1 00:00:01,139 --> 00:00:08,619 Hello everyone, we start a new unit today, unit number 2, food and nutrition. 2 00:00:20,769 --> 00:00:27,550 Now, when you have finished copying the title and writing it in the table of contents, 3 00:00:27,850 --> 00:00:33,829 I want you to look for two headlines in the newspapers related with this, with food and nutrition. 4 00:00:33,829 --> 00:00:41,789 something maybe with a type of food that was discovered with some illness related with food 5 00:00:41,789 --> 00:00:49,130 and nutrition or maybe you can find something related with vitamins okay i want you to look for 6 00:00:49,130 --> 00:00:57,130 two headlines and remember that you will need to write them on the right side of your notebook 7 00:00:57,130 --> 00:00:58,729 because it's an exercise 8 00:00:58,729 --> 00:01:13,579 okay so i suppose you have looked for a headline now let's start with a theoretical part okay 9 00:01:13,579 --> 00:01:21,920 in this unit we're going to learn a little bit about how nutrition influence our body 10 00:01:21,920 --> 00:01:31,560 how a different illness related to nutrition and our needs along the day to survive, okay? 11 00:01:31,840 --> 00:01:48,030 So let's start with point number one, which is nutritional needs, nutritional needs. 12 00:01:48,030 --> 00:02:03,760 what are the needs in our body what do we need to survive okay basically we need to be to be 13 00:02:03,760 --> 00:02:15,060 healthy we need food okay food contains nutrients okay so we need food i mean let's see uh yeah a 14 00:02:15,060 --> 00:02:22,780 burger is not very healthy but i don't know to draw something else okay so food is it's going 15 00:02:22,780 --> 00:02:42,469 remember you need to do the drawings to provide nutrients okay the nutrients are going to help us 16 00:02:42,469 --> 00:02:50,530 to survive and to have a energy and to be healthy okay so if we provide nutrients and these nutrients 17 00:02:50,530 --> 00:02:55,909 What are the functions of them? We can say that they have three different functions. 18 00:02:55,909 --> 00:03:11,400 The first one of them is the structural. What does structural mean? Think of it as 19 00:03:11,400 --> 00:03:17,699 building for our body. So it's like building blocks that we need to 20 00:03:17,699 --> 00:03:31,939 construct our body. Also, energetical. As we said, we need energy to be 21 00:03:31,939 --> 00:03:44,919 healthy and to perform certain functions okay energetica and also regulatory these nutrients 22 00:03:44,919 --> 00:03:55,319 are going to regulate our body the same as a clock okay it's going to provide a regulatory function 23 00:03:56,680 --> 00:04:04,520 also okay for the structural we said if this structural function is related to building 24 00:04:08,469 --> 00:04:22,810 And also repairing. In our cells, imagine for example that one of our organs has been damaged, 25 00:04:22,810 --> 00:04:32,490 and for example the mitochondria has been damaged, we need to repair it, and we take these repairing blocks from the nutrients. 26 00:04:32,490 --> 00:04:39,449 Or imagine for example that we are growing, for example at your age you grow, you are taller and taller every year, 27 00:04:39,449 --> 00:04:47,129 those new cells are building blocks okay to our body so we take this structural 28 00:04:48,329 --> 00:04:54,569 buildings it is structural blocks from the nutrients okay but also even if you have a 29 00:04:54,569 --> 00:05:05,620 stop growing every time the body keeps replacing cells okay energetica what is the energetical 30 00:05:05,620 --> 00:05:14,500 organelle in the cell the mitochondria okay so in the mitochondrion remember that we have more or 31 00:05:14,500 --> 00:05:22,259 less this shape in a mitochondria now that you have found the cell pop up no you know okay this 32 00:05:22,259 --> 00:05:34,740 is the my my mitochondrion because that is the singular for mitochondria okay in the mitochondria 33 00:05:34,740 --> 00:05:51,610 there is a function um yeah function that is called cell respiration respiration is not the 34 00:05:51,610 --> 00:05:58,009 same as breathing okay we breathe through our lungs okay we take the oxygen and breathe with 35 00:05:58,009 --> 00:06:05,050 our lungs but in ourselves there's a specific process that is called respiration in which in 36 00:06:05,050 --> 00:06:14,009 which i need another color that's it green nice unit colors remember okay in which we take for 37 00:06:14,009 --> 00:06:22,819 example carbohydrates yeah at the end of this term of this unit you will know what are carbohydrates 38 00:06:22,819 --> 00:06:32,579 and fats okay pass it by the mitochondrion also we need here oxygen and we pass it by the 39 00:06:32,579 --> 00:06:43,939 mitochondrion and at the end we have CO2 and energy, carbon dioxide and energy in the mitochondrion, 40 00:06:43,939 --> 00:06:53,139 that is cell respiration. And the regulatory function is related with the metabolism. So 41 00:06:53,860 --> 00:07:07,720 this regulatory is going to perform some metabolic reactions. For example, in our body 42 00:07:07,720 --> 00:07:18,199 Anyway, we need to know when we are thirsty, for example, when we need to eat or when we need to go to sleep. 43 00:07:18,600 --> 00:07:29,120 And all those functions are made by regulatory, it's a regulatory function that is performed by substances that we take when we eat. 44 00:07:29,600 --> 00:07:32,420 Okay, so that is for metabolic reactions. 45 00:07:32,420 --> 00:07:59,480 We continue with point number two, biomolecules. We say that the food provides nutrients, but what 46 00:07:59,480 --> 00:08:06,420 are those nutrients? We have different molecules related to those nutrients. We are going to study 47 00:08:06,420 --> 00:08:15,639 all of them for the next point we need to bake a big outline a huge outline so 48 00:08:15,639 --> 00:08:23,519 you will need the whole page okay so if you didn't if you have page if you have 49 00:08:23,519 --> 00:08:29,220 space in the page before a don't use just turn the page because we are going 50 00:08:29,220 --> 00:08:36,740 to use all of it. Get ready now for the super outline. We start with the first 51 00:08:36,740 --> 00:08:44,039 biomolecule carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are in Spanish we call them carbohidratos 52 00:08:44,039 --> 00:08:51,000 or hidratos de carbono and usually are sugars. The sugars that we eat every day are 53 00:08:51,000 --> 00:08:56,320 carbohydrates but don't think only on the sugar that you can have on milk for 54 00:08:56,320 --> 00:09:01,840 example they are very very different type of sugars basically these carbohydrates they have 55 00:09:01,840 --> 00:09:13,250 an energetic function they have an energetic function they give you energy for example when 56 00:09:13,250 --> 00:09:21,649 a person is feeling sick because he or she has need when he or she has a bit of sugar then her 57 00:09:21,649 --> 00:09:28,049 energy rise up okay there are two types of carbohydrates we have simple carbohydrates 58 00:09:28,049 --> 00:09:38,490 and complex carbohydrates. Let's see the different types, okay? The simple carbohydrates. Let's see 59 00:09:38,490 --> 00:09:51,259 first their properties. They are sweet taste. If you think of a sugar, you always think of a sweet 60 00:09:51,259 --> 00:09:58,039 thing, okay? So all the simple carbohydrates, they have sweet taste. They are also crystalline. 61 00:09:58,039 --> 00:10:07,159 crystalline, they are transparent 62 00:10:07,159 --> 00:10:09,399 when we see it in a crystal 63 00:10:09,399 --> 00:10:11,240 and they are soluble 64 00:10:11,240 --> 00:10:17,639 in water, meaning 65 00:10:17,639 --> 00:10:19,320 that they can dissolve 66 00:10:19,320 --> 00:10:21,799 when we put it, for example 67 00:10:21,799 --> 00:10:23,740 on a glass with water and we 68 00:10:23,740 --> 00:10:25,899 stir, then they are 69 00:10:25,899 --> 00:10:27,120 soluble in water 70 00:10:27,120 --> 00:10:29,659 there are two types of 71 00:10:29,659 --> 00:10:30,720 simple carbohydrates 72 00:10:30,720 --> 00:10:32,279 we have 73 00:10:32,279 --> 00:10:35,720 the monosaccharides 74 00:10:36,340 --> 00:10:40,330 yeah, you need to 75 00:10:40,330 --> 00:10:57,610 learn all the names sorry about it monosaccharides okay here we have for example glucose or fructose 76 00:10:57,610 --> 00:11:10,309 a fructose yeah why did i draw an hexagon and a pentagon because when we represent the glucose 77 00:11:10,309 --> 00:11:14,990 we're represented with an hexagon because this is more or less the shape that is really hard 78 00:11:14,990 --> 00:11:20,190 we see under the microscope and the electronic microscope and fructose the same it's a pentagon 79 00:11:20,190 --> 00:11:26,029 because it has the shape when we see it under the microscope i'm going to put some images here 80 00:11:28,830 --> 00:11:37,389 okay monosaccharide and then this is the basic unit the basic unit of carbohydrates i repeat 81 00:11:37,389 --> 00:11:43,950 monosaccharides are the basic unit of carbohydrates and why did i repeat because it is very very 82 00:11:43,950 --> 00:11:50,830 important and you need to remember for the exam. Okay, when we put two monosaccharides together 83 00:11:50,830 --> 00:12:08,779 then we have desaccharides, desaccharides, wait, saccharides, it is easier to say than to write, 84 00:12:08,779 --> 00:12:16,299 desaccharides, two monosaccharides together form desaccharides. Here we have for example sucrose 85 00:12:18,820 --> 00:12:27,840 or lactose sucrose is the typical sugar that we have in the sugar okay the typical white sugar 86 00:12:27,840 --> 00:12:36,000 or brown sugar that you usually have at home that is sucrose and lactose is a sugar that we find 87 00:12:36,000 --> 00:12:42,000 in the milk naturally it's a sugar that is naturally produced by mammals 88 00:12:42,720 --> 00:12:51,919 and it helps mammals to feed their babies okay complex carbohydrates yeah it's complicated to do 89 00:12:51,919 --> 00:13:03,039 an outline uh complex carbohydrates okay uh basically they are made of many many monosaccharides 90 00:13:03,039 --> 00:13:15,629 They are constructed by bonding, which is a union, a joint, bonding of many monosaccharides. 91 00:13:15,629 --> 00:13:18,629 Bonding of many monosaccharides. 92 00:13:18,629 --> 00:13:24,629 They produce energy too, because remember that we say that carbohydrates have energetic function, 93 00:13:24,629 --> 00:13:30,259 but they produce energy when they are broken down. 94 00:13:30,259 --> 00:13:41,720 We need the monosaccharides to have the energy. 95 00:13:41,720 --> 00:13:48,120 if we don't have monosaccharides we cannot produce energy so the complex they break and then we have 96 00:13:48,120 --> 00:14:05,690 energy a example of this we have starch which in spanish is a aluminum for example potatoes 97 00:14:05,690 --> 00:14:10,809 they have many starch they have a lot of starch not many a lot of starch okay 98 00:14:10,809 --> 00:14:18,049 They are also, all their vegetables, they have a lot of starch. 99 00:14:18,190 --> 00:14:21,129 It's produced by vegetables. 100 00:14:21,769 --> 00:14:23,629 Starch and cellulose. 101 00:14:26,419 --> 00:14:28,679 Cellulose, which in Spanish is celulosa. 102 00:14:31,080 --> 00:14:34,539 Which is a typical carbohydrate produced by plants. 103 00:14:34,539 --> 00:14:38,200 And we use it to make paper. 104 00:14:38,200 --> 00:14:45,200 All the paper is made because the trees produce cellulose. 105 00:14:45,200 --> 00:14:48,200 Now, lipids. 106 00:14:48,200 --> 00:14:51,200 Let's see if I have enough space in my whiteboard. 107 00:14:51,200 --> 00:14:52,200 Here, lipids. 108 00:14:52,200 --> 00:14:59,309 Okay, these are the typical fats, okay? 109 00:14:59,309 --> 00:15:05,309 And as I said in the video, fats are really, really, really important for our body. 110 00:15:05,309 --> 00:15:09,309 Because usually on the TV we see that fats are bad 111 00:15:09,309 --> 00:15:17,309 because the cholesterol etc but fats are very very important for our body okay it's like if you have 112 00:15:18,029 --> 00:15:24,029 enough fat it's good but if you have too much fat that is not good the same as the sugar if 113 00:15:24,029 --> 00:15:28,830 you take a little bit of sugar that's the problem if you have too much sugar then it is a problem 114 00:15:29,629 --> 00:15:40,909 okay lipids okay properties of these lipids how they are okay first of all not soluble in water 115 00:15:40,909 --> 00:15:52,639 Imagine for example olive oil. What happens if you pour some olive oil on a 116 00:15:52,639 --> 00:15:56,480 glass of water? They do not mix. It doesn't matter how much time you are 117 00:15:56,480 --> 00:16:02,700 stirring. In Spanish we have this sentence of son como el agua y el aceite. When two 118 00:16:02,700 --> 00:16:08,840 people are not mixing really well, we say this. Ok, that's olive oil and water and I have 119 00:16:08,840 --> 00:16:23,769 an oily appearance appearance which means that they look like oil basically because oils are 120 00:16:24,490 --> 00:16:32,490 lipids okay types we have three types we're gonna study three types of lipids although 121 00:16:32,490 --> 00:16:40,730 there are many more okay we have the fats typical fats there are two types of fats we have the 122 00:16:40,730 --> 00:16:57,509 saturated and the unsaturated saturated unsaturated okay the saturated are mostly produced by animals 123 00:17:03,049 --> 00:17:15,829 here we have for example and they are solids for example a butter butter is a saturated fat 124 00:17:15,829 --> 00:17:25,430 but not only produced by by animals okay there are some plants that also come to use saturated 125 00:17:25,430 --> 00:17:33,809 fats for example the palm oil that maybe you have here that it's in many products for example in 126 00:17:33,809 --> 00:17:41,329 industrial bakery okay but an industrial industrial bakery they have many palm oil and it's not really 127 00:17:41,329 --> 00:17:49,089 good for our body it's better to have unsaturated fats okay so unsaturated fat here are produced 128 00:17:49,089 --> 00:18:02,660 mostly mostly by a what is it mostly animals mostly animal origin sorry origin and here mostly 129 00:18:02,660 --> 00:18:08,339 vegetable origin because you're not later when you read it you're not going to understand anything 130 00:18:08,339 --> 00:18:18,140 okay and they are liquid if we can for example of the olive olive oil the sunflower oil kohl's 131 00:18:18,140 --> 00:18:27,460 oil okay all those oils they are unsaturated fats okay then on the membrane remember the cell 132 00:18:27,460 --> 00:18:38,269 membrane okay on the cell membrane we have the membrane lipids remember when we made those 133 00:18:38,269 --> 00:18:45,630 drawings with a video in the life of a cell that we saw that they were moving okay those were the 134 00:18:45,630 --> 00:18:53,950 lipids of the membrane okay um but not all on the same membrane also there are some organ organelles 135 00:18:53,950 --> 00:19:00,750 that have membranes for example the goli apparatus endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria all of them 136 00:19:01,309 --> 00:19:11,950 all of them have membrane so they form they form cell membranes the cell membrane and organelle 137 00:19:19,289 --> 00:19:41,500 okay so membranes and organs they form and they are basically phospholipids and cholesterol yeah 138 00:19:41,500 --> 00:19:45,819 the cholesterol that you know the news appears that is really bad for your health and you need 139 00:19:45,819 --> 00:19:51,819 to take it down etc is the most important part of the cell membrane that's why i said if you 140 00:19:51,819 --> 00:19:57,420 eat too much cholesterol it's really bad for your health but if you eat enough it's okay that's not 141 00:19:57,420 --> 00:20:04,220 the problem okay phospholipids and cholesterol then there are also some lipids with regulatory 142 00:20:04,220 --> 00:20:15,599 function remember i said that the nutrients can have to function structural and energetical and 143 00:20:15,599 --> 00:20:20,240 regulatory and there are some lipids related with this as are the vitamins 144 00:20:22,400 --> 00:20:30,170 and the sexual hormones not all the vitamins are lipids some of them are lipids 145 00:20:30,170 --> 00:20:38,730 okay and the sexual hormones for example testosterone progesterone the male 146 00:20:38,730 --> 00:20:45,130 sex sexual hormones and the female sexual hormones are lipids okay so 147 00:20:45,130 --> 00:20:52,130 So, this is the first part of our outline. 148 00:20:52,130 --> 00:21:05,829 Okay, I think everything is clear with this outline, but you know that in class we're 149 00:21:05,829 --> 00:21:11,569 going to make some exercises, so don't worry if you didn't understand something, come to 150 00:21:11,569 --> 00:21:13,890 class and ask. 151 00:21:13,890 --> 00:21:18,769 And remember to do the test when finishing writing everything on your notebook. 152 00:21:20,730 --> 00:21:21,269 Bye.