1
00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:19,000
Hey, you heard me, yeah, you come see our clubhouse and our tree.

2
00:00:19,000 --> 00:00:24,000
We are kids on a mission to educate ourselves about the NASA vision.

3
00:00:24,000 --> 00:00:29,000
Come explore math and science, cause that's what makes our alliance.

4
00:00:29,000 --> 00:00:33,000
All who walk our club, we yearn to learn and want to see

5
00:00:33,000 --> 00:00:38,000
everything that we can be, so come join us on our journey.

6
00:00:38,000 --> 00:00:44,000
Don't you touch that dial, and welcome to the NASA White House.

7
00:00:46,000 --> 00:00:47,000
Yeah!

8
00:00:52,000 --> 00:00:55,000
This is Kids Science News Network, and I'm Ted Toon.

9
00:00:55,000 --> 00:01:01,000
Aviation enthusiasts are all aflutter today with the announcement of the $10 million X Prize.

10
00:01:01,000 --> 00:01:04,000
That's right, ladies and gentlemen, if you can design a reusable aircraft

11
00:01:04,000 --> 00:01:09,000
capable of taking three tourists into space, the $10 million is yours.

12
00:01:09,000 --> 00:01:13,000
Wow, I could buy a lot of air freshener with $10 million.

13
00:01:13,000 --> 00:01:19,000
Oh, sorry, a little closer to home, the annual Extraordinary Airplane Contest

14
00:01:19,000 --> 00:01:21,000
is set to get underway next week.

15
00:01:21,000 --> 00:01:24,000
We have a live report from I Am Listening.

16
00:01:24,000 --> 00:01:28,000
Ted, I'm here at the site of this year's contest.

17
00:01:28,000 --> 00:01:32,000
Only days from now, teams from all over the area will compete to see

18
00:01:32,000 --> 00:01:35,000
which airplane can fly the farthest.

19
00:01:35,000 --> 00:01:41,000
The twist is that each plane must be made completely out of egg cartons.

20
00:01:41,000 --> 00:01:47,000
We'll have to wait and see exactly how each team solves the problems of flight.

21
00:01:47,000 --> 00:01:50,000
Can an airplane made out of egg cartons really fly?

22
00:01:50,000 --> 00:01:54,000
Will the Treehouse Detectives place dead last again this year?

23
00:01:54,000 --> 00:01:57,000
We may never know. Back to you, Ted.

24
00:01:57,000 --> 00:02:00,000
Yeah, we know all about the Extraordinary Plane Competition.

25
00:02:00,000 --> 00:02:03,000
Everyone at the competition knows us as the big losers.

26
00:02:03,000 --> 00:02:08,000
We always come in last place every year. This is the entry from last year.

27
00:02:08,000 --> 00:02:10,000
Looks like a winner compared to my entry from last year.

28
00:02:10,000 --> 00:02:12,000
What did you do?

29
00:02:12,000 --> 00:02:16,000
I just stuck a fuselage through an egg carton.

30
00:02:16,000 --> 00:02:18,000
It doesn't even fly.

31
00:02:18,000 --> 00:02:21,000
My grandmother says you can learn a lot from your failures.

32
00:02:21,000 --> 00:02:26,000
Even the Wright brothers, Wilbur and Orville, had a few failures before they first took flight

33
00:02:26,000 --> 00:02:30,000
on December 17, 1903, in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.

34
00:02:30,000 --> 00:02:34,000
I found these facts referenced on this flight book and that's Guadal's website.

35
00:02:34,000 --> 00:02:37,000
Did you know that a lot of inventors entered aviation contests?

36
00:02:37,000 --> 00:02:38,000
Like us?

37
00:02:38,000 --> 00:02:39,000
Not exactly like us.

38
00:02:39,000 --> 00:02:43,000
Back in 1927, Charles Lindbergh won the Ortiz Prize of $25,000

39
00:02:43,000 --> 00:02:46,000
for being the first person to cross the Atlantic Ocean in a plane.

40
00:02:46,000 --> 00:02:49,000
That's right. He flew from New York to Paris, France.

41
00:02:49,000 --> 00:02:54,000
You see, without these types of contests, we might not have the advanced technology

42
00:02:54,000 --> 00:02:57,000
or the types of airplanes that we have right now.

43
00:02:57,000 --> 00:02:59,000
Don't forget the race to space.

44
00:02:59,000 --> 00:03:03,000
If we hadn't competed with Russia, NASA might not have sent the first man to the moon.

45
00:03:03,000 --> 00:03:04,000
Now that's true.

46
00:03:04,000 --> 00:03:07,000
I think we need to do more research on the history of flight.

47
00:03:07,000 --> 00:03:10,000
Remember what we learned in class about science is inquiry?

48
00:03:10,000 --> 00:03:13,000
Research is important. Let's surf the Internet.

49
00:03:13,000 --> 00:03:15,000
I'll let you in on something really neat.

50
00:03:15,000 --> 00:03:17,000
NASA has a website on how things fly.

51
00:03:17,000 --> 00:03:21,000
Oh, look. Here's the fun fact about the history of flight.

52
00:03:21,000 --> 00:03:22,000
Let's click here.

53
00:03:24,000 --> 00:03:27,000
And now, Aviation History.

54
00:03:27,000 --> 00:03:29,000
Here's Dr. Textbook.

55
00:03:30,000 --> 00:03:31,000
Hello!

56
00:03:31,000 --> 00:03:36,000
Since the beginning of time, man has looked up at birds with awe and has wondered,

57
00:03:36,000 --> 00:03:39,000
Why can't we fly?

58
00:03:40,000 --> 00:03:43,000
Mythology gives us the story of Icarus,

59
00:03:43,000 --> 00:03:48,000
who flew too close to the sun, melting his wings made of feathers and wax.

60
00:03:48,000 --> 00:03:55,000
In the 15th century, Leonardo da Vinci made over 150 drawings of his ideas for a flying machine.

61
00:03:55,000 --> 00:03:59,000
But it was George Cayley who noticed how a bird's wings kept them in the air.

62
00:03:59,000 --> 00:04:05,000
He made a number of various gliders, testing out different wing shapes and patterns.

63
00:04:05,000 --> 00:04:09,000
Wilbur and Orville Wright wrote letters to Octave Chanute, who was designing his own gliders,

64
00:04:09,000 --> 00:04:12,000
and he helped them to understand the forces of flight.

65
00:04:12,000 --> 00:04:15,000
After many trial runs with various gliders,

66
00:04:15,000 --> 00:04:21,000
the Wright brothers made the first successful control-powered flight with a pilot on board in 1903.

67
00:04:21,000 --> 00:04:26,000
So, as a note to all the people who made the first flight possible,

68
00:04:26,000 --> 00:04:29,000
I will fly across this sand dune in my wings!

69
00:04:40,000 --> 00:04:44,000
Well, not a very good idea.

70
00:04:47,000 --> 00:04:50,000
This has been Aviation History.

71
00:04:52,000 --> 00:04:56,000
That's so cool. It looked like the pioneers of aviation had a lot of different challenges.

72
00:04:56,000 --> 00:05:00,000
I think we need to learn more about our challenges and try to win the Extraordinary Plane Competition.

73
00:05:00,000 --> 00:05:02,000
But how do we do that?

74
00:05:02,000 --> 00:05:04,000
I think we need to learn how planes fly.

75
00:05:04,000 --> 00:05:07,000
The National Air and Space Museum will be the place to start.

76
00:05:07,000 --> 00:05:09,000
Let's see if our parents can take us.

77
00:05:09,000 --> 00:05:13,000
I found a research notebook so we can take plenty of notes.

78
00:05:13,000 --> 00:05:17,000
I also found a get-up-and-go worksheet on the NASA Wi-Fi Earth website.

79
00:05:17,000 --> 00:05:21,000
This will be just what I need to keep track of what we learn on the field trips.

80
00:05:21,000 --> 00:05:23,000
So, let's get up and go.

81
00:05:29,000 --> 00:05:31,000
This is so cool.

82
00:05:31,000 --> 00:05:34,000
Look, there's the original Wright brothers' plane.

83
00:05:34,000 --> 00:05:37,000
Look over there. There's the Spirit of St. Louis.

84
00:05:37,000 --> 00:05:41,000
Oh, yeah. That's the plane that Charles Lindbergh flew to Paris.

85
00:05:41,000 --> 00:05:44,000
He won $25,000.

86
00:05:44,000 --> 00:05:46,000
Hi, can I help you?

87
00:05:46,000 --> 00:05:49,000
We'd need to learn more about the history of flight.

88
00:05:49,000 --> 00:05:51,000
Well, you must be the treehouse detectives.

89
00:05:51,000 --> 00:05:53,000
We most certainly are.

90
00:05:53,000 --> 00:05:57,000
Hi, I'm General Jack Daly, the director of the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum.

91
00:05:57,000 --> 00:05:59,000
I want to welcome you here this morning.

92
00:05:59,000 --> 00:06:02,000
Can you tell us a little more about the history of the Wright brothers' plane?

93
00:06:02,000 --> 00:06:07,000
Sure. The Wright brothers were the first ones to solve the technical problems associated with flight.

94
00:06:07,000 --> 00:06:10,000
Many others had tried, but these two brothers, working alone,

95
00:06:10,000 --> 00:06:14,000
developed the fundamental principles of flight that are still in place today,

96
00:06:14,000 --> 00:06:16,000
and they changed our lives completely.

97
00:06:16,000 --> 00:06:20,000
We know that contests play an important part in the history of aviation.

98
00:06:20,000 --> 00:06:21,000
Why is that?

99
00:06:21,000 --> 00:06:24,000
Well, competition is important in life no matter what we're doing,

100
00:06:24,000 --> 00:06:28,000
whether we're playing soccer, competing for the Olympics, or trying to build a better airplane.

101
00:06:29,000 --> 00:06:33,000
If you want to be the number one or the best, you have to work harder.

102
00:06:33,000 --> 00:06:35,000
The Race to Space was another competition?

103
00:06:35,000 --> 00:06:40,000
Sure was. It was a race between the United States and the Soviet Union,

104
00:06:40,000 --> 00:06:44,000
and each country was trying to demonstrate that they were better in space flight.

105
00:06:44,000 --> 00:06:47,000
But what started as a competition has now turned into a partnership

106
00:06:47,000 --> 00:06:51,000
with the United States, Russia, and other countries building an international space station.

107
00:06:51,000 --> 00:06:54,000
We need to learn more about the four forces of flight.

108
00:06:54,000 --> 00:06:56,000
Is there a place here where we can explore?

109
00:06:56,000 --> 00:06:58,000
There sure is. It's called How Things Fly.

110
00:07:08,000 --> 00:07:10,000
Kaylie, this is so neat!

111
00:07:10,000 --> 00:07:13,000
I wonder if these controls have anything to do with lifts.

112
00:07:27,000 --> 00:07:33,000
Use the aileron, elevator, and rudder to control roll, pitch, and yaw.

113
00:07:35,000 --> 00:07:39,000
Hey, Bianca, I can see the four forces of flight working.

114
00:07:39,000 --> 00:07:40,000
We need to go.

115
00:07:40,000 --> 00:07:42,000
I'm having too much fun.

116
00:07:47,000 --> 00:07:48,000
Guess where we went this weekend?

117
00:07:48,000 --> 00:07:50,000
I don't know. Outer space?

118
00:07:50,000 --> 00:07:54,000
Funny, Dr. D. We went to the National Air and Space Museum.

119
00:07:54,000 --> 00:07:55,000
Oh, did you see the White Brothers plane?

120
00:07:55,000 --> 00:07:57,000
Yeah, it was so cool.

121
00:07:57,000 --> 00:08:03,000
Well, did you know that after the last flight, a gust of wind came up and sent the White Brothers flyer tumbling across the sand?

122
00:08:03,000 --> 00:08:05,000
Is that why the Wright flyer never flew again?

123
00:08:05,000 --> 00:08:07,000
That's right, because it was damaged.

124
00:08:07,000 --> 00:08:09,000
Today, planes are built much differently.

125
00:08:09,000 --> 00:08:12,000
When we went to the museum, we learned about the four forces of flight.

126
00:08:12,000 --> 00:08:14,000
What are the four forces of flight?

127
00:08:14,000 --> 00:08:17,000
Let's see. There's lift, that pushes a plane upward.

128
00:08:17,000 --> 00:08:21,000
And weight, which is Earth's gravity pulling down on a plane.

129
00:08:21,000 --> 00:08:24,000
Then thrust, which is the power to push a plane through the air.

130
00:08:24,000 --> 00:08:26,000
Oh yeah, and drag.

131
00:08:26,000 --> 00:08:30,000
Why do you think it's important that we must understand all four forces?

132
00:08:30,000 --> 00:08:34,000
I'm not sure. I would guess you have to have all of them to make a plane fly.

133
00:08:34,000 --> 00:08:36,000
Yes, they're all connected to each other.

134
00:08:36,000 --> 00:08:40,000
For example, changing the thrust also affects the lift and the drag.

135
00:08:40,000 --> 00:08:44,000
We must first examine them individually before we can see how they're related to each other.

136
00:08:44,000 --> 00:08:47,000
Can we start with the force of lift?

137
00:08:47,000 --> 00:08:50,000
Sure. What part of the plane do you think provides the lift?

138
00:08:50,000 --> 00:08:52,000
I would say the wings.

139
00:08:52,000 --> 00:08:55,000
That's right. The wings are designed to push air downward.

140
00:08:55,000 --> 00:08:59,000
The air flowing over top of the wing and the air flowing underneath the wing are both bent downward.

141
00:09:02,000 --> 00:09:05,000
These fan blades are just like a wing.

142
00:09:05,000 --> 00:09:07,000
Look at the blades. See how they're angled?

143
00:09:07,000 --> 00:09:09,000
Yes, why is that?

144
00:09:09,000 --> 00:09:12,000
Well, the blades are angled upward from the direction of motion.

145
00:09:12,000 --> 00:09:15,000
This angle allows the blades to push the air downward.

146
00:09:16,000 --> 00:09:19,000
How do airplane wings compare to fan blades?

147
00:09:19,000 --> 00:09:23,000
As the fan blades spin, they cut through the air like an airplane wing.

148
00:09:25,000 --> 00:09:27,000
Take a look at this airplane that I got many years ago.

149
00:09:27,000 --> 00:09:31,000
Notice how the wing is slanted upward with the front edge higher than the back edge.

150
00:09:32,000 --> 00:09:34,000
Turn on the fan now and see what happens.

151
00:09:38,000 --> 00:09:40,000
Those fan blades are pushing a lot of air.

152
00:09:40,000 --> 00:09:43,000
How can we increase the air pushed down by the fan?

153
00:09:43,000 --> 00:09:45,000
It could spin faster.

154
00:09:45,000 --> 00:09:51,000
Indeed. A faster spinning fan blade is like an airplane wing flying through the air faster, pushing more air down.

155
00:09:51,000 --> 00:09:53,000
Why does a wing need to push air down?

156
00:09:53,000 --> 00:09:55,000
It's what provides lift.

157
00:09:55,000 --> 00:10:00,000
I don't get it. How does pushing air down create lift?

158
00:10:00,000 --> 00:10:05,000
Mr. Isaac Newton said, for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

159
00:10:05,000 --> 00:10:07,000
It's called his third law.

160
00:10:07,000 --> 00:10:12,000
So that means when the wing pushes the air downward, the air is pushing up on the wing?

161
00:10:12,000 --> 00:10:13,000
Correct again.

162
00:10:13,000 --> 00:10:15,000
Let's try an experiment.

163
00:10:15,000 --> 00:10:19,000
Tip the fan up like this and put it on these skates.

164
00:10:19,000 --> 00:10:23,000
Now the fan is going to push the air this way, that's the action.

165
00:10:23,000 --> 00:10:27,000
And the air is going to push the fan the other way, that's the reaction.

166
00:10:32,000 --> 00:10:33,000
All right.

167
00:10:33,000 --> 00:10:34,000
Wow.

168
00:10:34,000 --> 00:10:38,000
I bet the problem with our airplane last year was that we didn't have an angle on the wing.

169
00:10:39,000 --> 00:10:43,000
If we don't have an angle on the wing, we can't push the air downward and get an upward lift.

170
00:10:43,000 --> 00:10:46,000
We need to angle the wing up, and it would work better.

171
00:10:46,000 --> 00:10:50,000
I can't believe that the air will push up on this model plane and give it lift,

172
00:10:50,000 --> 00:10:56,000
but it's hard to believe that air can push up and give lift to something as big as those passenger jets.

173
00:10:56,000 --> 00:11:00,000
They do weigh a lot more, but I guess their wings are a lot bigger.

174
00:11:00,000 --> 00:11:03,000
Well, it's almost like magic, but it's real science.

175
00:11:03,000 --> 00:11:06,000
To really understand lift, you need to visit a wind tunnel.

176
00:11:06,000 --> 00:11:08,000
Let's contact Luther Jenkins over at NASA.

177
00:11:12,000 --> 00:11:13,000
Wow.

178
00:11:13,000 --> 00:11:14,000
This is really neat.

179
00:11:14,000 --> 00:11:16,000
Have you ever seen a wind tunnel?

180
00:11:16,000 --> 00:11:18,000
I've never been in a wind tunnel, but I've seen them on TV.

181
00:11:18,000 --> 00:11:23,000
Well, this is one of 30 wind tunnels we have here at the NASA Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia.

182
00:11:23,000 --> 00:11:28,000
We found at the National Air and Space Museum that the Wright Brothers built their own wind tunnel in 1901.

183
00:11:28,000 --> 00:11:31,000
They collected data from that wind tunnel and put it in a successful glider.

184
00:11:31,000 --> 00:11:33,000
That's absolutely correct.

185
00:11:33,000 --> 00:11:35,000
What do you use wind tunnels for?

186
00:11:35,000 --> 00:11:39,000
Well, like the Wright Brothers, we use wind tunnels to examine how the air flows over different objects,

187
00:11:39,000 --> 00:11:43,000
like planes, cars, wings, and even tires.

188
00:11:43,000 --> 00:11:48,000
This helps us understand how they will perform and gives us insights so that we can develop new designs.

189
00:11:48,000 --> 00:11:50,000
Is there anything you can show me?

190
00:11:50,000 --> 00:11:55,000
Well, Dr. D showed you how the angle of a wing actually deflects the air downwards to create lift.

191
00:11:55,000 --> 00:11:58,000
I'm going to show you how the air flows over a wing.

192
00:11:58,000 --> 00:12:00,000
This is a different way of looking at the concept of lift.

193
00:12:00,000 --> 00:12:01,000
Come with me.

194
00:12:01,000 --> 00:12:02,000
Okay.

195
00:12:03,000 --> 00:12:06,000
What do you mean to show me how the air goes over the top of the wings?

196
00:12:06,000 --> 00:12:07,000
We can see air?

197
00:12:07,000 --> 00:12:10,000
No, you really can't, so we use smoke to visualize the air.

198
00:12:10,000 --> 00:12:14,000
Can you see how the smoke particles that strike the front edge of the wing?

199
00:12:14,000 --> 00:12:17,000
Some travel over the upper surface and some travel over the lower surface.

200
00:12:17,000 --> 00:12:20,000
It looks like the smoke is going faster over the top of the wings.

201
00:12:20,000 --> 00:12:21,000
You're right.

202
00:12:21,000 --> 00:12:27,000
The curvature of the upper surface actually causes the smoke particles to speed up or travel faster over the upper surface.

203
00:12:27,000 --> 00:12:35,000
The force applied by these faster moving particles on the upper surface is lower than the force that is applied on the lower surface by the slower moving particles.

204
00:12:35,000 --> 00:12:40,000
The difference in forces actually creates a lift and causes the plane to stay in the sky.

205
00:12:40,000 --> 00:12:41,000
That's weird.

206
00:12:41,000 --> 00:12:44,000
I wonder how big airplanes stay in the air.

207
00:12:44,000 --> 00:12:45,000
I mean, they're so large.

208
00:12:45,000 --> 00:12:46,000
That's true.

209
00:12:46,000 --> 00:12:51,000
They are very big, but they also have large wings, and the air has more surface area over which to travel.

210
00:12:51,000 --> 00:12:54,000
That generates more lift and allows them to stay in the sky.

211
00:12:54,000 --> 00:12:56,000
Why is it important to test airplane wings?

212
00:12:56,000 --> 00:13:02,000
Well, we test airplane wings so engineers would know which ones to use for their particular design or application.

213
00:13:02,000 --> 00:13:04,000
That saves time and money.

214
00:13:04,000 --> 00:13:06,000
That was so cool.

215
00:13:06,000 --> 00:13:09,000
I think it was so interesting seeing how the smoke went over the wings.

216
00:13:09,000 --> 00:13:10,000
Well, I hope it helps.

217
00:13:10,000 --> 00:13:11,000
I'm sure you'd do well in the contest.

218
00:13:11,000 --> 00:13:12,000
Thanks.

219
00:13:14,000 --> 00:13:16,000
I made a new plane for the contest.

220
00:13:16,000 --> 00:13:21,000
By the way, if you would like to design your own plane, just click on the problem board inside the treehouse.

221
00:13:21,000 --> 00:13:22,000
Have fun.

222
00:13:22,000 --> 00:13:24,000
This plane looks better than last year's entry.

223
00:13:26,000 --> 00:13:27,000
That's strange.

224
00:13:27,000 --> 00:13:28,000
I wonder why it goes up like that.

225
00:13:28,000 --> 00:13:30,000
We made the exact same plane last year.

226
00:13:30,000 --> 00:13:33,000
It didn't win, but it didn't fly upwards either.

227
00:13:33,000 --> 00:13:35,000
It looks like all the variables are the same.

228
00:13:35,000 --> 00:13:39,000
Do you use scientific inquiry to help you figure out problems?

229
00:13:39,000 --> 00:13:40,000
It really works.

230
00:13:40,000 --> 00:13:45,000
Remember, when you're conducting an experiment, it's very important to keep all the variables the same.

231
00:13:45,000 --> 00:13:47,000
Let me see your plane.

232
00:13:47,000 --> 00:13:49,000
I want to compare it to last year's entry.

233
00:13:49,000 --> 00:13:52,000
I have my notebook right here of the experiments we did last year.

234
00:13:52,000 --> 00:13:54,000
The wings are still small.

235
00:13:54,000 --> 00:13:56,000
Let's use our problem board to get organized.

236
00:13:56,000 --> 00:13:58,000
This is actually fun and easy to use.

237
00:13:58,000 --> 00:13:59,000
You should try it.

238
00:13:59,000 --> 00:14:04,000
We know the airflow underneath the wing moves slower and creates a higher pressure.

239
00:14:04,000 --> 00:14:09,000
We know that the airflow under the wing pushes the wing upward and helps provide lift.

240
00:14:09,000 --> 00:14:13,000
And we need to know if the size of the plane's wings affects lift.

241
00:14:13,000 --> 00:14:17,000
We need to know more about the other forces of flight, thrust, and drag.

242
00:14:17,000 --> 00:14:18,000
Where do we need to go?

243
00:14:18,000 --> 00:14:22,000
Maybe our friends, the Y-Files Kids Club, can help us.

244
00:14:22,000 --> 00:14:24,000
I love talking to other club members.

245
00:14:24,000 --> 00:14:28,000
We are one big team working together trying to solve a problem.

246
00:14:28,000 --> 00:14:30,000
I'll email the club this question.

247
00:14:30,000 --> 00:14:34,000
Has anyone done an experiment on how the size of the wings affects lift?

248
00:14:34,000 --> 00:14:35,000
I would think so.

249
00:14:35,000 --> 00:14:36,000
Just look at history.

250
00:14:36,000 --> 00:14:39,000
The Wright Flyers' wings look a lot different from today's planes.

251
00:14:39,000 --> 00:14:42,000
Yes, the Wright Flyers' wings were very boxy.

252
00:14:42,000 --> 00:14:46,000
I'm receiving a message from the NASA Y-Files Kids Club.

253
00:14:46,000 --> 00:14:49,000
Achievable Dream School in Newport News, Virginia,

254
00:14:49,000 --> 00:14:52,000
is currently doing an experiment on the size of the wings.

255
00:14:57,000 --> 00:15:03,000
Hi, I'm Linda Zaromski from Mr. Tyson's 6th grade class at Achievable Dream Academy in Newport News, Virginia.

256
00:15:03,000 --> 00:15:05,000
What is the problem you're trying to solve?

257
00:15:05,000 --> 00:15:10,000
We wanted to know if the size of the airplane's wings affected its flight.

258
00:15:10,000 --> 00:15:11,000
What was your experiment?

259
00:15:11,000 --> 00:15:14,000
Our teacher, Mr. Tyson, set up the test area.

260
00:15:15,000 --> 00:15:16,000
Let's take a look at it.

261
00:15:16,000 --> 00:15:22,000
The test area has a hinge with a 62-centimeter stick attached with a pushpin on the other end.

262
00:15:22,000 --> 00:15:25,000
The stick should go up and down freely.

263
00:15:25,000 --> 00:15:27,000
Here is our test fuselage.

264
00:15:27,000 --> 00:15:32,000
We will be attaching to it different size wings that we have made.

265
00:15:32,000 --> 00:15:34,000
Why has the propeller been removed?

266
00:15:34,000 --> 00:15:39,000
We are going to be using a fan to create our thrust instead of the propeller.

267
00:15:39,000 --> 00:15:46,000
However, paper clips have been added to replace the weight of the propeller so that we keep our variables the same.

268
00:15:46,000 --> 00:15:48,000
Let's test it and see how it lifts.

269
00:15:48,000 --> 00:15:52,000
Okay, we attached the small wing to the fuselage like this.

270
00:15:52,000 --> 00:15:55,000
Now we turn the fan to a low speed.

271
00:15:55,000 --> 00:15:59,000
I think we need to turn it up to medium because the wing is not lifting much.

272
00:16:03,000 --> 00:16:05,000
Now look at it lift.

273
00:16:05,000 --> 00:16:11,000
It is stable now so add paper clips one at a time until the plane will no longer fly.

274
00:16:12,000 --> 00:16:18,000
Wow, it held five paper clips and each paper clip is about 1.5 grams.

275
00:16:18,000 --> 00:16:22,000
So our total weight added was 7.5 grams.

276
00:16:22,000 --> 00:16:26,000
We decided to do the experiment at least two more times.

277
00:16:27,000 --> 00:16:32,000
Now we need to take an average of all the trials for each wing.

278
00:16:32,000 --> 00:16:34,000
Remember how to get an average?

279
00:16:34,000 --> 00:16:39,000
Just add up all the numbers and divide by the total number of numbers you added.

280
00:16:39,000 --> 00:16:42,000
Now we are ready to test the other wing.

281
00:16:42,000 --> 00:16:46,000
Remember, keep all the variables the same during the experiment.

282
00:16:46,000 --> 00:16:50,000
The only variable that will change is the size of the wing.

283
00:16:50,000 --> 00:16:52,000
Let's take a look at our data.

284
00:16:52,000 --> 00:16:59,000
The small wing held 7.5 grams of paper clips while the larger wing held 18 grams of paper clips.

285
00:16:59,000 --> 00:17:05,000
So that means that since the larger wing lifted the most weight, it has the best lift.

286
00:17:05,000 --> 00:17:09,000
Newport News isn't that far away. Maybe we can test our new hypothesis.

287
00:17:09,000 --> 00:17:15,000
Our new hypothesis is if you change the size of the wings, then it will have the best lift.

288
00:17:15,000 --> 00:17:17,000
We're not seeing any lift here, that's for sure.

289
00:17:17,000 --> 00:17:20,000
We need these planes to soar. That's if we want to win the competition.

290
00:17:20,000 --> 00:17:24,000
We need my man Jackie Chan to be here. He's a human flying machine.

291
00:17:24,000 --> 00:17:26,000
Yeah, right. What could he do?

292
00:17:26,000 --> 00:17:29,000
He's so cool. I just saw him in a movie and he flies right through the air.

293
00:17:29,000 --> 00:17:31,000
I bet he knows all about the force of lift.

294
00:17:31,000 --> 00:17:33,000
That's fake. That's just a movie.

295
00:17:33,000 --> 00:17:36,000
No way. If he was here, he would help us win that competition.

296
00:17:36,000 --> 00:17:39,000
He's so cool. I just saw him in a movie and he flies right through the air.

297
00:17:39,000 --> 00:17:41,000
I bet he knows all about the force of lift.

298
00:17:41,000 --> 00:17:43,000
That's fake. That's just a movie.

299
00:17:43,000 --> 00:17:46,000
No way. If he was here, he would help us win that competition.

300
00:17:57,000 --> 00:18:00,000
Who's that? Is that who I think it is?

301
00:18:00,000 --> 00:18:02,000
It's him, Jackie Chan.

302
00:18:02,000 --> 00:18:04,000
You mean the martial arts master?

303
00:18:14,000 --> 00:18:15,000
Nice to meet you, Mr. Chan.

304
00:18:15,000 --> 00:18:16,000
Nice to meet you.

305
00:18:16,000 --> 00:18:17,000
Hi.

306
00:18:17,000 --> 00:18:20,000
Hi, hi, hi. I hear you guys need my help.

307
00:18:20,000 --> 00:18:21,000
Uh-huh.

308
00:18:21,000 --> 00:18:23,000
What do you do when you're faced with a challenge?

309
00:18:23,000 --> 00:18:25,000
I just never give up.

310
00:18:29,000 --> 00:18:31,000
Think about it before I do the stunt.

311
00:18:31,000 --> 00:18:34,000
But I'm not going to do it today. I'll do it tomorrow.

312
00:18:34,000 --> 00:18:35,000
Can you help us?

313
00:18:35,000 --> 00:18:38,000
I'm going to help you to build a super-duper airplane.

314
00:18:38,000 --> 00:18:39,000
Okay?

315
00:18:43,000 --> 00:18:44,000
Okay.

316
00:18:51,000 --> 00:18:52,000
Okay.

317
00:18:56,000 --> 00:18:57,000
Wow.

318
00:18:57,000 --> 00:18:58,000
See?

319
00:19:05,000 --> 00:19:07,000
Do you think studying is important?

320
00:19:07,000 --> 00:19:09,000
At 17, I get out of school.

321
00:19:09,000 --> 00:19:11,000
Then slowly, slowly, I find out

322
00:19:11,000 --> 00:19:15,000
education is more important than doing the punch and kicking.

323
00:19:15,000 --> 00:19:17,000
Good luck. I know you guys will be winners.

324
00:19:17,000 --> 00:19:18,000
Okay? Bye-bye.

325
00:19:18,000 --> 00:19:19,000
Bye.

326
00:19:19,000 --> 00:19:20,000
Thank you.

327
00:19:20,000 --> 00:19:21,000
Thank you.

328
00:19:21,000 --> 00:19:22,000
Thank you, Jackie Chan.

329
00:19:22,000 --> 00:19:24,000
That was really him.

330
00:19:24,000 --> 00:19:25,000
It sure was.

331
00:19:25,000 --> 00:19:28,000
You know, I just have those connections.

332
00:19:28,000 --> 00:19:29,000
Yeah, right?

333
00:19:31,000 --> 00:19:32,000
So what's up?

334
00:19:32,000 --> 00:19:35,000
Should the Treehouse Detectives change the size of their wings?

335
00:19:35,000 --> 00:19:37,000
What should they do next?

336
00:19:37,000 --> 00:19:38,000
How can they get more lift?

337
00:19:38,000 --> 00:19:40,000
Tune in next time for another episode of

338
00:19:40,000 --> 00:19:42,000
The Case of the Challenging Flights.

339
00:19:46,000 --> 00:19:48,000
I made the wings on our plane longer.

340
00:19:48,000 --> 00:19:50,000
Look how it flies now.

341
00:19:50,000 --> 00:19:52,000
Wow, what a difference.

342
00:19:52,000 --> 00:19:53,000
Watch this.

343
00:19:53,000 --> 00:19:56,000
I'm trying out an experiment I found on a website.

344
00:19:56,000 --> 00:19:57,000
What experiment did you find?

345
00:19:57,000 --> 00:20:00,000
It's supposed to demonstrate Bernoulli's Principle.

346
00:20:00,000 --> 00:20:02,000
I'm blowing air between these two balloons.

347
00:20:02,000 --> 00:20:03,000
What happens?

348
00:20:03,000 --> 00:20:05,000
The balloons come together.

349
00:20:05,000 --> 00:20:07,000
I wonder what's causing it to do that.

350
00:20:07,000 --> 00:20:09,000
I think it has something to do with airflow.

351
00:20:09,000 --> 00:20:12,000
Remember what we learned from NASA researcher Luther Jenkins

352
00:20:12,000 --> 00:20:14,000
that fast-moving air creates less force?

353
00:20:14,000 --> 00:20:16,000
Air pressure changes with speed.

354
00:20:16,000 --> 00:20:18,000
So blowing between the two balloons

355
00:20:18,000 --> 00:20:21,000
made the air flying between them speed up.

356
00:20:21,000 --> 00:20:23,000
This reduced the pressure in the middle of the balloons.

357
00:20:23,000 --> 00:20:25,000
The reduced air pressure in between the balloons

358
00:20:25,000 --> 00:20:28,000
allows the air pressure on the outside of the balloons

359
00:20:28,000 --> 00:20:30,000
to push the balloons inward towards each other.

360
00:20:31,000 --> 00:20:32,000
And in local news,

361
00:20:32,000 --> 00:20:34,000
the Extraordinary Airplane Contest

362
00:20:34,000 --> 00:20:37,000
is shaping up to be a real nail-biter this year.

363
00:20:37,000 --> 00:20:40,000
Several teams are on the field testing their designs.

364
00:20:40,000 --> 00:20:42,000
And we have a live report from I Am Listening.

365
00:20:42,000 --> 00:20:43,000
I Am?

366
00:20:43,000 --> 00:20:46,000
Ted, history has shown us that aviation science

367
00:20:46,000 --> 00:20:51,000
often advances rapidly due to competitions and contests

368
00:20:51,000 --> 00:20:53,000
not unlike this one.

369
00:20:53,000 --> 00:20:56,000
Teams from all over the country are converging here

370
00:20:56,000 --> 00:20:58,000
at Flying Ace Field

371
00:20:58,000 --> 00:21:02,000
to see if their designs will take home the big prize.

372
00:21:02,000 --> 00:21:05,000
One team from somewhere in Virginia

373
00:21:05,000 --> 00:21:08,000
has constructed a full-scale jet liner

374
00:21:08,000 --> 00:21:11,000
out of nothing but egg cartons.

375
00:21:11,000 --> 00:21:12,000
We'll see if...

376
00:21:12,000 --> 00:21:14,000
Ahh!

377
00:21:14,000 --> 00:21:19,000
It looks like they've got a few bugs to work out, Ted.

378
00:21:19,000 --> 00:21:21,000
From Flying Ace Field,

379
00:21:21,000 --> 00:21:23,000
We learned that from the Air and Space Museum

380
00:21:23,000 --> 00:21:24,000
in Washington, D.C.

381
00:21:24,000 --> 00:21:27,000
I read about a modern-day aviation pioneer.

382
00:21:27,000 --> 00:21:29,000
His name is Burt Rutan.

383
00:21:29,000 --> 00:21:30,000
Wouldn't it be great to talk to him,

384
00:21:30,000 --> 00:21:33,000
a guy who was involved in a real-life challenging flight?

385
00:21:33,000 --> 00:21:34,000
Let's look on the Internet

386
00:21:34,000 --> 00:21:37,000
to research a list of those aviation pioneers.

387
00:21:37,000 --> 00:21:39,000
Here he is, Mr. Burt Rutan

388
00:21:39,000 --> 00:21:42,000
from Scaled Composites in Southern California.

389
00:21:42,000 --> 00:21:43,000
Let's dial him up.

390
00:21:44,000 --> 00:21:45,000
Hello, Mr. Rutan.

391
00:21:45,000 --> 00:21:48,000
You've had a lot of experience designing planes.

392
00:21:48,000 --> 00:21:51,000
Could you please show us one of your unique designs?

393
00:21:51,000 --> 00:21:52,000
Oh, sure.

394
00:21:52,000 --> 00:21:54,000
I love to talk about airplanes.

395
00:21:54,000 --> 00:21:57,000
I've designed some 28 different manned airplanes

396
00:21:57,000 --> 00:22:00,000
and also some unmanned airplanes.

397
00:22:00,000 --> 00:22:02,000
One of the things I love about airplanes

398
00:22:02,000 --> 00:22:04,000
is that they're so easy to design.

399
00:22:04,000 --> 00:22:05,000
They're so easy to build.

400
00:22:05,000 --> 00:22:06,000
They're so easy to build.

401
00:22:06,000 --> 00:22:07,000
They're so easy to build.

402
00:22:07,000 --> 00:22:08,000
They're so easy to build.

403
00:22:08,000 --> 00:22:09,000
They're so easy to build.

404
00:22:09,000 --> 00:22:10,000
They're so easy to build.

405
00:22:10,000 --> 00:22:11,000
They're so easy to build.

406
00:22:12,000 --> 00:22:16,000
One of my favorites is the Boomerang that I'm sitting in.

407
00:22:16,000 --> 00:22:20,000
It is a very safe, long-range, light twin airplane,

408
00:22:20,000 --> 00:22:23,000
and it's the airplane that I fly nowadays.

409
00:22:23,000 --> 00:22:25,000
Behind me is the Proteus,

410
00:22:25,000 --> 00:22:27,000
a high-altitude airplane

411
00:22:27,000 --> 00:22:30,000
that's used for special missions.

412
00:22:30,000 --> 00:22:33,000
Probably my most famous airplane, though,

413
00:22:33,000 --> 00:22:35,000
is the Voyager.

414
00:22:35,000 --> 00:22:38,000
The Voyager, about 16 years ago,

415
00:22:38,000 --> 00:22:39,000
took off at one airport

416
00:22:39,000 --> 00:22:42,000
and flew completely around the world,

417
00:22:42,000 --> 00:22:44,000
taking some nine days,

418
00:22:44,000 --> 00:22:47,000
and landed at the same airport without refueling,

419
00:22:47,000 --> 00:22:51,000
and that set a milestone in aviation.

420
00:22:51,000 --> 00:22:52,000
Do you have to use your imagination

421
00:22:52,000 --> 00:22:54,000
to design these planes?

422
00:22:54,000 --> 00:22:55,000
Oh, yes.

423
00:22:55,000 --> 00:22:57,000
Imagination is extremely important

424
00:22:57,000 --> 00:22:59,000
because with an airplane,

425
00:22:59,000 --> 00:23:02,000
you can look at birds,

426
00:23:02,000 --> 00:23:04,000
you can look at other airplanes,

427
00:23:04,000 --> 00:23:06,000
but if you're going to do anything truly new,

428
00:23:06,000 --> 00:23:08,000
you have to create,

429
00:23:08,000 --> 00:23:10,000
you have to innovate,

430
00:23:10,000 --> 00:23:12,000
and you have to imagine.

431
00:23:12,000 --> 00:23:13,000
Here we are in the office,

432
00:23:13,000 --> 00:23:16,000
and this is where airplanes are designed.

433
00:23:16,000 --> 00:23:19,000
It starts with a sketch,

434
00:23:19,000 --> 00:23:21,000
and a sketch comes from the mind.

435
00:23:21,000 --> 00:23:25,000
It comes from, really, from your imagination.

436
00:23:25,000 --> 00:23:28,000
You imagine what might fly well,

437
00:23:28,000 --> 00:23:31,000
and you think about it real hard,

438
00:23:31,000 --> 00:23:35,000
and you take a pencil to a piece of paper,

439
00:23:35,000 --> 00:23:38,000
and you put on a piece of paper

440
00:23:38,000 --> 00:23:41,000
the creative thoughts that are in your mind,

441
00:23:41,000 --> 00:23:44,000
and that's what imagination is really all about.

442
00:23:44,000 --> 00:23:46,000
Can you show us the Proteus?

443
00:23:46,000 --> 00:23:49,000
Okay, this is Proteus.

444
00:23:49,000 --> 00:23:51,000
Pretty big airplane.

445
00:23:51,000 --> 00:23:54,000
It's designed to do some very interesting things.

446
00:23:54,000 --> 00:23:56,000
It can fly very high.

447
00:23:56,000 --> 00:23:59,000
It can fly more than 10 miles high.

448
00:23:59,000 --> 00:24:02,000
So it's up above where the airliners fly,

449
00:24:02,000 --> 00:24:04,000
and it can stay up there a long time,

450
00:24:04,000 --> 00:24:06,000
and that's very useful for doing things

451
00:24:06,000 --> 00:24:08,000
like studying the atmosphere

452
00:24:08,000 --> 00:24:11,000
or relaying Internet data,

453
00:24:11,000 --> 00:24:13,000
that sort of thing.

454
00:24:13,000 --> 00:24:15,000
So let's take a look at it.

455
00:24:15,000 --> 00:24:17,000
Even though this is a very big airplane

456
00:24:17,000 --> 00:24:20,000
with a wingspan of about 90 feet,

457
00:24:20,000 --> 00:24:22,000
it's actually quite light.

458
00:24:22,000 --> 00:24:25,000
It only weighs as much as two cars,

459
00:24:25,000 --> 00:24:26,000
but if you fill it up with fuel,

460
00:24:26,000 --> 00:24:29,000
it weighs as much as four cars.

461
00:24:29,000 --> 00:24:33,000
The wings are very long and slender and very smooth,

462
00:24:33,000 --> 00:24:38,000
and that's necessary so the airplane can fly a long time.

463
00:24:38,000 --> 00:24:41,000
The wings are filled with fuel,

464
00:24:41,000 --> 00:24:43,000
and the fuel drains down

465
00:24:43,000 --> 00:24:46,000
and is pumped up to jet engines,

466
00:24:46,000 --> 00:24:50,000
and jet engines is what makes the thrust

467
00:24:50,000 --> 00:24:52,000
that makes the airplane climb,

468
00:24:52,000 --> 00:24:55,000
makes it fly, makes it stay up there.

469
00:24:55,000 --> 00:24:59,000
And thrust is a very, very important thing for airplanes,

470
00:24:59,000 --> 00:25:03,000
and thrust will help you win this contest.

471
00:25:03,000 --> 00:25:05,000
I wonder if our plane has too much thrust.

472
00:25:05,000 --> 00:25:07,000
What causes thrust in the plane?

473
00:25:07,000 --> 00:25:10,000
I'd say the winding of the rubber band creates thrust.

474
00:25:10,000 --> 00:25:13,000
The tighter I wind it, the more thrust it gives.

475
00:25:13,000 --> 00:25:14,000
Let me try it.

476
00:25:14,000 --> 00:25:17,000
I wonder if our plane needs more thrust.

477
00:25:17,000 --> 00:25:20,000
What if we have too much power for the plane?

478
00:25:20,000 --> 00:25:23,000
With all these questions, I think we need to go see an expert.

479
00:25:23,000 --> 00:25:25,000
Who would know about this?

480
00:25:25,000 --> 00:25:27,000
What about someone who flies a plane?

481
00:25:27,000 --> 00:25:28,000
Let's talk to a pilot.

482
00:25:28,000 --> 00:25:30,000
That sounds like a great idea.

483
00:25:30,000 --> 00:25:32,000
Let's get up and go.

484
00:25:39,000 --> 00:25:41,000
Wow, so this is a simulator.

485
00:25:41,000 --> 00:25:44,000
I've never seen any simulator like this at the video arcade.

486
00:25:44,000 --> 00:25:46,000
Well, it's not exactly like the arcade.

487
00:25:46,000 --> 00:25:48,000
This is U.S. Airways' new Airbus A320 simulator.

488
00:25:48,000 --> 00:25:51,000
We use it to train our pilots on our new Airbus aircraft.

489
00:25:51,000 --> 00:25:54,000
In fact, we can simulate anything that the real aircraft can do.

490
00:25:54,000 --> 00:25:57,000
I'm one of the treehouse detectives, and we're trying to win a contest.

491
00:25:57,000 --> 00:25:59,000
But first, we need to know more about the force of thrust.

492
00:25:59,000 --> 00:26:00,000
Can you help us?

493
00:26:00,000 --> 00:26:02,000
Well, I hope I can.

494
00:26:05,000 --> 00:26:08,000
We learned that we need to know more about thrust.

495
00:26:08,000 --> 00:26:11,000
Well, thrust is one of the forces acting on the aircraft in flight.

496
00:26:11,000 --> 00:26:14,000
It's produced by the engines, which propel the aircraft through the air.

497
00:26:14,000 --> 00:26:16,000
Why does our plane bank to the left?

498
00:26:16,000 --> 00:26:18,000
The movement of the ailerons creates drag,

499
00:26:18,000 --> 00:26:22,000
and this drag tends to move the nose away from the direction of the turn.

500
00:26:22,000 --> 00:26:24,000
We compensate for this with the rudder.

501
00:26:24,000 --> 00:26:26,000
Wow, the Airbus must be really heavy.

502
00:26:26,000 --> 00:26:27,000
The Airbus is quite heavy.

503
00:26:27,000 --> 00:26:29,000
It can weigh up to 205,000 pounds.

504
00:26:29,000 --> 00:26:30,000
That's 100 tons.

505
00:26:30,000 --> 00:26:37,000
It can carry 169 people, 50,000 pounds of fuel, and 16,800 pounds of cargo.

506
00:26:37,000 --> 00:26:40,000
With all this weight, the Airbus must need a lot of thrust.

507
00:26:40,000 --> 00:26:41,000
You're right.

508
00:26:41,000 --> 00:26:43,000
The Airbus has an incredible amount of thrust.

509
00:26:43,000 --> 00:26:46,000
In fact, each engine can produce up to 32,000 pounds of thrust.

510
00:26:46,000 --> 00:26:48,000
That is a lot of thrust.

511
00:26:48,000 --> 00:26:51,000
I think we need to know about thrust and weight.

512
00:26:51,000 --> 00:26:52,000
Well, you're right.

513
00:26:52,000 --> 00:26:53,000
There's some great experiments you can perform

514
00:26:53,000 --> 00:26:55,000
that will help you to understand that relationship better.

515
00:26:55,000 --> 00:26:56,000
That's a good idea.

516
00:26:56,000 --> 00:26:57,000
I'll see what I can find.

517
00:26:57,000 --> 00:26:58,000
Thanks for letting me see the simulator.

518
00:26:58,000 --> 00:26:59,000
You're welcome, Vic.

519
00:26:59,000 --> 00:27:00,000
Good luck on your contest.

520
00:27:00,000 --> 00:27:02,000
Okay, bye.

521
00:27:02,000 --> 00:27:04,000
I wonder if there are any neat experiments

522
00:27:04,000 --> 00:27:07,000
that would actually demonstrate the force of thrust.

523
00:27:07,000 --> 00:27:09,000
Let's contact the NASA White Files Kids Club

524
00:27:09,000 --> 00:27:12,000
and ask them if they've done any experiments on thrust.

525
00:27:12,000 --> 00:27:14,000
I love the NASA White Files website.

526
00:27:14,000 --> 00:27:17,000
It's awesome trying to solve our problems with other club members.

527
00:27:17,000 --> 00:27:19,000
It's all about being on a team.

528
00:27:19,000 --> 00:27:21,000
I wonder if weight affects thrust.

529
00:27:21,000 --> 00:27:22,000
That's a great question.

530
00:27:22,000 --> 00:27:25,000
I hope one of our club members didn't experiment on thrust.

531
00:27:25,000 --> 00:27:28,000
Look, we have an email from a NASA White Files Kids Club

532
00:27:28,000 --> 00:27:29,000
in Boone, North Carolina.

533
00:27:29,000 --> 00:27:31,000
That's the state of the first flight.

534
00:27:31,000 --> 00:27:33,000
Remember the Wright Brothers had their first flight

535
00:27:33,000 --> 00:27:35,000
on December 17, 1903?

536
00:27:35,000 --> 00:27:36,000
I went there.

537
00:27:36,000 --> 00:27:37,000
See my Daniel Boone hat?

538
00:27:37,000 --> 00:27:39,000
The town was named after Daniel Boone.

539
00:27:39,000 --> 00:27:41,000
He spent a lot of time exploring and trekking

540
00:27:41,000 --> 00:27:43,000
through the beautiful Appalachian Mountains.

541
00:27:43,000 --> 00:27:45,000
Let's click here.

542
00:27:49,000 --> 00:27:50,000
Hi, I'm Jennifer Parsons,

543
00:27:50,000 --> 00:27:52,000
a fifth grader in Ms. Susan Caton's class

544
00:27:52,000 --> 00:27:55,000
at Green Valley Elementary School in Boone, North Carolina.

545
00:27:55,000 --> 00:27:58,000
We performed an experiment on thrust.

546
00:27:58,000 --> 00:28:00,000
My classmates and I asked ourselves,

547
00:28:00,000 --> 00:28:03,000
does weight affect thrust and acceleration?

548
00:28:03,000 --> 00:28:06,000
Our hypothesis is if enough weight is added to the balloon,

549
00:28:06,000 --> 00:28:09,000
then the thrust will not be able to lift the balloon.

550
00:28:09,000 --> 00:28:11,000
Here's what you will need for the project.

551
00:28:11,000 --> 00:28:15,000
A balloon, a straw, a string, 30 paper clips,

552
00:28:15,000 --> 00:28:18,000
masking tape, a cup, 3-ounce size,

553
00:28:18,000 --> 00:28:20,000
scissors, and a hole punch.

554
00:28:20,000 --> 00:28:23,000
First, measure the distance from the ceiling to the floor.

555
00:28:23,000 --> 00:28:25,000
Add 15 centimeters to that measurement

556
00:28:25,000 --> 00:28:28,000
and cut a length of string for that amount.

557
00:28:28,000 --> 00:28:32,000
Tape or tie the string to a spot on the ceiling.

558
00:28:32,000 --> 00:28:34,000
Thread the straw onto the string,

559
00:28:34,000 --> 00:28:37,000
stretch the string taut, and tape it to the floor.

560
00:28:37,000 --> 00:28:39,000
Take the cup, and using a hole punch,

561
00:28:39,000 --> 00:28:43,000
punch three holes evenly spaced around the top of the cup.

562
00:28:43,000 --> 00:28:47,000
Now cut three pieces of string 30 centimeters long.

563
00:28:47,000 --> 00:28:50,000
Tie one string to each hole in the cup.

564
00:28:50,000 --> 00:28:52,000
Load the balloon, but don't tie it off.

565
00:28:52,000 --> 00:28:54,000
Position the cup underneath the balloon

566
00:28:54,000 --> 00:28:57,000
and tape the other end of the strings to the balloon

567
00:28:57,000 --> 00:29:00,000
so that it looks like a hot air balloon with a basket under it.

568
00:29:00,000 --> 00:29:03,000
Tape the balloon to the straw, lower it to the floor,

569
00:29:03,000 --> 00:29:05,000
count down, and release.

570
00:29:05,000 --> 00:29:09,000
Three, two, one, let's go!

571
00:29:09,000 --> 00:29:11,000
Yay!

572
00:29:11,000 --> 00:29:14,000
Mark how high the balloon rose on the string.

573
00:29:14,000 --> 00:29:16,000
Measure and record your data.

574
00:29:16,000 --> 00:29:18,000
Load the balloon up again.

575
00:29:18,000 --> 00:29:20,000
Make sure it's the same size as before,

576
00:29:20,000 --> 00:29:23,000
but this time add five paperclips to the basket.

577
00:29:23,000 --> 00:29:27,000
Lower the balloon, count down, and release.

578
00:29:27,000 --> 00:29:30,000
With each trial, add five paperclips.

579
00:29:30,000 --> 00:29:33,000
What happened to the height of the launch as we added weight?

580
00:29:33,000 --> 00:29:35,000
Here's what we concluded from our data.

581
00:29:35,000 --> 00:29:38,000
As we added more paperclips, our balloon didn't shoot as high.

582
00:29:38,000 --> 00:29:41,000
What did this experiment tell you about thrust?

583
00:29:41,000 --> 00:29:43,000
Take a close look at our data.

584
00:29:43,000 --> 00:29:46,000
As we added more paperclips, our balloon lost a lot of power

585
00:29:46,000 --> 00:29:49,000
and it wasn't able to shoot as high.

586
00:29:49,000 --> 00:29:52,000
We concluded the heavier the plane, the more thrust you need.

587
00:29:52,000 --> 00:29:54,000
Okay, thanks for your help.

588
00:29:54,000 --> 00:29:57,000
We'll ask Dr. D how vertical thrust relates to an airplane.

589
00:29:57,000 --> 00:29:59,000
Bye!

590
00:29:59,000 --> 00:30:02,000
From the Y-Files Kids Club at Green Valley Elementary School

591
00:30:02,000 --> 00:30:04,000
in Boone, North Carolina.

592
00:30:04,000 --> 00:30:06,000
This is all starting to make sense.

593
00:30:06,000 --> 00:30:08,000
We learned that the plane's engine makes thrust,

594
00:30:08,000 --> 00:30:10,000
and thrust moves the plane forward.

595
00:30:10,000 --> 00:30:12,000
Wouldn't you think it would make sense

596
00:30:12,000 --> 00:30:14,000
if a plane was heavier and needed more thrust?

597
00:30:14,000 --> 00:30:16,000
Look at our entry.

598
00:30:16,000 --> 00:30:19,000
If we have more thrust than needed, it could break our plane in half.

599
00:30:19,000 --> 00:30:22,000
Dr. D's neighbor works with a lot of fast planes.

600
00:30:22,000 --> 00:30:24,000
He's stationed aboard the USS Theodore Roosevelt.

601
00:30:24,000 --> 00:30:27,000
He said maybe he could make some special arrangements

602
00:30:27,000 --> 00:30:29,000
for us to come out and visit his ship.

603
00:30:29,000 --> 00:30:33,000
This should definitely be our next stop, the USS Theodore Roosevelt.

604
00:30:33,000 --> 00:30:36,000
Can you believe we are actually flying on a plane to a ship?

605
00:30:36,000 --> 00:30:38,000
It's hard to believe the USS Theodore Roosevelt

606
00:30:38,000 --> 00:30:41,000
is 80 miles off the coast of Virginia.

607
00:30:41,000 --> 00:30:44,000
Can't wait. It's going to be some landing.

608
00:31:04,000 --> 00:31:06,000
That was just an awesome landing.

609
00:31:06,000 --> 00:31:09,000
Can you believe that we landed on an aircraft carrier

610
00:31:09,000 --> 00:31:11,000
while it was moving?

611
00:31:11,000 --> 00:31:13,000
I'm not sure it was so awesome.

612
00:31:13,000 --> 00:31:15,000
My legs still won't stop shaking.

613
00:31:15,000 --> 00:31:18,000
Just look at the size of this ship.

614
00:31:18,000 --> 00:31:20,000
I know. It's huge.

615
00:31:20,000 --> 00:31:22,000
Yeah, but the runway's so short.

616
00:31:22,000 --> 00:31:23,000
I know.

617
00:31:23,000 --> 00:31:25,000
Hi, welcome aboard USS Theodore Roosevelt.

618
00:31:25,000 --> 00:31:28,000
I'm Lieutenant John Oliveira, your escort officer.

619
00:31:28,000 --> 00:31:30,000
You guys must be the treehouse crew.

620
00:31:30,000 --> 00:31:32,000
Lieutenant John Oliveira, your escort officer.

621
00:31:32,000 --> 00:31:35,000
You guys must be the treehouse detectives that I've heard so much about.

622
00:31:35,000 --> 00:31:37,000
Yes, sir, we are the treehouse detectives.

623
00:31:37,000 --> 00:31:39,000
We've never seen such a big ship before.

624
00:31:39,000 --> 00:31:41,000
Well, Theodore Roosevelt is a big ship.

625
00:31:41,000 --> 00:31:43,000
Home to 5,000 sailors.

626
00:31:43,000 --> 00:31:45,000
It weighs 97,000 tons.

627
00:31:45,000 --> 00:31:48,000
If you put it on its end, it'd be as tall as the Empire State Building.

628
00:31:48,000 --> 00:31:50,000
In fact, it has everything we need on board.

629
00:31:50,000 --> 00:31:51,000
Everything?

630
00:31:51,000 --> 00:31:52,000
Everything.

631
00:31:52,000 --> 00:31:54,000
Gyms, hospital.

632
00:31:54,000 --> 00:31:56,000
We even have a dentist.

633
00:31:56,000 --> 00:31:57,000
And Gidon.

634
00:31:57,000 --> 00:31:58,000
What is Gidon?

635
00:31:58,000 --> 00:32:00,000
Gidon's snack food.

636
00:32:00,000 --> 00:32:02,000
You're right. I could live here.

637
00:32:02,000 --> 00:32:03,000
What is this area called?

638
00:32:03,000 --> 00:32:06,000
This is the flight deck, and it's 4 1⁄2 acres.

639
00:32:06,000 --> 00:32:09,000
This is where we launch the 71 airplanes we carry.

640
00:32:09,000 --> 00:32:12,000
You can launch airplanes off this small runway?

641
00:32:12,000 --> 00:32:15,000
He means we're going to be launched off this runway.

642
00:32:15,000 --> 00:32:18,000
We can launch them pretty quick, and we use that to help with some catapults.

643
00:32:18,000 --> 00:32:19,000
That's how we do it.

644
00:32:19,000 --> 00:32:21,000
What are catapults?

645
00:32:21,000 --> 00:32:24,000
Well, catapults are what we use to help launch our airplanes.

646
00:32:25,000 --> 00:32:27,000
But let's go down to V-2 Division and talk to Senior Chief Spinner,

647
00:32:27,000 --> 00:32:30,000
and he can explain that to us in a little bit more detail.

648
00:32:35,000 --> 00:32:37,000
Hello, Senior Chief Spinner.

649
00:32:37,000 --> 00:32:39,000
We need to learn more about the force of thrust.

650
00:32:39,000 --> 00:32:42,000
Can you tell us about your catapults and how they create thrust?

651
00:32:42,000 --> 00:32:43,000
Yes, I can.

652
00:32:43,000 --> 00:32:48,000
A catapult is actually two sets of cylinders that run 300 feet long,

653
00:32:48,000 --> 00:32:51,000
and within each cylinder is a piston.

654
00:32:51,000 --> 00:32:57,000
And connected to the piston is a shuttle that extends above the level of the flight deck.

655
00:32:57,000 --> 00:32:59,000
Not a space shuttle.

656
00:32:59,000 --> 00:33:03,000
No, the shuttle is actually another object that connects to the aircraft

657
00:33:03,000 --> 00:33:06,000
that we use when we're launching airplanes on the flight deck.

658
00:33:06,000 --> 00:33:12,000
The shuttle can actually take an airplane from zero to over 160 miles an hour in about two seconds.

659
00:33:12,000 --> 00:33:13,000
Now that's fast.

660
00:33:13,000 --> 00:33:15,000
And a lot of thrust.

661
00:33:15,000 --> 00:33:17,000
But what makes the shuttle go so fast?

662
00:33:17,000 --> 00:33:22,000
When we want to fire the catapult, steam actually enters the power cylinders

663
00:33:22,000 --> 00:33:25,000
and it pushes the piston, cylinder, shuttle, and the aircraft

664
00:33:25,000 --> 00:33:28,000
to the opposite end of the catapult at a very high rate of speed.

665
00:33:28,000 --> 00:33:31,000
Steam is really powerful stuff.

666
00:33:31,000 --> 00:33:33,000
But where does steam come from on a ship?

667
00:33:33,000 --> 00:33:37,000
Well, on a carrier, the steam comes from the ship's power plant.

668
00:33:37,000 --> 00:33:40,000
That power plant consists of two nuclear reactors.

669
00:33:40,000 --> 00:33:44,000
Nuclear reactors? Wow, they must create major power.

670
00:33:48,000 --> 00:33:52,000
We wonder what it felt like to be launched off such a short runway off the deck.

671
00:33:52,000 --> 00:33:55,000
So we contacted a real F-14 pilot.

672
00:33:55,000 --> 00:34:00,000
It's like a somewhat violent roller coaster ride.

673
00:34:00,000 --> 00:34:05,000
You get thrown back in your seat and in about two seconds you're going from zero to 150 miles an hour.

674
00:34:05,000 --> 00:34:06,000
Bye, thanks.

675
00:34:06,000 --> 00:34:07,000
Thank you.

676
00:34:07,000 --> 00:34:09,000
Bye-bye, enjoy your cat shot.

677
00:34:10,000 --> 00:34:14,000
That's really weird. It couldn't be him.

678
00:34:14,000 --> 00:34:15,000
What?

679
00:34:15,000 --> 00:34:17,000
I think I just shot some video of Dr. D.

680
00:34:17,000 --> 00:34:19,000
Look over there. Call him.

681
00:34:19,000 --> 00:34:21,000
Dr. D!

682
00:34:21,000 --> 00:34:24,000
Huh? What are you guys doing here?

683
00:34:24,000 --> 00:34:26,000
Well, what are you doing here?

684
00:34:26,000 --> 00:34:28,000
Just doing a little research.

685
00:34:28,000 --> 00:34:30,000
So are we, on thrust.

686
00:34:30,000 --> 00:34:31,000
What did you learn?

687
00:34:31,000 --> 00:34:35,000
We learned today that the plane has to be going about 160 miles per hour to get lift

688
00:34:36,000 --> 00:34:40,000
and the catapults help the plane go that fast very quickly because of the short runway.

689
00:34:40,000 --> 00:34:44,000
Dr. D, how does this compare to a regular airport runway?

690
00:34:44,000 --> 00:34:50,000
An airport runway is 10,000 feet long, but a carrier's catapult runway is only 300 feet long.

691
00:34:50,000 --> 00:34:57,000
That means the ratio of the airport runway to the catapult runway would be 10,000 to 300.

692
00:34:57,000 --> 00:35:02,000
If you do the math and divide the airport runway length by the catapult runway length,

693
00:35:02,000 --> 00:35:07,000
you will find that the airport runway is about 33 times longer than the carrier's catapult runway.

694
00:35:07,000 --> 00:35:12,000
On a carrier, the catapult provides immediate thrust for the plane to take off that quickly.

695
00:35:12,000 --> 00:35:16,000
Isaac Newton's laws of motion tell us that if you want to speed an object up,

696
00:35:16,000 --> 00:35:18,000
you have to apply force to it.

697
00:35:18,000 --> 00:35:19,000
That makes sense.

698
00:35:19,000 --> 00:35:23,000
I have to push really hard on the pedals of my bicycle to make it go faster, quicker.

699
00:35:23,000 --> 00:35:24,000
Very good.

700
00:35:24,000 --> 00:35:28,000
But what would happen if you were pulling a wagon with your kid sister in it?

701
00:35:28,000 --> 00:35:30,000
That would be a lot harder.

702
00:35:30,000 --> 00:35:34,000
Isaac Newton also told us it takes more force if you want to speed up more mass.

703
00:35:34,000 --> 00:35:37,000
In math, that's called a direct variation.

704
00:35:37,000 --> 00:35:39,000
Wow, math is everywhere.

705
00:35:39,000 --> 00:35:44,000
Oh, so that means if the plane is bigger or has more fuel or more cargo,

706
00:35:44,000 --> 00:35:48,000
it needs greater thrust to make it to its takeoff speed by the end of the runway.

707
00:35:48,000 --> 00:35:51,000
Watch this.

708
00:35:51,000 --> 00:35:53,000
Wow, your plane really spun.

709
00:35:53,000 --> 00:35:55,000
I don't think we want our plane to do that.

710
00:35:55,000 --> 00:35:57,000
That's called roll.

711
00:35:57,000 --> 00:35:59,000
I don't think we want our plane to do that.

712
00:35:59,000 --> 00:36:00,000
That's called roll.

713
00:36:00,000 --> 00:36:04,000
What many planes do to avoid roll is to have what's called dihedral angle.

714
00:36:04,000 --> 00:36:10,000
That means having the wings tipped up like this in a V.

715
00:36:10,000 --> 00:36:14,000
That made a big difference.

716
00:36:14,000 --> 00:36:16,000
Looks like our plane's ready to take off.

717
00:36:16,000 --> 00:36:18,000
I can't wait to try the catapult.

718
00:36:18,000 --> 00:36:20,000
It's going to be so awesome.

719
00:36:20,000 --> 00:36:23,000
Let's go.

720
00:36:23,000 --> 00:36:24,000
Hold on.

721
00:36:24,000 --> 00:36:30,000
Here we go.

722
00:36:30,000 --> 00:36:31,000
So what's up?

723
00:36:31,000 --> 00:36:34,000
Do the treehouse detectives still need to investigate drag?

724
00:36:34,000 --> 00:36:39,000
Can they combine all that they've learned so far to make a plane fly faster and farther?

725
00:36:39,000 --> 00:36:49,000
You can find out next time with The Case of the Challenging Flight.

726
00:36:49,000 --> 00:36:51,000
There's something wrong with the plane.

727
00:36:51,000 --> 00:36:54,000
Why does it go down and then turn to the left?

728
00:36:54,000 --> 00:36:56,000
Maybe it has something to do with weight.

729
00:36:56,000 --> 00:36:58,000
We learned that weight is the force opposite of lift.

730
00:36:58,000 --> 00:37:00,000
Let's look at the problem board.

731
00:37:00,000 --> 00:37:02,000
What should we do next?

732
00:37:02,000 --> 00:37:07,000
We know that air flow and air pressure affect lift and lift affects flight.

733
00:37:07,000 --> 00:37:10,000
We know that the size of the wings affects lift.

734
00:37:10,000 --> 00:37:13,000
We need to know how gravity and weight affect flight.

735
00:37:13,000 --> 00:37:15,000
I think we need to see an expert.

736
00:37:15,000 --> 00:37:17,000
We need to go to NASA Langley.

737
00:37:17,000 --> 00:37:26,000
Hey, my mom says they have an electronic classroom where we can talk directly to researchers at one of 10 NASA centers.

738
00:37:26,000 --> 00:37:28,000
Wow, this is so neat.

739
00:37:28,000 --> 00:37:31,000
This must be an electronic classroom.

740
00:37:31,000 --> 00:37:32,000
It certainly is.

741
00:37:32,000 --> 00:37:33,000
I'm Bob Starr.

742
00:37:33,000 --> 00:37:34,000
Have a seat.

743
00:37:34,000 --> 00:37:37,000
We heard you could hook us up with any NASA researcher.

744
00:37:37,000 --> 00:37:38,000
Yes, I can.

745
00:37:38,000 --> 00:37:43,000
In the electronic classroom, we use two-way audio-video communications over the phone lines.

746
00:37:44,000 --> 00:37:51,000
And I found that NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center in California uses experimental planes to test out new futuristic ways of flight.

747
00:37:51,000 --> 00:37:55,000
It tested NASA's first space shuttle before it went into space.

748
00:37:55,000 --> 00:37:57,000
That sounds risky, too.

749
00:37:57,000 --> 00:38:01,000
That must be where they find out if the new designs are going to really work.

750
00:38:01,000 --> 00:38:04,000
Hey, I know a researcher who's an expert in stability.

751
00:38:04,000 --> 00:38:06,000
His name is Al Bowers.

752
00:38:06,000 --> 00:38:08,000
Let me try to contact him.

753
00:38:13,000 --> 00:38:18,000
Hi, I'm Al Bowers, an aerospace engineer at NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center.

754
00:38:18,000 --> 00:38:20,000
I understand you have some questions about airplanes.

755
00:38:20,000 --> 00:38:22,000
We have a lot of them.

756
00:38:22,000 --> 00:38:26,000
Could you tell us about weight, one of the four forces, and how it affects flight?

757
00:38:26,000 --> 00:38:29,000
One way that weight affects an airplane is the way the weight is distributed.

758
00:38:29,000 --> 00:38:36,000
The weight is distributed on an airplane so that there's a balance point, and that balance point is called the center of gravity.

759
00:38:36,000 --> 00:38:39,000
How does the center of gravity help you design planes?

760
00:38:39,000 --> 00:38:44,000
I'm glad you asked, because we use the center of gravity to determine where to place the wings on an airplane.

761
00:38:44,000 --> 00:38:53,000
On a normal airplane, like this one, we place the wings just behind the center of gravity, and that helps to keep the front end of the airplane pointed forwards.

762
00:38:53,000 --> 00:38:55,000
Our plane always flies to the right.

763
00:38:55,000 --> 00:38:57,000
Is there anything we can do to fix this problem?

764
00:38:57,000 --> 00:38:59,000
That's the purpose of the tail.

765
00:38:59,000 --> 00:39:05,000
The tail of the airplane keeps the nose from going up too high or dropping too low or slicing off to the left or right.

766
00:39:05,000 --> 00:39:07,000
Here, let me show you.

767
00:39:09,000 --> 00:39:11,000
This is an F-104 Starfighter aircraft.

768
00:39:11,000 --> 00:39:18,000
It has the center of gravity just in front of the wings where the lift is produced, and the tail is on the back end of the airplane.

769
00:39:18,000 --> 00:39:21,000
All of that makes this a very stable aircraft.

770
00:39:21,000 --> 00:39:24,000
Wow, what kind of plane is that next to you?

771
00:39:24,000 --> 00:39:26,000
I've never seen anything like that before.

772
00:39:26,000 --> 00:39:29,000
Oh, this is the X-29.

773
00:39:29,000 --> 00:39:35,000
I'm sure you noticed right away that the wings are on backwards, and that we put the tail on the front of the airplane.

774
00:39:35,000 --> 00:39:38,000
Backwards? And a tail on the front?

775
00:39:38,000 --> 00:39:44,000
Yes, even backwards we can make it work with the tail on the front of the airplane, just like on Burt Rutan's airplane.

776
00:39:44,000 --> 00:39:46,000
How can it fly like that?

777
00:39:46,000 --> 00:39:49,000
Let me show you with this broomstick.

778
00:39:49,000 --> 00:39:55,000
This broomstick is like a traditional airplane where the center of gravity is in front of the wings, and it's stable.

779
00:39:55,000 --> 00:39:59,000
If we move it to a new position, the broomstick just follows along.

780
00:39:59,000 --> 00:40:01,000
But the X-29 was unstable.

781
00:40:01,000 --> 00:40:10,000
The center of gravity was behind the wings, and so it was like your egg crate airplane, and it didn't fly very well.

782
00:40:10,000 --> 00:40:15,000
But on the X-29, we had advanced technology in the form of very fast computers.

783
00:40:15,000 --> 00:40:20,000
Those computers could compensate for the instabilities in the airplane.

784
00:40:20,000 --> 00:40:22,000
Let's go back to the broomstick for a second.

785
00:40:22,000 --> 00:40:30,000
It's like your hand moving back and forth to compensate for the instability, and that was the way we were able to make the X-29 fly.

786
00:40:30,000 --> 00:40:33,000
Wow, I never thought a plane like that would have been able to fly.

787
00:40:33,000 --> 00:40:38,000
I guess we need to find our center of gravity and make sure it's in front of our lift.

788
00:40:38,000 --> 00:40:43,000
Yeah, that'll make our plane more stable. Thanks for all your help, Mr. Bowers. Bye.

789
00:40:45,000 --> 00:40:47,000
This plane is looking like a winner.

790
00:40:47,000 --> 00:40:51,000
Especially now that we put a rudder on our plane and we moved the wings back.

791
00:40:51,000 --> 00:40:53,000
It doesn't pitch.

792
00:40:53,000 --> 00:40:55,000
And it doesn't bank anymore.

793
00:40:55,000 --> 00:40:58,000
But I wonder if we're still missing something.

794
00:40:58,000 --> 00:41:01,000
Dr. D, we still have a few questions. Do you think you can help us?

795
00:41:01,000 --> 00:41:02,000
Sure.

796
00:41:02,000 --> 00:41:06,000
Thrust is needed even when the plane is going at a constant speed.

797
00:41:06,000 --> 00:41:09,000
Why is that? Does it have anything to do with drag?

798
00:41:09,000 --> 00:41:14,000
Yes. Drag is what we call all the forces that act on an aircraft in a backward direction.

799
00:41:14,000 --> 00:41:16,000
Let's try an experiment.

800
00:41:16,000 --> 00:41:19,000
I'm going to push this cart. What happens?

801
00:41:21,000 --> 00:41:24,000
It looks like it's not slowing down, but you didn't keep pushing it.

802
00:41:24,000 --> 00:41:28,000
I didn't have to. Isaac Newton explained that once an object gets moving,

803
00:41:28,000 --> 00:41:32,000
it stays moving in a straight line at a constant speed unless you apply a force to it.

804
00:41:32,000 --> 00:41:34,000
Watch this other cart.

805
00:41:34,000 --> 00:41:38,000
It slows down right away. There must be some force acting on it.

806
00:41:38,000 --> 00:41:44,000
That's right. An object will only slow down if a force acts on it in the direction opposite to its motion.

807
00:41:44,000 --> 00:41:45,000
What might that force be?

808
00:41:45,000 --> 00:41:49,000
It looks like friction. That's the force when you rub two objects together.

809
00:41:49,000 --> 00:41:50,000
Very good.

810
00:41:50,000 --> 00:41:52,000
Does an airplane experience friction?

811
00:41:52,000 --> 00:41:55,000
An airplane experiences a type of drag called air resistance

812
00:41:55,000 --> 00:41:58,000
because of the air flowing over the wings and other parts of the body.

813
00:41:58,000 --> 00:42:01,000
Have you ever tried to drive your bicycle into the wind?

814
00:42:01,000 --> 00:42:04,000
Yes. It's really not very easy.

815
00:42:04,000 --> 00:42:06,000
You've had some experience with air resistance.

816
00:42:06,000 --> 00:42:10,000
So if the drag is less, we won't need as much thrust to keep it moving at a constant speed.

817
00:42:10,000 --> 00:42:11,000
Correct.

818
00:42:11,000 --> 00:42:15,000
So if we can find a way to reduce the air resistance, we've got it made.

819
00:42:15,000 --> 00:42:17,000
That's not exactly right.

820
00:42:17,000 --> 00:42:21,000
As it turns out, in addition to air resistance, there's another type of drag.

821
00:42:21,000 --> 00:42:23,000
This is getting complicated.

822
00:42:23,000 --> 00:42:25,000
Okay, we'll take air resistance first.

823
00:42:25,000 --> 00:42:29,000
To understand how to reduce air resistance, it would be best to talk to an expert.

824
00:42:29,000 --> 00:42:31,000
Of course, the best expert is nature.

825
00:42:31,000 --> 00:42:34,000
Nature? I wonder what that has to do with drag.

826
00:42:34,000 --> 00:42:38,000
Well, I know someone who observes nature to understand drag, and he can tell you all about it.

827
00:42:38,000 --> 00:42:41,000
His name is Ben Anders. He studies birds, fish, and even insects.

828
00:42:41,000 --> 00:42:43,000
That's our next stop.

829
00:42:46,000 --> 00:42:49,000
Look over there. That man looks like he's studying the fish.

830
00:42:49,000 --> 00:42:51,000
Dr. Anders, we're the treehouse detectives.

831
00:42:51,000 --> 00:42:52,000
Oh, hi.

832
00:42:52,000 --> 00:42:54,000
Dr. D said you could help us.

833
00:42:54,000 --> 00:42:56,000
We're trying to understand the force of drag.

834
00:42:56,000 --> 00:43:00,000
Dr. D says you use insects and marine life to help you in your research.

835
00:43:00,000 --> 00:43:01,000
Yes, I do.

836
00:43:01,000 --> 00:43:04,000
When I look at those shapes, I see airplane wings.

837
00:43:04,000 --> 00:43:06,000
Airplane wings?

838
00:43:06,000 --> 00:43:08,000
I guess I can see a slight comparison.

839
00:43:08,000 --> 00:43:11,000
Why would you want to compare them to airplane wings?

840
00:43:11,000 --> 00:43:15,000
At NASA, we study birds and insects and marine animals

841
00:43:15,000 --> 00:43:18,000
to inspire new research on flight and on ways to reduce drag,

842
00:43:18,000 --> 00:43:20,000
and we call this biomimetics.

843
00:43:20,000 --> 00:43:22,000
Wow, that's a big word.

844
00:43:22,000 --> 00:43:24,000
How do you do that kind of research?

845
00:43:24,000 --> 00:43:26,000
Well, let me ask you this.

846
00:43:26,000 --> 00:43:30,000
What do you think has a lower drag, a smooth surface or one with grooves in it?

847
00:43:30,000 --> 00:43:33,000
I'm not sure. I would guess a smooth surface would have less drag,

848
00:43:33,000 --> 00:43:35,000
but what's the right answer?

849
00:43:35,000 --> 00:43:37,000
Well, normally a smooth surface does have lower drag,

850
00:43:37,000 --> 00:43:41,000
but if you make the grooves very tiny and you shape them just right,

851
00:43:41,000 --> 00:43:43,000
the groove surface has lower drag.

852
00:43:43,000 --> 00:43:48,000
And we discovered that the shark's skin has those exact same tiny grooves to reduce his drag.

853
00:43:48,000 --> 00:43:51,000
I wonder what other secrets he's holding.

854
00:43:51,000 --> 00:43:53,000
This is so cool.

855
00:43:53,000 --> 00:43:56,000
I wonder if we need to make some adjustments to our plane to reduce its drag.

856
00:43:56,000 --> 00:43:58,000
Maybe we need to do a little more research.

857
00:43:58,000 --> 00:44:00,000
Let's go back to the treehouse.

858
00:44:00,000 --> 00:44:01,000
Bye.

859
00:44:01,000 --> 00:44:02,000
Bye.

860
00:44:06,000 --> 00:44:10,000
Good afternoon. I'm Ted Toon with this KSNN special bulletin.

861
00:44:10,000 --> 00:44:14,000
Kids Science News Network has learned that the treehouse detectives may have an edge

862
00:44:14,000 --> 00:44:17,000
in this year's Extraordinary Airplane Contest.

863
00:44:17,000 --> 00:44:20,000
Our reporter, I Am Listening, is standing by.

864
00:44:20,000 --> 00:44:21,000
Thanks, Ted.

865
00:44:21,000 --> 00:44:26,000
I'm here in this airplane to show the viewers what the treehouse detectives have learned

866
00:44:26,000 --> 00:44:30,000
that might give them a win in this year's contest.

867
00:44:30,000 --> 00:44:40,000
We have learned that the detectives now know about thrust, lift, drag,

868
00:44:44,000 --> 00:44:47,000
and gravity.

869
00:44:47,000 --> 00:44:50,000
Back to you.

870
00:44:50,000 --> 00:44:53,000
Thanks, I Am, for that exquisite report.

871
00:44:53,000 --> 00:44:57,000
Stay tuned to KSNN to see if the treehouse detectives can solve the mystery of flight

872
00:44:57,000 --> 00:45:00,000
and win the Extraordinary Contest.

873
00:45:00,000 --> 00:45:05,000
You know, we might even have a chance at placing in this contest something other than last place.

874
00:45:05,000 --> 00:45:07,000
Wouldn't that be amazing?

875
00:45:07,000 --> 00:45:09,000
Let's see what else we can do to help us win this contest.

876
00:45:09,000 --> 00:45:11,000
Let's use our problem board.

877
00:45:11,000 --> 00:45:16,000
Well, we know that air resistance affects lift, and lift is one of the main forces of flight.

878
00:45:16,000 --> 00:45:19,000
We also know that planes must overcome the pull of gravity.

879
00:45:19,000 --> 00:45:24,000
We know that thrust pushes an airplane through the air, and different airplanes require different thrusts.

880
00:45:24,000 --> 00:45:27,000
We know that drag is the opposite of thrust.

881
00:45:27,000 --> 00:45:30,000
Drag is the aircraft's resistance to the movement through the air.

882
00:45:30,000 --> 00:45:34,000
We need to know if the materials used in the manufacturing of a plane will affect their drag.

883
00:45:34,000 --> 00:45:36,000
But how can we find out?

884
00:45:36,000 --> 00:45:38,000
We can do a little research on the internet.

885
00:45:38,000 --> 00:45:41,000
I'll just type in NASA Langley. I know they must do a lot of research on planes.

886
00:45:41,000 --> 00:45:44,000
I heard they have a program called Structures and Materials.

887
00:45:44,000 --> 00:45:48,000
Let's go there. I'll email our friends and our parents to let them know we're going.

888
00:45:49,000 --> 00:45:51,000
What are you doing?

889
00:45:51,000 --> 00:45:54,000
I'm just looking at some of our new lightweight materials.

890
00:45:54,000 --> 00:45:56,000
We need to learn about weight.

891
00:45:56,000 --> 00:45:59,000
Well, you just learned that thrust is opposite to drag.

892
00:45:59,000 --> 00:46:04,000
And lift is what makes the airplane go up, and weight pulls it back down to the pull of gravity.

893
00:46:04,000 --> 00:46:06,000
Yes, we just learned about that.

894
00:46:06,000 --> 00:46:11,000
Well, in order for the airplane to fly, the lift force has to be greater than the weight of the airplane.

895
00:46:11,000 --> 00:46:15,000
And the lighter the airplane is, the easier it's going to be to fly.

896
00:46:15,000 --> 00:46:19,000
And the lighter the airplane is, the easier it's going to be to lift the airplane.

897
00:46:19,000 --> 00:46:23,000
So for the same size wings, a lighter airplane will get easier lift?

898
00:46:23,000 --> 00:46:27,000
That's exactly right. But there's another benefit of having a lighter airplane also.

899
00:46:27,000 --> 00:46:28,000
There is?

900
00:46:28,000 --> 00:46:34,000
Sure. For the same amount of force, or thrust, the lighter airplane will actually go farther.

901
00:46:34,000 --> 00:46:38,000
As an example, let's say you're pushing two kids on a swing.

902
00:46:38,000 --> 00:46:41,000
Who's going to go farther, the kid that's lighter or the kid that's heavier?

903
00:46:41,000 --> 00:46:43,000
The lighter kid will go farther.

904
00:46:43,000 --> 00:46:49,000
That's exactly right. So for the same amount of engine or thrust force, a lighter airplane is actually going to fly farther.

905
00:46:49,000 --> 00:46:54,000
Aeronautical engineers say that the airplane has greater range or maximum flight distance.

906
00:46:54,000 --> 00:46:55,000
Cool.

907
00:46:55,000 --> 00:47:00,000
Yeah, and lighter airplanes actually use less fuel too, so they're better for the environment as well.

908
00:47:00,000 --> 00:47:03,000
What research do you do here to make planes lighter?

909
00:47:03,000 --> 00:47:08,000
Well, we're trying to figure out how to make the materials that airplanes are made out of a whole lot lighter.

910
00:47:08,000 --> 00:47:12,000
You see, today, most airplanes are made out of metal, like this piece right here.

911
00:47:12,000 --> 00:47:16,000
It's really strong, but it's also really heavy.

912
00:47:16,000 --> 00:47:18,000
Man, that is heavy.

913
00:47:18,000 --> 00:47:22,000
Yeah, it sure is. Well, we're researching something brand new. It's called composite materials.

914
00:47:22,000 --> 00:47:26,000
Composite materials are really strong, but they're also really lightweight.

915
00:47:26,000 --> 00:47:31,000
Here's a really big piece of composites right back here. Can you help me with this piece?

916
00:47:31,000 --> 00:47:34,000
I don't know if I can help. It looks kind of heavy. I might not be able to lift it.

917
00:47:34,000 --> 00:47:36,000
Give it a try.

918
00:47:36,000 --> 00:47:38,000
Wow, that's really light.

919
00:47:38,000 --> 00:47:45,000
It sure is. Composite materials are already being used in a lot of military airplanes because they're really lightweight, but they're also strong.

920
00:47:45,000 --> 00:47:48,000
We're also looking at another kind of material that's really interesting.

921
00:47:48,000 --> 00:47:53,000
It actually bends and twists when activated, or it can pop up and down when activated too.

922
00:47:53,000 --> 00:47:54,000
What's that?

923
00:47:54,000 --> 00:47:56,000
They're called smart materials.

924
00:47:56,000 --> 00:47:58,000
Smart material? I'm a smart material.

925
00:47:58,000 --> 00:48:02,000
Yes, you are. This is an example of a smart material. This is called nitinol.

926
00:48:02,000 --> 00:48:06,000
And when you bend or twist it, it'll actually go back to being completely flat when you heat it up.

927
00:48:06,000 --> 00:48:11,000
If you want to try bending it up, then I'll heat it up and I'll show you how it works.

928
00:48:11,000 --> 00:48:13,000
There you go. That's great.

929
00:48:13,000 --> 00:48:17,000
Now when we heat it up, it goes back to being completely flat, as you can see.

930
00:48:17,000 --> 00:48:21,000
Wow, that's cool. But how is that going to help an airplane?

931
00:48:21,000 --> 00:48:27,000
Well, you can take this material and put it in the wings of an airplane and make the airplane wings bend or twist,

932
00:48:27,000 --> 00:48:31,000
or even simulate little pop-up feathers like what birds use to fly.

933
00:48:31,000 --> 00:48:35,000
Why would you want smart materials to mimic a bird's flight?

934
00:48:35,000 --> 00:48:40,000
That's a good question. Well, for their size, birds are really good flyers.

935
00:48:40,000 --> 00:48:47,000
And we're hoping that if some of our smaller airplanes can fly more like birds and bend or twist their wings in flight

936
00:48:47,000 --> 00:48:52,000
to adjust to different flight conditions while they're flying along, they can actually be much better flyers.

937
00:48:52,000 --> 00:48:56,000
I don't think we can buy smart materials, but maybe we can make our egg carton lighter.

938
00:48:56,000 --> 00:48:58,000
Maybe we should use a foam carton.

939
00:48:58,000 --> 00:49:00,000
Yes, now we need to test it.

940
00:49:00,000 --> 00:49:02,000
Or experiment.

941
00:49:03,000 --> 00:49:06,000
Look, I bought some foam egg cartons.

942
00:49:06,000 --> 00:49:10,000
Let's find the mass. First we'll find the mass of the paper egg carton.

943
00:49:10,000 --> 00:49:14,000
It's 54.1 grams.

944
00:49:14,000 --> 00:49:17,000
Now we'll find the mass of the foam carton.

945
00:49:17,000 --> 00:49:22,000
It's 15.5 grams.

946
00:49:22,000 --> 00:49:24,000
Wow, it's a little lighter.

947
00:49:24,000 --> 00:49:30,000
That means 15.5 grams makes 38.6 grams less than the other one.

948
00:49:31,000 --> 00:49:32,000
Remember what we learned.

949
00:49:32,000 --> 00:49:37,000
Lighter materials will reduce the amount of weight on a plane and decrease the amount of thrust needed.

950
00:49:37,000 --> 00:49:40,000
And less weight will also decrease the drag.

951
00:49:40,000 --> 00:49:42,000
Wow, that should make our plane fly further.

952
00:49:42,000 --> 00:49:46,000
Let's make another plane out of foam cartons.

953
00:49:46,000 --> 00:49:50,000
Okay, let's throw it.

954
00:49:50,000 --> 00:49:56,000
So what's up? Will the change in material to the foam egg carton help the plane fly farther?

955
00:49:56,000 --> 00:49:59,000
What's the most important force of flight?

956
00:50:00,000 --> 00:50:03,000
What will help the treehouse detectives win the contest?

957
00:50:03,000 --> 00:50:08,000
Don't miss the conclusion of The Case of the Challenging Flight.

958
00:50:13,000 --> 00:50:15,000
That's the best we've had yet.

959
00:50:15,000 --> 00:50:19,000
It's great. Do you think changing to a lighter weight material made a difference?

960
00:50:19,000 --> 00:50:21,000
Maybe the foam carton made a difference.

961
00:50:21,000 --> 00:50:25,000
But we still need to know more. Let's go to the problem board.

962
00:50:25,000 --> 00:50:31,000
We know that lift, weight, thrust, and drag are the main forces of flight.

963
00:50:31,000 --> 00:50:34,000
Yeah, but we also learned about yaw, pitch, and roll.

964
00:50:34,000 --> 00:50:39,000
We need to know how all these forces work together to form a really fast plane.

965
00:50:39,000 --> 00:50:41,000
I think we need to talk to a pilot.

966
00:50:41,000 --> 00:50:43,000
My neighbor is a Young Eagles flight leader.

967
00:50:43,000 --> 00:50:49,000
If you would like to learn where a Young Eagles group is near you, just go to the NASA WIFOWS website.

968
00:50:49,000 --> 00:50:55,000
It's so cool. Every year they give thousands of kids like us a hands-on experience flying planes.

969
00:50:55,000 --> 00:50:59,000
And it's sponsored by the EAA, an international organization.

970
00:50:59,000 --> 00:51:02,000
No way, a real plane? This is so cool.

971
00:51:02,000 --> 00:51:05,000
I'll go. I've always wanted to fly a plane.

972
00:51:07,000 --> 00:51:10,000
We'll put a rudder on our plane. It helps stabilize the plane.

973
00:51:10,000 --> 00:51:13,000
This looks like it moves. What does it do?

974
00:51:13,000 --> 00:51:16,000
This is an elevator. It helps the airplane go up and down.

975
00:51:16,000 --> 00:51:20,000
When the pilot moves the control yoke inside the airplane, they pull back on it.

976
00:51:20,000 --> 00:51:24,000
This elevator comes up and makes the airplane climb.

977
00:51:24,000 --> 00:51:29,000
If they push forward, the elevator goes down and the airplane is going to descend.

978
00:51:29,000 --> 00:51:32,000
During takeoff, are all four forces of flight being used?

979
00:51:32,000 --> 00:51:35,000
Yes, they are. We always have gravity and drag.

980
00:51:35,000 --> 00:51:38,000
We have to overcome those by creating the thrust and the lift.

981
00:51:38,000 --> 00:51:43,000
We do the thrust with the engine, causing the propeller to turn at maximum power.

982
00:51:43,000 --> 00:51:47,000
And then we use the elevator to create lift on the wings.

983
00:51:47,000 --> 00:51:50,000
The best way to find out is, guess what?

984
00:51:50,000 --> 00:51:51,000
What?

985
00:51:51,000 --> 00:51:53,000
You're going to get your first flying lesson today.

986
00:51:53,000 --> 00:51:56,000
Me, up in the air, flying?

987
00:51:56,000 --> 00:51:57,000
Yep.

988
00:51:57,000 --> 00:51:59,000
All right, I'm ready. Let's go.

989
00:52:07,000 --> 00:52:11,000
That was so cool. I can't believe I was flying the plane.

990
00:52:11,000 --> 00:52:15,000
I have a question. What's the biggest challenge you run into when you're flying a plane?

991
00:52:15,000 --> 00:52:18,000
Seeing the ground when the weather is bad is the biggest obstacle.

992
00:52:18,000 --> 00:52:23,000
I heard NASA Langley is doing some really cool research that will help pilots fly in foggy weather.

993
00:52:23,000 --> 00:52:26,000
I think it's called synthetic vision. Have you ever heard about it?

994
00:52:26,000 --> 00:52:27,000
Yes, I have.

995
00:52:27,000 --> 00:52:31,000
Synthetic vision will give the pilots a clear electronic picture of what's outside.

996
00:52:31,000 --> 00:52:33,000
Even when it's foggy or dark outside?

997
00:52:33,000 --> 00:52:38,000
Yes. There will be a screen that the pilot can look at and see if there are mountains ahead.

998
00:52:38,000 --> 00:52:40,000
Like a video game?

999
00:52:40,000 --> 00:52:47,000
Almost. Synthetic vision uses satellite signals and global positioning systems to give the pilot a very sophisticated map.

1000
00:52:47,000 --> 00:52:50,000
And it will definitely help prevent aircraft crashes in the future.

1001
00:52:50,000 --> 00:52:55,000
That's so cool. I hope that by the time I become a pilot, synthetic vision will be in every plane.

1002
00:52:55,000 --> 00:52:58,000
This will be an experience I will always remember.

1003
00:52:58,000 --> 00:53:00,000
I can't believe I was really flying a plane.

1004
00:53:00,000 --> 00:53:02,000
You sure were. You did a great job.

1005
00:53:04,000 --> 00:53:06,000
Look, there's Dr. D. He made it.

1006
00:53:06,000 --> 00:53:07,000
Hi, guys.

1007
00:53:07,000 --> 00:53:09,000
Hi, Dr. D. I think we're ready for the competition.

1008
00:53:09,000 --> 00:53:12,000
So tell me, what helped you prepare your plane for the competition?

1009
00:53:12,000 --> 00:53:17,000
We learned that in order for a plane to have lift, the front edge needs to be higher up than the back edge.

1010
00:53:17,000 --> 00:53:20,000
That made a big improvement over last year's plane.

1011
00:53:20,000 --> 00:53:26,000
Then we needed to adjust the position of the wing so that the center of gravity was just a little ahead of the center of lift.

1012
00:53:26,000 --> 00:53:28,000
Before, we had the wing too far forward.

1013
00:53:28,000 --> 00:53:32,000
Don't forget the roll problem that we corrected with the dihedral angle.

1014
00:53:32,000 --> 00:53:35,000
That's right. Bending the wings into the V shape made a big improvement.

1015
00:53:35,000 --> 00:53:39,000
We learned that thrust was required even when the plane was moving at constant speed.

1016
00:53:39,000 --> 00:53:44,000
In order to avoid as much drag as possible, we made sure that there were not any ragged edges.

1017
00:53:44,000 --> 00:53:48,000
Yes, and we used larger wings than we did last year because it gave us more lift.

1018
00:53:48,000 --> 00:53:54,000
We kept the plane's weight to a minimum because the more weight you have, the more lift you'll need and the more thrust you'll need to keep the plane going.

1019
00:53:54,000 --> 00:53:57,000
You've learned a lot and improved your plane so much.

1020
00:53:57,000 --> 00:54:00,000
It's a wonder that it flew at all last year.

1021
00:54:00,000 --> 00:54:03,000
We are so excited. We think that we are going to win.

1022
00:54:03,000 --> 00:54:08,000
But even if you don't win, just remember all the things you've learned about how airplanes fly.

1023
00:54:08,000 --> 00:54:11,000
Yes, but winning is so nice.

1024
00:54:14,000 --> 00:54:18,000
Seagulls, get ready to yell. Let's get your goals.

1025
00:54:18,000 --> 00:54:20,000
Wow, this is exciting.

1026
00:54:20,000 --> 00:54:21,000
Yeah.

1027
00:54:21,000 --> 00:54:23,000
Today might even be our day.

1028
00:54:23,000 --> 00:54:26,000
Yeah, we worked really hard as a team. Who knows, we might even win this contest.

1029
00:54:26,000 --> 00:54:27,000
I think so.

1030
00:54:27,000 --> 00:54:28,000
I hope so.

1031
00:54:28,000 --> 00:54:29,000
Good times.

1032
00:54:30,000 --> 00:54:32,000
Welcome, young aviators.

1033
00:54:32,000 --> 00:54:34,000
Yeah.

1034
00:54:35,000 --> 00:54:39,000
Welcome to the great extraordinary airplane contest.

1035
00:54:39,000 --> 00:54:41,000
On this team, we have Mr. Dan Locke.

1036
00:54:41,000 --> 00:54:42,000
Yeah.

1037
00:54:42,000 --> 00:54:44,000
And the Baron Knights.

1038
00:54:44,000 --> 00:54:46,000
And over here, we have Mr. John Livingston.

1039
00:54:46,000 --> 00:54:47,000
Yeah.

1040
00:54:47,000 --> 00:54:49,000
And the Smith Seagulls.

1041
00:54:49,000 --> 00:54:50,000
All right.

1042
00:54:50,000 --> 00:54:52,000
The contest rules are simple.

1043
00:54:52,000 --> 00:54:59,000
The distance your plane flies will be measured from the point of launch to the point where the plane lands.

1044
00:54:59,000 --> 00:55:02,000
The top two teams will move on to the finals.

1045
00:55:02,000 --> 00:55:03,000
Are you ready?

1046
00:55:03,000 --> 00:55:05,000
Yeah.

1047
00:55:06,000 --> 00:55:08,000
Team members, move to the launching pads.

1048
00:55:12,000 --> 00:55:13,000
I'm getting a little nervous.

1049
00:55:13,000 --> 00:55:16,000
We have to win this trial to be able to advance to the next level.

1050
00:55:16,000 --> 00:55:17,000
Here we go.

1051
00:55:27,000 --> 00:55:28,000
Yeah.

1052
00:55:28,000 --> 00:55:29,000
We made it.

1053
00:55:29,000 --> 00:55:30,000
We made it.

1054
00:55:30,000 --> 00:55:31,000
Uh-oh.

1055
00:55:31,000 --> 00:55:32,000
Look who we're up against.

1056
00:55:32,000 --> 00:55:34,000
That team is tough, but we might be able to win.

1057
00:55:34,000 --> 00:55:35,000
Let's try.

1058
00:55:35,000 --> 00:55:36,000
Yeah.

1059
00:55:45,000 --> 00:55:46,000
This might be a tie.

1060
00:55:46,000 --> 00:55:47,000
It looks close.

1061
00:55:47,000 --> 00:55:49,000
Hand me the meter stick, please.

1062
00:55:50,000 --> 00:55:55,000
It looks like the Treehouse Detectives have won by a mere four centimeters.

1063
00:55:55,000 --> 00:55:56,000
Yeah.

1064
00:55:56,000 --> 00:55:57,000
We did it.

1065
00:55:57,000 --> 00:55:58,000
Good job.

1066
00:55:58,000 --> 00:55:59,000
Good job.

1067
00:55:59,000 --> 00:56:00,000
We won.

1068
00:56:00,000 --> 00:56:01,000
We won.

1069
00:56:01,000 --> 00:56:02,000
We won.

1070
00:56:02,000 --> 00:56:03,000
We won.

1071
00:56:03,000 --> 00:56:04,000
Yeah.

1072
00:56:04,000 --> 00:56:05,000
We won by four centimeters.

1073
00:56:05,000 --> 00:56:06,000
That's like one and a half inches.

1074
00:56:06,000 --> 00:56:07,000
Good time.

1075
00:56:07,000 --> 00:56:08,000
Good time.

1076
00:56:08,000 --> 00:56:09,000
Let's go for it.

1077
00:56:09,000 --> 00:56:10,000
All right.

1078
00:56:10,000 --> 00:56:15,000
The Treehouse Detectives have pulled off an extraordinary upset here at the airport.

1079
00:56:15,000 --> 00:56:20,000
The Treehouse Detectives have pulled off an extraordinary upset here at the airplane contest.

1080
00:56:20,000 --> 00:56:23,000
I'm with the winning team right now.

1081
00:56:23,000 --> 00:56:25,000
Kids, no one thought you would win today.

1082
00:56:25,000 --> 00:56:27,000
How did you do it?

1083
00:56:27,000 --> 00:56:29,000
We used a lot of science as inquiry.

1084
00:56:29,000 --> 00:56:32,000
This definitely helped us learn about the four forces of flight.

1085
00:56:32,000 --> 00:56:36,000
And we used our research notebook to keep a lot of data and notes on our experiment.

1086
00:56:36,000 --> 00:56:37,000
And it really worked.

1087
00:56:37,000 --> 00:56:39,000
We finally are winners.

1088
00:56:39,000 --> 00:56:42,000
It looks like we're all winners, kids.

1089
00:56:42,000 --> 00:56:43,000
Thanks for competing.

1090
00:56:43,000 --> 00:56:45,000
And good luck next year.

1091
00:56:45,000 --> 00:56:46,000
Thanks, IM.

1092
00:56:46,000 --> 00:56:51,000
And tell those kids to watch out because I'm already working on my plane for next year.

1093
00:56:51,000 --> 00:56:55,000
I'm Ted Toons saying so long from KSNM.

1094
00:56:56,000 --> 00:56:59,000
What is it good for?

1095
00:56:59,000 --> 00:57:01,000
Absolutely nothing.

1096
00:57:01,000 --> 00:57:03,000
I love this song.

1097
00:57:04,000 --> 00:57:11,000
Falling down, falling down, my dear lady.

1098
00:57:26,000 --> 00:57:27,000
Can you guys say hello?

1099
00:57:27,000 --> 00:57:28,000
Say hi.

1100
00:57:28,000 --> 00:57:30,000
Hello.

1101
00:57:31,000 --> 00:57:33,000
Say good morning, Mr. Chan.

1102
00:57:33,000 --> 00:57:36,000
Good morning, Mr. Chan.

1103
00:57:36,000 --> 00:57:38,000
Hello.

1104
00:57:54,000 --> 00:57:56,000
Alright, alright.

1105
00:57:56,000 --> 00:58:01,000
Teachers, check out the free CD-ROM, Exploring Aeronautics, enclosed with a teacher guide.

1106
00:58:01,000 --> 00:58:08,000
It's a great introduction to the fundamentals of flight with a timeline, quick time movies, and student activities.

1107
00:58:11,000 --> 00:58:16,000
The NASA WIFILES is made possible through the generous support of SeaWorld and Busch Gardens

1108
00:58:16,000 --> 00:58:21,000
and the NASA Langley Research Center's Aerospace Vehicle Systems Technology Program Office.