1 00:00:00,430 --> 00:00:25,550 So let's begin with the last epigraph, the United Nations, as I said it was an institution created after the Second World War and the goal was to protect the international order and to foster dialogue and instead of using wars or fighting in order to finish with the different conflicts between countries. 2 00:00:25,550 --> 00:00:40,109 So let's see the United Nations. So let's see the introduction. OK, so remember, these United Nations are going to be the organization that replaced the League of Nations. I said that in I explained this in the in the video before. 3 00:00:40,109 --> 00:00:45,689 The idea is that the League of Nations was created, this institution was created after 4 00:00:45,689 --> 00:00:53,390 the First World War in order to prevent any type of war in the world, in order to solve 5 00:00:53,390 --> 00:01:02,509 the international problems using diplomacy and dialogue instead of aggression or wars. 6 00:01:02,509 --> 00:01:09,590 So this international institution is going to be created after the Second World War. 7 00:01:09,590 --> 00:01:12,329 So let's see how it was founded, ok? 8 00:01:12,329 --> 00:01:18,689 So the idea is that it is going to be founded in San Francisco, in the San Francisco Conference, 9 00:01:18,689 --> 00:01:26,170 by 46 countries, 46 states, between April and June 1945. 10 00:01:26,170 --> 00:01:34,810 So it was created during the end of the Second World War, remember that the war ended in 11 00:01:34,810 --> 00:01:42,969 May 1945 in Europe, but ended in the Pacific in September, okay? So the idea is 12 00:01:42,969 --> 00:01:47,590 these United Nations are going to be created between these months, they 13 00:01:47,590 --> 00:01:51,549 are going to publish this, the Charter of the United Nations, La Carta de las 14 00:01:51,549 --> 00:01:55,989 Naciones Unidas, with the main goals and characteristics of these 15 00:01:55,989 --> 00:01:59,049 United Nations, and it's going to be approved in this conference, the San 16 00:01:59,049 --> 00:02:03,549 Francisco Conference, and it's going to be for these countries. You know that 17 00:02:03,549 --> 00:02:11,389 Spain wasn't one of the countries participating in this conference, okay, Spain was under Franco's 18 00:02:11,389 --> 00:02:17,710 control, Spain is not going to be part of the United Nations until 1955, it means 10 years later, 19 00:02:18,270 --> 00:02:25,310 but in this conference we are going to find the republican government in the exile, it means the 20 00:02:25,310 --> 00:02:30,590 Spanish republic was defeated in the civil war and this government that was defeated 21 00:02:30,590 --> 00:02:37,409 went into exile and they participated in the San Francisco Conference. Why? Because the Second 22 00:02:37,409 --> 00:02:44,210 Republic was a democratic state and the Franco's dictatorship was a fascist or a dictatorship. So, 23 00:02:44,210 --> 00:02:50,990 it's not a democratic state. So, these United Nations, that they are going to defend democracy 24 00:02:50,990 --> 00:02:59,270 and the human rights, they cannot allow Spain, a dictatorship, to be part of these United Nations. 25 00:02:59,270 --> 00:03:13,669 So, this is an image of the first countries, the design of the chart of the United Nations. 26 00:03:13,669 --> 00:03:14,669 And what is the goal? 27 00:03:14,669 --> 00:03:17,870 The main goal is what I said, ensure international peace and security. 28 00:03:17,870 --> 00:03:24,289 It means to avoid any type of war, any type of problem in international relations and 29 00:03:24,289 --> 00:03:34,129 use diplomacy or dialogue instead of war also what they want is to foster economic 30 00:03:34,129 --> 00:03:38,689 and social cooperation between nations okay so the idea is ensure this 31 00:03:38,689 --> 00:03:43,349 international peace and security and also what they want is the economic and 32 00:03:43,349 --> 00:03:49,530 social cooperation between nations these two goals okay cooperation as basis of 33 00:03:49,530 --> 00:03:54,090 this peace and security in the international sphere or international 34 00:03:54,090 --> 00:03:59,909 order and finally in 1848 they are going to publish the Universal Declaration of 35 00:03:59,909 --> 00:04:05,710 Human Rights so as la declaración universal de los derechos humanos vale 36 00:04:05,710 --> 00:04:10,409 so in 1948 these United Nations created this Universal Declaration of Human 37 00:04:10,409 --> 00:04:16,529 Rights okay so these United Nations this institution still exists nowadays and 38 00:04:16,529 --> 00:04:23,029 And they have the same goals as since the very beginning, since 1945, okay? 39 00:04:23,029 --> 00:04:29,430 So, ensuring international peace and security to foster this cooperation, this economic and social cooperation, okay? 40 00:04:29,430 --> 00:04:35,829 And in 1948, they are going to adopt, they are going to publish this Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 41 00:04:35,829 --> 00:04:41,829 Let's see which are the governing bodies. It means how these United Nations works, okay? 42 00:04:41,829 --> 00:04:48,250 So, three main bodies, the first one is the General Assembly, let's look at this schematic 43 00:04:48,250 --> 00:04:58,329 explanation, what we have here is the General Assembly, the thing is in the General Assembly 44 00:04:58,329 --> 00:05:03,949 we are going to find all the countries that they are part of the United Nations, but in 45 00:05:03,949 --> 00:05:09,110 this General Assembly what we are going to find is that all the countries can vote, but 46 00:05:09,110 --> 00:05:16,290 But the problem of this General Assembly is that it's a consultative organ. 47 00:05:16,290 --> 00:05:21,990 It means it's an institution, a General Assembly, that is proposing things, but it's not taking 48 00:05:21,990 --> 00:05:23,110 measures. 49 00:05:23,110 --> 00:05:28,449 The one that is taking measures is this one here, the Security Council. 50 00:05:28,449 --> 00:05:32,629 So the idea is we have a General Assembly with all the countries represented, all the 51 00:05:32,629 --> 00:05:34,170 countries can vote. 52 00:05:34,170 --> 00:05:41,389 What they are going to do is to give suggestions to the Security Council in order the Security 53 00:05:41,389 --> 00:05:46,509 Council take action, take the measures. 54 00:05:46,509 --> 00:05:52,050 So this General Assembly is formed by all the state members, all of them can vote and 55 00:05:52,050 --> 00:05:56,550 only issue recommendations, they are going to recommend what to do, but the institution 56 00:05:56,550 --> 00:06:03,470 that is going to make the decisions that have the executive power is the Security Council. 57 00:06:03,470 --> 00:06:09,569 This Security Council is formed by 15 members, the problem is this Security Council is formed 58 00:06:09,569 --> 00:06:17,170 by 10 members elected by the General Assembly and 5 members that they are permanent. 59 00:06:17,170 --> 00:06:22,769 Which are these 5 countries that they are always being represented in this organ, in 60 00:06:22,769 --> 00:06:26,490 this institution that is the one that is making the decisions? 61 00:06:26,490 --> 00:06:32,509 The Soviet Union, France, China, the UK and USA. 62 00:06:32,509 --> 00:06:41,550 So these five countries are permanent represented in this Security Council. 63 00:06:41,550 --> 00:06:46,209 The other ten are going to be elected by the General Assembly. 64 00:06:46,209 --> 00:06:47,550 What is the problem? 65 00:06:47,550 --> 00:06:50,750 That these five countries have right to veto. 66 00:06:50,750 --> 00:06:56,230 It means imagine these ten countries want to do something and they are the majority, 67 00:06:56,230 --> 00:07:00,689 but China says no, I don't want to make this decision. 68 00:07:00,689 --> 00:07:07,189 they cannot make this decision or imagine great britain the uk saying no you cannot make this 69 00:07:07,189 --> 00:07:11,970 decision they are not going to make the decision so they have right to veto 70 00:07:11,970 --> 00:07:22,790 so the majority are distant but these five are permanent and they have the right 71 00:07:22,790 --> 00:07:28,310 to veto it means to say no to any any decision made by this 10 72 00:07:28,310 --> 00:07:36,970 So, even when they are the majority and they can decide to do something, with only one 73 00:07:36,970 --> 00:07:42,470 of these five saying no is enough not to approve the measure. 74 00:07:42,470 --> 00:07:48,990 So General Assembly with all the countries, they have right to vote, they just give recommendations 75 00:07:48,990 --> 00:07:55,629 to the executive body, that is the Security Council, but the Security Council is formed 76 00:07:55,629 --> 00:08:01,089 by 15 members which are the permanent ones China, France, the UK, the Soviet 77 00:08:01,089 --> 00:08:07,449 Union and the United States the others are periodically elected by the General 78 00:08:07,449 --> 00:08:13,649 Assembly it means this General Assembly is going to elect 10 out of 15 79 00:08:13,649 --> 00:08:20,110 members but these permanent members they are going to have right to veto right to 80 00:08:20,110 --> 00:08:25,930 veto so the decision are taken by simply majority it means a we need to have 81 00:08:25,930 --> 00:08:34,610 only a seven eight members in favor of a measure but also you need that none of 82 00:08:34,610 --> 00:08:39,490 these five are going to be against of this measure okay because they have 83 00:08:39,490 --> 00:08:46,230 right to veto okay so 15 members 10 elected by the General Assembly five 84 00:08:46,230 --> 00:08:50,610 permanent these five permanent members they have the right to veto these 85 00:08:50,610 --> 00:08:57,149 decisions it means to say no to the decision and to stop this decision from 86 00:08:57,149 --> 00:09:03,090 taking action and finally what we have is the Secretary General okay what we 87 00:09:03,090 --> 00:09:10,830 have is a person that is going to be in charge of coordinating the institutions 88 00:09:10,830 --> 00:09:17,669 of the United Nations and to check that everything is working well or perfectly 89 00:09:17,669 --> 00:09:24,730 inside the United Nations. So the Secretary General is responsible for how the institution 90 00:09:24,730 --> 00:09:32,309 is working and the coordination across the entire United Nations. And it is going to be elected by 91 00:09:32,309 --> 00:09:37,809 the General Assembly for a period of five years, okay? It means the General Assembly is going to 92 00:09:37,809 --> 00:09:44,809 propose the person and is the Security Council the one that is going to say, okay, we elect the 93 00:09:44,809 --> 00:09:49,470 person chosen by the General Assembly. 94 00:09:49,470 --> 00:09:54,669 So a General Assembly that gives recommendations and there are all the states, a Security Council 95 00:09:54,669 --> 00:10:00,309 that is the one making decisions with 15 members, 5 permanents and 10 elected by the General 96 00:10:00,309 --> 00:10:01,929 Assembly. 97 00:10:01,929 --> 00:10:06,429 In order to make a decision you need a simple majority, it means with 8 is enough, it means 98 00:10:06,429 --> 00:10:13,649 51% of the members in favor of a measure, but also you need to take into consideration 99 00:10:13,649 --> 00:10:22,909 that these five members they have right to veto, it means they can say no, so these five 100 00:10:22,909 --> 00:10:31,549 members can say no, they can abort, they can be against a measure made by eight members, 101 00:10:31,549 --> 00:10:35,450 so this measure is not going to take place. 102 00:10:35,450 --> 00:10:40,789 Finally the Secretary General is the one that is going to coordinate all the institutions 103 00:10:40,789 --> 00:10:47,590 in the United Nations and this Secretary General is the one that is going to be responsible 104 00:10:47,590 --> 00:10:54,710 of the of how is working the entire United Nations he is going to be elected for five 105 00:10:54,710 --> 00:11:01,909 years and the Secretary General is going to be appointed means that is suggested by the 106 00:11:01,909 --> 00:11:10,549 General Assembly but is going to be elected nominated by the Security Council okay 107 00:11:10,789 --> 00:11:22,350 So we have the General Assembly, one state, one vote, then the Security Council with the five permanent members and the 10 members selected for two years by the General Assembly, and finally the Secretary General. 108 00:11:24,230 --> 00:11:32,470 As you can see, there are other institutions. We are going to talk about these other institutions in the next slide, but we are going to talk about them briefly. 109 00:11:32,470 --> 00:11:48,049 We are going to see the three last Secretary-Generals, this is Kofi Annan, this is Ban Ki-moon, 110 00:11:48,049 --> 00:11:53,950 and the present day Secretary-General is Antonio Guterres, he is a Portuguese one, 111 00:11:53,950 --> 00:12:01,110 he was elected in 2017 and still being the Secretary-General. 112 00:12:01,110 --> 00:12:07,690 As you can see, most of them are elected for 10 years, for two rules. 113 00:12:07,690 --> 00:12:16,639 So probably he would be re-elected for another five years, in 2021. 114 00:12:16,639 --> 00:12:20,000 So the last part we need to see is the other United Nations agencies. 115 00:12:20,000 --> 00:12:24,919 It means the United Nations is not only the General Assembly, the Secretary General and 116 00:12:24,919 --> 00:12:27,399 the Security Council. 117 00:12:27,399 --> 00:12:32,639 What we are going to have is other institutions related with the United Nations. 118 00:12:32,639 --> 00:12:57,679 For example, we have the International Court of Justice of the AG, la Corte Internacional de la Haya, this institution is going to judge specific conflicts or any action against the humanity, against the mankind, ok? 119 00:12:57,679 --> 00:13:02,600 so this is the International Court of Justice at the AG okay this is an 120 00:13:02,600 --> 00:13:10,700 international court so is going to judge international matters okay this is the 121 00:13:10,700 --> 00:13:17,889 the symbol okay we are going to have the economic and social council what is the 122 00:13:17,889 --> 00:13:22,870 economic and social council okay is the the institution in order to promote this 123 00:13:22,870 --> 00:13:26,990 social and economic development of countries okay so the United Nations 124 00:13:26,990 --> 00:13:32,149 remember is going to foster the quote the social and economic cooperation but 125 00:13:32,149 --> 00:13:37,429 the specific the United Nations agency that is going to be related to promote 126 00:13:37,429 --> 00:13:42,289 to foster to encourage the social and economic development of the countries is 127 00:13:42,289 --> 00:13:49,269 going to be the economic and social council el consejo económico social okay 128 00:13:49,269 --> 00:13:55,049 he is going to control a large of number of another specialized agencies a focus 129 00:13:55,049 --> 00:13:58,889 on health related with the social matters childhood related with social 130 00:13:58,889 --> 00:14:04,230 matters etc so the idea is inside this economic and social council we are going 131 00:14:04,230 --> 00:14:08,850 to find different institutions that they are specialized agencies in order to 132 00:14:08,850 --> 00:14:14,190 help this institution to promote the social and economic development of 133 00:14:14,190 --> 00:14:22,700 countries okay so let's see apart from this well this is the this is the 134 00:14:22,700 --> 00:14:26,840 institution the United Nations Economic and Social Council this is the place 135 00:14:26,840 --> 00:14:31,639 where they are going to gather in order to promote this economic and social 136 00:14:31,639 --> 00:14:38,600 development remember is that they are international agencies so they are not 137 00:14:38,600 --> 00:14:42,440 going to affect one country they are going to fit the whole world all the 138 00:14:42,440 --> 00:14:47,120 countries the UNESCO maybe you know the UNESCO okay the goal is to protect the 139 00:14:47,120 --> 00:14:55,080 cultural heritage okay this is the UNESCO mo most of the different remains 140 00:14:55,080 --> 00:15:04,500 ancient remains are being under the protection of the UNESCO, the UNICEF, 141 00:15:04,500 --> 00:15:10,720 maybe you know also UNICEF, the goal is, it works for disabled children, it 142 00:15:10,720 --> 00:15:14,820 needs to take care of these children that they are in these situations, 143 00:15:14,820 --> 00:15:23,620 okay, remember the logo, and the United Nations today, we have talked about these 144 00:15:23,620 --> 00:15:29,080 four main agencies related with the United Nations, there are more, but these 145 00:15:29,080 --> 00:15:34,580 These are the four most important, the UNESCO, the UNICEF, the Economic and Social Council 146 00:15:34,580 --> 00:15:38,259 and this International Court of Justice at the Act. 147 00:15:38,259 --> 00:15:43,840 And we are going to see which are the two main goals of the United Nations today. 148 00:15:43,840 --> 00:15:46,580 It's working in two main directions. 149 00:15:46,580 --> 00:15:51,360 The first one is to encourage and protect the human rights. 150 00:15:51,360 --> 00:15:55,379 They want to foster the human rights. 151 00:15:55,379 --> 00:16:02,840 means to everyone knows what is the human rights and to protect them, okay? 152 00:16:02,840 --> 00:16:07,360 And the other part is that they are going to be peace missions or conflict 153 00:16:07,360 --> 00:16:12,360 mediation. Remember, in order to avoid war what they are going to send is an army 154 00:16:12,360 --> 00:16:17,159 that is going to be composed by armies of different countries, countries that 155 00:16:17,159 --> 00:16:21,659 they are inside of the United Nations. It means the United Nations has no army, so 156 00:16:21,659 --> 00:16:27,539 imagine the Security Council decides to intervene in a specific country so what 157 00:16:27,539 --> 00:16:32,700 they are going to do okay is going to say okay which country is able to 158 00:16:32,700 --> 00:16:38,820 provide with soldiers to this United Nations mission and maybe going to be 159 00:16:38,820 --> 00:16:44,460 Spain along with the US and France so a Spanish French and American soldiers are 160 00:16:44,460 --> 00:16:50,460 going to go to this country in order to mediate or in order to develop a peace 161 00:16:50,460 --> 00:16:54,659 mission okay so the thing is their intervention is crucial to protect the 162 00:16:54,659 --> 00:16:59,700 civilian population humanitarian organizations and refugees okay these 163 00:16:59,700 --> 00:17:05,380 troops are called blue helmets because all of them has 164 00:17:05,380 --> 00:17:13,519 have this blue helmets if you say UN United Nations they are Peruvian okay 165 00:17:13,519 --> 00:17:19,000 from Peru and they are going to intervene in a specific United Nation 166 00:17:19,000 --> 00:17:25,900 mission okay humanitarian mission a peace mission or a conflict mediation 167 00:17:25,900 --> 00:17:32,140 mission so this is all about the United Nations we have seen the goals we have 168 00:17:32,140 --> 00:17:36,940 seen how it was created the goals the institutions how it how does it works 169 00:17:36,940 --> 00:17:41,799 the different agencies and now the two main goals first to encourage and 170 00:17:41,799 --> 00:17:45,220 protect the human rights okay remember encourage and protect the human rights 171 00:17:45,220 --> 00:17:49,000 and the second one is to intervene in peace missions or conflict mediations 172 00:17:49,000 --> 00:17:55,079 using armies from the countries that they are part of the United Nations we 173 00:17:55,079 --> 00:18:01,359 how do we call them the troops blue helmets cascos azules because as you can 174 00:18:01,359 --> 00:18:09,000 see they are wearing these specific helmets and that's it