 00:05:07,160 Based on this treaty, Italy, if they won the war against Germany and Austria-Hungary, will obtain those boundaries. 41 00:05:07,459 --> 00:05:21,720 The problem is, after the war, Italy is going to obtain some territories, but not all the territories the nationalist Italians are going to claim for. 42 00:05:22,360 --> 00:05:24,060 So let's check these maps. 43 00:05:24,060 --> 00:05:31,019 This brown territory is Italy before the First World War 44 00:05:31,019 --> 00:05:36,740 After the First World War, Italy is going to acquire this territory and this territory 45 00:05:36,740 --> 00:05:38,600 It means Istria and Trentino 46 00:05:38,600 --> 00:05:52,519 But these territories are not the only ones demanded by Italian nationalism in the Treaty of London 47 00:05:52,519 --> 00:06:10,519 So the idea is they were asking not only for Istria and Trentino, these regions here, but all these regions, all these territories in green, especially this region, Dalmatia, with this city, Fiume. 48 00:06:10,519 --> 00:06:33,319 So the idea is that Italian nationalism was claiming for new territories in order to have the natural boundaries they were asking since the very beginning, since 1870, when Italy was created. 49 00:06:33,319 --> 00:06:37,660 Okay, so they are going to change side during the First World War 50 00:06:38,480 --> 00:06:44,019 Signing this treaty the Treaty of London in order to obtain all these territories 51 00:06:44,540 --> 00:06:50,560 Not only Istria and Trentino, but also Dalmatia with Fiume and these other regions 52 00:06:50,839 --> 00:06:57,759 What is the problem after the First World War Italy is not going to obtain all the territories is going to obtain 53 00:06:58,220 --> 00:06:59,639 Trentino and Istria 54 00:06:59,639 --> 00:07:20,540 but they are not going to acquire Dalmatia and Fiume, that they were the most important territories for them, okay, also these other territories, but these were specifically the most important for them, okay, so that's why this is the first characteristic of Italy after the First World War, 55 00:07:20,540 --> 00:07:24,839 that there is a disappointment inside the Italian nationalism 56 00:07:24,839 --> 00:07:30,720 because in the peace agreements they are not going to acquire all the territories 57 00:07:30,720 --> 00:07:34,860 the Treaty of London established for Italy after the war. 58 00:07:35,279 --> 00:07:40,420 It means in the peace agreements Italy is going to obtain these two territories 59 00:07:40,420 --> 00:07:43,839 but it's not going to obtain all the other territories 60 00:07:43,839 --> 00:07:47,980 that the nationalists have been claiming since 1870. 61 00:07:47,980 --> 00:07:53,199 so that's why they changed sides during the First World War because Italian 62 00:07:53,199 --> 00:07:57,519 nationalists were saying okay this is the moment we are going to acquire these 63 00:07:57,519 --> 00:08:05,420 territories that we have been claiming as our natural boundaries since 1870 the 64 00:08:05,420 --> 00:08:10,079 problem is they are not going to get all these territories what is going what is 65 00:08:10,079 --> 00:08:15,040 going to happen or why is important to know that they are going to obtain only 66 00:08:15,040 --> 00:08:20,199 these two territories are not all the territories they were claiming in the 67 00:08:20,199 --> 00:08:27,360 Treaty of London because this is one of the reasons why nationalist people or 68 00:08:27,360 --> 00:08:34,100 Italian nationalist people is going to support fascism because fascism is going 69 00:08:34,100 --> 00:08:42,279 to claim to create a huge state a huge Italy a big Italy okay a great Italy 70 00:08:42,279 --> 00:08:51,039 ok remember that the the the the slogan of Trump make America great again so the 71 00:08:51,039 --> 00:08:56,320 idea is they want to create a great Italy and in order to do that they need 72 00:08:56,320 --> 00:09:00,940 these territories because these are the natural frontiers of Italy they are 73 00:09:00,940 --> 00:09:07,240 going to say that their nationalism is based on these frontiers ok so in the 74 00:09:07,240 --> 00:09:10,539 First World War they change side in order to obtain these territories but 75 00:09:10,539 --> 00:09:15,820 they are going to obtain only these two territories okay this is the first 76 00:09:15,820 --> 00:09:20,200 characteristic of Italy after the First World War and this is really important 77 00:09:20,200 --> 00:09:24,500 please keep this in mind that Italian nationalism is claiming for new 78 00:09:24,500 --> 00:09:28,600 territories they were supposed to obtain these territories after the First World 79 00:09:28,600 --> 00:09:35,659 War but they obtained only a few of them not all of them second Italy is going to 80 00:09:35,659 --> 00:09:40,120 be characterized by a political instability it means they are going to 81 00:09:40,120 --> 00:09:45,679 have for example five different governments in just three years okay so 82 00:09:45,679 --> 00:09:52,879 from 1919 till 1922 five different governments so it means the democracy in 83 00:09:52,879 --> 00:10:03,220 Italy is unstable okay is not balanced okay is not giving stability to the to 84 00:10:03,220 --> 00:10:08,919 the to the country so the idea is Italy was characterized not only by this 85 00:10:08,919 --> 00:10:13,840 nationalism claiming for these territories and being against these 86 00:10:13,840 --> 00:10:18,519 peace agreements after the First World War but also there is a political 87 00:10:18,519 --> 00:10:22,960 instability because we are going to have a lot of different governments in a few 88 00:10:22,960 --> 00:10:30,100 in a few years okay the third characteristic is human the human and 89 00:10:30,100 --> 00:10:34,399 economic consequences of the First World War Italy is going to participate in 90 00:10:34,399 --> 00:10:40,720 this First World War and it's going to have a around 700,000 casualties it 91 00:10:40,720 --> 00:10:48,639 means dead people okay also as there were battles in Italian territory 92 00:10:48,639 --> 00:10:52,779 industries part of the industry so some industries are going to be destroyed 93 00:10:52,779 --> 00:10:59,399 okay and also they are going to have a high foreign debt what is the meaning of 94 00:10:59,399 --> 00:11:02,600 these three things okay human and economic consequences the 95 00:11:02,600 --> 00:11:08,360 First World War 700,000 casualties easy to understand we are going to have a lot 96 00:11:08,360 --> 00:11:12,980 of dead people second industries are going to be destroyed thanks to the 97 00:11:12,980 --> 00:11:19,080 battles so we cannot produce in the same level as we were doing before the First 98 00:11:19,080 --> 00:11:26,480 World War so this is an unimportant economic problem okay the last one is 99 00:11:26,480 --> 00:11:34,000 is the high foreign debt so the thing is during the first world war italy is going to ask for 100 00:11:34,000 --> 00:11:40,799 loans it's going to ask for money to different banks but they are going to be foreign banks or 101 00:11:40,799 --> 00:11:47,279 foreign governments the problem is after the first world war they need to give back this money 102 00:11:47,279 --> 00:11:54,000 and if we add that we have said that they had 700 000 casualties and also the industries were 103 00:11:54,000 --> 00:12:02,700 almost destroyed in most cases so they have no possibility to give back this money the economy 104 00:12:02,700 --> 00:12:11,580 is not going to grow and they have lost a lot of human lives so what is going to cause all this 105 00:12:11,580 --> 00:12:18,100 characteristic all this economic crisis and demographic crisis is going to cause that the 106 00:12:18,100 --> 00:12:24,580 cost of living rose or is going to rise it means that everything is going to be more expensive 107 00:12:24,580 --> 00:12:31,600 after the first world war because we are producing less so we have remember the law of offer and 108 00:12:31,600 --> 00:12:38,340 demand if the offer is low and the demand is high the prices are going to increase so the cost of 109 00:12:38,340 --> 00:12:46,740 living is going to rise second low wages it means low salaries we are not producing that much the 110 00:12:46,740 --> 00:12:53,120 Companies are not getting that much profit. So the wages the salaries are going to be low 111 00:12:53,639 --> 00:12:55,639 Okay, and finally 112 00:12:55,860 --> 00:13:01,700 Unemployment is going to keep growing. Okay, so the idea is the economic and social 113 00:13:02,460 --> 00:13:07,100 Situation is really difficult. We are going to have a lot of the people 114 00:13:07,440 --> 00:13:09,879 We are going to have destroy industry 115 00:13:09,879 --> 00:13:14,320 So the production is going to decrease industrial production is going to decrease and also 116 00:13:14,320 --> 00:13:19,120 Italy is going to have a high foreign debt it's going to have a high foreign 117 00:13:19,120 --> 00:13:23,559 debt because they were asking for money in order to keep fighting during the 118 00:13:23,559 --> 00:13:28,299 First World War so thanks to that now after the war they need to pay back this 119 00:13:28,299 --> 00:13:34,759 money what is going what are which are the consequences of these of these 120 00:13:34,759 --> 00:13:39,879 characteristics that the cost of living is going to rise it means the things the 121 00:13:39,879 --> 00:13:44,799 products we are going to buy they are going to buy are more expensive second 122 00:13:44,799 --> 00:13:48,580 the salaries are going to be lower because these industries are not getting 123 00:13:48,580 --> 00:13:53,440 that much profit and also the unemployment is going to start rising 124 00:13:53,440 --> 00:14:01,419 okay there is no a job for everyone so unemployment is going to keep growing so 125 00:14:01,419 --> 00:14:10,000 let's check some data for example this chart is showing you the amount of 126 00:14:10,000 --> 00:14:15,759 people that in the First World War related with the countries of the 127 00:14:15,759 --> 00:14:21,700 Entente if you check the Russian Empire is going to look is going to suffer the 128 00:14:21,700 --> 00:14:27,340 30 percent of the casualties are going to be Russian the 25 percent French the 129 00:14:27,340 --> 00:14:35,659 16% British and a 12% are going to be Italians so is a high percentage second 130 00:14:35,659 --> 00:14:41,500 if we check the prices of the food and clothes before the war and this is 131 00:14:41,500 --> 00:14:46,580 during the war and after the war check imagine the food the price of the food 132 00:14:46,580 --> 00:14:53,740 is hundred during in 1913 so imagine the food and the clothes are going to have a 133 00:14:53,740 --> 00:15:00,820 a specific price in 1913 that is why is written hundred here so we are going to 134 00:15:00,820 --> 00:15:08,240 see with reference to this to this I will say it with reference to these 135 00:15:08,240 --> 00:15:13,860 prices how they are going to decrease or how they are going to increase if you 136 00:15:13,860 --> 00:15:22,600 check food in 1913 is food sorry in 1921 is going to be more than four times the 137 00:15:22,600 --> 00:15:31,000 price of 1913 while when we talk about clothes the clothes in 1921 are going to 138 00:15:31,000 --> 00:15:39,639 be almost seven times more expensive than in 1913 so if you check the price 139 00:15:39,639 --> 00:15:43,899 the prices of clothes and food well in case of food they are going to decrease 140 00:15:43,899 --> 00:15:49,100 in 1914 but after that is increase increase increase increase increase and 141 00:15:49,100 --> 00:15:54,679 continue increasing due to these characteristics due to the people there 142 00:15:54,679 --> 00:16:00,860 due to the industry destroyed and due to the foreign debt that they need to pay 143 00:16:00,860 --> 00:16:05,360 back so the idea with clothes the clothes are going to be more expensive 144 00:16:05,360 --> 00:16:12,320 since the very beginning in 1914 they are a 11.1 points and more expensive in 145 00:16:12,320 --> 00:16:19,519 the next one is 18.6 and show on until we reach this a this number that is 146 00:16:19,519 --> 00:16:25,940 going to be 19 in 1921 is almost seven times more expensive the clothes that 147 00:16:25,940 --> 00:16:33,299 rather in comparison with a 1913 prices so what you are going to see or you can 148 00:16:33,299 --> 00:16:40,919 check in 1920 is almost a 100% more expensive okay almost 10 sorry a almost 149 00:16:40,919 --> 00:16:46,379 ten times more expensive so the idea is the food and the clothes are going to be 150 00:16:46,379 --> 00:16:51,539 more expensive during the First World War and after the war because of the 151 00:16:51,539 --> 00:16:56,159 reason they need to pay this foreign debt and the industries were destroyed 152 00:16:56,159 --> 00:17:02,519 this is going to affect to the cost of living of living that means that is 153 00:17:02,519 --> 00:17:09,059 going to increase there are going to be a low wages low wages it means low 154 00:17:09,059 --> 00:17:13,980 salaries and unemployment is going to grow, so people cannot buy. If you relate 155 00:17:13,980 --> 00:17:20,279 these ideas with the crisis in 1929 you'll understand why they are having 156 00:17:20,279 --> 00:17:25,140 these economic problems. So these are the three characteristics. The 157 00:17:25,140 --> 00:17:31,339 disappointment of Italian nationalism with the peace agreements because of the 158 00:17:31,339 --> 00:17:34,819 territories they are not going to acquire and they were granted in the 159 00:17:34,819 --> 00:17:39,319 Treaty of London. Second, political instability and we need to add them the 160 00:17:39,319 --> 00:17:44,819 economic and demographic crisis. 700,000 casualties and industries destroyed, 161 00:17:44,819 --> 00:17:52,500 foreign debt that is going to cause a cost living rose or that is going to 162 00:17:52,500 --> 00:17:58,670 rise, low wages and unemployment. The fourth characteristic is there is going 163 00:17:58,670 --> 00:18:05,109 to be a great social tension but this characteristic is not only is not going 164 00:18:05,109 --> 00:18:12,589 be just for Italy is going to be for Germany is going to be for and I will 165 00:18:12,589 --> 00:18:18,609 say for Austria etc all these all these countries that they have participated in 166 00:18:18,609 --> 00:18:24,829 the First World War why we are going to have this great social tension okay we 167 00:18:24,829 --> 00:18:29,890 are going to have workers strikes and farmers are going to occupy the lands 168 00:18:29,890 --> 00:18:33,849 and workers are going to control the factories why we are going to have this 169 00:18:33,849 --> 00:18:38,529 strikes, these demonstrations, these revolutionary movements. We are going to 170 00:18:38,529 --> 00:18:42,789 have all these revolutionary movements because of two main reasons. The first 171 00:18:42,789 --> 00:18:47,410 one is because of the economic and social situation. If the industry has 172 00:18:47,410 --> 00:18:52,690 been destroyed, if we have this debt, if we have low salaries, if unemployment is 173 00:18:52,690 --> 00:18:58,569 increasing and the cost of living is more expensive now than ever, of course 174 00:18:58,569 --> 00:19:03,609 there are going to be strikes saying okay we want higher salaries, we want to 175 00:19:03,609 --> 00:19:10,549 be to be employed what we want is to have the cost of living to decrease okay 176 00:19:10,549 --> 00:19:15,670 so that the farmers are going to occupy lands because they do not want to suffer 177 00:19:15,670 --> 00:19:21,650 famine the workers are going to size are going to control or size it is the same 178 00:19:21,650 --> 00:19:29,009 the same meaning the factories in order to produce and control the production 179 00:19:29,009 --> 00:19:37,509 and also the profit okay so the idea is we are going to have excuse me we are going to have 180 00:19:37,509 --> 00:19:45,990 this great social tension because of this social and economic problems the second reason we are 181 00:19:45,990 --> 00:19:54,930 going to have this great social tension is because of the Russian Revolution remember the Russian 182 00:19:54,930 --> 00:20:01,349 revolution has succeeded in 1917 okay and this Russian Revolution has proved 183 00:20:01,349 --> 00:20:06,710 that the revolution is possible so all these people all these socialists or 184 00:20:06,710 --> 00:20:11,430 communists in Italy wants the revolution in order to establish a communist 185 00:20:11,430 --> 00:20:18,150 country as Russians has done or have done so the idea is we are going to have 186 00:20:18,150 --> 00:20:23,430 the social tension because of the the social conditions that they are going to 187 00:20:23,430 --> 00:20:28,529 be worse than before the First World War okay so the farmers are going to occupy 188 00:20:28,529 --> 00:20:33,269 the lands and the workers are going to size the factory they are going to 189 00:20:33,269 --> 00:20:37,410 control the factories and the second reason is because of the Russian 190 00:20:37,410 --> 00:20:42,950 Revolution the Russian Revolution is an example for the socialist and the 191 00:20:42,950 --> 00:20:50,789 communist Italians so as is an example they want to establish a communist 192 00:20:50,789 --> 00:20:59,750 country in Italy okay they want to carry out a communist revolution in Italy 193 00:20:59,750 --> 00:21:06,190 along with these workers strikes we are going to have the conservative reaction 194 00:21:06,190 --> 00:21:11,269 it means the conservative class is in the people with money the landowners 195 00:21:11,269 --> 00:21:17,490 okay that they are losing their lands because the farmers are occupying them 196 00:21:17,490 --> 00:21:21,329 or the bourgeoisie that control the factory that they are looking at the 197 00:21:21,329 --> 00:21:24,809 workers that they are controlling the factories because they are rebelling and 198 00:21:24,809 --> 00:21:31,009 controlling the factories are going to fear a workers revolution they do not 199 00:21:31,009 --> 00:21:37,569 want a communist revolution in Italy so these conservative classes that they do 200 00:21:37,569 --> 00:21:43,450 not want this revolution they are going to support a specific group of people a 201 00:21:43,450 --> 00:22:07,730 A group of people that is going to be in favor of Italian nationalism, that is going to be strong enough to end with the political instability, and is going to promise to change the economic and social situation, to develop and improve the economic and social situation. 202 00:22:07,730 --> 00:22:16,670 this group is going to be fascism fascism was created this ideology and this political and 203 00:22:16,670 --> 00:22:23,130 social movement was created by benito mussolini so these conservative classes the ones with money 204 00:22:23,130 --> 00:22:31,609 are going to support fascism in order to do what to stop the workers revolution in order to kill 205 00:22:31,609 --> 00:22:41,190 them so they are going to pay these fascists these people in order to attack the workers that they 206 00:22:41,190 --> 00:22:45,769 are in a strike so they are carrying out a demonstration to attack the farmers that they 207 00:22:45,769 --> 00:22:52,430 are occupying the lands or the workers controlling the factories okay so it's like the conservative 208 00:22:52,430 --> 00:22:58,930 classes are paying someone in order to end with these people because the farmers are occupying 209 00:22:58,930 --> 00:23:04,329 the lands of the landowners and the workers the factories of the bourgeoisie also they are going 210 00:23:04,329 --> 00:23:10,710 to support the fastest or the fastest people because they are italian nationalists so they 211 00:23:10,710 --> 00:23:15,250 are in favor they are against these peace agreements and in favor of acquiring these 212 00:23:15,250 --> 00:23:23,170 territories because they promise a political stability a strong government and also because 213 00:23:23,170 --> 00:23:29,750 Because they are going to promise to solve the industrial problems and to end with the foreign debt. 214 00:23:31,029 --> 00:23:35,609 So these are the four main characteristics of Italy before or after the war. 215 00:23:35,769 --> 00:23:44,970 It means post-war Italy and they are going to explain or these are the basis of fascism reaching power in Italy. 216 00:23:45,329 --> 00:23:53,980 So let's see how fascism is going to rise power or is going to size power in Italy. 217 00:23:53,980 --> 00:24:01,660 The first thing you need to know is that Benito Mussolini created the Fasti di Combattimento in 1919 218 00:24:01,660 --> 00:24:04,160 Los Fastios de Combate 219 00:24:04,160 --> 00:24:05,839 ¿Qué quiere decir esto? 220 00:24:05,839 --> 00:24:11,799 He is going to create a group called Fasti di Combattimento 221 00:24:11,799 --> 00:24:15,019 That they are a paramilitary group 222 00:24:15,019 --> 00:24:16,980 What means paramilitary? 223 00:24:17,380 --> 00:24:21,440 Means people with guns, with weapons 224 00:24:21,440 --> 00:24:23,759 That they are not military 225 00:24:23,759 --> 00:24:31,920 but they are going to act that they as they were in the army okay this name the 226 00:24:31,920 --> 00:24:37,000 name of these paramilitary groups are the black shirts and what they are going 227 00:24:37,000 --> 00:24:42,119 to fight we are going to do is to fight against this labor movement using 228 00:24:42,119 --> 00:24:48,779 violence so remember the people with money the landowners the bourgeoisie is 229 00:24:48,779 --> 00:24:54,359 going to pay this fasti di combattimento in order to use violence against the 230 00:24:54,359 --> 00:24:58,720 labor movement against the strikes against the demonstration against 231 00:24:58,720 --> 00:25:05,519 socialist or communist politicians okay why Benito Mussolini is going to create 232 00:25:05,519 --> 00:25:12,019 this a group of people because he he wants to gather all these people that 233 00:25:12,019 --> 00:25:17,279 they are Italian nationalists that they are against this labor movement that 234 00:25:17,279 --> 00:25:25,220 they have an idea of how to create a great Italy to make Italy great again 235 00:25:25,220 --> 00:25:31,140 okay but because they are going to look back to the Roman Empire and they are 236 00:25:31,140 --> 00:25:35,220 going to try to create another Roman Empire they are going to say okay we are 237 00:25:35,220 --> 00:25:41,400 going to make Italy great again we we must remember the Roman Empire and we 238 00:25:41,400 --> 00:25:49,259 are we are Romans we are still Romans we can fight and create again an empire so 239 00:25:49,259 --> 00:25:53,819 the idea is this FACI the combative mental are disparate paramilitary group 240 00:25:53,819 --> 00:25:59,779 grupos paramilitares paramilitar quiere decir eso tienen armas no son militares 241 00:25:59,779 --> 00:26:05,920 pero actúan como tales okay they are not legal groups they and they were 242 00:26:05,920 --> 00:26:09,720 called black shirts why they are going to be called this way okay let's see 243 00:26:09,720 --> 00:26:16,259 first Mussolini here is Benito Mussolini as you can see he's dressed up as an as 244 00:26:16,259 --> 00:26:22,440 a general and here are the black shirts they are going to be called black shirts 245 00:26:22,440 --> 00:26:29,519 because they are wearing black shirts okay if you see all of them are dressed 246 00:26:29,519 --> 00:26:36,220 up as military people military people and they were wearing these specific 247 00:26:36,220 --> 00:26:43,259 has that they are from the army the Italian army and they are all young people okay so these are 248 00:26:43,259 --> 00:26:49,200 people that they are in favor of Italian nationalism that they could die for Italy 249 00:26:49,200 --> 00:26:56,779 in order to make Italy as I said great again okay and that they are going to have a specific 250 00:26:56,779 --> 00:27:04,920 idea of how to solve the problems in Italy that means an authoritarian regime it means no democracy 251 00:27:04,920 --> 00:27:11,440 and to use violence in order to end with the labor movement. 252 00:27:12,680 --> 00:27:16,420 Why these fastidio combatimento are going to survive? 253 00:27:16,980 --> 00:27:21,319 Because the people with money, landowners and the bourgeoisie 254 00:27:21,319 --> 00:27:26,519 is going to pay them in order to fight against the labor movement. 255 00:27:27,400 --> 00:27:29,400 So they are going to appear in 1919. 256 00:27:29,400 --> 00:27:39,799 From 1919 till 1921 these are the worst years of fascism, of Benito Mussolini, he has not 257 00:27:39,799 --> 00:27:48,700 that much money, he has created these groups but they are a minority, but in 1921 as money 258 00:27:48,700 --> 00:27:56,299 from the bourgeoisie and also the landowners is coming to Benito Mussolini and is paying 259 00:27:56,299 --> 00:28:03,099 the fasti di combattimento they are going to turn into a political party and this political party 260 00:28:03,099 --> 00:28:10,640 is going to call national remember nationalism national fastest party and we are going to see 261 00:28:10,640 --> 00:28:17,119 now the goals of this national fastest party so the idea is in the beginning they were just 262 00:28:17,119 --> 00:28:23,299 paramilitary groups they were called fasti di combattimento they were just paramilitary groups 263 00:28:23,299 --> 00:28:29,220 Their goal to use violence against the labor movement in favor of whom? 264 00:28:29,299 --> 00:28:33,039 In favor of the bourgeoisie and in favor of the landowners 265 00:28:33,740 --> 00:28:36,420 In 1821 they turn into a party 266 00:28:36,420 --> 00:28:44,819 They are strong enough in order to be a party a political party and to try to win a political elections 267 00:28:45,299 --> 00:28:48,460 So this national fascist party has these goals 268 00:28:48,980 --> 00:28:53,019 First to stop the revolution. Well, this is the first goal they had right? 269 00:28:53,299 --> 00:28:58,299 to stop, to avoid a communist or a socialist revolution. 270 00:28:59,460 --> 00:29:02,920 Second, they want to build a stronger state 271 00:29:02,920 --> 00:29:04,920 to protect private property. 272 00:29:04,920 --> 00:29:09,039 Remember, they want to make Italy great again. 273 00:29:09,039 --> 00:29:13,019 They want a stronger state that is going to control Italy 274 00:29:13,019 --> 00:29:16,019 and is going to make Italy strong enough 275 00:29:16,019 --> 00:29:18,180 to fight the other countries. 276 00:29:18,180 --> 00:29:22,480 And also, what they want is to protect private property. 277 00:29:22,480 --> 00:29:28,799 Why they want to protect private property? Because the people that they are paying this 278 00:29:28,799 --> 00:29:34,640 fastidio combatimento are the people that they want their private property to be protected. 279 00:29:35,279 --> 00:29:43,759 Remember, private property was criticized by Marxism, which means socialism and communism. 280 00:29:45,039 --> 00:29:52,160 So, of course, fascism cannot be in favor of this, cannot be against private property. 281 00:29:52,160 --> 00:29:58,799 they must be in favor of private property and they are also in favor of private property because 282 00:29:58,799 --> 00:30:08,160 is the bourgeoisie and is the uh not only the bourgeoisie but the the landlords the the land 283 00:30:08,160 --> 00:30:13,599 owners the ones that they are going to pay them in order to end with the labor movement thanks to 284 00:30:13,599 --> 00:30:20,000 that money the the this fastidio combatimento has grown enough to create a political party 285 00:30:20,000 --> 00:30:28,339 which is the other characteristic the expansionist foreign policy as I said they want to rebuild to 286 00:30:28,339 --> 00:30:37,519 create again the Roman Empire so these in red are the territories of Italy these are the different 287 00:30:37,519 --> 00:30:45,259 the different colonies and during the First World War Italy is going to start expanding to Dalmatia 288 00:30:45,259 --> 00:30:52,619 Do you remember these territories that the nationalism, the Italian nationalism was claiming in the Treaty of London? 289 00:30:52,920 --> 00:31:05,319 So they are going to expand and conquer the territories that they thought the Italian nationalism thought are the natural boundaries of Italy. 290 00:31:06,059 --> 00:31:11,039 So the idea is during the First World War, they are going to take advantage of the situation and expand. 291 00:31:11,039 --> 00:31:20,140 conquer greece conquer part of creta they are going to conquer the dalmatian coast part of 292 00:31:20,140 --> 00:31:27,920 savoy and french territory corsica tunisia part of egypt and also these territories that they are 293 00:31:27,920 --> 00:31:35,119 that they are part of sudan the the british part of the british empire and the french the the 294 00:31:35,119 --> 00:31:41,480 Somalia, okay? So the idea is they have these three goals to stop the 295 00:31:41,480 --> 00:31:46,400 revolution, it means the communist or socialist revolution, to build a strong 296 00:31:46,400 --> 00:31:50,839 state to protect the private property, because remember who is paying them, the 297 00:31:50,839 --> 00:31:55,160 rich people, and expansionist foreign policy, because they are 298 00:31:55,160 --> 00:32:01,039 nationalists, so they want the natural frontiers of Italy, they are not going to 299 00:32:01,039 --> 00:32:08,880 accept the frontiers obtained after the first world war so remember what they want is this 300 00:32:09,599 --> 00:32:17,839 to create again the roman empire of course they know that is not going to be possible to conquer 301 00:32:17,839 --> 00:32:25,039 all these territories but this is what they want at least their ideals not what they are going to 302 00:32:25,039 --> 00:32:30,319 get but the ideas if you check they have conquered all this coast so they are conquered all this 303 00:32:30,319 --> 00:32:36,140 coast and they have a span to the west okay and conquer part of Savoy and 304 00:32:36,140 --> 00:32:42,500 French territories and Corsica so they were creating their own Empire at least 305 00:32:42,500 --> 00:32:47,359 during the Second World War they are going to fail but they want it or this 306 00:32:47,359 --> 00:32:53,839 is one of the basis of Italian fascism so what is going to happen 307 00:32:53,839 --> 00:32:59,599 oh no what you're going to happen who is going to support this political party so 308 00:32:59,599 --> 00:33:03,799 as you can see there is young people so what we are going to have is the petty 309 00:33:03,799 --> 00:33:09,259 bourgeoisie it means those the bourgeoisie that they have the worst 310 00:33:09,259 --> 00:33:14,859 living conditions the Catholic Church remember socialism and communism was 311 00:33:14,859 --> 00:33:19,700 against the church so the Catholic people the Catholic Church is going to 312 00:33:19,700 --> 00:33:25,880 support nationalism fascism the petty bourgeoisie that they are in a bad 313 00:33:25,880 --> 00:33:33,220 social and economic condition are going to support of also fascism the King 314 00:33:33,220 --> 00:33:38,099 Victor Manuel the third is going to support also fascism here is Victor 315 00:33:38,099 --> 00:33:46,980 Manuel and finally the agricultural and industrial land owners it means the 316 00:33:46,980 --> 00:33:51,500 rich people the landowners the ones that they are controlling most of the lands 317 00:33:51,500 --> 00:33:55,980 the land that they are controlling the different factories so who is supporting 318 00:33:55,980 --> 00:34:03,140 the the fastest the national fastest party the catholic church because the catholic church is 319 00:34:03,140 --> 00:34:10,539 going to be threatened amenazada by the the communist and socialist revolution the petty 320 00:34:10,539 --> 00:34:16,300 bourgeoisie and the agricultural land owners that they feel that they are threatened also by the 321 00:34:16,300 --> 00:34:23,239 revolution the labor revolution because this petty bourgeoisie cannot fight against the trade unions 322 00:34:23,239 --> 00:34:30,280 etc and the king victor manuel the third because he knows that if a revolution a communist revolution 323 00:34:30,280 --> 00:34:38,659 breaks out in italy maybe he is going to be executed as nicolas segundo in russia so these 324 00:34:38,659 --> 00:34:43,440 are the supporters of fascism and they are supporting fascism in the beginning because 325 00:34:43,440 --> 00:34:50,300 they want them to fight the labor movement but as time goes on also this nationalism is going to be 326 00:34:50,300 --> 00:34:58,340 part of the reasons why they are going to support the party and also the protection 327 00:34:58,340 --> 00:35:01,380 of the private. 328 00:35:01,380 --> 00:35:02,380 So what is going to happen? 329 00:35:02,380 --> 00:35:08,699 In 1922 there are going to be elections, the National Fascist Party is going to participate 330 00:35:08,699 --> 00:35:13,699 in this election and it's going to get 22 deputies out of 500. 331 00:35:13,699 --> 00:35:19,539 So they get a minority, a tiny minority of the Parliament. 332 00:35:19,539 --> 00:35:25,539 what is going to happen how how if they had just 22 deputies are going to reach 333 00:35:25,539 --> 00:35:31,400 power why why and how they are going to reach power okay the problem is this 334 00:35:31,400 --> 00:35:38,599 what we are going to see in Italy is weak governments okay the situation the 335 00:35:38,599 --> 00:35:44,679 economic and social situation is is even worse than in 1919 it means the prices 336 00:35:44,679 --> 00:35:51,480 the living costs are really high remember that they need to pay the foreign debt okay that the 337 00:35:51,480 --> 00:35:58,199 industry has not recovered yet okay so the economic situation is really bad and also the social 338 00:35:58,199 --> 00:36:04,179 situation we are going to have these general strikes they are demanding what better salaries 339 00:36:04,179 --> 00:36:10,519 okay they want to control the factories they want to control the land okay so what we are going to 340 00:36:10,519 --> 00:36:17,539 have is these general strikes, huelgas generales carried out by socialists and anarchist unions, 341 00:36:17,780 --> 00:36:24,820 it means trade unions, sindicatos, okay, and also these weak governments. What is going to happen? 342 00:36:24,820 --> 00:36:32,460 Mussolini is going to say this is not possible, okay, this is not possible, we must make Italy 343 00:36:32,460 --> 00:36:39,619 great again, we have weak governments, they are not controlling the situation, we are having these 344 00:36:39,619 --> 00:36:45,099 general strikes carried out by socialist and anarchist unions they are going to finally reach 345 00:36:45,099 --> 00:36:52,380 power and they are going to carry out this socialist or communist revolution so Mussolini 346 00:36:52,380 --> 00:37:01,460 is going to demand to be called to govern even when he has only 22 deputies he said I'm the only 347 00:37:01,460 --> 00:37:07,940 one that can save the situation that can change the situation that can control the situation 348 00:37:07,940 --> 00:37:15,159 so he's going to demand the government to someone the unique person that can give the power to 349 00:37:15,159 --> 00:37:23,800 Mussolini because he has only 22 deputies this person is Victor Manuel III Victor Manuel III 350 00:37:23,800 --> 00:37:30,699 so how Mussolini is going to get the power because Victor Manuel III is going to give the power to 351 00:37:30,699 --> 00:37:36,820 Mussolini but not in the beginning okay Victor Manuel is not going to be sure to give the power 352 00:37:36,820 --> 00:37:41,739 to Mussolini he understand that he has weak governments he understand that the 353 00:37:41,739 --> 00:37:46,360 social situation is not good that these general strikes are a threatened and 354 00:37:46,360 --> 00:37:54,059 maybe he is going to lost or lose the power so Mussolini is going to take 355 00:37:54,059 --> 00:38:02,280 action and is going to do this is going to do the March on Rome in October 1922 356 00:38:02,280 --> 00:38:14,500 What is the march on Rome? It is just a demonstration in the streets of Rome of 300,000 black shirts. 357 00:38:15,500 --> 00:38:28,760 And these people, along with part of the Italian army, are going to call, are going to demand to Victor Manuel III to give the power to Mussolini. 358 00:38:28,760 --> 00:38:44,099 Es lo que en español diríamos una demostración de fuerza, que quiere decir, oye, Víctor Manuel, yo, Mussolini, tengo 300.000 camisas negras y parte del ejército de mi lado, apóyame y soluciono la situación. 359 00:38:44,099 --> 00:38:49,000 So the king is going to call Mussolini to govern the country 360 00:38:49,000 --> 00:38:54,039 So that's why in 1922 Mussolini is going to reach power 361 00:38:54,039 --> 00:38:58,119 Because Victor Manuel III is going to give him the power 362 00:38:58,119 --> 00:39:02,579 But he's going to give him the power after this march on Rome 363 00:39:02,579 --> 00:39:03,980 Let's see a picture 364 00:39:03,980 --> 00:39:05,699 You see Mussolini 365 00:39:05,699 --> 00:39:09,480 You see everyone has the black shirts 366 00:39:09,480 --> 00:39:10,699 Because they are black shirts 367 00:39:10,699 --> 00:39:12,980 Remember they are 300,000 368 00:39:12,980 --> 00:39:22,099 Remember the fastest greeting, the fastest symbols 369 00:39:22,099 --> 00:39:28,320 And also the different condecorations they obtained during the First World War 370 00:39:28,320 --> 00:39:33,300 So part of the army, part of the people of the army are supporting this person 371 00:39:33,300 --> 00:39:35,179 Benito Mussolini 372 00:39:35,179 --> 00:39:41,920 So after the march on Rome, Mussolini is going to reach power 373 00:39:41,920 --> 00:39:54,079 this is how fascism is going to reach power in italy well let's see this chart this chart are 374 00:39:54,079 --> 00:39:59,840 the characteristics of fascism so first the first one is the fascism is going to 375 00:40:00,440 --> 00:40:06,940 exaltate the state over the individual it is going to say okay it's a nationalist perspective 376 00:40:06,940 --> 00:40:11,059 The state is more important than the individuals, okay? 377 00:40:11,239 --> 00:40:14,860 So they are going to say, okay, Italy is more important than you 378 00:40:14,860 --> 00:40:17,880 You must sacrifice yourself for Italy 379 00:40:17,880 --> 00:40:19,820 So that's the idea, okay? 380 00:40:20,280 --> 00:40:25,340 To exaltate, to say that the state is more important than the individuals, okay? 381 00:40:25,719 --> 00:40:32,659 The collective, the nation that is going to be the state is more important than the individuals 382 00:40:32,659 --> 00:40:39,159 in second place what we are going to have is an aggressive nationalism okay that they want this 383 00:40:39,159 --> 00:40:48,079 territorial expansion and also racism racism and persecution of minority groups so the idea is they 384 00:40:48,079 --> 00:40:52,940 are going to say the state is more important than the individuals and also they want a territorial 385 00:40:52,940 --> 00:41:01,820 expansion why because they are nationalists so they are they want to get the natural boundaries 386 00:41:01,820 --> 00:41:07,880 of Italy those natural boundaries established by nationalism the Italian 387 00:41:07,880 --> 00:41:13,719 nationalism okay and in order to to get that to get this territorial expansion 388 00:41:13,719 --> 00:41:19,699 they are going to be racist and they are going to persecute any minority group 389 00:41:19,699 --> 00:41:25,099 that is going to be against Italian nationalism okay so they are going to 390 00:41:25,099 --> 00:41:32,119 have a specific idea of what is Italy how is the Italian nation and what do 391 00:41:32,119 --> 00:41:39,500 they have in order to make this nation stronger to make a stronger state so the 392 00:41:39,500 --> 00:41:45,960 territorial expansion racism racism it means we must be Italians and also to 393 00:41:45,960 --> 00:41:51,260 persecute the minorities that they are not going to be Italians okay or they 394 00:41:51,260 --> 00:41:56,679 are against the Italian nationalism also of course they are going to reject 395 00:41:56,679 --> 00:42:02,559 liberalism and democracy of course they cannot get the power thanks to democracy 396 00:42:02,559 --> 00:42:10,039 remember 22 deputies are out of 500 so they might as a minority of the 397 00:42:10,039 --> 00:42:17,360 population were supporting were supporting fascism so they are not going 398 00:42:17,360 --> 00:42:23,840 to support democracy they want an authoritarian state it means the power is going to be in hands 399 00:42:23,840 --> 00:42:29,820 of the fastest people and they must control everything okay they are going to reject 400 00:42:29,820 --> 00:42:35,239 liberalism it means they are going to reject individual rights because the important thing 401 00:42:35,239 --> 00:42:41,099 is the state they are going to reject a constitution they are going to reject democracy 402 00:42:41,099 --> 00:42:47,400 and of course they are going to reject communism they are not going to be in favor of communism 403 00:42:47,400 --> 00:42:55,719 remember they were born to fight against communist or socialist revolution so in order to preserve 404 00:42:55,719 --> 00:43:01,920 the state in order to carry out this policy what they need is an authoritarian state a state 405 00:43:01,920 --> 00:43:09,980 with all the power in order to change the society and to change the italian boundaries 406 00:43:09,980 --> 00:43:14,059 the Italian frontiers of course they are going to say if the state is more 407 00:43:14,059 --> 00:43:18,920 important than individuals the state is more important than one rich person so 408 00:43:18,920 --> 00:43:26,900 the state should intervene in economy okay to give a fair social conditions to 409 00:43:26,900 --> 00:43:33,179 everyone to the rich and to the poor people okay so a state intervention in 410 00:43:33,179 --> 00:43:36,559 economy it means they are going to set the prices they are going to create a 411 00:43:36,559 --> 00:43:43,440 public companies remember the New Deal after the after the crisis of 1929 so 412 00:43:43,440 --> 00:43:49,699 part of these ideas are going to be accepted by the fascist regime they want 413 00:43:49,699 --> 00:43:56,059 the state as the most powerful as the most powerful character in the society 414 00:43:56,059 --> 00:44:04,400 and also what they want as and as it is the most powerful character in the 415 00:44:04,400 --> 00:44:12,099 society this state must intervene in economy okay of course there must be a cult of the charismatic 416 00:44:12,099 --> 00:44:19,099 leader it means they are going to venerate Mussolini okay and there is going to be a blind 417 00:44:19,099 --> 00:44:25,099 obedience to Mussolini if Mussolini says we need to attack France we are going to attack France 418 00:44:25,099 --> 00:44:29,739 if Mussolini says we are going to conquer Tunisia we are going to conquer Tunisia 419 00:44:29,739 --> 00:44:35,639 because there is a cult they are going to believe in this leader and this 420 00:44:35,639 --> 00:44:41,280 leader is almost like a god is not a god is not a religion but there is going to 421 00:44:41,280 --> 00:44:46,559 be some characteristics related with fascism that they are close to religion 422 00:44:46,559 --> 00:44:50,300 okay so they are going to venerate this leader 423 00:44:50,300 --> 00:44:57,920 They are going to venerate him, they believe in him above all and that is why there is going to be a closed obedience to him, ok? 424 00:44:58,519 --> 00:45:06,559 And finally, this fascism is based on a legitimation of violence and cult of militarism, ok? 425 00:45:06,559 --> 00:45:09,340 It means, militarism is really important. 426 00:45:09,340 --> 00:45:19,000 remember most of the people that they are in the fastest in the fastest party 427 00:45:19,000 --> 00:45:25,960 fought in the First World War so they they they truly believe in war they 428 00:45:25,960 --> 00:45:32,780 think that the best way to solve the problems is by using violence so there 429 00:45:32,780 --> 00:45:40,460 is an important influence of the First World War in this specific characteristic. It means 430 00:45:40,460 --> 00:45:47,860 mucha gente que participa en este, que va a ser parte de este partido han luchado en la Primera 431 00:45:47,860 --> 00:45:54,019 Guerra Mundial, añoran la Primera Guerra Mundial y por eso van a legitimar el uso de la violencia 432 00:45:54,019 --> 00:45:59,780 y el culto al militarismo, es decir, a la vida en la trinchera, a la vida en el ejército, ¿de acuerdo? 433 00:45:59,780 --> 00:46:05,400 so they remember these moments in the first world war and they are going to venerate they are going 434 00:46:05,400 --> 00:46:11,480 to cult there is going to be a cult of militarism and they are going to legitimate the violence so 435 00:46:11,480 --> 00:46:18,059 violence is possible violence is another weapon in order to change the society in order to carry 436 00:46:18,059 --> 00:46:24,400 out all these policies okay so let's review it quickly the state is going to be over the 437 00:46:24,400 --> 00:46:28,780 individual the state is the most important thing the nation right Italy 438 00:46:28,780 --> 00:46:32,559 second there is going to be an aggressive nationalism they want this 439 00:46:32,559 --> 00:46:37,840 territorial expansion in order to acquire the natural boundaries 440 00:46:37,840 --> 00:46:43,179 established by the Italian nationalism they are going to reject of course 441 00:46:43,179 --> 00:46:48,280 democracy communism and liberalism and what they want is an authoritarian state 442 00:46:48,280 --> 00:46:54,099 they said okay only if the state has all the power can change the situation okay 443 00:46:54,099 --> 00:47:03,860 can get this territorial expansion, can intervene in the economy in order to change the social and 444 00:47:03,860 --> 00:47:09,460 economic situation. They are going to fight against unemployment, they are going to try to give 445 00:47:10,579 --> 00:47:17,539 a job to everyone. And finally these two last. The first one is the call to the charismatic leader, 446 00:47:17,539 --> 00:47:23,300 that they are going to obey blindly it means they are going to obey anyway and 447 00:47:23,300 --> 00:47:29,659 they are going to believe in this leader Mussolini and finally the legitimation 448 00:47:29,659 --> 00:47:34,400 of violence on the cult of militarism it means militarism is really important 449 00:47:34,400 --> 00:47:42,320 they are sons of the First World War so they are going to believe that violence 450 00:47:42,320 --> 00:47:48,019 is an option in order to solve the political social and economic problems 451 00:47:48,019 --> 00:47:53,000 so these are the characteristic of fascism so if you want to say okay this 452 00:47:53,000 --> 00:47:59,480 political party is fastest they need they need to fulfill these specific 453 00:47:59,480 --> 00:48:06,059 characteristics if someone you are going to say what you are fastest this person 454 00:48:06,059 --> 00:48:14,480 must believe on these things the problem is nowadays we can find a party or a person that 455 00:48:14,480 --> 00:48:22,280 is going to be in favor of one of these measures but not all of them can we call this person fastest 456 00:48:22,280 --> 00:48:31,420 or this party fastest not really we can call it with that this person or this party is going to 457 00:48:31,420 --> 00:48:36,280 have fastest tendencies, because they have characteristics of fastest regime but not 458 00:48:36,280 --> 00:48:39,840 all of them, ok? 459 00:48:39,840 --> 00:48:44,760 So let's go with the last slide, let's see the fastest regime, how Mussolini is going 460 00:48:44,760 --> 00:48:49,320 to build it and the characteristics of this fastest regime. 461 00:48:49,320 --> 00:48:55,380 So the first thing is, remember, Mussolini is going to reach power in 1922, ok? 462 00:48:55,380 --> 00:49:00,559 Because Victor Manuel III is going to give the power to Mussolini. 463 00:49:00,559 --> 00:49:10,760 So from 1922 to 1924 what Mussolini is going to do is to try to get as much power as he 464 00:49:10,760 --> 00:49:15,320 can and in order to do that he is going to persecute his opponents. 465 00:49:15,320 --> 00:49:20,079 It means Communists, Socialists, Christian Democrats. 466 00:49:20,079 --> 00:49:23,500 Remember why the Christian Democrats if they are conservative? 467 00:49:23,500 --> 00:49:25,099 Because they are Democrats. 468 00:49:25,099 --> 00:49:29,739 They are in favor of liberalism, they are in favor of democracy. 469 00:49:29,739 --> 00:49:36,820 remember fascism is against democracy and is against liberalism so Mussolini 470 00:49:36,820 --> 00:49:41,619 is going to reach power in October 1922 and he is going to start persecute his 471 00:49:41,619 --> 00:49:49,179 opponents all of them but he's going to keep up the presence of a part the 472 00:49:49,179 --> 00:49:55,000 pretence of a parliamentary regime it means he's going to start persecute all 473 00:49:55,000 --> 00:50:01,119 his political enemies all his political opponents but he is going to keep the 474 00:50:01,119 --> 00:50:08,519 Parliament open okay he has not power enough okay to avoid or to close the 475 00:50:08,519 --> 00:50:13,880 Parliament it means to have an absolute power so in the beginning in these two 476 00:50:13,880 --> 00:50:19,760 years from 1922 to 1924 Mussolini is going to have is going to get more and 477 00:50:19,760 --> 00:50:26,539 more power by persecuting the opponents the political opponents okay and keeping 478 00:50:26,539 --> 00:50:35,420 the Parliament open but in 1924 there are going to be elections Mussolini is 479 00:50:35,420 --> 00:50:41,860 not going to risk these elections is not going to present is not going to carry 480 00:50:41,860 --> 00:50:48,500 out a fair elections he's going to win the elections due to an electoral fraud 481 00:50:48,500 --> 00:50:54,800 okay and after this electoral fraud when he is going to get the majority of the 482 00:50:54,800 --> 00:51:00,760 Parliament he is going to establish them the fastest regime the authoritarian 483 00:51:00,760 --> 00:51:07,780 regime okay so these elections that they are going to be fake elections that they 484 00:51:07,780 --> 00:51:12,659 are going to be manipulated by the fastest people are going to give the 485 00:51:12,659 --> 00:51:17,900 power to the fastest but is going to give the all the power he is going to 486 00:51:17,900 --> 00:51:24,400 establish now an authoritarian regime okay so from 1920 to 1924 he is going to 487 00:51:24,400 --> 00:51:28,460 get more power and persecute his opponents but keep the Parliament 488 00:51:28,460 --> 00:51:37,159 pretend pretend that Italy steals in Italy the democracy is surviving in 489 00:51:37,159 --> 00:51:42,440 Italy but in 1924 when the elections are carried out okay he is going to carry 490 00:51:42,440 --> 00:51:50,440 out the he is going to and he is going to make electoral fraud okay in order to 491 00:51:50,440 --> 00:51:54,420 have the majority of the Parliament to control the Parliament and establish the 492 00:51:54,420 --> 00:51:59,659 authoritarian regime you understand he is going to persecute the opponents he 493 00:51:59,659 --> 00:52:03,619 is going to keep the Parliament because he needs a new elections where he is 494 00:52:03,619 --> 00:52:08,199 going to have the control of the Parliament he is going to carry out a 495 00:52:08,199 --> 00:52:15,659 the fake elections, of course, there is going to be electoral fraud, but he keeps opening the 496 00:52:15,659 --> 00:52:22,179 parliament in order to be able to do this. Why? Because if the people don't know that there has 497 00:52:22,179 --> 00:52:27,480 been electoral fraud, they are going to believe most of the population in Italy is supporting 498 00:52:27,480 --> 00:52:34,840 Mussolini. And if he controls the parliament, okay, with a vast majority, he can establish 499 00:52:34,840 --> 00:52:40,780 the authoritarian regime and that's what is he is going to do so let's see how 500 00:52:40,780 --> 00:52:45,500 he's going to establish this authoritarian regime when he establishes 501 00:52:45,500 --> 00:52:50,179 this type of regime Mussolini is going to acquire a total power he is going to 502 00:52:50,179 --> 00:52:54,659 be a dictator he is going to have all the power okay forget the king the king 503 00:52:54,659 --> 00:52:59,559 is going to be there but the king he is going to say nothing okay Mussolini has 504 00:52:59,559 --> 00:53:05,679 won the elections is true that is thanks to this electoral fraud but he has won 505 00:53:05,679 --> 00:53:09,880 the elections okay he is going to control the Parliament so that Mussolini 506 00:53:09,880 --> 00:53:14,800 is going to acquire a total power and after that he is going to ban he's going 507 00:53:14,800 --> 00:53:21,500 to prohibit all the political parties so so long communists goodbye socialist 508 00:53:21,500 --> 00:53:28,360 goodbye Christian Democrats okay so that's it we he is going to end in 1924 509 00:53:28,360 --> 00:53:33,340 after the elections and after he controls the parliament he is going to end with the political 510 00:53:33,340 --> 00:53:39,519 parties he is going to acquire a total power and he is going to establish the dictatorship that is 511 00:53:39,519 --> 00:53:47,000 an authoritarian regime it means a strong state controlled only by one person Mussolini but 512 00:53:47,000 --> 00:53:53,960 remember Mussolini remember the characteristics cult of the characteristics leader Mussolini and 513 00:53:53,960 --> 00:54:01,079 blind obedience to this leader that is Mussolini so the thing is he's going to acquire the power 514 00:54:01,079 --> 00:54:07,619 and the people is going to start venerate or is going to start venerating Mussolini 515 00:54:07,619 --> 00:54:14,840 other characteristics of this authoritarian regime the political leaders are going to be 516 00:54:14,840 --> 00:54:18,800 imprisoned it means the political parties are going to be banned and the political leaders 517 00:54:18,800 --> 00:54:25,099 impression and the Parliament is going to be replaced by an assembly that this 518 00:54:25,099 --> 00:54:32,320 is going not is not going to have power that is the chamber of fasti it means la 519 00:54:32,320 --> 00:54:38,300 camera del fasti ballet in Spanish so this chamber of fasti is going to be 520 00:54:38,300 --> 00:54:43,400 just an assembly where Mussolini is going to ask for opinion but Mussolini 521 00:54:43,400 --> 00:54:48,139 is the one that has all the power the the one that is going to make the 522 00:54:48,139 --> 00:54:54,679 decisions okay so there is no more political parties after in 1924 except 523 00:54:54,679 --> 00:54:59,139 for the fastest national party second the political leaders are going to be 524 00:54:59,139 --> 00:55:03,639 imprisoned he is going to acquire all the power and he is going to change 525 00:55:03,639 --> 00:55:09,860 replace the Parliament the Democratic Parliament for or with this chamber of 526 00:55:09,860 --> 00:55:18,920 of fasti it means this specific assembly that is going to give that is is just 527 00:55:18,920 --> 00:55:23,360 going to give the opinion okay it's going to Mussolini is going to ask for 528 00:55:23,360 --> 00:55:30,800 its opinion but in the end the one that is making the decisions is Mussolini so 529 00:55:30,800 --> 00:55:36,739 of course the strikes are going to be banned we do not want any type of we do 530 00:55:36,739 --> 00:55:42,679 do not want any type of a revolution so the strikes are going to be banned okay and also 531 00:55:42,679 --> 00:55:49,579 the unions are going to be banned they are going to be replaced by cooperative unions i need to 532 00:55:49,579 --> 00:55:54,179 explain this in spanish because it's not easy to explain it in english and maybe you are not going 533 00:55:54,179 --> 00:56:00,519 to understand it okay i will explain it in english and after that in spanish okay so strikes were 534 00:56:00,519 --> 00:56:06,460 banned so no one can carry out a strike because it's illegal so if you try to carry out it we 535 00:56:06,460 --> 00:56:11,920 are going to send the black shirts or the police or even the army in order to 536 00:56:11,920 --> 00:56:16,739 stop the strike second he is going to end with the unions remember who was 537 00:56:16,739 --> 00:56:22,300 organizing the the strikes the unions so he is going to replace the unions by 538 00:56:22,300 --> 00:56:28,219 this cooperative unions what is a cooperative union okay let's think of 539 00:56:28,219 --> 00:56:33,039 the trade unions nowadays do you think a rich people is going to be in a trade 540 00:56:33,039 --> 00:56:41,340 union probably not right he doesn't need or she doesn't need to be in a union in order to defend 541 00:56:41,340 --> 00:56:48,019 his or her rights so the thing is the unions are made of workers they are made of poor people 542 00:56:48,019 --> 00:56:53,980 that they are going to unify they are going to gather together in order to fight for their rights 543 00:56:53,980 --> 00:57:02,619 okay so Mussolini what he's going to say is okay we are Italians we are all equal even when these 544 00:57:02,619 --> 00:57:10,380 people this person is rich and this person is poor both are italian so both are equally important 545 00:57:10,380 --> 00:57:19,059 both are the same so both are supposed to be in the same union it means imagine in amazon okay 546 00:57:19,059 --> 00:57:26,300 imagine the whole class is working for amazon and imagine i'm the businessman of or the manager of 547 00:57:26,300 --> 00:57:33,480 Amazon I'm not going to be in the union because I'm the manager I have my rights protected but 548 00:57:33,480 --> 00:57:38,719 you the workers has not your right protected that's why you create a union what is going to 549 00:57:38,719 --> 00:57:47,480 say Mussolini as we all in Amazon are Italians as we all are a part of the same nation the union 550 00:57:47,480 --> 00:57:53,760 must have all these people not only the workers but also the manager but also the businessmen 551 00:57:53,760 --> 00:57:59,960 so the idea is in this cooperative unions what we are going to find is people from the same job 552 00:57:59,960 --> 00:58:05,519 but with different social conditions it means rich people along with poor people 553 00:58:05,519 --> 00:58:13,260 of course who is going to control these cooperative unions not the poor people the rich 554 00:58:13,260 --> 00:58:43,179 people. So in Spanish would be sindicatos corporativos, ¿vale? El corporativismo, los sindicatos corporativos o un estado corporativo significa que en la sociedad lo que prima es la nacionalidad. Todos somos españoles o todos somos italianos. Y que no tiene que haber ningún tipo de sindicato simplemente por la clase social. Es decir, somos los trabajadores en el sindicato. No, sois 555 00:58:43,179 --> 00:58:50,219 el sindicato de los trabajadores de Amazon o los profesores, etc. Por ejemplo, ¿un profesor de 556 00:58:50,219 --> 00:58:55,739 universidad cobra lo mismo que uno de infantil? No, pero en un régimen fascista todos estarían 557 00:58:55,739 --> 00:59:02,119 en el mismo sindicato. ¿Quién lo lideraría? ¿Quién tiene más dinero? Es decir, el profesor 558 00:59:02,119 --> 00:59:09,659 de universidad. En el caso de Amazon, el directivo de Amazon. So that's what he's creating. He tries 559 00:59:09,659 --> 00:59:21,099 to eliminate this fight between the poor and rich people making them being in the same union 560 00:59:21,099 --> 00:59:28,440 a cooperative union with rich and poor people in the same union okay so that's the idea the 561 00:59:28,440 --> 00:59:35,719 Mussolini is going to acquire all the power the political party are going to be banned 562 00:59:35,719 --> 00:59:39,780 the political leaders are going to be in prison, the parliament is going to be 563 00:59:39,780 --> 00:59:43,400 repressed by this chamber that is not going to have political power, the 564 00:59:43,400 --> 00:59:47,059 decisions are going to be made by Mussolini, the strikes are going to be 565 00:59:47,059 --> 00:59:51,019 banned and the unions are going to change in these cooperative unions where 566 00:59:51,019 --> 00:59:58,840 we are going to find rich and poor people together and the rich people 567 00:59:58,840 --> 01:00:04,699 controlling these cooperative unions. Another characteristic is fascist is 568 01:00:04,699 --> 01:00:08,780 going to control the economy remember that is one important characteristic of 569 01:00:08,780 --> 01:00:14,500 fascism so what they want to create is a self-sufficient economy policy it means 570 01:00:14,500 --> 01:00:21,900 Italy do not need of other countries Italy itself can survive because they 571 01:00:21,900 --> 01:00:30,219 have they have enough economic resources they have enough power because Italy is 572 01:00:30,219 --> 01:00:38,539 a great nation so you italy do not need or doesn't need other countries in order to survive so the 573 01:00:38,539 --> 01:00:43,820 fast fastest in the fastest party the fastest government is going to control the economy 574 01:00:43,820 --> 01:00:50,219 and is going to set the prices and is going to make a any social and economic change needed okay 575 01:00:50,219 --> 01:00:57,659 there is no free market you cannot create your own company if you want okay there are going to be now 576 01:00:57,659 --> 01:01:02,900 public companies not all of them are going to be public but most of them that they are created by 577 01:01:02,900 --> 01:01:09,280 fascism are going to be public they are going to be controlled by the state because remember the 578 01:01:09,280 --> 01:01:15,960 state is the most important thing remember this characteristic exaltation of the state over the 579 01:01:15,960 --> 01:01:22,599 individual so the state is going to be the most important thing the nation the state is going to 580 01:01:22,599 --> 01:01:30,500 women the most important thing in a fastest regime so so that the state is 581 01:01:30,500 --> 01:01:34,480 going to control the economy and it's going to be a self-sufficient economy it 582 01:01:34,480 --> 01:01:42,099 means we do not depend on different countries we are you know we can survive 583 01:01:42,099 --> 01:01:48,340 using our own resources no in Spanish would be our was he como Juan Palomo 584 01:01:48,340 --> 01:01:55,780 Italy is big, it is powerful and it is enough for itself. 585 01:02:19,780 --> 01:02:26,380 money they created the party and finally they have win they won the elections due 586 01:02:26,380 --> 01:02:32,679 to this electoral fraud so the idea is a fascism is in favor of a public 587 01:02:32,679 --> 01:02:35,980 companies they are going to create public companies but they are going to 588 01:02:35,980 --> 01:02:41,440 respect the private companies that they were created before Mussolini reached 589 01:02:41,440 --> 01:02:48,340 power because they need these private companies to support the new fastest 590 01:02:48,340 --> 01:02:53,860 regime okay how they are going how Mussolini or the fascist regime is going 591 01:02:53,860 --> 01:03:01,780 to support these private companies with heavy subsidies it means making these 592 01:03:01,780 --> 01:03:07,480 private companies not to pay taxes for example or making these private 593 01:03:07,480 --> 01:03:14,500 companies to to get a public money in order to build a specific factory or 594 01:03:14,500 --> 01:03:25,780 whatever ok so subsidies subsidios means ways to make the private properties to be happy and to 595 01:03:25,780 --> 01:03:35,800 easily make money ok could be not to pay taxes could be to give them money etc ok entonces esos 596 01:03:35,800 --> 01:03:42,820 subsidios serían eso pues decirles no pagas estos impuestos y construyes aquí la fábrica o te damos 597 01:03:42,820 --> 01:03:54,820 So this is the way Mussolini is going to make these private enterprises to be on his side, to be in favor of Mussolini. 598 01:03:54,820 --> 01:04:06,449 And one of the last characteristics is that this party is going to exercise a strict control over society. 599 01:04:06,449 --> 01:04:32,889 It means that the fastest regime, the fastest state is going to control every single aspect of society, using radio, using advertisements, using the press, using secret police in order to know everything that is going on in the society. 600 01:04:32,889 --> 01:04:56,570 So, what we are going to see is this party is going to exercise this strict control over society, okay, and they are going to exercise this control over society using the police, a secret police, or controlling the mass media, like the radio, the press, etc., okay, and they are going to spread a conservative view of family. 601 01:04:56,570 --> 01:04:58,849 What is a conservative view of family? 602 01:04:59,329 --> 01:05:03,670 Okay, men are over the woman, so they should control the woman. 603 01:05:04,710 --> 01:05:11,269 They believe in marriage, so men and women must be together and they are supposed to be married. 604 01:05:12,070 --> 01:05:17,650 The woman must work at home and must take care of the children. 605 01:05:18,130 --> 01:05:21,389 They cannot work abroad, they cannot own their own money. 606 01:05:21,389 --> 01:05:25,730 The money must be controlled by the husband. 607 01:05:26,570 --> 01:05:33,449 So that's the idea, they are going to exercise a strict control over society, banishing, for example, 608 01:05:33,449 --> 01:05:41,289 women to have these rights, the right to vote, or to have their own bank account, etc. So the idea 609 01:05:41,289 --> 01:05:46,730 is this party is going to control the society using this, using a secret police, the radio, 610 01:05:46,730 --> 01:05:56,840 the press, and also spreading this conservative view of family. Finally, it's important to 611 01:05:56,840 --> 01:06:06,920 understand that if Mussolini is going to remain in power until 1945 is because 612 01:06:06,920 --> 01:06:12,739 he is going to have also the support of the Catholic Church he is going to sign 613 01:06:12,739 --> 01:06:18,260 a concordat with the Holy See la Santa sede the Holy See means the 614 01:06:18,260 --> 01:06:24,719 Vatican okay so Mussolini is going to sign a concordat with the Holy See to 615 01:06:24,719 --> 01:06:29,539 restore the authority of the church in Italy it means Mussolini is going to say 616 01:06:29,539 --> 01:06:36,880 to the church okay you support me and in exchange you will have more power in the 617 01:06:36,880 --> 01:06:43,019 Italian society from now on for example controlling the education etc so the 618 01:06:43,019 --> 01:06:47,400 idea is they are going to sign this concordat a concordat if you remember I 619 01:06:47,400 --> 01:06:52,440 don't know if I explained in class I think so is it's a treaty imagine a 620 01:06:52,440 --> 01:06:57,099 treaty between Spain of France okay that's a treaty a general treaty but 621 01:06:57,099 --> 01:07:01,199 when a country signed a treaty with the Holy See with the Vatican with the Pope 622 01:07:01,199 --> 01:07:08,159 this treaty is called concordat concordato in Spanish so Mussolini is 623 01:07:08,159 --> 01:07:12,599 going to sign the concordat here is Mussolini here is the Cardinal some part 624 01:07:12,599 --> 01:07:20,380 of the government and they are going to sign the treaty okay with the Pope okay 625 01:07:20,380 --> 01:07:30,760 so Mussolini is going to sign the treaty with the Pope and and thanks to that the 626 01:07:30,760 --> 01:07:38,139 the church is going to have again authority in this Italian society and 627 01:07:38,139 --> 01:07:46,179 thanks to this the Catholic Church is going to support Mussolini finally this 628 01:07:46,179 --> 01:07:49,880 is the last characteristics of the past the last characteristic of the fascist 629 01:07:49,880 --> 01:07:55,039 regime is the creation of the Italian Empire in the Mediterranean if you 630 01:07:55,039 --> 01:07:59,059 remember this is one of the characteristics of fascism it means to 631 01:07:59,059 --> 01:08:04,039 have an aggressive foreign policy remember this to have an aggressive 632 01:08:04,039 --> 01:08:08,760 nationalist and territorial expansion so this is the last characteristic that 633 01:08:08,760 --> 01:08:13,639 Mussolini wanted to create an Italian Empire in the Mediterranean similar to 634 01:08:13,639 --> 01:08:18,479 the ancient Roman Empire so that's why in 1935 they are going to invade 635 01:08:18,479 --> 01:08:24,939 Abyssinia or Ethiopia is the same territory Abyssinia and Ethiopia means 636 01:08:24,939 --> 01:08:29,180 the same there are the same name for the same land okay different name for the 637 01:08:29,180 --> 01:08:34,640 same land okay so this is the expansion the Italian expansion before the Second 638 01:08:34,640 --> 01:08:41,140 World War is to conquer Abyssinia Ethiopia in 1935 and during the Second 639 01:08:41,140 --> 01:08:47,920 World War they are going to expand to France Corsica Dalmatia Greece Tunisia 640 01:08:47,920 --> 01:08:55,239 Egypt, this region nearby Eritrea, and Abyssinia, and also the British Somalia, okay? 641 01:08:56,680 --> 01:09:02,159 So, that's the idea, that's the last idea, to create the Italian Empire in the Mediterranean. 642 01:09:02,779 --> 01:09:05,680 These are the ideas of the fastest regime. 643 01:09:06,180 --> 01:09:12,340 If you check, it's not easy, but they have main specific ideas that they are going to 644 01:09:12,340 --> 01:09:17,460 be repeated along the slides. 645 01:09:17,920 --> 01:09:21,779 So remember, Mussolini is going to acquire the total power, he is going to ban the political 646 01:09:21,779 --> 01:09:25,880 parties, the political leaders are going to be imprisoned, the parliament is going to 647 01:09:25,880 --> 01:09:30,319 disappear and is going to appear this chamber of fasting, Mussolini is going to make the 648 01:09:30,319 --> 01:09:36,180 decision, but he can't ask them for their opinion, strikes are going to be banned and 649 01:09:36,180 --> 01:09:40,199 he is going to create these cooperative unions, that they are going to be controlled by the 650 01:09:40,199 --> 01:09:45,840 rich people, the economy is going to be under control, the fastest state, and they are going 651 01:09:45,840 --> 01:09:51,640 to say okay self-sufficient economy we have enough resources in order to survive for our own 652 01:09:51,640 --> 01:09:56,960 okay we are going to support some private enterprises because remember the bourgeoisie 653 01:09:56,960 --> 01:10:03,260 and the landlord landlords or land owners support this fascism since the very beginning in order to 654 01:10:03,260 --> 01:10:13,000 avoid any communist revolution or socialist revolution he the the state or the fastest 655 01:10:13,000 --> 01:10:22,779 party or state is all also not only going to control the economy but also the society okay 656 01:10:22,779 --> 01:10:30,939 through the radio the press the the secret police okay to spreading this a conservative point of 657 01:10:30,939 --> 01:10:36,279 view of the family that is going to be based on the men controlling the woman and the woman at 658 01:10:36,279 --> 01:10:43,659 home taking care of the children and to sign this concordat with the Holy See 659 01:10:43,659 --> 01:10:47,439 this is really important because the Catholic Church is going to support 660 01:10:47,439 --> 01:10:53,319 Mussolini also the rich people because these rich people is controlling now the 661 01:10:53,319 --> 01:11:05,920 unions and is getting subsidized from the from the government and so Mussolini 662 01:11:05,920 --> 01:11:12,100 is going to have the support from of the church the Catholic Church the support 663 01:11:12,100 --> 01:11:18,760 of these private companies okay and also part of the society that they are 664 01:11:18,760 --> 01:11:23,079 nationalists and they support the idea of an Italian Empire in the Mediterranean 665 01:11:23,079 --> 01:11:29,560 okay so he promised this creation of this Italian Empire and he is going to 666 01:11:29,560 --> 01:11:34,640 almost achieve it okay remember he is going to conquer Abyssinia or Ethiopia in 667 01:11:34,640 --> 01:11:39,260 1935 and during the Second World War he is going to expand conquering all these 668 01:11:39,260 --> 01:11:44,220 territories they are trying to make Italy great again they are trying to 669 01:11:44,220 --> 01:11:50,199 create this ancient Roman Empire they are not going to achieve it this is the 670 01:11:50,199 --> 01:11:58,640 maximum expansion of the Italian Empire and they are going to be defeated during 671 01:11:58,640 --> 01:12:05,539 the Second World War. So this is the fascist regime, these are the 672 01:12:05,539 --> 01:12:10,939 characteristics of fascism and this is how Mussolini is going to reach power in 673 01:12:10,939 --> 01:12:18,319 Italy. The next point is going to be Nazism in Germany.