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So, today we are going to talk about reported speech.

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When do we use reported speech?

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We use reported speech to express what another person has said without using the same exact

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words.

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So, in formal language, we use that to begin the reported speech clause.

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For example, she said that she had a headache.

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However, in informal language, we often omit it, so it will say, she said she had a headache.

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What about the changes?

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We have to change the tense of the main verb.

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So, if in direct speech we have a present simple, in the reported speech we will say

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a past simple.

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We have a present continuous, we will use a past continuous.

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We have a present perfect simple, past perfect simple in the reported speech.

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We have a past simple or a past perfect simple, we will use a past perfect simple in the reported

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speech.

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And if we are going to use the going to, we change the verb to be in the present to the

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verb to be in the past.

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Was, were, going to.

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We have some other verbs, that's will, can and must, and we have to change it too to

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the reported speech.

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If we have a will, we will use a good, if we have the modal verb can, we will change

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it to could, and if we have must or have to, we will change it to had to, the past.

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We also have to change some words or expressions.

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So for example, if in direct speech we use now, we have to write then or at that time

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in the reported speech clause.

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If we have a sentence using tonight, we will have to change it to that night, and if we

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are going to use some words such as yesterday or two years ago, we will change it to day

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before or two years earlier.

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What about reporting verbs and structures?

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With the verbs offer, promise and agree, we will use to plus infinitive.

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For example, he offered to drive ours.

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But if we have some verbs such as tell, ask, advise, order, warn or remind, we will use

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the object and then the to plus infinitive.

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For example, she asked me to stay for dinner.

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With the verbs tell and promise, we will also use an object and then that and the sentence

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or the clause.

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For example, he told me that she will call me.

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However, with the verbs say, announce, deny or admit, we will use just that and the rest

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of the sentence.

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For example, he said that he will call me.

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With the verbs apologize for, accuse plus the object of, congratulate plus the object

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on or suggest and admit, we will use the verb with the ing.

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For example, he apologized for breaking it or she accused me of stealing it.

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Finally, the reported questions.

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The direct and indirect questions have different structures.

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In the direct question, we use the verb and then the subject.

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Where are you from?

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She asked.

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But in the reported questions, we have the subject and then the verb.

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She asked me where I was from.

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With the wh-questions, we repeat the question word in the reported questions.

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The questions were such as what, when, why, what.

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For example, she asked me what the time was.

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If we have a yes or no question, we use if or whether in the reported question instead.

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For example, he asked me if or he asked me whether I was happy.

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That's all I have to teach you about reported speech.