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Hi everyone, today we are going to see geography, okay? I'm going to explain you this document that you have on the aula virtual and it's a PDF with the selection of the pages that we are going to need for this class or for this lesson, okay?

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So if you see the number of the pages are too low because we have started a new book. Okay, the second one that is related to geography. Okay, so we can get apart from history now.

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and we are going to see the main information related to human geography, related to population, okay?

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Human geography is composed of different science or steps, and one of them is the population,

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and it's the one that we are going to see today.

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Eh, para que no haya ningún tipo de confusión, me vais a tener que entregar el cuaderno de ese tema, ¿vale?

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Entonces, todos los diagramas y esquemas que aparezcan en la presentación, que los vais a tener,

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tienen que aparecer en el cuaderno, y los apuntes o las notas que cojáis de la explicación también.

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¿Qué quiere decir? Que realmente a continuación del último tema de historia ponéis tema 1, geografía,

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Ahora os diré el título y ponéis toda la información ahí.

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Como va a ser bastante información, os doy hasta el 29, es decir, hasta este viernes,

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para subir los ejercicios que están al final de esta presentación y el cuaderno.

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No hace falta que...

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Si los tenéis, los podéis subir antes, pero los tenéis hasta el 29.

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Incluso después de hacer el cuestionario tenéis la opción de hacerlo de geografía.

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El 29 sería el último día para presentar el cuaderno de geografía, que sería sobre este tema.

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Habilitaré en el aula virtual un enlace.

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También la semana que viene os avisaré con tiempo, reservaré una o dos clases para corregir todos los ejercicios de la tercera evaluación que no hayamos corregido,

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como los del tema 6 y 8 y los de geografía.

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So, surely we will need two classes, I will let you know, I will put it in the schedule so that you have it, because even if I am not going to advance you, Mario, that you go to another, we continue giving classes, at least a few days to close those spots that could have been left.

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So, now we are going to see the presentation so that we can continue with the explanation.

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Okay, so here we have our presentation, and the title of this unit is going to be humangeography.population, okay?

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So we are going to see everything that I consider important to be explained in this topic, okay, human geography.

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So, like always, here we have the different topics that we are going to see today.

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So, there are a lot, but we are going to see in a brief way, so we have time to see everything.

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And if you have any questions, you can ask me, okay?

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So, if you see, it's everything related to population and demographic models and also migration with the different movements of people.

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So, first of all, we have to know the difference between population geography and demography, okay?

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The population geography is a part of the geography, okay, of the science,

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which is concerned with describing and explaining society

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and analyzing the relationship between the population and the space.

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Esto siempre se dice la relación el hombre-medio, ¿vale?

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El ser humano con el medio ambiente.

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And later we'll have the demography, that is the statistical study related to human population,

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and I'll see the status and distribution in a moment, okay?

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I'm sure you've heard this.

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So the demography is more mathematic,

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and the population geography is like established relationship between the environment and the human environment, okay?

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so we are going to start with population of the planet that is page 4 of our book

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okay so we need to understand how the population is distributed in the in the

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world okay so here we have three facts or three causes that allow people to be

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in one place or another.

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So, we have physical

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factors

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like the terrain,

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es decir, el terreno, no es lo mismo

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que sea flat, o sea, una llanura or a

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mountain.

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The climate and the water,

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the access to

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water, like rivers

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or fountains or whatever,

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and the climate is not the

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same to be in a desert or in a

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mountain or in a

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medium temperature.

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And also the soil, that means if we have a field, we have the opportunity to get crops or not.

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Also we have historical facts, that means the age of the settlement is not the same to be in Athens or to be in San Francisco, for example.

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The antiquity of the place is not the same, so the history affects the society that lives in that place.

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And the last, the socioeconomic, with the wars and the conflicts, and also the industry or the economic services that we have.

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So it depends, people used to choose a beneficial place to live.

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So, if people can choose to live in a very good weather, with water, without fertile soil, and without wars, they are going to live there.

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But sadly, most of the people can't choose where to live, at least at the beginning of their lives.

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So, here we have the factors of distribution.

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Okay, I'll repeat this a little bit.

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Throughout the history of humanity, the environment conditions where we settle.

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Normally, human beings look for flat terrains where they can settle their house and cultivate.

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Therefore, they need a fertile soil, that the climate is not too extreme, nor too cold, nor too hot,

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and that there are water sources, rivers, aquifers, to be able to supply the population.

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También es lo mismo vivir en una ciudad como Atenas, que tiene muchísima historia y muchísimo pasado,

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y también la configuración de la ciudad está condicionada por la historia,

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que a lo mejor una ciudad como San Francisco, que es mucho más moderna en Estados Unidos.

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Y luego también, a nivel socioeconómico, es importante distinguir los conflictos que puede haber.

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No es lo mismo vivir en una zona en conflicto que en una zona en paz.

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Y también, pues, las actividades económicas, si hay industrias, si hay servicios, etcétera, etcétera.

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Por lo tanto, la gente, si puede, normalmente elige zonas más fáciles en las que sobrevivir o en las que vivir y no tanto sobrevivir, ¿vale?

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Por lo tanto, tenemos aquí los factores de la distribución de la población.

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Okay, in this same page, we have the uneven distribution of population.

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That means how the people is distributed through the world.

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So, here we have a map showing us here the legend, the number of people living per kilometer squared, ¿ok?

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Por kilómetro cuadrado.

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So, here we have, how can we decide if a place is very low, low, moderate, or high occupied?

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Es decir, la densidad de la población es una fórmula matemática que, como vemos aquí, divide el número de habitantes en una población entre el área a ocupar en kilómetros cuadrados, ¿vale?

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Entonces, si cogemos una población que tenga, un país que tenga esa población, la dividimos en los kilómetros cuadrados y nos sale que hay 49,34 habitantes por kilómetro cuadrado, ¿vale?

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La densidad de población nos sirve para ver si una zona está muy poblada o poco poblada.

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Look here on the map, the darkest areas, Japan, Southeast Asia, India, look in Spain how Madrid is, and in Lisbon, Portugal, therefore the darkest areas are the ones with the most population, look how Siberia is, practically deserted, less than one inhabitant per square kilometer, because it is very complex, just like the zone of Australia, which is practically deserted, Greenland, the northern zone of Canada,

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zones or Amazonas zones where there are almost no people. So how do you calculate that people? Well,

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they have to give us the number of population and the number of kilometers. We divide and we get the

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figure. So we can establish if the density is very low, if there are less than 10 inhabitants

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per square kilometer, low if it is between 10 and 50, moderate if it is between 50 and 100 and high if it is

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more than 100. Therefore, the density of the population serves us to see the number of people

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that lives in an area and to know if it is very populated or not, it is as if you have a house of two

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rooms and five people live because it is very densely populated but if you have a room of

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ten rooms and only two people live because it is not densely populated, that is the idea, so here

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you have the total population and the density of the population, well, it is the relationship that exists

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between the area and the population, it is worth all these definitions, it is good that you have them in

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cuenta porque a lo mejor el año que viene seguramente las necesitéis, ¿vale?

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Okay, now we move to population structure.

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There is on page 8 and 9 of our first unit, okay?

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And here we have the first diagram.

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We are going to see how is the population organized, attending to the biological structure,

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the economy the economic structure okay and how this information is showing with the population

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parameters we're going to see don't worry so first of all we have two biological structure

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through age and through sex and in economic structure we have through activity and through

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economic sectors. So we're going to establish in the moral theory or in the

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population studies, we divided the population in three different groups.

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Young people 0 to 14, adult people between 15 and 64 and elderly more or

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or over 65 okay nowadays this is not so clear because nowadays people with 70 years sometimes

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are young and maybe we need to establish the elderly people through 75 but today we have these

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three groups so each group has different characteristics okay and in sex we have

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male and female like always okay so here in this graphic we have the evolution of males and females

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through these three groups of age so in the young group that means between

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In 0 to 14, we have more men than women.

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What does it mean?

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More men than women.

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Es decir, nacen más niños genéticamente, nacen más niños que niñas, ¿vale?

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But, in the adult life, or in the adult group, there are more men than women in these years,

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Okay, between the 25 to 29. But from this, they start to low. And in this point, in the limit with the elderly people, we have more women. Why? Because in this gap that we have here, okay, normally more men died.

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Why? Because of insane habits like smoke or drink alcohol or car accidents or difficulties in the jobs.

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So, normally, there are more men than women, also because of biological differences, because women are stronger sometimes because of the flu, debido al periodo.

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So here we have.

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It's the same as men because they lead.

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Before, more men died because of discrimination,

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because women practically did not expose themselves to any risk.

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Now, no.

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So, that balance is becoming the same.

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And also, women are more resistant, biologically,

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it is said, because of menstruation.

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So, they hold on more.

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Because of that, in the old age,

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we have more women than men.

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That is a bit the relationship of the biological structure.

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Normally, more children are born,

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more men die, more women survive.

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And with the population level of activity, we have active population and inactive population.

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That means people who can't work and people who cannot work.

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So, in the active population, we have people in age to be working.

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That means adult people.

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So, the adult people form the active population.

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Even they are not working, ¿qué quiere decir?

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O sea, aunque haya gente en paro, que no esté trabajando, tiene la opción de trabajar,

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por lo tanto forma parte de la población activa.

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La cosa es que esté trabajando o no, pero está disponible para trabajar, ¿vale?

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La población inactiva no está disponible para trabajar porque son niños por debajo de los 16 años,

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normalmente estudiantes, gente jubilada o gente que no puede trabajar por cuestiones físicas

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o cualquier otra cuestión, ¿vale?

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Entonces, en la población activa es toda aquella persona entre 15 y 64 años, ahora lo han alargado hasta los 67, que pueda trabajar.

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Aunque no esté trabajando, está en búsqueda de empleo.

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Y la población inactiva es aquella que, por ley, no puede trabajar.

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Bien, porque es menor de edad, menor de 16, porque estén estudiando, porque ya estén jubilados,

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o porque tengan algún tipo de dolencia que no les permita trabajar, ¿vale?

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¿Cómo calculamos la actividad o la tasa de actividad económica?

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Tenemos que tener el dato de la población activa, que eso siempre se ve en la seguridad social, la gente que está trabajando,

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y tenemos que conocer el dato de cuántas personas hay entre 16 y más de 16 años,

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es decir, gente que tenga derecho a trabajar.

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La del resto de la división lo multiplicamos por 100

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para que nos dé el porcentaje

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y tenemos la tasa de actividad económica,

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es decir, calculamos cuánta gente está trabajando

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de la que podría estar trabajando, ¿vale?

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Seguimos.

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Luego tenemos los sectores económicos.

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Esto es lo que vais a ver el año que viene.

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Los sectores económicos primarios, secundarios y terciarios,

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es decir, el campo, la industria y los servicios.

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¿Ok?

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So, thanks to this population pyramid,

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we can see this information in a...

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Ay, se me ha ido la palabra. En datos. Se me ha ido la palabra para datos.

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Bueno, ahora me meto.

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Okay, so here we have a population pyramid.

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It's the typical one.

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Okay, so here we have the numbers, base, trunk, and top.

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So here we have people who is young.

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In the middle we have the adults.

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and in the top we have the elderly one and here we have the parts that compose this part okay

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check it copy in your notebook but it's very easy it's a graphic with a vertical axis and

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a horizontal axis okay showing all the different ages and the different sex okay and the years of

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birth normalmente los hombres siempre se pintan en azul y las mujeres en naranja en rojo en rosa

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It is usually the typical legend of colors, so that there is no confusion.

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So, these pyramids of population, what they allow us to see through the years,

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how it has increased or decreased in the population.

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For example, this peak that we have here, coming out of men and women,

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is people who have been born between 86 and 90.

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Look, the people who have been born in the 30s or before, practically do not exist.

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Pero fijaros como entre el 15 y el 11 ha habido un repunte

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Nacieron más niños que entre el 6 y el 10

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Y a su vez han nacido más niños que entre la cohorte del 1 al 5

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Por lo tanto podemos ver la tendencia de la población

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Cuando hay más niños y cuando hay menos

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So here we have the different models or types

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That we can have for the population parameters

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Here we have the triangular, the bell and the urn.

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we have a lot of adult population and the one of Urna is already showing us

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aging population because look at the strip of more than 65 that normally is

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the triangular that is the typical there is a lot of population that means

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this is a rich country the population aged shows that it is a rich country

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because the rate of aging and the rate of life or life expectancy is greater

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Un país donde tenga la forma de campana es un país en vías de desarrollo, es decir, está entre medias de las dos. La triangular es un país pobre, donde no hay control de natalidad, nacen muchísimos niños y también muere mucha población, por eso se ve claramente el pico que tenemos aquí, ¿vale?

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So, well, this is the idea or the ideal pyramid, the prototypical, but obviously the data makes some bars come out to one side or to the other, but normally they are usually adjusted to these models.

201
00:20:15,970 --> 00:20:44,369
Okay, population dynamics and trends are in the page 12 and 13, okay?

202
00:20:44,369 --> 00:20:58,269
And here we have the population dynamics are composed by the natural movement and the migratory movement.

203
00:20:58,569 --> 00:21:07,289
That means el movimiento natural de la población, nacimientos y muertes, y el movimiento migratorio, inmigraciones y emigraciones.

204
00:21:07,289 --> 00:21:15,930
So here we have births, showing in the natality, and death, showing in the mortality, and immigration, and emigration.

205
00:21:16,369 --> 00:21:25,990
So, births. We have the birth rate, la tasa de nacimiento, the fertility rate, la tasa de fertilidad, and the average number of children per woman.

206
00:21:26,710 --> 00:21:30,869
¿Eso qué quiere decir? La tasa de hijos por mujer.

207
00:21:31,269 --> 00:21:35,170
Actualmente en España se considera que la tasa de hijos por mujer es 1,53.

208
00:21:35,170 --> 00:21:46,349
That is, according to the number of children who have been born and the number divided by the number of female population that could have children, it turns out that each woman has to have 1.53 children.

209
00:21:46,549 --> 00:21:50,369
As that is impossible, there are people who have 3, there are people who have 1 and there are people who do not have.

210
00:21:50,829 --> 00:21:56,509
But the fertility rate and the rate of children per woman shows the tendency of a population.

211
00:21:57,150 --> 00:22:02,130
If the rate is high, it means that there will be a generational rise and that there will be a lot of population.

212
00:22:02,130 --> 00:22:06,789
La tasa de hijos por mujeres bajas, es decir, no nacen niños, no va a haber relevo generacional, ¿vale?

213
00:22:06,990 --> 00:22:10,210
La tasa de nacimiento nos muestra el número de niños nacido en un año

214
00:22:10,210 --> 00:22:15,029
y la tasa de fertilidad nos muestra el número de mujeres en edad fértil para tener hijos, ¿vale?

215
00:22:16,470 --> 00:22:21,869
Death. We have death rate, tasa de mortalidad, es decir, cuántas muertes hay al año.

216
00:22:22,630 --> 00:22:28,210
Infant mortality rate, tasa de mortalidad infantil, es decir, cuántas muertes de niños hay al año,

217
00:22:28,210 --> 00:22:33,609
normalmente niños menores de un año, and the life expectancy, es decir, la esperanza de vida,

218
00:22:34,029 --> 00:22:39,430
cuántos años se cree que vamos a vivir, ¿vale? Estas son las fórmulas básicas.

219
00:22:40,529 --> 00:22:45,789
Also, we have the natural population growth, that means if the population are growing or not.

220
00:22:46,349 --> 00:22:49,829
So, here we have difference between the number of births and deaths,

221
00:22:50,289 --> 00:22:53,750
and the natural population growth rate expressed in percentage.

222
00:22:53,750 --> 00:23:05,789
That means we need to know birth rate and death rate, and we divide, sorry, make the difference between them and get a number.

223
00:23:06,170 --> 00:23:11,809
That is the percentage of this natural population growth.

224
00:23:11,970 --> 00:23:13,809
That means si la población crece o no.

225
00:23:14,269 --> 00:23:17,410
Si hay más nacimientos que muertes, la población crece.

226
00:23:17,890 --> 00:23:21,369
Si hay más muertes que nacimientos, la población está decreciendo, ¿vale?

227
00:23:21,369 --> 00:23:26,009
We have it here, positive if the population increases, negative if the population decreases.

228
00:23:26,410 --> 00:23:30,029
Oops, the word has gone here, sorry.

229
00:23:30,750 --> 00:23:35,710
And then, zero, that is, zero growth, there is no growth, the population is stagnant.

230
00:23:36,210 --> 00:23:38,029
They are born and die in the same number of people, okay?

231
00:23:38,529 --> 00:23:44,309
Here you have all the possible formulas that we can have at the moment of population, okay?

232
00:23:44,309 --> 00:23:51,390
La tasa de natalidad, la de fertilidad, la de mortalidad, mortalidad infantil y la tasa de crecimiento natural, que es esta.

233
00:23:52,049 --> 00:23:55,670
Vale, entonces, daros cuenta, esto va por 1.000 y esta va por 100.

234
00:23:56,609 --> 00:24:05,329
Vale, por lo tanto, estas tasas se muestran en tantos por 1.000 y esta se muestra en tantos por 100, ¿vale?

235
00:24:05,329 --> 00:24:09,009
vuelta a lo mismo

236
00:24:09,009 --> 00:24:10,109
si hubiéramos estado en clase

237
00:24:10,109 --> 00:24:12,029
pues habríamos practicado ejercicios

238
00:24:12,029 --> 00:24:14,009
para calcular tasas

239
00:24:14,009 --> 00:24:15,329
problemas, etc.

240
00:24:15,509 --> 00:24:16,470
pero no nos da tiempo

241
00:24:16,470 --> 00:24:17,170
así que nos quedamos

242
00:24:17,170 --> 00:24:18,609
en el plano teórico

243
00:24:18,609 --> 00:24:21,750
here you have more examples

244
00:24:21,750 --> 00:24:23,490
of the different rates

245
00:24:23,490 --> 00:24:27,529
and the different stages

246
00:24:27,529 --> 00:24:29,089
high, medium and low

247
00:24:29,089 --> 00:24:30,930
por lo tanto podéis ver

248
00:24:30,930 --> 00:24:31,670
si el porcentaje

249
00:24:31,670 --> 00:24:33,269
si hacéis una cooperación

250
00:24:33,269 --> 00:24:35,130
y te sale menos del 20 por mil

251
00:24:35,130 --> 00:24:36,230
es que el crecimiento es poco

252
00:24:36,630 --> 00:24:38,549
Si te sale más del 30, es que hay crecimiento.

253
00:24:38,869 --> 00:24:39,009
¿Ok?

254
00:24:40,069 --> 00:24:43,170
Well, demographic models and patterns.

255
00:24:43,549 --> 00:24:48,650
This is on page 14 and 15.

256
00:24:49,109 --> 00:24:51,190
Ok, and here we have two graphics.

257
00:24:51,329 --> 00:24:52,170
Be careful with this.

258
00:24:52,690 --> 00:24:53,950
This is wrong.

259
00:24:54,369 --> 00:24:57,509
Ok, the initial phase is this, and the final phase is this.

260
00:24:57,589 --> 00:24:57,690
¿Ok?

261
00:24:58,690 --> 00:25:01,950
So, here we have the demographic transition model.

262
00:25:01,950 --> 00:25:04,309
El modelo de transición demográfica.

263
00:25:04,309 --> 00:25:12,630
That means, from the beginning of humanity and from the actual, or nowadays, population.

264
00:25:13,569 --> 00:25:18,609
Eso es un gráfico que nos muestra cómo evoluciona la población en toda la historia.

265
00:25:19,130 --> 00:25:21,109
Tenemos dos maneras de ponerlo.

266
00:25:22,009 --> 00:25:28,049
El régimen preindustrial, es decir, antes del siglo XVIII, o llamarlo régimen antiguo.

267
00:25:28,049 --> 00:25:37,890
The demographic transition, that is, the transition from this regime to this one, which takes place between the 18th century and the first half of the 20th century.

268
00:25:38,390 --> 00:25:45,490
And then, from 1950, we have the modern demographic model, which is the one we have today.

269
00:25:45,829 --> 00:25:47,230
And now we are going to explain this.

270
00:25:48,130 --> 00:25:53,730
I have put a summary of the characteristics of the three stages, the old, the transition and the modern,

271
00:25:53,730 --> 00:26:00,210
para que no quede ninguna duda y que lo podéis tener en el cuaderno copiado de manera bastante

272
00:26:00,210 --> 00:26:06,450
clara. All demographic model or pre-industrial demographic model as you wish is characterized

273
00:26:06,450 --> 00:26:15,470
by low population growth. That means the population doesn't grow a lot. Birth and death

274
00:26:15,470 --> 00:26:22,589
rates are very high. That means it burns a lot of people but die a lot of people. So the growth

275
00:26:22,589 --> 00:26:24,150
is too few

276
00:26:24,150 --> 00:26:25,750
and the life expense

277
00:26:25,750 --> 00:26:32,369
is very low.

278
00:26:32,490 --> 00:26:33,470
I'm very tired already, guys.

279
00:26:34,089 --> 00:26:35,049
So, we have

280
00:26:35,049 --> 00:26:37,509
there is a low population growth

281
00:26:37,509 --> 00:26:39,250
because a lot of people are born

282
00:26:39,250 --> 00:26:40,650
but a lot of people die.

283
00:26:40,789 --> 00:26:42,670
So, the growth is very little.

284
00:26:43,230 --> 00:26:44,750
Therefore, the life expectancy is low

285
00:26:44,750 --> 00:26:47,069
because if a lot of people die

286
00:26:47,069 --> 00:26:48,190
they die at a young age.

287
00:26:48,369 --> 00:26:49,769
They don't usually exceed 40 years.

288
00:26:49,829 --> 00:26:51,730
That is, people with 50 years old

289
00:26:51,730 --> 00:26:56,890
and she was old, that's why people got married at 15, because otherwise you didn't have time to live, okay?

290
00:26:56,970 --> 00:27:05,109
So here we see how the mortality rate goes up and down, look how high it is here, this could be

291
00:27:05,109 --> 00:27:13,950
the fish, the epidemics, etc. Here we have moments of increase in natural growth, okay?

292
00:27:14,009 --> 00:27:19,490
Because the birth rate is above the death rate. Here we see it the same, the mortality rate goes up

293
00:27:19,490 --> 00:27:22,009
y la tasa de natalidad se mantiene

294
00:27:22,009 --> 00:27:23,950
cuando vamos a cambiar de modelo

295
00:27:23,950 --> 00:27:25,990
cuando la tasa de mortalidad baje

296
00:27:25,990 --> 00:27:27,890
tanto, que automáticamente

297
00:27:27,890 --> 00:27:30,170
la población crezca, y todo esto

298
00:27:30,170 --> 00:27:31,950
hemos dicho que era la diferencia entre los

299
00:27:31,950 --> 00:27:33,950
nacimientos y las muertes, eso quiere decir

300
00:27:33,950 --> 00:27:36,069
gente que sobrevive, gente que aumenta

301
00:27:36,069 --> 00:27:37,970
por lo tanto todo esto es

302
00:27:37,970 --> 00:27:39,849
un crecimiento positivo

303
00:27:39,849 --> 00:27:41,890
de la población, es decir, aumenta

304
00:27:41,890 --> 00:27:44,009
la población, si recordamos

305
00:27:44,009 --> 00:27:44,869
lo que teníamos aquí

306
00:27:44,869 --> 00:27:48,109
positivo y negativo

307
00:27:48,109 --> 00:27:49,829
si aumenta o no aumenta, ¿vale?

308
00:27:51,029 --> 00:27:52,349
Bien, entonces,

309
00:27:52,690 --> 00:27:54,569
tenemos el modelo demográfico antiguo,

310
00:27:54,650 --> 00:27:55,410
es muy sencillo,

311
00:27:55,589 --> 00:27:58,150
nacen muchos, mueren muchos, crecen poco, ¿vale?

312
00:27:58,869 --> 00:28:00,769
El de la transición,

313
00:28:00,970 --> 00:28:02,210
ahí es donde se complica un poquito más.

314
00:28:02,250 --> 00:28:03,150
Si tenemos dos fases,

315
00:28:03,289 --> 00:28:04,650
la inicial, ¿vale?

316
00:28:04,670 --> 00:28:05,470
La primera fase,

317
00:28:05,890 --> 00:28:07,009
con la inicial que es esta,

318
00:28:07,930 --> 00:28:10,150
that means birds remain high,

319
00:28:10,430 --> 00:28:12,769
los nacimientos se mantienen altos,

320
00:28:12,890 --> 00:28:15,630
but the death rates decline,

321
00:28:15,950 --> 00:28:16,710
that is the clue.

322
00:28:16,710 --> 00:28:19,369
No significa que es que nazcan más gente

323
00:28:19,369 --> 00:28:21,089
Sino que es que muere menos gente

324
00:28:21,089 --> 00:28:22,509
Entonces al morir menos gente

325
00:28:22,509 --> 00:28:23,750
Sobreviven más

326
00:28:23,750 --> 00:28:25,789
Population explosion

327
00:28:25,789 --> 00:28:27,490
That means a lot of people living

328
00:28:27,490 --> 00:28:30,009
Here and here

329
00:28:30,009 --> 00:28:32,069
And in the second phase

330
00:28:32,069 --> 00:28:34,490
We have birth rate begins

331
00:28:34,490 --> 00:28:36,529
Sorry for this letter

332
00:28:36,529 --> 00:28:37,589
Begins to decrease

333
00:28:37,589 --> 00:28:39,829
And death rates continue to fall

334
00:28:39,829 --> 00:28:42,269
Aquí es donde se produce la explosión

335
00:28:42,269 --> 00:28:43,970
Es decir, la mayor diferencia

336
00:28:43,970 --> 00:28:46,250
Entre la mortalidad y la natalidad se produce aquí

337
00:28:46,250 --> 00:28:54,730
¿Pero qué ocurre? Llega un momento en que la mortalidad también empieza a bajar, por cuestiones sociales, por cuestiones físicas, que eso lo vamos a ver ahora.

338
00:28:55,109 --> 00:29:03,250
Entonces tenemos dos fases. La primera, boom, demográfico, quiere decir, sigue naciendo un montón de gente, pero como mueren menos, aumenta a tope la población.

339
00:29:03,730 --> 00:29:08,710
En la segunda, la población ya no aumenta tan rápido porque nacen menos niños.

340
00:29:08,710 --> 00:29:17,890
Como siguen muriendo pocos, se mantiene ese equilibrio y, por lo tanto, la población crece, aunque se va disminuyendo su crecimiento.

341
00:29:18,450 --> 00:29:32,859
Y en el modelo demográfico actual, lo tenemos caracterizado por familias poco numerosas, que se caracterizan por uno o dos hijos, a lo mucho o a lo sumo.

342
00:29:32,859 --> 00:29:43,200
Let's see if I'm able to go back to the PowerPoint.

343
00:29:44,880 --> 00:29:49,759
I hope it keeps recording because I'm having a lot of problems with the recordings.

344
00:29:50,140 --> 00:29:54,119
Well, we have the population is stagnant, it doesn't increase.

345
00:29:54,440 --> 00:29:59,720
Look here, the mortality rate was higher, but it doesn't increase much either.

346
00:29:59,720 --> 00:30:02,279
Normally people now have one or two children, before they had six.

347
00:30:02,279 --> 00:30:06,480
Therefore, the birth rate of natality is very low.

348
00:30:06,940 --> 00:30:09,819
The mortality rate also, therefore, survives a lot of people,

349
00:30:09,940 --> 00:30:13,160
it manages to reach a lot of old people, but there are few young people.

350
00:30:13,319 --> 00:30:15,500
There are few young people, because it is an aging country.

351
00:30:16,059 --> 00:30:19,019
Really, the triangular pyramid is this moment,

352
00:30:19,480 --> 00:30:23,400
the bell pyramid is this, and the urna pyramid is this.

353
00:30:25,079 --> 00:30:27,279
We have that the life expectancy is high for the same reason,

354
00:30:27,339 --> 00:30:29,160
because very few people die.

355
00:30:29,160 --> 00:30:32,640
Pero como nacen pocos, el crecimiento es muy bajo, ¿vale?

356
00:30:33,960 --> 00:30:35,400
Por eso es low down.

357
00:30:35,720 --> 00:30:37,160
Okay, population registers.

358
00:30:38,180 --> 00:30:43,319
These are from Unit 2, I think, or 3.

359
00:30:44,720 --> 00:30:45,579
Let me check.

360
00:30:46,259 --> 00:30:48,619
And this is only related to Spain, okay?

361
00:30:48,740 --> 00:30:56,579
From this part related to Spain, we are only to see these population registers, que son las fuentes demográficas.

362
00:30:56,579 --> 00:30:58,859
Unit 2, population in Spain, okay?

363
00:30:58,859 --> 00:31:01,339
page 28.

364
00:31:02,000 --> 00:31:02,380
Population

365
00:31:02,380 --> 00:31:04,220
registers, that means

366
00:31:04,220 --> 00:31:06,059
cómo registramos a la población.

367
00:31:06,380 --> 00:31:08,619
To know the amount of people in Spain

368
00:31:08,619 --> 00:31:10,140
we use the

369
00:31:10,140 --> 00:31:12,339
National Statistics Institute

370
00:31:12,339 --> 00:31:14,619
el Instituto Nacional de Estadística

371
00:31:14,619 --> 00:31:15,359
el INE

372
00:31:15,359 --> 00:31:18,880
to know the people

373
00:31:18,880 --> 00:31:20,500
who live in Spain.

374
00:31:20,500 --> 00:31:22,019
So we need the census

375
00:31:22,019 --> 00:31:24,700
the municipal register of Padrón

376
00:31:24,700 --> 00:31:26,599
and the civil

377
00:31:26,599 --> 00:31:28,079
registers. El censo

378
00:31:28,079 --> 00:31:31,039
el padrón y el registro civil.

379
00:31:32,039 --> 00:31:35,420
En el censo se registra la población residente en un país

380
00:31:35,420 --> 00:31:38,019
y su estatus económico, social y cultural.

381
00:31:38,559 --> 00:31:40,900
Es decir, cuánto ganas al mes, cuánto cobras,

382
00:31:41,900 --> 00:31:44,099
tu calidad de vida, tu nivel cultural,

383
00:31:44,319 --> 00:31:46,319
es decir, cuántos estudios tienes, cuántos no, etc.

384
00:31:46,660 --> 00:31:49,119
Se realiza cada 10 años.

385
00:31:49,500 --> 00:31:51,039
Normalmente los años acabados en uno,

386
00:31:52,779 --> 00:31:55,460
2001, 2011, 2021,

387
00:31:55,619 --> 00:31:57,079
el año que viene tendremos censo.

388
00:31:57,079 --> 00:31:59,259
to know how many people there are in Spain.

389
00:31:59,779 --> 00:32:03,700
The standard records the population of the municipalities.

390
00:32:04,059 --> 00:32:08,059
That is, when you standardize yourself in a place, you go to the standard,

391
00:32:08,519 --> 00:32:10,819
which is like a population record that lives in a municipality,

392
00:32:11,759 --> 00:32:14,640
and the responsibility of the municipalities, etc.

393
00:32:15,019 --> 00:32:18,799
And the civil record is when someone is born, you go to the record,

394
00:32:19,099 --> 00:32:22,079
and you record them, never better said, with their name, their last names.

395
00:32:22,680 --> 00:32:25,380
When someone dies, you give them a civil record,

396
00:32:25,380 --> 00:32:29,240
ya no tiene un DNI, ya no tiene ningún documento legal,

397
00:32:29,359 --> 00:32:30,880
incluso cuando hay matrimonios, ¿vale?

398
00:32:30,880 --> 00:32:34,660
Ese es el documento que te certifica que estás casado, que has nacido, que te has muerto.

399
00:32:35,359 --> 00:32:39,099
Vale, como veis, de España, pues obviamente tendríamos que ver

400
00:32:39,099 --> 00:32:41,519
cuál es la población, la pirámide de población de España,

401
00:32:41,660 --> 00:32:45,319
cuál es el modelo demográfico de España, pero no nos da tiempo.

402
00:32:45,740 --> 00:32:50,539
Entonces vamos a pasar directamente al tema 3, a la parte de migraciones,

403
00:32:51,539 --> 00:32:54,000
que, si me dais un segundo, os digo ahora la página,

404
00:32:54,000 --> 00:33:03,559
Y ya con esto acabamos, y os dejo ya de dar la turra, porque es mucha información e intento resumir todo lo posible, pero es que toda la parte de demografía, ¿vale?

405
00:33:03,660 --> 00:33:06,500
Página 54 serían las migraciones.

406
00:33:06,720 --> 00:33:11,339
Lo primero que vamos a centrar es en las causas de la migración y en los efectos que tiene.

407
00:33:11,519 --> 00:33:13,019
Es lo único que vamos a ver de migraciones.

408
00:33:13,559 --> 00:33:19,299
Causas económicas, sociales y naturales, y efectos económicos, sociales y naturales, o culturales, perdón.

409
00:33:19,299 --> 00:33:21,519
Okay, causes of demigration.

410
00:33:21,960 --> 00:33:31,279
In economic, we have reasons why people decide to flee from each country, okay?

411
00:33:31,619 --> 00:33:35,980
Economic, maybe they don't have a job, they need more salary, whatever.

412
00:33:36,559 --> 00:33:43,200
Social, they are refugees, they are fleeing from the war, they are persecuted, okay?

413
00:33:43,200 --> 00:33:46,380
unnatural, floods,

414
00:33:46,660 --> 00:33:48,259
roves, natural

415
00:33:48,259 --> 00:33:49,779
disasters in general, ¿ok?

416
00:33:50,380 --> 00:33:51,859
Por lo tanto, la gente, ¿por qué

417
00:33:51,859 --> 00:33:54,319
se cambia de país? Por cuestiones económicas,

418
00:33:54,380 --> 00:33:55,859
es decir, busca un mejor trabajo,

419
00:33:56,599 --> 00:33:57,779
busca un mejor salario,

420
00:33:58,559 --> 00:34:00,259
por cuestiones sociales, es un

421
00:34:00,259 --> 00:34:02,039
refugiado de una guerra, o

422
00:34:02,039 --> 00:34:03,720
le persiguen de alguna manera,

423
00:34:04,240 --> 00:34:05,799
o naturales, tenemos

424
00:34:05,799 --> 00:34:07,779
desastres naturales como inundaciones,

425
00:34:08,019 --> 00:34:09,679
sequías, etcétera, etcétera.

426
00:34:10,159 --> 00:34:11,940
¿Cuáles son los efectos

427
00:34:11,940 --> 00:34:14,460
económicos, sociales y culturales

428
00:34:14,460 --> 00:34:15,619
de la migración?

429
00:34:15,840 --> 00:34:16,559
Pues los vamos a ver.

430
00:34:17,179 --> 00:34:17,619
Economic.

431
00:34:18,059 --> 00:34:19,079
Send savings.

432
00:34:19,219 --> 00:34:20,880
That means people who are working

433
00:34:20,880 --> 00:34:22,000
in another country

434
00:34:22,000 --> 00:34:24,480
decide to send money

435
00:34:24,480 --> 00:34:25,619
for their family

436
00:34:25,619 --> 00:34:27,159
in their original country.

437
00:34:27,320 --> 00:34:28,159
Es decir, gente.

438
00:34:28,780 --> 00:34:30,780
Por ejemplo, gente que está trabajando en España,

439
00:34:31,260 --> 00:34:32,579
pero que sea a lo mejor de Ecuador,

440
00:34:33,320 --> 00:34:34,639
manda dinero desde España

441
00:34:34,639 --> 00:34:35,880
a su familia en Ecuador.

442
00:34:36,340 --> 00:34:36,480
¿Vale?

443
00:34:36,539 --> 00:34:38,039
Por lo tanto, les está mandando ahorros.

444
00:34:38,039 --> 00:34:39,940
Eso es una de las consecuencias económicas.

445
00:34:39,940 --> 00:34:42,420
they increase the supply of labor

446
00:34:42,420 --> 00:34:44,079
aumenta la mano de obra

447
00:34:44,079 --> 00:34:45,420
en el país de destino

448
00:34:45,420 --> 00:34:47,699
si viene más gente para trabajar

449
00:34:47,699 --> 00:34:48,940
aumenta la mano de obra

450
00:34:48,940 --> 00:34:51,000
stimulate economic expansion

451
00:34:51,000 --> 00:34:53,639
why? because if we have more supply of labor

452
00:34:53,639 --> 00:34:55,760
we can create

453
00:34:55,760 --> 00:34:57,440
more jobs

454
00:34:57,440 --> 00:34:59,739
or more industries

455
00:34:59,739 --> 00:35:00,760
or whatever

456
00:35:00,760 --> 00:35:02,500
but if we are increasing

457
00:35:02,500 --> 00:35:04,780
we could not

458
00:35:04,780 --> 00:35:07,300
but if we are in a prosperity

459
00:35:07,300 --> 00:35:08,780
or economic prosperity

460
00:35:08,780 --> 00:35:11,260
immigration stimulates

461
00:35:11,260 --> 00:35:12,840
the economy. And also,

462
00:35:13,179 --> 00:35:14,340
the immigrants pay taxes.

463
00:35:14,920 --> 00:35:17,139
So, for the state, it's very useful

464
00:35:17,139 --> 00:35:19,059
to have immigrants or people

465
00:35:19,059 --> 00:35:21,059
working for the state, because you

466
00:35:21,059 --> 00:35:22,579
have to pay taxes, okay?

467
00:35:22,980 --> 00:35:24,260
Por lo tanto, la gente inmigrante

468
00:35:24,260 --> 00:35:26,980
manda dinero a su país, eso hace

469
00:35:26,980 --> 00:35:28,380
que se mueva el dinero a nivel mundial,

470
00:35:29,039 --> 00:35:30,920
aumenta la mano de obra, salvo que

471
00:35:30,920 --> 00:35:32,920
estemos en crisis y, por lo tanto, falta

472
00:35:32,920 --> 00:35:34,840
trabajo y sobra mano de obra,

473
00:35:35,440 --> 00:35:36,800
estimula, por lo tanto, la expansión

474
00:35:36,800 --> 00:35:38,880
económica y paga impuestos al

475
00:35:38,880 --> 00:35:41,119
Estado, por lo tanto enriquece las arcas públicas.

476
00:35:42,599 --> 00:35:44,639
The social effects, the academic

477
00:35:44,639 --> 00:35:46,320
or professional qualifications,

478
00:35:46,900 --> 00:35:48,360
some of these immigrants

479
00:35:48,360 --> 00:35:50,280
are very qualified people

480
00:35:50,280 --> 00:35:52,719
who decide to move to another country

481
00:35:52,719 --> 00:35:54,400
to look for

482
00:35:54,400 --> 00:35:56,079
advantages or whatever.

483
00:35:56,579 --> 00:35:58,500
No sé si os suena lo de la fuga de cerebros,

484
00:35:58,500 --> 00:36:00,199
pero aquí en España con la crisis de hace

485
00:36:00,199 --> 00:36:02,699
10 años, mucha gente

486
00:36:02,699 --> 00:36:04,519
muy formada a nivel universitario se tenía

487
00:36:04,519 --> 00:36:06,559
que ir a Reino Unido, a Holanda,

488
00:36:06,800 --> 00:36:09,019
a Alemania, a buscar trabajo

489
00:36:09,019 --> 00:36:10,900
porque aquí no había, y era gente muy

490
00:36:10,900 --> 00:36:12,000
preparada, eran fugas,

491
00:36:12,159 --> 00:36:14,639
los sabios que se van, ¿vale?

492
00:36:14,739 --> 00:36:16,860
Pues eso ocurre a nivel mundial.

493
00:36:17,539 --> 00:36:18,420
Change demographic

494
00:36:18,420 --> 00:36:20,320
patterns, that means

495
00:36:20,320 --> 00:36:22,619
if we are in an elderly

496
00:36:22,619 --> 00:36:25,059
population, es decir, una población

497
00:36:25,059 --> 00:36:26,920
envejecida, and we have new

498
00:36:26,920 --> 00:36:28,579
immigrants with

499
00:36:28,579 --> 00:36:30,539
children, they

500
00:36:30,539 --> 00:36:32,940
create a society,

501
00:36:33,179 --> 00:36:34,820
a younger society, es decir,

502
00:36:34,820 --> 00:36:36,880
crean una sociedad más joven, porque

503
00:36:36,880 --> 00:36:38,980
si la población está envejecida y no nacen niños,

504
00:36:39,239 --> 00:36:40,920
pero vienen niños de otros

505
00:36:40,920 --> 00:36:43,219
países por parte de los inmigrantes, rejuvenece

506
00:36:43,219 --> 00:36:44,920
la población. Por lo tanto, cambia el

507
00:36:44,920 --> 00:36:46,480
patrón demográfico.

508
00:36:47,079 --> 00:36:49,039
And, negative

509
00:36:49,039 --> 00:36:51,000
consequences is that

510
00:36:51,000 --> 00:36:52,719
foreigners normally concentrate

511
00:36:52,719 --> 00:36:55,000
or are isolated in neighborhoods.

512
00:36:55,300 --> 00:36:56,900
Los hundetos son, a veces,

513
00:36:57,440 --> 00:36:58,860
ciertos barrios que predomina

514
00:36:58,860 --> 00:37:00,940
un tipo de población, o

515
00:37:00,940 --> 00:37:04,460
barrios en los que se les aísla,

516
00:37:04,820 --> 00:37:06,139
por rechazo, ¿vale?

517
00:37:06,179 --> 00:37:08,519
Por lo tanto, la inmigración es un problema social

518
00:37:08,519 --> 00:37:10,880
que, a pesar de que la sociedad actual

519
00:37:10,880 --> 00:37:11,860
es bastante tolerante,

520
00:37:12,380 --> 00:37:13,239
queda mucho por hacer.

521
00:37:13,760 --> 00:37:15,840
And the last part, the cultural effects,

522
00:37:16,059 --> 00:37:19,159
we have the challenges and difficulties of integration,

523
00:37:19,380 --> 00:37:23,460
okay, very related to the previous idea.

524
00:37:24,340 --> 00:37:26,539
The languages, traditions, values and cultures,

525
00:37:26,539 --> 00:37:30,340
new ones that can mix with the old ones,

526
00:37:31,139 --> 00:37:34,280
contact with different cultures and integration, okay?

527
00:37:34,280 --> 00:37:40,659
This is the most important one, to be all the same, all human beings, okay?

528
00:37:40,739 --> 00:37:42,920
It doesn't care where you came from.

529
00:37:44,420 --> 00:37:45,420
And that's it.

530
00:37:45,840 --> 00:37:49,699
Okay, this is all the theory, and this is all the things that you have to do.

531
00:37:50,340 --> 00:37:57,820
This one, as I told you, you have to copy in your notebook the diagrams and the notes that you have taken from this presentation, okay?

532
00:37:57,820 --> 00:38:03,139
And you have to deliver your notebook this day, on Friday, okay?

533
00:38:03,139 --> 00:38:10,079
in the aula virtual. But apart from the diagram, you have to include these exercises. So you have

534
00:38:10,079 --> 00:38:16,519
exercise one and three from this page. Please check the PDF that you are going to have in the

535
00:38:16,519 --> 00:38:24,980
aula virtual to be secure about the pages, okay? These questions, AB, I have copied for you,

536
00:38:25,340 --> 00:38:31,320
exercise one, page 14, and these four questions, okay? Everything must be in the aula virtual

537
00:38:31,320 --> 00:38:37,800
all this day you have till friday to do it and if you have any question while you are doing please

538
00:38:37,800 --> 00:38:45,079
ask me okay and i will answer you and that's it if you don't have any question

539
00:38:45,079 --> 00:38:52,340
you can only do the task and the rest is perfect okay so bye