1 00:00:01,649 --> 00:00:28,510 Okay, let's continue with the Reformation. So as you remember in the last two slides we were seeing the characteristics of the Church in the 16th century in Europe and we were talking also about the Reformation, a religious movement that is going to appear inside the Catholic Church and is going to be critic with the Catholic Church not following the Catholic dogma. 2 00:00:28,510 --> 00:00:38,149 It means that the cardinals or the lower clergy, they weren't following the Catholic dogmas, like, for example, not to have babies. 3 00:00:38,149 --> 00:00:50,009 So they were having babies, they were having different women, or, for example, they were rich and they were obtaining money out of the taxes from the poor people. 4 00:00:50,570 --> 00:00:55,810 So what we are going to see now is what is the beginning of the Reformation. 5 00:00:55,810 --> 00:01:01,969 and the beginning of the Reformation is related to this person, Luther, Martin Luther, okay? 6 00:01:03,030 --> 00:01:08,469 So, we are going to see how this movement is going to appear exactly in Rome, 7 00:01:08,590 --> 00:01:11,290 or in Germany and Rome at the same time, okay? 8 00:01:11,810 --> 00:01:13,349 So, let's see who is Martin Luther. 9 00:01:13,810 --> 00:01:16,409 Martin Luther was a German priest, okay? 10 00:01:16,530 --> 00:01:17,829 He is a German priest. 11 00:01:17,969 --> 00:01:19,310 It means he is part of the clergy. 12 00:01:19,849 --> 00:01:22,730 He is a privileged person, okay? 13 00:01:22,730 --> 00:01:31,069 So the problem is, Martin Luther is going to go to Rome and he's going to see all this corruption inside the church. 14 00:01:31,390 --> 00:01:40,349 He's going to see how the cardinals are rich, how the pope is having babies, how the priests are selling the indulgences, okay? 15 00:01:40,870 --> 00:01:50,049 So he's going to be, like, astonished and he's going to get really angry with the church, how the church is working. 16 00:01:50,049 --> 00:01:56,390 so the idea is martin luther is going to start this movement complaining about the corruption 17 00:01:56,390 --> 00:02:01,969 of the church okay so this is the beginning of the reformation we they are going to call this 18 00:02:01,969 --> 00:02:08,229 movement reformation because it's to reform the catholic church okay it's reformar la iglesia 19 00:02:08,229 --> 00:02:15,490 catholica we want to turn to change this catholic church into a truly catholic church that is going 20 00:02:15,490 --> 00:02:22,210 to follow the dogmas of jesus christ right so let's see what he's going to do he's going to 21 00:02:22,210 --> 00:02:29,569 travel to rome he's going to find out that the he's going to see the the corruption inside the 22 00:02:29,569 --> 00:02:36,650 church and he's going to decide to publish what we are going to call what this is martin luther 23 00:02:36,650 --> 00:02:44,930 he's going to go back from rome to germany okay and he's going to decide to publish his 95 24 00:02:44,930 --> 00:02:55,990 theses. What are the 95 theses? The 95 theses are the 95 measures Martin Luther wants the 25 00:02:55,990 --> 00:03:03,830 Church, the Catholic Church, to follow or to apply. It means these are the 95 things 26 00:03:03,830 --> 00:03:10,250 or measures that the Church, the Catholic Church, needs to take into consideration in 27 00:03:10,250 --> 00:03:17,930 order to reform the catholic church okay so martin luther if we read to show his opposition 28 00:03:17,930 --> 00:03:26,330 to to the corruption in the church he published this 95 thesis in 1517 okay so early 16th century 29 00:03:26,330 --> 00:03:33,389 okay so remember take into consideration that martin luther is from germany okay it's not from 30 00:03:33,389 --> 00:03:39,229 spain it's not from france it's from germany from the holy roman empire it is important because 31 00:03:39,229 --> 00:03:48,909 Carlos V is going to inherit the Holy Roman Empire and he has or he will have to face this 32 00:03:48,909 --> 00:03:56,610 problem he will have to handle to manage the problem of the reformation inside the German 33 00:03:56,610 --> 00:04:03,729 Empire the Holy Roman Empire okay so the idea is he is going to publish this 95 thesis showing 34 00:04:03,729 --> 00:04:07,870 where he's establishing the basis of his doctrine. 35 00:04:08,330 --> 00:04:10,229 Doctrine is a way of thinking. 36 00:04:11,090 --> 00:04:14,990 So he, inside the Catholic Church, because he is a priest, 37 00:04:15,430 --> 00:04:17,850 is going to publish this 95 Theses 38 00:04:17,850 --> 00:04:23,490 in order to reform the Catholic Church. 39 00:04:25,430 --> 00:04:27,350 Here is Martin Luther. 40 00:04:27,490 --> 00:04:29,470 This is a representation of Martin Luther. 41 00:04:29,470 --> 00:04:50,529 Okay, writing, okay, sorry, here is Martin Luther, okay, showing or writing, establishing or nailing, okay, it means to stick this document with the 95 thesis to the door of the cathedral of a German city is Wittenberg, okay? 42 00:04:50,529 --> 00:05:05,410 So the idea is, he is going to nail, he is going to stick this 95 Theses in the door of the cathedral in order to all the people see, to read, to check this information, okay? 43 00:05:06,350 --> 00:05:14,449 So the problem of this 95 Theses, or not the problem, the characteristics of this 95 Theses are, 44 00:05:14,449 --> 00:05:20,550 First, he is going to say that the interpretation of the Bible must be free 45 00:05:20,550 --> 00:05:27,290 It means, if you know how to read, you can read the Bible and you can interpret the Bible 46 00:05:27,290 --> 00:05:29,089 On your own 47 00:05:29,089 --> 00:05:33,790 The problem is in the Catholic world, in the Catholic countries 48 00:05:33,790 --> 00:05:42,230 The priests, the cardinals, the pope are interpreting the Bible for the people 49 00:05:42,230 --> 00:05:45,509 it means when you go to the church 50 00:05:45,509 --> 00:05:48,730 the priest is going to read you the bible 51 00:05:48,730 --> 00:05:51,829 and he is going to give you the interpretation 52 00:05:51,829 --> 00:05:53,769 so in the catholic world 53 00:05:53,769 --> 00:05:58,250 the priest that is related to god 54 00:05:58,250 --> 00:06:01,970 remember the pope is the representative of god on earth 55 00:06:01,970 --> 00:06:06,269 so the pope and the priest and the cardinals 56 00:06:06,269 --> 00:06:09,410 are going to interpret the bible for the people 57 00:06:09,410 --> 00:06:12,870 that they do not know how to read, okay? 58 00:06:13,670 --> 00:06:15,410 So Martin Luther is against this. 59 00:06:15,689 --> 00:06:19,310 Martin Luther is going to say, okay, we do not need a priest in order, 60 00:06:19,569 --> 00:06:24,209 we do not need another people to interpret the Bible for us. 61 00:06:24,430 --> 00:06:27,730 We can read it, we can do it on our own. 62 00:06:28,389 --> 00:06:33,230 As you understand, in those countries that the Reformation is going to spread, 63 00:06:33,449 --> 00:06:39,269 the population is going to start learning how to read in order to interpret the Bible. 64 00:06:39,410 --> 00:07:02,829 So, we will see, as time goes on, a very big difference between these reformated countries and these catholic countries, while in the catholic countries there is going to be a low number of people that knows how to read in comparison with the reformated countries. 65 00:07:02,829 --> 00:07:11,389 makes sense so the idea is martin luther is going to suggest that the interpretation of the bible 66 00:07:11,389 --> 00:07:19,790 must be free it means anyone can interpret the bible we do not need a priest a cardinal or the 67 00:07:19,790 --> 00:07:26,910 pope to tell us what is written in the bible okay so that's the idea he's going to say the priest 68 00:07:26,910 --> 00:07:32,189 should be abolished we do not need a priest in order to interpret the bible so the priest would 69 00:07:32,189 --> 00:07:38,009 be useless so any because anyone could read and interpret the Bible in their 70 00:07:38,009 --> 00:07:41,129 own way so it means okay I'm going to read the Bible and I'm going to 71 00:07:41,129 --> 00:07:46,889 interpret it I'm going to connect with God on my own I do not need to go to 72 00:07:46,889 --> 00:07:55,209 mass to see or to listen to this priest that is interpreting the Bible for me 73 00:07:55,209 --> 00:08:00,990 okay so this free interpretation of the Bible means no priest we do not need 74 00:08:00,990 --> 00:08:07,230 them, we can read it on our own, and also, as time goes on, it's going to make 75 00:08:07,230 --> 00:08:13,290 these reformated countries, or these countries where the Reformation 76 00:08:13,290 --> 00:08:20,670 is going to be developed, to have a less level of illiterate people. It 77 00:08:20,670 --> 00:08:25,410 means we are going to find more people that knows how to read in the reformated 78 00:08:25,410 --> 00:08:34,389 countries rather than those that they are catholic and follow the pope okay let's see also the bible 79 00:08:34,389 --> 00:08:39,129 should be translated into various languages into different languages why because in the beginning 80 00:08:39,129 --> 00:08:46,409 in the 16th century the bible was written in latin okay so and you know that the people they are 81 00:08:46,409 --> 00:08:53,289 speaking their vernacular languages could be italian spanish could be french etc so in this 82 00:08:53,289 --> 00:09:00,049 moment, if we want the population to interpret the Bible on their own, what we need is to translate 83 00:09:00,049 --> 00:09:08,230 the Bible into those languages, French, Spanish, German, etc. Okay? So the first idea, one of the 84 00:09:08,230 --> 00:09:16,710 four pillars of this doctrine, of this Luther doctrine, is going to be to freely interpret 85 00:09:16,710 --> 00:09:23,429 the Bible. It means a free interpretation of the Bible. We do not need a priest, we are going to 86 00:09:23,429 --> 00:09:28,789 understand it perfectly, we can read it on our own and of course we need to translate it into 87 00:09:28,789 --> 00:09:36,389 different languages in order to be able to read it. What is the second pillar, the second principle 88 00:09:36,389 --> 00:09:44,730 this of Martin Luther doctrine so the second principle is easy is forgive is 89 00:09:44,730 --> 00:09:50,850 that the forgiveness and salvation is not going to be based on our behavior is 90 00:09:50,850 --> 00:09:58,289 going to be based on our faith and God's will what does it mean okay let's see 91 00:09:58,289 --> 00:10:05,129 imagine we are Catholics we believe in God and we know if we want to if we want 92 00:10:05,129 --> 00:10:11,009 to go to heaven what we need to do is to behave correctly right we need to be a 93 00:10:11,009 --> 00:10:15,370 good person we need to help each other it means to follow the Catholic dogma 94 00:10:15,370 --> 00:10:22,190 what Luther is going to say is we do not need to behave properly we do not need 95 00:10:22,190 --> 00:10:29,490 to follow this dogma okay just believing in God to have faith in God and thanks 96 00:10:29,490 --> 00:10:37,490 to god's will we are going to achieve forgiveness and salvation so it means we do not need to follow 97 00:10:37,490 --> 00:10:46,230 exactly the catholic dogma means we do not need to be a good person in order to achieve forgiveness 98 00:10:46,230 --> 00:10:56,649 and salvation why because luther is saying only only having faith in god okay with that only with 99 00:10:56,649 --> 00:11:03,909 is enough to achieve forgiveness and salvation so that's what Luther is going 100 00:11:03,909 --> 00:11:10,090 to say okay so to have faith in God God's will it means la voluntad de Dios 101 00:11:10,090 --> 00:11:18,070 y la fe these two things are the two basic the two basic things you need in 102 00:11:18,070 --> 00:11:22,690 order to achieve forgiveness and salvation okay so to achieve this 103 00:11:22,690 --> 00:11:27,370 forgiveness and salvation it means to go to heaven when you when you when you die 104 00:11:27,370 --> 00:11:33,429 okay what you just need to do to get this forgiveness and salvation to is 105 00:11:33,429 --> 00:11:41,529 just faith and God's will okay so from now on in these territories where the 106 00:11:41,529 --> 00:11:47,289 reform is going to spread okay they are going to believe in God and they be they 107 00:11:47,289 --> 00:11:51,190 are going to believe just with this faith is enough to achieve forgiveness 108 00:11:51,190 --> 00:12:00,190 forgiveness and salvation they do not need okay to behave in a good way to be good persons okay 109 00:12:00,190 --> 00:12:05,210 it doesn't mean that they are they can kill anyone they are saying for example 110 00:12:05,210 --> 00:12:11,830 they are saying just that they do not need to follow this dogma in order to achieve forgiveness 111 00:12:11,830 --> 00:12:17,210 and salvation that you can that that the most important thing is to have faith in god because 112 00:12:17,210 --> 00:12:24,190 maybe you are you are atheist you are not going to believe in god but okay because you are a good 113 00:12:24,190 --> 00:12:28,889 person because you follow the catholic dogma you are going to achieve forgiveness and salvation 114 00:12:28,889 --> 00:12:34,850 he is going to deny this martin luther is going to say if you want forgiveness forgiveness and 115 00:12:34,850 --> 00:12:40,149 salvation what you need to have is faith on god and is going to depend on god's will 116 00:12:40,149 --> 00:12:41,190 En la voluntad de Dios 117 00:12:41,190 --> 00:12:44,450 Ok, what is the third one? 118 00:12:44,950 --> 00:12:45,830 The third one is 119 00:12:45,830 --> 00:12:49,269 He and the people that follow him 120 00:12:49,269 --> 00:12:51,389 Are going to reject the veneration 121 00:12:51,389 --> 00:12:52,870 Of the Virgin Mary 122 00:12:52,870 --> 00:12:54,549 Saints' holy relics 123 00:12:54,549 --> 00:12:56,889 Remember what is a relic? 124 00:12:56,970 --> 00:12:59,750 A relic is a part of the human body 125 00:12:59,750 --> 00:13:02,190 But this body 126 00:13:02,190 --> 00:13:03,690 Belongs to a saint 127 00:13:03,690 --> 00:13:05,429 It means, for example 128 00:13:05,429 --> 00:13:06,389 Look at these pictures 129 00:13:06,389 --> 00:13:08,509 What we have here is the head 130 00:13:08,509 --> 00:13:10,110 of a saint 131 00:13:10,110 --> 00:13:11,129 Rosa de Lima 132 00:13:11,129 --> 00:13:13,529 and here what we are going to find 133 00:13:13,529 --> 00:13:15,590 is different bones of a saint 134 00:13:15,590 --> 00:13:18,370 so they are going to reject 135 00:13:18,370 --> 00:13:19,889 to venerate 136 00:13:19,889 --> 00:13:22,590 to feel that they need to 137 00:13:22,590 --> 00:13:25,990 to venerate these people 138 00:13:25,990 --> 00:13:26,870 that they are dead 139 00:13:26,870 --> 00:13:29,450 to venerate these objects 140 00:13:29,450 --> 00:13:32,809 that are the human parts 141 00:13:32,809 --> 00:13:35,009 of a dead person 142 00:13:35,009 --> 00:13:35,850 that is a saint 143 00:13:35,850 --> 00:13:37,090 so remember 144 00:13:37,090 --> 00:13:40,289 they are not going to venerate the Virgin Mary 145 00:13:40,289 --> 00:13:43,850 and they are not going to venerate relics 146 00:13:43,850 --> 00:13:46,590 what they are going to venerate is just God 147 00:13:46,590 --> 00:13:48,309 God is the important thing 148 00:13:48,309 --> 00:13:51,190 nor the Virgin Mary nor different saints 149 00:13:51,190 --> 00:13:55,909 why they are going to be against this veneration 150 00:13:55,909 --> 00:13:58,529 of the Virgin Mary, saints and holy relics 151 00:13:58,529 --> 00:14:00,029 well, it's easy 152 00:14:00,029 --> 00:14:06,590 if you remember, Catholicism is a monotheist religion 153 00:14:06,590 --> 00:14:25,450 It means you believe in one God, no more. Remember, for example, in ancient Greek or in the Roman Empire, what you are going to find is population or people that they are going to venerate more than one God, Zeus, Athena, etc. 154 00:14:25,450 --> 00:14:28,529 They are going to venerate all these types of gods 155 00:14:28,529 --> 00:14:31,330 So they are polytheists 156 00:14:31,330 --> 00:14:34,289 It means they are going to believe in more than one god 157 00:14:34,289 --> 00:14:37,029 But the Catholics are not polytheists 158 00:14:37,029 --> 00:14:38,190 They are monotheists 159 00:14:38,190 --> 00:14:41,090 So they are going to believe in only one god 160 00:14:41,090 --> 00:14:44,250 What Luther is saying is that 161 00:14:44,250 --> 00:14:46,990 When you are venerating the Virgin Mary 162 00:14:46,990 --> 00:14:50,110 The saints, the holy relics and also God 163 00:14:50,110 --> 00:14:53,409 You are believing in more than one god 164 00:14:53,409 --> 00:15:02,370 So, you are making Catholicism, or you are turning Catholicism into a polytheist religion. 165 00:15:02,929 --> 00:15:12,450 So, in order to avoid this definition, to define Catholicism as a polytheist religion, 166 00:15:12,870 --> 00:15:18,870 what he is going to say is, okay, we are going to reject the veneration to all these people, 167 00:15:18,870 --> 00:15:25,789 the saints the virgin mary the relics because what we what we are is catholics and catholics 168 00:15:25,789 --> 00:15:35,580 are monotheists so we are supposed to believe only in god one god no more the last principle 169 00:15:35,580 --> 00:15:42,399 is the opposition to the church owning property what does it mean they are going to say okay if 170 00:15:42,399 --> 00:15:48,580 you are a truly christian if you are a truly believer in jesus christ in god okay it's because 171 00:15:48,580 --> 00:15:55,659 you are going to believe in poverty, that you do not need riches, to be wealthy. 172 00:15:55,659 --> 00:16:01,399 So the idea is they are going to be against the church to have all these properties. 173 00:16:01,399 --> 00:16:09,620 It means, to sum up, they are going to be against the church to have or to be rich. 174 00:16:09,620 --> 00:16:14,100 So that's why they are going to, and also they are going to support the nobles taking 175 00:16:14,100 --> 00:16:16,059 over the church possessions. 176 00:16:16,059 --> 00:16:17,059 What does it mean? 177 00:16:17,059 --> 00:16:22,279 It means, first, that we do not want a church that is rich, we want a church that is truly 178 00:16:22,279 --> 00:16:28,519 Catholic or truly Christian and it means to have a poor church. 179 00:16:28,519 --> 00:16:36,220 And second, we need people to support these ideas, so we are going to support the nobles 180 00:16:36,220 --> 00:16:39,720 to take over the church possessions. 181 00:16:39,720 --> 00:16:40,720 What does it mean? 182 00:16:40,720 --> 00:16:45,620 That, of course, if you are saying the church must be poor and you want to give the possessions 183 00:16:45,620 --> 00:16:52,519 to the nobility the nobility is going to support their reformation remember the nobility in this 184 00:16:52,519 --> 00:16:58,740 moment is fighting against the kings because what the kings want is to be an authoritarian monarch 185 00:16:58,740 --> 00:17:06,339 it means an authoritarian monarchy remember is a king or a queen that is going to control 186 00:17:06,339 --> 00:17:13,720 the nobility and to fight two different kings using a strong army so in this case what they 187 00:17:13,720 --> 00:17:19,420 are going to do the Lutero or Luther Martin Luther and the people that 188 00:17:19,420 --> 00:17:22,960 support the Reformation what they are going to say is okay we are going to 189 00:17:22,960 --> 00:17:28,359 give all the church possessions to the nobles so that we are going to have the 190 00:17:28,359 --> 00:17:33,240 support of the nobles in order to fight to the king and to establish or to 191 00:17:33,240 --> 00:17:40,599 change the Catholic Church so as a summary Martin Luther remember is a 192 00:17:40,599 --> 00:17:47,039 priest is from Germany and he is going to he is going to publish this 95 thesis 193 00:17:47,039 --> 00:17:53,920 where where he is criticizing the Catholic Church criticizing the 194 00:17:53,920 --> 00:17:58,720 corruption all the characteristics we saw in the last two slides okay so in 195 00:17:58,720 --> 00:18:02,559 order to criticize this corruption he is going to publish the 95 thesis and these 196 00:18:02,559 --> 00:18:06,880 are the four main principles that we are supposed to be free to interpret the 197 00:18:06,880 --> 00:18:11,720 Bible, we do not need a priest, and we are going to, of course, translate it into the different 198 00:18:11,720 --> 00:18:18,059 languages, because we speak Spanish, we do not speak Latin. Second, that in order to achieve 199 00:18:18,059 --> 00:18:24,559 forgiveness and salvation, we do not need to behave following the Catholic dogma, what we need is 200 00:18:24,559 --> 00:18:30,599 faith, okay? We need to truly believe in God, and that's enough, because God's will, la voluntad de 201 00:18:30,599 --> 00:18:38,000 is going to provide us or let us achieve forgiveness and salvation in the third place 202 00:18:38,000 --> 00:18:43,500 they are going to reject the veneration to all these people the virgin mary saints and holy 203 00:18:43,500 --> 00:18:52,200 relics because they believe that catholicism is a monotheist religion and finally they want a church 204 00:18:52,200 --> 00:18:59,920 a poor church they do not want a powerful church that they are going to be rich 205 00:18:59,920 --> 00:19:07,660 or a rich or a wealthy church okay and in order to get some to get the support of the novels they 206 00:19:07,660 --> 00:19:12,019 are going to say okay we are going to have a poor church and all the church possessions are going to 207 00:19:12,019 --> 00:19:19,519 go to the novels okay i recommend you to watch this this clip of a movie where they are going 208 00:19:19,519 --> 00:19:25,359 to show you how martin luther is going to publish this 95 thesis and is going to defend these these 209 00:19:25,359 --> 00:19:35,410 ideas so for example i have here two different news from two different newspapers where they 210 00:19:35,410 --> 00:19:41,410 are going to talk about the possessions of the catholic church okay talking about how the 211 00:19:41,410 --> 00:19:47,750 catholic church is wealthy nowadays so this characteristic that is the opposition to the 212 00:19:47,750 --> 00:19:54,549 church to owning property okay as you can see nowadays the church is owning a lot of money 213 00:19:54,549 --> 00:19:56,369 a lot of properties 214 00:19:56,369 --> 00:19:57,329 ok 215 00:19:57,329 --> 00:20:00,589 vale, so that's the idea 216 00:20:00,589 --> 00:20:02,690 the situation has not changed 217 00:20:02,690 --> 00:20:04,329 the church is a powerful 218 00:20:04,329 --> 00:20:06,829 institution and this church is rich 219 00:20:06,829 --> 00:20:08,730 has a lot of 220 00:20:08,730 --> 00:20:09,710 different possessions 221 00:20:09,710 --> 00:20:14,049 so apart from this, what we need to talk 222 00:20:14,049 --> 00:20:15,089 is about the 223 00:20:15,089 --> 00:20:17,990 spread of the reformation 224 00:20:17,990 --> 00:20:19,349 spread, difundir 225 00:20:19,349 --> 00:20:22,029 so what we are going to see is how the reformation is going to 226 00:20:22,029 --> 00:20:23,529 spread all over Europe 227 00:20:23,529 --> 00:20:31,009 Okay? Remember, it's going to start in Germany, in the Holy Roman Empire, because Martin Luther was a priest in Germany. 228 00:20:31,910 --> 00:20:33,690 But what is going to happen after that? 229 00:20:33,990 --> 00:20:39,509 It's going to spread rapidly or quickly across Northern Europe. 230 00:20:39,690 --> 00:20:43,529 It means those areas that they are close to Germany. 231 00:20:43,829 --> 00:20:51,369 Of course, these ideas are going to reach Spain later than, for example, these regions. 232 00:20:51,369 --> 00:20:59,210 so what you see in red is the lutheran regions okay the regions where lutheranism where reformation 233 00:20:59,210 --> 00:21:07,009 is going to spread so you see part of the holy roman empire denmark sweden sorry sweden norway 234 00:21:07,009 --> 00:21:13,769 okay and these regions here that they are part of poland in this moment okay as you can see there 235 00:21:13,769 --> 00:21:21,589 are going to be other different type of other type of reformed churches we are going to talk 236 00:21:21,589 --> 00:21:28,630 about them later on but the important thing is the ideas the reformation ideas the ideas of 237 00:21:28,630 --> 00:21:35,329 martin martin luther are going to spread not only in germany but also in these countries in northern 238 00:21:35,329 --> 00:21:43,180 europe part of poland sweden and norway and denmark so apart from this germany the low 239 00:21:43,180 --> 00:21:47,500 countries the low countries are these ones here but they are going to follow 240 00:21:47,500 --> 00:21:53,920 Calvinism okay we are going to talk about Calvinism in a few minutes okay so 241 00:21:53,920 --> 00:21:58,400 there is Germany low countries Denmark and the countries in the Scandinavia 242 00:21:58,400 --> 00:22:02,980 Scandinavian Peninsula okay you remember the the maps of Europe this is the 243 00:22:02,980 --> 00:22:08,700 Scandinavian Peninsula is here in the north okay so apart from this what we 244 00:22:08,700 --> 00:22:12,759 are going to see is there are going to be other reformers it means Martin 245 00:22:12,759 --> 00:22:18,480 Luther is going to start criticizing the church, and we are going to find other people, other 246 00:22:18,480 --> 00:22:24,920 priests, criticizing the church, but they are going to propose different doctrines and 247 00:22:24,920 --> 00:22:27,619 creating their own churches. 248 00:22:28,160 --> 00:22:34,660 So, as you can understand, it's a really difficult problem for the Catholic Church, because inside 249 00:22:34,660 --> 00:22:41,880 the church it has appeared Lutheranism, that is the doctrine established by Martin Luther, 250 00:22:41,880 --> 00:22:51,420 and now what we are going to see is different or other different branches of Reformation, 251 00:22:51,420 --> 00:22:59,160 okay? Other reformers. For example, the first one is Ulrich Zwingli or Ulrich Zwinglio in Spanish. 252 00:22:59,160 --> 00:23:05,099 He's a Swiss pastor, it means he's part of the clergy, okay? And what he's going to propose is 253 00:23:05,099 --> 00:23:11,220 these two things okay first we are going to he's going to he wants to abolish 254 00:23:11,220 --> 00:23:17,339 celibacy among priests it means that the priest now can have babies celibacy 255 00:23:17,339 --> 00:23:24,480 means you cannot have babies so Zwinglio or Zwingli he is going to support the 256 00:23:24,480 --> 00:23:30,599 idea of the priests to have babies okay second he is going to abolish the 257 00:23:30,599 --> 00:23:39,119 religious imaginary it means imaginary are all the different pictures representing God representing 258 00:23:39,119 --> 00:23:47,319 Jesus Christ representing the Virgin Mary etc other Saints etc so the idea is swing Lee wants 259 00:23:47,319 --> 00:23:54,539 to abolish celibacy and also he wants to abolish the religious imaginary it means he wants to 260 00:23:54,539 --> 00:24:05,220 is any representation of god why because swingley feels or thinks here is swingley okay he feels 261 00:24:05,220 --> 00:24:16,480 that a catholic person should venerate god itself not the representation of god it means 262 00:24:16,480 --> 00:24:24,079 you are not supposed to pray in front of the image of god that is part of the imaginary what 263 00:24:24,079 --> 00:24:31,220 you need to do is to pray to God directly. It doesn't matter if you have no representation 264 00:24:31,220 --> 00:24:39,759 of God or Jesus Christ, etc. in front of you, okay? So Henry Twigley is a reformer. He is 265 00:24:39,759 --> 00:24:45,900 not following Martin Luther, but he is going to criticize the Catholic Church as well as 266 00:24:45,900 --> 00:24:52,680 Martin Luther. He is going to support the idea of to abolish celibacy and to abolish 267 00:24:52,680 --> 00:24:59,980 the religious imaginary the second one is john calvin juan calvino in spanish okay remember 268 00:24:59,980 --> 00:25:07,339 it's from france it's french french theologian okay it means it's a person that studies god 269 00:25:07,339 --> 00:25:14,019 and the and and knows about the studies related with god and religion so the idea is this french 270 00:25:14,019 --> 00:25:21,859 theologian that studies religion and god vale is going to base or is going to is going to 271 00:25:21,859 --> 00:25:29,940 yes it's going to base his principles on predestination what does it mean if you 272 00:25:29,940 --> 00:25:35,339 remember Catholicism if you are Catholic and if you want to go to heaven what you 273 00:25:35,339 --> 00:25:41,319 need to do is to believe in God and also to behave properly to behave in a 274 00:25:41,319 --> 00:25:48,640 Christian way right to be a good person so Martin Luther has said okay we are in 275 00:25:48,640 --> 00:25:52,880 In order to achieve forgiveness and salvation, what you need is to believe in God, to have faith. 276 00:25:53,079 --> 00:25:53,460 That's it. 277 00:25:54,079 --> 00:26:00,859 Now, John Calvin is saying, okay, you are destined to salvation, or damnation, 278 00:26:00,960 --> 00:26:06,720 es decir, a la salvación, o a la perdición, al infierno, from birth. 279 00:26:07,660 --> 00:26:12,779 So it doesn't matter how you are going to behave, okay? 280 00:26:12,779 --> 00:26:34,279 Because it has been since the very beginning, from birth, when you have been chosen for salvation of that nation. And you can say, okay, I'm going to, you can say, well, if you believe in Calvinism, that is the name of this doctrine proposed by John Calvin, you can behave any way you want. 281 00:26:34,279 --> 00:26:42,319 no that is not true okay you need to behave in a good way but you are going to find tips okay 282 00:26:42,319 --> 00:26:50,480 indications that god is giving you in order to know you have been designated to salvation 283 00:26:50,480 --> 00:27:00,380 or damnation for example imagine i don't know jose manuel jose manuel is a trader jose manuel 284 00:27:00,380 --> 00:27:02,380 is achieving success 285 00:27:02,380 --> 00:27:04,700 selling products 286 00:27:04,700 --> 00:27:05,880 and buying products 287 00:27:05,880 --> 00:27:08,819 so this success is telling him 288 00:27:08,819 --> 00:27:11,140 I am destined for salvation 289 00:27:11,140 --> 00:27:12,299 it means 290 00:27:12,299 --> 00:27:14,740 God is telling this person 291 00:27:14,740 --> 00:27:16,859 through luck 292 00:27:16,859 --> 00:27:19,180 or through success 293 00:27:19,180 --> 00:27:20,880 that he has been 294 00:27:20,880 --> 00:27:23,059 destined to salvation 295 00:27:23,059 --> 00:27:24,740 and not damnation 296 00:27:24,740 --> 00:27:25,660 ok 297 00:27:25,660 --> 00:27:27,960 so John Calvin 298 00:27:27,960 --> 00:27:33,000 his doctrine is based on predestination it means if we are going to go to heaven 299 00:27:33,000 --> 00:27:38,460 it means salvation or we are going to go to hell it has been decided from birth 300 00:27:38,460 --> 00:27:45,059 since the very beginning okay we cannot do anything in order to be to go to 301 00:27:45,059 --> 00:27:50,640 heaven or to go to hell it is going to happen anyway but we can find these 302 00:27:50,640 --> 00:27:58,980 tips okay this this yeah these tips that God is giving us in order to know if we 303 00:27:58,980 --> 00:28:05,900 are going to achieve salvation of the nation so where it's going to appear 304 00:28:05,900 --> 00:28:11,880 this doctrine is going to appear in Geneva in Geneva in Geneva sorry in 305 00:28:11,880 --> 00:28:17,220 Geneva it means in Ginebra in Switzerland in Switzerland okay and it's going to 306 00:28:17,220 --> 00:28:24,660 spread to England Scotland and France but the problem is Calvinism is going to 307 00:28:24,660 --> 00:28:33,220 have different type of names depending on their region it means if Calvinism in 308 00:28:33,220 --> 00:28:40,160 England is going to be called puritanism in Scotland Presbyterianism in France 309 00:28:40,160 --> 00:28:42,640 Huguenotism 310 00:28:42,640 --> 00:28:44,319 Huguenotes 311 00:28:44,319 --> 00:28:45,980 Presbyterianos 312 00:28:45,980 --> 00:28:47,200 Puritanos 313 00:28:47,200 --> 00:28:48,960 So the idea is 314 00:28:48,960 --> 00:28:51,460 The ideas or the principles of John Calvin 315 00:28:51,460 --> 00:28:53,319 Based on predestination are going to express 316 00:28:53,319 --> 00:28:55,039 From Switzerland to these countries 317 00:28:55,039 --> 00:28:57,759 And in these countries we are going to know 318 00:28:57,759 --> 00:28:59,980 This ideology or doctrine 319 00:28:59,980 --> 00:29:01,519 This way 320 00:29:01,519 --> 00:29:03,180 Puritans in England 321 00:29:03,180 --> 00:29:05,339 Presbyterians in Scotland 322 00:29:05,339 --> 00:29:07,859 And Huguenots in France 323 00:29:07,859 --> 00:29:10,670 Here is 324 00:29:10,670 --> 00:29:14,650 John Calvin. And let's see 325 00:29:14,650 --> 00:29:16,970 the last one. The Anglican Church 326 00:29:16,970 --> 00:29:18,589 is going to appear in 327 00:29:18,589 --> 00:29:20,789 1534. The Anglican 328 00:29:20,789 --> 00:29:22,549 Church is a little bit different to 329 00:29:22,549 --> 00:29:25,069 Lutheranism, Calvinism 330 00:29:25,069 --> 00:29:26,630 or Twinglanism. 331 00:29:27,170 --> 00:29:28,630 It's a little bit different. 332 00:29:29,329 --> 00:29:30,690 The Anglican Church is going to 333 00:29:30,690 --> 00:29:32,329 appear in England because Henry 334 00:29:32,329 --> 00:29:34,470 VIII, Enrique VIII 335 00:29:34,470 --> 00:29:36,970 that was married to 336 00:29:36,970 --> 00:29:38,809 Catherine of Aragon 337 00:29:38,809 --> 00:29:40,589 that is a daughter of the 338 00:29:40,589 --> 00:29:42,410 Catholic monarchs 339 00:29:42,410 --> 00:29:47,730 wants the divorce the idea is henry the eighth was married to catherine of aragon 340 00:29:47,730 --> 00:29:55,990 catherine of aragon is not giving him a son is giving him a daughter and catherine of aragon 341 00:29:55,990 --> 00:30:03,990 is a little bit old so he knows that he she cannot give him more babies so the idea is 342 00:30:03,990 --> 00:30:09,750 henry the eighth is going to get in contact with the pope is going to talk to the pope and is going 343 00:30:09,750 --> 00:30:15,829 to ask for the divorce he wants to get divorced from catherine of aragon because he wants a 344 00:30:15,829 --> 00:30:26,410 younger wife in order to have a son a man that is going to inherit his kingdom what is going to 345 00:30:26,410 --> 00:30:34,769 happen the pope is going to say no the pope is going to reject to give him or to accept 346 00:30:34,769 --> 00:30:43,869 Henry VIII to divorce from Catherine of Aragon in that moment Henry VIII is going to say okay 347 00:30:43,869 --> 00:30:49,910 you don't want to accept the divorce I'm going to be divorced and I'm going to create my own 348 00:30:49,910 --> 00:30:56,430 church remember in Europe has appeared Lutheranism a new church different from the Catholic one 349 00:30:56,430 --> 00:31:07,069 calvinism and also the twingly one so the idea is he is going to create his own his own church 350 00:31:07,069 --> 00:31:14,269 here is henry the eighth here is catherine of aragon so he was to divorce from this woman 351 00:31:15,730 --> 00:31:21,950 in order to do that he is going to sign a law and this law is called act of supremacy 352 00:31:21,950 --> 00:31:25,829 is the legal text in order to create the church 353 00:31:25,829 --> 00:31:28,809 a new church, the Anglican church 354 00:31:28,809 --> 00:31:31,990 if in the Catholic church 355 00:31:31,990 --> 00:31:35,750 the head of the church is the Pope 356 00:31:35,750 --> 00:31:38,190 in the Anglican church 357 00:31:38,190 --> 00:31:41,089 the head is the King 358 00:31:41,089 --> 00:31:44,289 for example, nowadays 359 00:31:44,289 --> 00:31:47,549 in England or in the United Kingdom 360 00:31:47,549 --> 00:31:50,990 the head of the Anglican church 361 00:31:50,990 --> 00:31:56,450 is Elizabeth II, Isabel II, the queen of the United Kingdom. 362 00:31:57,309 --> 00:31:59,730 So the idea is, during the 16th century, 363 00:31:59,869 --> 00:32:02,670 we are going to have this reformation movement, 364 00:32:02,789 --> 00:32:04,869 this religious movement called reformation. 365 00:32:04,869 --> 00:32:08,289 It's going to appear as a movement, a religious movement, 366 00:32:08,509 --> 00:32:13,650 against or to criticize all the corruption in the Catholic Church. 367 00:32:14,450 --> 00:32:19,609 The main person or the first reformer was Martin Luther. 368 00:32:19,609 --> 00:32:22,049 but there are going to appear new ones 369 00:32:22,049 --> 00:32:23,730 like Twingly or Calvin 370 00:32:23,730 --> 00:32:25,970 and another one 371 00:32:25,970 --> 00:32:28,049 the Anglican Church created by 372 00:32:28,049 --> 00:32:30,009 Henry VIII, so in Europe 373 00:32:30,009 --> 00:32:32,029 what we are going to have 374 00:32:32,029 --> 00:32:34,170 is this map related 375 00:32:34,170 --> 00:32:35,130 with the different 376 00:32:35,130 --> 00:32:37,089 churches 377 00:32:37,089 --> 00:32:38,609 the 378 00:32:38,609 --> 00:32:42,269 green one is the Catholic countries 379 00:32:42,269 --> 00:32:46,210 the red one is the regions 380 00:32:46,210 --> 00:32:48,190 of the countries where Lutheranism 381 00:32:48,190 --> 00:32:52,390 is going to spread so where people is going to read the bible and interpret on their own 382 00:32:52,390 --> 00:32:59,269 where the priest is not going to be that important where the the church must be poor and not rich 383 00:32:59,269 --> 00:33:06,509 okay and we are going to find calvinism where in scotland remember presbyterianism hugonots in 384 00:33:06,509 --> 00:33:16,210 france okay and we are going to find calvinism okay in switzerland okay so these are the regions 385 00:33:16,210 --> 00:33:22,089 where we are going to find Calvinism the last one is Anglicanism that is going to 386 00:33:22,089 --> 00:33:27,450 appear in England and part of Ireland so this church is going to be controlled by 387 00:33:27,450 --> 00:33:34,390 the king or queen of England nowadays these different branches of 388 00:33:34,390 --> 00:33:41,809 christianism still exist okay there is the Lutheran Church exists the Calvinist 389 00:33:41,809 --> 00:33:47,430 Church exists, or Presbyterian Church exists, and the Anglican Church exists as well as 390 00:33:47,430 --> 00:33:48,190 the Catholic one.