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Hi everyone, today we are going to explain the last point of this unit, and it's referring to the single words in Castile, Aragona, Navarre and also the Kingdom of Granada.

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So I'm going to show you first the pages that we are going to need today to be easier for you to understand this information.

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So this PDF is the one that you have in the Aula Virtual, it's our book. So you have to use this part of this page, 34 in my book, the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada. This part is going to be used at the end of the lesson, so don't worry.

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But the main part is in this, in page 12 of the PDF, okay, the point 7, why were there civil wars in Castile and Aragon, and also, if you remember, I told you that today we are going to see the Navarre civil war, if you remember, we couldn't explain it before, or in the previous class, so I have joined the three civil wars, or the three wars in the three places, Castile, Aragon, and Navarre, okay?

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so we are going to start this lesson is going to be uh maybe a quite complicated

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okay because it's a lot of information i'm going to try to explain so slowly

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with clear words and clear ideas okay but if you don't understand whatever you can ask me okay

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so first of all we are going to see the civil wars in these three places castillo

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And later, at the end of the class, we will see the kingdom of Guadalajara.

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So, first of all, we have to understand the causes of these civil wars.

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Here we have two pictures showing us these are peasants and these are nobles fighting, different armies fighting for a war.

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So we are going to see these causes.

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causes we have to understand we have three main categories that is the economy the social and

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inheritance causes that means a economic causes because of problems that um create economic

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consequences also problems with the social consequences and later problems caused by

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inheritance that means problems to have a heir in a kingdom or a successor okay to control the

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kingdom thus these are the main characteristics so we're going to explain first of all the economic

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ones okay you have to remember we are in the 14th century in a period of crisis with the black death

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the wars the famine okay so here we have these three ideas but harvest where they were

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where before the black death okay with different changes in the weather

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these people had bad harvests that means without enough crops to feed the people okay so if

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someone is or someone doesn't receive enough food to be healthy, maybe one disease can

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kill these people, so the Black Death came in the worst time to be, I mean, if the people

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are not enough feed with his, I will tell you.

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I'm trying to say it in the simplest way, but as you can see I'm going very fast.

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Let's see, think, if we are malnourished, our immune system is very weak or is deteriorated

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and we have a disease, the impact of that disease is greater, okay?

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That's what happened, if we remember, with the Black Death.

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We have to understand that a lot of people died here, a lot of land was uncultivated,

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so the nobles need to ask for more taxes to earn enough money to survive.

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So we have less peasants to work the land, because a lot of people died due to the Black

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death and the nobles wanted to earn the same money that or before the black death so they

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decided to ask for more taxes for a to the peasants okay i want to repeat this idea in

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spanish maybe to be clearer for you tenemos que la peste negra mató a un tercio de la población

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europea incluida población española que quiere decir que el campo se quedó igual a pesar de que

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there were bad harvests, but as there were fewer peasants, the land gave less

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income, that is, it gave fewer products because there was not the same number of

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people capable of cultivating, but the nobles wanted to continue earning exactly

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the same money or the same wealth. What do they do? As they see that they cannot

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multiply the peasants, they multiply the taxes, so they ask the

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peasants for more taxes so that the nobles can continue earning the same

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That implies that the peasants deny and complain against the

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lordly abuses, because not only do they raise taxes on you, but they

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mistreat you as a person and as an individual for the despair that the nobles had

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for maintaining their standard of living. Therefore, the social and economic causes

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in this sense are related.

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Also, here we have these pogroms in Spanish, which is a Russian word

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that emerged in the 20th century, 19th century, don't worry about it.

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These are attacks against the Jewish people.

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That is, they are attacks against the Jewish population.

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Think of the Nazi Holocaust, that's a pogrom.

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So, in this era, we also have attacks against the Jews.

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Why do we have these pogroms against the Jewish people?

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Because of the Black Death.

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The Christians thought that the Black Death was caused by the Jews people.

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They blamed the Jews for the Black Death.

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So they started to fight against the Jews, blaming them for the disease.

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It was a totally racist attitude.

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They considered that the Jews were the ones who brought the Black Death.

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were even those who said that they poisoned the water or that it was a divine punishment of God because the Jews had killed Jesus.

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Therefore, they blamed the Jews of the Black Plague, therefore social instability.

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And the last idea from the social causes is this, privileges and inequality.

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It's related with the economic causes, ok?

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If we are peasants, we have to pay more and to live in a worse way than before.

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And we see that the nobles live with a high standing of living, so the pensants start to rebel against the nobles.

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Let's see, imagine that one of them is currently dying of hunger, while others are living in poverty, and those who live in poverty ask for more money than those who are dying of hunger.

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Those who are dying of hunger are going to complain, and if they have the support of the army, then much more.

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We have here, therefore, social inequality and against the privileges that the nobility and the bourgeoisie had against the peasants and the low-class people within the city.

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And the last idea is this, the inheritance. There were fights to get the throne against different armies, different candidates to be the king in Castile, in Aragon and in Navarre.

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So we are going to see now in each kingdom or in each crown the specific fights or wars that took place in that territory.

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First of all we are going to start with the conflicts in the crown of Aragon and we are

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going to start with the dynastic crisis.

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Here we have the compromise of Caspe and is due to the death of Martin the Humane, Martin

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without children or without a heir.

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Here we have the main character, Fernando I.

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This man was chosen as a king in Aragon because the previous king died without a heir.

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So, the representatives of each kingdom from the Crown of Aragon, that means Catalonia, Valencia and Aragon, decide to sign this man, Ferdinand I, King of Aragon.

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In which place or in which institution is the commitment of Casper. Casper is a city that is in the crown of Aragon and in that commitment, the representatives of Catalonia, Aragon and Valencia are committed to naming Fernando I of Antequera as king of Aragon, but Fernando has to renounce his dynastic rights in Castile.

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and you are going to see this in this genealogical tree. The names that go in yellow are Castile,

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the names that go in red are Aragon and the names that go in blue are Navarre. Therefore,

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the king of Castile, sorry, Enrique III and now king of Aragon are children of the same father,

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children of the king of Castile. So what happens? That Fernando I renounces his right to the

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Castilian throne to stay with the Aragonese throne. Therefore, the king of Castile, Enrique III,

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and the king of Aragon, Fernando I, are of the same family, the Trastámara dynasty, okay? That

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Trastámara dynasty arises in the political sphere of Castilian and Aragonese due to the

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Spanish Civil War that we will see later between Pedro I the Cruel and Enrique II the Fratricide.

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Now I will explain it.

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Therefore, Aragon and Castile are the same dynasty, the Trastambaras.

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And then we will see Navarre.

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Here we have a civil war and two areas, the countryside and the cities.

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So we are going to have fights in the countryside and in the cities.

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So here we have these four fighters in each area.

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In the countryside we have nobles against the peasants. Why?

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Why? Because of malos usos.

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Se llama así tal cual, malos usos, or feudal abuses, okay?

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Abusos feudales.

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What does it mean?

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It means that the nobles behave in a very bad way with the peasants, okay?

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Ask a lot for taxes.

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Fighting against the peasants.

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They use the peasants like the things, like a things, okay?

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Los malos usos señoriales en Cataluña se les fue de las manos a los señores feudales

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y trataban a los campesinos como si fueran cosas, como si fueran animales.

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Les pedían muchísimos impuestos, los obligaban a trabajar de una manera infrahumana,

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les despreciaban, era un trato, o sea, era un maltrato, ¿vale?

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¿Qué ocurre? Que los campesinos se fueron a quejar al rey.

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Ahora lo veremos.

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These peasants are called remenses o remensas.

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Los Palleses de Remensa, it's in Catalan, it's like the name of the peasants

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Palleses is a peasant, Los Palleses de Remensa or Los Palleses de Remensa

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Here we have to, or the Catalonia Civil War in a clearer way, I think

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We have to, now I'm going to explain the cities, ok?

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But we have to make here, like a line

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Wait, let me stop painting the bowl

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dividing our diagram okay these are together this and these are together countryside farmers

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from the countryside and the busca from the city support the king this king and lords from the

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countryside and the VIGA from the cities support the Catalan oligarchy and now

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I'm going to explain the differences so here we have artisans and traders Busca

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nobles and bourgeoisie VIGA so here we have the privileged ones in the cities

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are the VIGA and the privileged ones in the countryside are the nobles and the

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The non-privileged ones in the cities are the Busca and in the countryside are Los Paises de Remenca.

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Fighters are here in the countryside.

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Farmers and city Busca, ok?

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Merchants and artisans and romancers and lords, no, elite and clergy.

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Urban patricians, that means the people with money support the Catalano liberty

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because they defend their privileges and fought for the municipal power

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And the people without money, the farmers and these merchants and artisans, fight for the king, supporting the royal authoritarianism.

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That means to fight for the same things that they know.

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I don't know if you hear the saying,

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Más vale malo conocido que bueno por conocer.

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I mean, I'd rather stay the way I am.

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I'm not going to look for something new, mess it up and end up worse.

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Well, this could be something similar, okay?

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The peasants and the artisans preferred to go with the king's authoritarianism, that is, to give less rights, but since it was not a cost to the people who knew him, it gave them security, because they locked themselves in a lock.

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However, the feudal lords who had possessions and therefore did not want to go with the king, and La Viga, who had money, said, well, we support the municipalities, the municipal institutions in the city with the urban pacific, really the money of this oligarchy is worth nothing.

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That's why they support each other. What you have to see is those who fight for tradition and those who fight to break with tradition.

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What happens is that they do not have their interests financially opposed.

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What we have to understand is that in the Catalan Civil War there is on the one hand the countryside and the city,

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but normally the conflicts of countryside and city are shared. In the countryside, nobles against peasants, and in the city, big bourgeois against small bourgeois.

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It's the same thing, the only thing is that those who have less money and less privileges support the king

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and those who have more privileges and more money support the urban oligarchy because they know what benefits them.

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But if you have any questions, feel free to ask me.

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Therefore, if you see here, this family tree is the same that we have here.

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So for this class we are going to need this family tree, and it is easy to understand.

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This family tree, as I told you, the red ones are the Aragonese monarchy,

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the blue is the Navarrese, and the yellow is the Castilian monarchy.

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So, we're going to start, focus on these two men, Peter I and Henry II.

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Pedro I, the cruel, if you notice, and Enrique de Trastámara, who will be known as Enrique II, the fratricide.

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Fratricide because he killed his brother.

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Here is one of the most common causes in the Middle Ages for there to be a war.

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A son wants to take away his brother to be king.

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The difference, if you realize, the difference in this case is that Enrique de Trastamar is the bastard son of Alfonso XI of Castile.

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That is, both share a father, but they do not share a mother, because if they shared a mother, the two would be legitimate children of the king.

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The legitimate son, that is, the one who is official, the one who is recognized by the king, by all, is Pedro I, who is the king of Castile.

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His brother, that is, his father's brother, was an illegitimate son or bastard, is Enrique de Trastámara.

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Pedro I the Cruel is from the dynasty of Burgundy by a great-grandfather or great-grandfather of the king

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100 years ago and Enrique Trastámara started a dynasty in Trastámara. What happens?

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Well, that Pedro I the Cruel is called that because obviously he lost the battle and his brother

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After that, he was called the Cruel. Others also consider him as Pedro I the Sinner, depending on who was in his party.

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What Pedro I wanted was to reinforce the power with the courts, the papacy of the monarchy, the struggles between nobility and royalty to see who was the strongest.

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And what Pedro I wanted was to reinforce the power of the monarchy by stimulating the wool industry.

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Remember the mesta, the merino wool created by Alfonso X the Wise.

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Well, what happens is that the nobles did not want to promote the industry, but they directly wanted to export the wool.

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They wanted to enrich themselves by selling the raw material and not the product.

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What happens is that Enrique II, well, Enrique de Trastámara decides to support the nobles and says to them,

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okay, we will help you, but you have to give us power.

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That is why it is the rebellion of the Castilian nobility.

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Why? Because Enrique II supports the nobles to end his brother.

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If the nobles have helped you to reach the throne, your obligation is to do them a favor and you have to keep them close to you.

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Therefore, we have a war between Peter I, who was the legitimate king, and his brother-in-law Bastardo.

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Enrique ends with Peter, Peter ends up dying, and Enrique begins a new dynasty, which will be the dynasty of the Trastangas.

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That will be the last medieval dynasty, because then the Austrians will come, which you will see next year.

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So we have that Peter I dies and the reign of Enrique II begins.

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Well, Enrique II already has a son, Juan I of Castile, who has two sons, the one who will be king of Castile and the one who will be king of Aragon, Fernando I, which is what we have seen before.

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So, the line of Spanish succession goes like this, Juan II, Enrique IV, Isabel I, who is Isabel the Catholic, with Fernando the Catholic, notice that they are cousins,

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And then this first Juana will be Juana la Loca, I don't know, you'll see her next year, but well.

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It is not necessary that you learn names or that you stress yourself with this, but I consider that the genealogical variables help you a lot better to see family relationships.

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As you can see, it was a three-year war and Enrique achieved what he wanted, to end his brother being king.

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The only thing he had to do was to count the nobility.

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¿Quién se ha quitado la nobleza de encima? Isabel, la reina de Castilla, ¿vale?

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Pero bueno, eso ya lo veremos.

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Ok, and the last part, before the second civil war, we have here the Irmandiños de Afala,

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es decir, hermanos del habla, ¿vale? Irmandiños, pues están en Galicia, ¿ok?

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It's more or less the same that the Catalonian civil war with the Países de Remensa.

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They are peasants against the nobles due to the feudal abuses.

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Here we have the different uprisings, the different uprisings.

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I'm going to explain this part in Spanish, because it's what I use to explain it in third language.

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You will see it next year, so if you have any doubts, you will see it next year in more depth.

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Once again, here we have the family tree.

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And here we have the second Castilian civil war.

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See the date, almost 100 years after the first one.

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This civil war is against Isabel la Católica, or Isabela the Catholic, and her nephew, Joana la Beltraneja, or Juana la Beltraneja.

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Do not get carried away with the names or with the photos, I am interested in you focusing on Isabel and on Juana, nothing else, if necessary, Enrique IV who is the one who dies.

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I have Beltrán de la Cueva here so that you can understand the surname of Juana de Beltraneja.

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Enrique IV, we have him here, that is, father, grandfather, great-grandfather, great-grandson of Enrique II, from whom the dynasty of the Trastámara begins, dies alone with a daughter.

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Enrique IV was often called the Impotent, you know that the kings always have nicknames, well, Enrique IV the Impotent is called that way because he was unable to do it.

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One day, mysteriously, the queen, or the one from Portugal, got pregnant and the nobles, to put Isis there between the king's supporters and his enemies,

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said that Enrique IV's daughter was not Enrique IV's, but that she was the daughter of his friend Beltrán de la Cueva.

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That is why the Beltraneja is like a descriptive appellation.

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What happens? Well, Enrique IV dies and his sister, that is, Isabella Católica,

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the same thing happens as in the previous case, they are brothers of father, different mother,

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both are legitimate because the father married twice, that is, Juan II married first with the mother of Enrique

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and when she dies she marries with the mother of Isabel, they are not bastards, they are legitimate children but of a different mother.

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What happens? Enrique IV dies, Juan Álvaro Beltraneja is a little girl and says to Isabel,

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Well, I want to reign and not my niece. And that's where the problem is.

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Isabel, who was a very strong woman, was a very independent woman who had her head very, very wet,

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decides to fight for the Castilian throne.

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At that time she was already married to Fernando the Catholic, because they married in 1469,

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therefore they are the two strongest representatives of the peninsula.

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The war ends up winning over Isabel. She ends up sending Juana to a convent where she dies, isolated all her life and repudiated by her family.

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The truth is that poor Juana has a very sad world, but well, Isabel the Catholic wins.

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The reign of the Catholic kings begins, which we will see later, and we have several children, including Juana I of Castile, also known as Juana the Mad.

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So, the second civil-castellan war is between Isabella Católica and her niece Mara la Betroneja, one more time for Abel.

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And the last civil war is in Navarre, if you remember we were seeing this in the previous class, well, in the online lesson, ok?

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And here we have the square that we were seeing the other day.

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Here we have Fernando II, or Ferdinand II, Fernando the Catholic, and Charles IV, the Prince of Vienna.

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I don't know if it's the Prince of Vienna or the Prince of Vienna.

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Juan II of Aragon was a very ambitious man and wanted to unite Navarra with Aragon, or at least he did.

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What happens is that when Blanca I of Navarra and the previous king die, Juan claims his rights and Carlos says no.

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And there is an inequality between those who support Juan and those who support Carlos, right?

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Again, Gracilis, of course, not only is the support of one roll to another, but what benefits do you get if you support one roll to another?

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Okay, so just so you know, Carlos IV of Viana, this man, quite weak as you can see, very inclined,

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he was more of an intellectual than a warrior, well, he ends up losing, he doesn't die, but he ends up losing.

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And Juan II controls Navarra.

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What will happen is that later, with the Catholic kings and when Fernando the Catholic dies,

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you will see this calmly next year, so do not worry,

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Navarra becomes part of the kingdom.

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He conquers it to give it to his son Juan, who was the Castilian queen after the death of Isabel the Catholic.

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But as I say, do not stress with the names because I am explaining it very quickly

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because I am interested in what you say with the general idea, okay?

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There are always civil wars, they usually support one side or another of the kings to see who wins or because they have economic interests behind them, these are always the causes of civil wars.

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And here we have the Alhambra of Granada. It's a draw of the different parts that compose this building.

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And also the kingdom was a huge kingdom. Malaga, Almería and Granada actual.

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So it was a great kingdom.

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This kingdom was the last part of the Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula and lived too much because Granada paid a lot to the Castilian monarchy.

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If you remember the parias, these taxes or tributes that the muslims must pay to the

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Christians.

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So Granada paid a lot of money to the Castilian crown.

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For this reason this kingdom span almost two centuries.

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And here we have the ending of this kingdom, and it's due to the Catholic kings, Isabella

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and Ferdinand.

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The Catholic kings, once again, Isabella and Ferdinand, and with this, the Middle Ages

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in Spain ended, with the conquest of Granada.

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This is a robe made in the 18th century, okay, it's not too much realistic, but it's an idea

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of the years, the historicist painting is made in 1819 and tries to represent idyllically

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the glorious past of Spain, so it is believed that the delivery of the keys by the Muslim

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king Abu Abdil to the Catholic kings was like that, no one can assure you because there are

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There are writings that resemble the one that describes more or less how it was, but no one can assure it, but well, I'm going to put you 50 seconds of the series of Isabel, I don't know if you know her, but well, she tells us about the reign of the Catholic kings, specifically the one of Isabel, and shows us how the surrender of Granada is, I think you have in mind the painting that I just put you, okay?

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In the series they have literally recreated this painting and it explains more or less how

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it is believed that it was this moment of the redemption of Granada.

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As you can see, Boabdil surrenders, here we have the painting, he surrenders and approaches the kings to give him the keys.

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Granada was not destroyed, Granada surrendered. That allowed the city to be preserved.

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The Catholic kings allowed the Muslims to continue in the city, who had already passed on to be Moriscos, that is, Muslims after the Reconquest,

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who will later be expelled with Philip III in the 17th century.

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So don't worry, you'll see this later.

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I know I've given you a list of names, dates, kingdoms, I know it's a mess.

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That's why the following exercise is essential that you try to understand it.

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It's a comparative table with the Civil War and the Rebellion, the dates, the main things and the winners and losers.

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to try to clarify in a comparative picture all the information that I have put into it.

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I know it's a lot, so don't get stressed.

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Anyway, I'll talk about this next year and I'll see it in more detail in a third video, so don't worry.

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But well, as always, any questions you have, ask me without problem.

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I remember that on Monday, if I remember correctly, is the correction of exercises.

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I don't have to change the time because I don't remember right now, but well, I'm interested

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right now that you do this exercise, as always, you upload it on the day of the class

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and I've said it, any questions, you write me, no problem.