1 00:00:00,560 --> 00:00:02,759 Good morning boys and girls, how are you? 2 00:00:03,379 --> 00:00:07,960 Today we're going to review about history, about the Middle Ages in Spain 3 00:00:07,960 --> 00:00:14,699 Middle Ages in Spain started in the year 507 and ended in 1492 4 00:00:14,699 --> 00:00:23,260 Maybe you heard me say that the Middle Ages started in 476 with the fall of the Roman Empire, and that's true 5 00:00:23,260 --> 00:00:29,179 But in Spain this was a bit late, when the Visigoths came to Spain 6 00:00:29,179 --> 00:00:32,140 It was in the year 507. 7 00:00:32,140 --> 00:00:33,140 Who were the Visigoths? 8 00:00:33,140 --> 00:00:34,140 Do you remember? 9 00:00:34,140 --> 00:00:43,179 They were a German tribe that invaded what was the Roman territory of Hispania, okay? 10 00:00:43,179 --> 00:00:49,159 And they had an elective monarchy, which means that they had a king, but the king was elected 11 00:00:49,159 --> 00:00:54,079 by a small group of powerful nobles, noblemen, okay? 12 00:00:54,079 --> 00:01:00,780 Not everybody could vote or something like that, but a small group of powerful nobles 13 00:01:00,780 --> 00:01:03,460 could vote for the king. 14 00:01:03,460 --> 00:01:10,099 They established their capital city in Toledo, and they copied some things from the Romans. 15 00:01:10,099 --> 00:01:16,799 For example, the religion, they were Christians, and the language, they copied Latin, but they 16 00:01:16,799 --> 00:01:23,739 didn't speak Latin in the same way, it was a bit different. 17 00:01:23,739 --> 00:01:28,599 there came Spanish language, and they copied also the laws of the Romans, okay? 18 00:01:28,599 --> 00:01:33,200 Some of the laws, which were very important. Okay, so these are the most important 19 00:01:33,200 --> 00:01:41,019 things about the Visigoths, who were in Spain from 507 to 711, okay? Almost, well, 20 00:01:41,019 --> 00:01:46,900 yes, a bit more than 200 years. Okay, I have divided the Middle Ages into two 21 00:01:46,900 --> 00:01:52,780 periods, okay? The Visigoths and then Al-Andalus and the Reconquista, which was 22 00:01:52,780 --> 00:02:01,540 from 711 to 1492, okay? So that's it. I have divided into two periods and then here I have 23 00:02:01,540 --> 00:02:09,860 more things to tell you, okay? Do you remember that in 711 the Muslims invaded the Visigoth 24 00:02:09,860 --> 00:02:16,500 kingdom coming from Africa, okay? You remember that at that time Islam was a very powerful 25 00:02:16,500 --> 00:02:23,939 religion and the muslims had a lot of power and they invaded a lot of territories in the north 26 00:02:23,939 --> 00:02:31,280 of africa in the east of europe in the south of asia okay so they were very powerful and they 27 00:02:31,280 --> 00:02:38,240 invaded all almost all the territory from the visigoths in 711 you remember there were problems 28 00:02:38,240 --> 00:02:44,400 between the visigoths and the nobleman so it was it made it even easier for the muslims to 29 00:02:44,400 --> 00:02:53,419 to conquer, well, Spain, the Kingdom of Toledo. So this happened in 711, and 11 years later, 30 00:02:53,520 --> 00:02:59,560 do you remember, in 722, with the Battle of Covadonga, the Reconquista started. What was 31 00:02:59,560 --> 00:03:06,159 the Reconquista? It was a very long war, a very long period with lots of battles, where the 32 00:03:06,159 --> 00:03:12,719 Christians wanted to recover, regain the territory of the Visigoths, okay, and expel the Muslims out. 33 00:03:12,719 --> 00:03:17,500 Remember, it's very important that in that time, in the Middle Ages, religion was very 34 00:03:17,500 --> 00:03:18,639 important. 35 00:03:18,639 --> 00:03:27,479 They all thought that their religion was the good one and the others were not faithful 36 00:03:27,479 --> 00:03:33,560 and were bad people, so they wanted to expel them from their territory. 37 00:03:33,560 --> 00:03:40,560 So the Reconquista started, and if you remember, all the Iberian Peninsula was divided into 38 00:03:40,560 --> 00:03:49,319 two parts. First the Christian kingdoms, which at first were a tiny territory in the north, 39 00:03:49,319 --> 00:03:54,340 and then Al-Andalus, which at first was almost all the peninsula, and then little by little 40 00:03:54,340 --> 00:04:01,900 the Christians conquered the territories from the Muslims. So Christian kingdoms and Al-Andalus, 41 00:04:01,900 --> 00:04:06,960 which was the name of all the territory of today's Spain and Portugal, which was under 42 00:04:06,960 --> 00:04:14,300 the Muslim government. So, Christian kingdoms, what do you need to know about them? The people, 43 00:04:14,300 --> 00:04:19,800 the society, was divided into three groups. The nobles, which were the most important 44 00:04:19,800 --> 00:04:25,680 and more powerful, with the king, and then the noblemen, the knights. Then we have the 45 00:04:25,680 --> 00:04:33,699 clergy, which were the people that worked for the church, the priests, the bishops, 46 00:04:33,699 --> 00:04:38,100 bishops had a lot of power too. And then we have the peasants. Most of the people were 47 00:04:38,100 --> 00:04:45,879 peasants, those campesinos, people who worked the land and had to work a lot. So these were 48 00:04:45,879 --> 00:04:51,019 the three social groups, the three statements of the medieval Christian kingdoms. Which 49 00:04:51,019 --> 00:04:57,500 were the most important Christian kingdoms? At first, León, then Castilla, Aragón, Navarra. 50 00:04:57,500 --> 00:05:02,899 There were more kingdoms, but these are the most important. And what about the art of 51 00:05:02,899 --> 00:05:08,259 Christian Kingdoms. If you remember we had two styles, the Romanesque and the Gothic. 52 00:05:08,259 --> 00:05:12,740 I'm going to show you some pictures. The Romanesque, do you remember? This is a very 53 00:05:12,740 --> 00:05:19,220 important church in Spain, in Palencia, with rounded towers. The buildings were not so high 54 00:05:19,220 --> 00:05:25,620 and they had very small windows and doors and they had this arco de medio punto, 55 00:05:25,620 --> 00:05:32,699 which is an art that they used a lot in their buildings. Here you can see 56 00:05:32,699 --> 00:05:38,379 more examples of Romanesque art. And then we have, this is more ancient, 57 00:05:38,379 --> 00:05:41,939 then we have, at the end of the Middle Ages in the Christian kingdoms, the Gothic 58 00:05:41,939 --> 00:05:49,519 art, which had these pointed towers, like here in Reims in France, this is in 59 00:05:49,519 --> 00:05:54,360 Germany but where aha here is Burgos okay this is the the cathedral the 60 00:05:54,360 --> 00:05:59,360 Cathedral of Burgos which is Gothic as well okay can you see it's higher the 61 00:05:59,360 --> 00:06:03,839 windows are bigger they have these circular windows they also had stained 62 00:06:03,839 --> 00:06:10,220 glass vidrieras okay so this is Romanesque and Gothic the art that they 63 00:06:10,220 --> 00:06:15,139 had in the Christian kingdoms and then let's go to the Muslim part Al-Andalus 64 00:06:15,139 --> 00:06:20,839 If you remember in Al-Andalus we had four different stages. At first it was an 65 00:06:20,839 --> 00:06:27,319 emirate. It was dependent on Baghdad. So all the Muslim kingdoms in the 66 00:06:27,319 --> 00:06:34,860 world were dependent from a big emir which was like an emperor and who lived 67 00:06:34,860 --> 00:06:41,899 in the Middle East. Then they got independency and it was a caliphate. The 68 00:06:41,899 --> 00:06:49,060 Caliphate, the Caliphate of Córdoba, and then it broke because of the 69 00:06:49,060 --> 00:06:54,660 Christian wars, it broke into the Taifa kingdoms, and then at the end only 70 00:06:54,660 --> 00:06:58,339 remained the small kingdom of Granada in the south of Spain, Granada and Málaga, 71 00:06:58,339 --> 00:07:03,100 and a little of Almería. So during the period of the Caliphate of Córdoba, 72 00:07:03,100 --> 00:07:10,019 which was about the year 900, this was the Age of Splendor, this was the 73 00:07:10,019 --> 00:07:17,860 most powerful age for the Muslims in Spain. Powerful and with lots of new things and discoveries 74 00:07:17,860 --> 00:07:24,899 for the time. And then, in the art, we have palaces and mosques. I'm going to show you 75 00:07:24,899 --> 00:07:30,519 some examples. This is the Mosque of Córdoba, which is very big and many of you have visited. 76 00:07:30,519 --> 00:07:37,779 It's beautiful. All of this is Córdoba. And this is Granada, La Alhambra, which is 77 00:07:37,779 --> 00:07:43,459 a palace, a palace that they built in the Kingdom of Granada, so this is more new than the mosque. 78 00:07:47,459 --> 00:07:53,699 And that's all for the Middle Ages. The Middle Ages ended in 1492 with the conquer of the Kingdom 79 00:07:53,699 --> 00:07:59,300 of Granada, which was the last Muslim kingdom in Spain. If you remember, it was the Catholic 80 00:07:59,300 --> 00:08:06,500 kings who conquered Granada, but we will learn it tomorrow in the modern age. So now you can do your 81 00:08:06,500 --> 00:08:09,879 worksheet. See you later!