1 00:00:02,740 --> 00:00:13,740 So, as I said before, the late Middle Ages, the 14th century, it was a century of a deep crisis, una crisis muy profunda. 2 00:00:13,740 --> 00:00:23,739 It was a century of a deep crisis because there were three important calamities that we are going to explain in a minute. 3 00:00:23,739 --> 00:00:40,740 The first one was war. War was the first calamity, important problem in the 14th century because this century was the century of the hundred years war. 4 00:00:40,740 --> 00:00:49,700 Why? Because literally this war, it lasted more than one century. 5 00:00:49,939 --> 00:00:54,859 So imagine, more than one century fighting. 6 00:00:55,979 --> 00:00:59,439 Can you go more slowly, please? 7 00:01:00,439 --> 00:01:00,759 Yes. 8 00:01:01,700 --> 00:01:02,259 Thank you. 9 00:01:02,259 --> 00:01:09,739 As I said before, the 14th century, we are explaining the late Middle Ages in Europe, 10 00:01:09,739 --> 00:01:13,959 The late Middle Ages in Europe means La Baja Edad Media. 11 00:01:14,659 --> 00:01:21,760 La Baja Edad Media is the 14th and 15th century. 12 00:01:21,900 --> 00:01:27,019 So we are going to explain today the 14th century and the beginning of the 15th century. 13 00:01:27,620 --> 00:01:32,760 And you have to remember that the 14th century was a century of a deep crisis. 14 00:01:33,000 --> 00:01:34,359 Una crisis muy profunda. 15 00:01:34,879 --> 00:01:37,099 It was a century of a deep crisis. 16 00:01:37,859 --> 00:01:43,819 Why? Because there were three important calamities, problems, huge problems. 17 00:01:44,579 --> 00:01:49,299 The first one, the first problem was war. 18 00:01:50,359 --> 00:02:06,519 Why? Because in this century, in the 14th century, there was a war, which was called the Hundred Years' War, which lasted more than one century. 19 00:02:07,099 --> 00:02:22,520 It lasted from 1337 to 1453, so it lasted, as you can see here, more than one century. 20 00:02:22,520 --> 00:02:26,620 So imagine more than one century fighting. 21 00:02:26,620 --> 00:02:34,840 It caused a lot of problems in Europe due to this important calamity. 22 00:02:34,840 --> 00:02:44,599 And in this war, class, two important countries were fighting each other. 23 00:02:44,599 --> 00:02:52,979 England fought against France because England invaded France. 24 00:02:52,979 --> 00:03:02,150 England invaded France in this war. 25 00:03:02,150 --> 00:03:07,650 Here we are going to see the evolution of this conflict. 26 00:03:07,650 --> 00:03:11,110 The conflict began in 1337. 27 00:03:11,110 --> 00:03:20,270 This is the moment when England, in green, invaded France and they conquered this place. 28 00:03:20,270 --> 00:03:26,289 It was the place on the southern part of France, which is called Aquitaine. 29 00:03:26,289 --> 00:03:31,189 You don't need to know this name, but it's only to understand the evolution. 30 00:03:31,189 --> 00:03:40,680 So first of all, England conquered the southern part of France. 31 00:03:40,680 --> 00:03:49,439 Then in 1360 is when one important battle took place. 32 00:03:49,439 --> 00:03:53,159 It was the Battle of Poitiers. 33 00:03:53,159 --> 00:03:54,719 Who was the Poitier? 34 00:03:54,719 --> 00:04:02,919 I'm going to write it down for you. 35 00:04:02,919 --> 00:04:11,639 It took place in 1360 and it was the Battle of Poitiers. 36 00:04:11,639 --> 00:04:16,920 So Poitiers is really important in history because many, many important battles took 37 00:04:16,920 --> 00:04:22,819 place there. 38 00:04:22,819 --> 00:04:25,459 What happened in the Battle of Poitiers? 39 00:04:25,459 --> 00:04:36,290 In the Battle of Poitiers, the England prince, the England prince who was called the Black 40 00:04:36,290 --> 00:04:49,829 Prince, the Black Prince, he was called like this because he used to wear an armor which 41 00:04:49,829 --> 00:05:01,389 was black, the Black Prince, okay? 42 00:05:01,389 --> 00:05:10,430 In 1360 is when the Battle of Poitiers took place and in this battle the black prince 43 00:05:10,430 --> 00:05:18,009 defeated the French, he defeated the French, and as a consequence England, in green, conquered 44 00:05:18,009 --> 00:05:26,949 all these places in France in 1360, okay? 45 00:05:26,949 --> 00:05:47,949 However, the most important battle in this war was the Battle of Agincourt, which took place in 1429. 46 00:05:47,949 --> 00:05:54,949 It was the Battle of Agincourt, it was this moment, the Battle of Agincourt. 47 00:05:54,949 --> 00:06:01,810 And in this battle, also, England defeated France. 48 00:06:01,810 --> 00:06:10,730 In this battle, as we might see here, the British, in green, conquered not only the 49 00:06:10,730 --> 00:06:15,990 south, Aquitaine, but also the north. 50 00:06:15,990 --> 00:06:24,269 So I will say that after the Battle of Agincourt in 1429, it was the moment when England, in 51 00:06:24,269 --> 00:06:37,899 green conquered the north they conquered this part on the northern part of france okay this area 52 00:06:39,819 --> 00:06:45,579 and what happened next we really need to remember the battle of agincourt 53 00:06:46,459 --> 00:06:54,220 because it was the moment when henry the fifth defeated the french remember that 54 00:06:54,220 --> 00:07:04,540 But here we have Henry V, Enrique V, so we really need to remember Henry V because he 55 00:07:04,540 --> 00:07:11,060 was the one who defeated the French in the Battle of Agincourt. 56 00:07:11,060 --> 00:07:12,980 And what happened next? 57 00:07:12,980 --> 00:07:20,060 What happened when the British conquered the South and also the North? 58 00:07:20,060 --> 00:07:23,040 What happened was the following. 59 00:07:23,040 --> 00:07:32,120 It was the moment when Joan of Arc, Juana de Arco, emerged in history. 60 00:07:32,120 --> 00:07:39,319 When the British conquered the north and also the south after the Battle of Agincourt, the 61 00:07:39,319 --> 00:07:46,279 British were about to conquer the whole territory of France. 62 00:07:46,279 --> 00:07:52,040 After this battle, the British were about to conquer the whole territory of France. 63 00:07:52,040 --> 00:08:00,879 this is the moment when Joan of Arc emerged in history. Who was Joan of Arc? This is only 64 00:08:00,879 --> 00:08:13,730 to know more, okay? You need to know everything. But Joan of Arc was a peasant. She was a peasant 65 00:08:13,730 --> 00:08:21,370 that one day she was walking around close to his village. She was walking around in 66 00:08:21,370 --> 00:08:36,490 countryside and according to her memoirs, when she was walking around in the countryside, 67 00:08:37,690 --> 00:08:46,409 Jesus Christ emerged and appeared in front of her. And according to her memoirs, according to the myth 68 00:08:46,409 --> 00:08:57,929 middle jesus christ said to joan of arc that she needed to prepare to create an army in order 69 00:08:57,929 --> 00:09:08,649 in order to defeat the british so after that after that joan of arc who used to be a peasant 70 00:09:09,610 --> 00:09:15,769 traveled to orleans to the city of orleans because the french king was there 71 00:09:16,409 --> 00:09:25,029 And she convinced the French king to create a huge army to defeat, in order to defeat 72 00:09:25,029 --> 00:09:27,169 the British. 73 00:09:27,169 --> 00:09:36,090 So Joan of Arc, together with her army, launched an attack over the city of Orleans. 74 00:09:36,090 --> 00:09:38,970 This is only to know more, okay? 75 00:09:38,970 --> 00:09:42,769 Because I'm explaining the whole evolution. 76 00:09:42,769 --> 00:09:49,049 So she launched an attack over the city of Orleans and she won. 77 00:09:49,049 --> 00:09:50,049 She won. 78 00:09:50,049 --> 00:09:57,470 It was the first time when the French troops won one battle, in the Battle of Orleans. 79 00:09:57,470 --> 00:10:06,509 And after the Battle of Orleans, Joan of Arc went directly to Paris and in Paris she had 80 00:10:06,509 --> 00:10:08,850 another victory. 81 00:10:08,850 --> 00:10:18,610 She had another victory and after the battle in Paris, the French troops managed to expel 82 00:10:18,610 --> 00:10:24,110 the British. 83 00:10:24,110 --> 00:10:32,450 That's why you might see here on this map that the French around the year 1453, they 84 00:10:32,450 --> 00:10:41,730 expel the British from France again to the British territories because Joan of Arc, together 85 00:10:41,730 --> 00:10:49,490 with her army, managed to expel the British after the famous Battle of Orleans and Paris. 86 00:10:51,490 --> 00:10:57,169 And what happened after that, when Joan of Arc managed to expel the British? 87 00:10:57,169 --> 00:11:11,580 Obviously, she became really, really famous, the French people were in love with Joan of 88 00:11:11,580 --> 00:11:23,580 Arc because she managed to expel the British and the king was really jealous of Joan of 89 00:11:23,580 --> 00:11:24,580 Arc. 90 00:11:24,580 --> 00:11:27,580 What does jealous mean? 91 00:11:27,580 --> 00:11:37,179 envidioso marcos the king was really jealous jealous of joan of arc he was really jealous 92 00:11:37,179 --> 00:11:48,700 of joan of arc and for this reason he decided the king decided to burn joan of arc in front of the 93 00:11:48,700 --> 00:11:59,720 French people, because Joan of Arc was accused of being a witch, bruja. She was really, really 94 00:11:59,720 --> 00:12:09,000 revolutionary for her age, and for this reason the king accused her of being a witch, bruja. 95 00:12:09,000 --> 00:12:19,129 And she was burned in front of the French people. And this is the end of the Hundred Years' War, 96 00:12:20,090 --> 00:12:28,330 because obviously the French were the winners at the end, the French were the winners at the end, 97 00:12:29,929 --> 00:12:38,570 the British were defeated. And what happened when Britain was defeated? In Great Britain 98 00:12:38,570 --> 00:12:48,090 it began the Civil War. In Great Britain it began the Civil War. And do you think that this Civil 99 00:12:48,090 --> 00:12:56,649 war have connections with a famous series which is called game of thrones luke would you explain 100 00:12:56,649 --> 00:13:05,610 the relationship between the civil war in england in britain and the famous series game of thrones 101 00:13:06,490 --> 00:13:12,570 yeah of course um so maybe some of you have seen game of thrones it's one of my personal favorite 102 00:13:12,570 --> 00:13:23,230 uh series um and the main families in game of thrones are right the lannisters no um which are 103 00:13:23,230 --> 00:13:33,070 loosely based on the lancaster family in the united kingdom and the starks are based on the 104 00:13:33,070 --> 00:13:40,809 the yorks so the lancaster and the yorks are the real families uh from this time period and that's 105 00:13:40,809 --> 00:13:47,929 where these um the most important families in game of thrones are based on on these two groups 106 00:13:48,649 --> 00:13:55,769 exactly right thank you so much so what happened after the hundred years war in britain it began 107 00:13:55,769 --> 00:14:02,570 the civil war because two different nobles families two different nobles families were 108 00:14:02,570 --> 00:14:11,129 fighting each other the lancaster family fought against the york family the lancaster family came 109 00:14:11,129 --> 00:14:19,850 from the south as it happened also in game of thrones and the york family came from the north 110 00:14:21,210 --> 00:14:26,809 and nobody won this civil war both sides were defeated 111 00:14:26,809 --> 00:14:33,809 That's why both families reached an important decision. 112 00:14:33,809 --> 00:14:41,610 They gave the power to the Tudor family, to the Tudor family. 113 00:14:41,610 --> 00:14:47,190 So this period was pretty bad for Great Britain because they were in decline. 114 00:14:47,190 --> 00:14:48,990 They were in crisis. 115 00:14:48,990 --> 00:14:55,929 So I will say that after the Hundred Years' War, England was in decline. 116 00:14:55,929 --> 00:15:02,169 However, in France, it began the Golden Age. 117 00:15:02,169 --> 00:15:09,610 After the period of Joan of Arc and the Hundred Years War, it was the moment when France had 118 00:15:09,610 --> 00:15:11,690 its own Golden Age. 119 00:15:11,690 --> 00:15:12,690 Why? 120 00:15:12,690 --> 00:15:19,730 Because the king recovered the power, there was more money after the Hundred Years War, 121 00:15:19,730 --> 00:15:23,690 there was a recovery in agriculture, in trading. 122 00:15:23,690 --> 00:15:31,750 the reason it began the golden age in France okay so we have explained yes 123 00:15:31,750 --> 00:15:36,649 can you repeat about the golden age please yes in France it began the golden 124 00:15:36,649 --> 00:15:42,509 age a period of mass brillante because there was a recovery in agriculture 125 00:15:42,509 --> 00:15:57,269 trading, kings recovered their power and it began the Golden Age. Okay? So now we 126 00:15:57,269 --> 00:16:04,590 are going to explain the second calamity of this century. In addition of 127 00:16:04,590 --> 00:16:10,830 fighting for more than one century they had another important 128 00:16:10,830 --> 00:16:19,570 calamity and I bet that is going to ring a bell for you it was the black death it 129 00:16:19,570 --> 00:16:29,600 was a black death which was a massive plague plaga okay so the second calamity 130 00:16:29,600 --> 00:16:39,440 was the black death which was a massive plague plaga which was caused which was 131 00:16:39,440 --> 00:16:47,299 caused by a virus, like now. Now we are living, regrettably, we are living the 132 00:16:47,299 --> 00:16:53,419 moment of the COVID-19, the coronavirus, and at that time they suffered another 133 00:16:53,419 --> 00:17:03,200 plague which was caused by another virus. It was the Black Death which lasted, pay 134 00:17:03,200 --> 00:17:16,890 attention from 1348 to 1352 so around almost five years it lasted almost five 135 00:17:16,890 --> 00:17:28,009 years and it began this plague came also from Mongolia it came also from the east 136 00:17:28,009 --> 00:17:36,630 The coronavirus came from China and this plague also came from the East. 137 00:17:36,630 --> 00:17:47,569 It began when the Mongols came to conquer the Crimean Peninsula. 138 00:17:47,569 --> 00:17:50,750 What happened in the Crimean Peninsula? 139 00:17:50,750 --> 00:17:57,750 The Crimean Peninsula belonged to the important city of Genoa in Italy. 140 00:17:58,009 --> 00:18:08,329 it belonged to the genoese people gino at that time in the middle age was an important city 141 00:18:08,329 --> 00:18:18,250 there were really important traders and they had other bases buses they had other bases of trading 142 00:18:19,690 --> 00:18:25,210 alongside the mediterranean sea for example they had another another important base 143 00:18:25,210 --> 00:18:34,869 in Sicily, Greece, and also in Dardanelles Strait, in what is now Turkey, and this place, 144 00:18:34,869 --> 00:18:40,930 the Crimean Peninsula, belonged also to the Genoese. 145 00:18:40,930 --> 00:18:49,170 But the Mongols came from the East in order to conquer the Crimean Peninsula, and in Jaffa, 146 00:18:49,170 --> 00:18:54,170 which was the most important city in the Crimean Peninsula, 147 00:18:54,609 --> 00:18:56,990 it took place a battle. 148 00:18:56,990 --> 00:19:01,990 It took place a battle between the Mongols and the Genoese. 149 00:19:02,789 --> 00:19:06,289 And in order to conquer the city, 150 00:19:06,289 --> 00:19:08,450 in order to conquer the city, 151 00:19:08,450 --> 00:19:13,190 the Mongols surrounded the city of Jaffa. 152 00:19:13,190 --> 00:19:16,650 The Mongols surrounded the city of Jaffa. 153 00:19:16,650 --> 00:19:18,730 They siege, 154 00:19:19,170 --> 00:19:28,849 They sieged the city of Jaffa, because Jaffa and the Crimean peninsula was a colony of the Genoese. 155 00:19:30,049 --> 00:19:40,769 And when they were there, the Mongols, in order to conquer this city, they dumped infected corpses. 156 00:19:40,769 --> 00:19:47,089 So, lanzaron cadáveres infectados. 157 00:19:47,089 --> 00:19:53,970 they dumped infected corpses to the city. 158 00:19:53,970 --> 00:20:02,930 Luis, can you repeat, it took place a battle between the Mongols and the Genovese? 159 00:20:02,930 --> 00:20:07,730 Yes, here it took place a battle between the Mongols and the Genovese. 160 00:20:07,730 --> 00:20:16,970 The Mongols had surrounded the city, they sieged the city 161 00:20:17,089 --> 00:20:36,089 And when the Mongols were there in order to conquer the city, they dumped infected corpses with the virus. 162 00:20:36,089 --> 00:20:44,089 So imagine this situation when all of this happened, the virus spread all over Europe. 163 00:20:44,089 --> 00:20:52,549 first to Greece then to Italy then to France and finally to the Iberian 164 00:20:52,549 --> 00:21:00,589 Peninsula and North Africa and also to Great Britain so exactly the same the 165 00:21:00,589 --> 00:21:11,819 same way that the coronavirus took so it's really really difficult because we 166 00:21:11,819 --> 00:21:19,619 can see we might see many many parallels from the way that the black days took we 167 00:21:19,619 --> 00:21:25,579 compare with the way that the coronavirus coronavirus took right now 168 00:21:25,579 --> 00:21:33,660 from this place from Crimea it spread to Greece to Italy France and from France 169 00:21:33,660 --> 00:21:40,619 to Great Britain and also to the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa so what was 170 00:21:40,619 --> 00:21:47,240 the result? Here we could see, we might see in another map, the way that the 171 00:21:47,240 --> 00:21:57,109 Black Death took. And what was the result of this virus? As a result of this virus, 172 00:21:57,109 --> 00:22:04,910 when the vessels from the Crimean Peninsula traveled alongside the 173 00:22:04,910 --> 00:22:11,789 Mediterranean Sea, the virus spread all over the Mediterranean Sea. And what was 174 00:22:11,789 --> 00:22:20,269 the result pay attention half of the population in europe died half of the population in europe died 175 00:22:21,390 --> 00:22:32,750 we are talking about 25 million people died 25 million people fortunately fortunately now we 176 00:22:32,750 --> 00:22:41,069 have hospitals we have doctors at that time they didn't they didn't have enough hospitals doctors 177 00:22:43,359 --> 00:22:59,359 Now we have machines to provide you oxygen, at that time they didn't and then they at that time also they didn't have enough measures of hygiene. 178 00:22:59,359 --> 00:23:05,359 Now we have running water, they didn't have running water, agua corriente at that time. 179 00:23:05,359 --> 00:23:13,359 So for this reason is important now for the virus that we are living to clean ourselves almost every day. 180 00:23:13,359 --> 00:23:20,640 to take us out where every day is important to maintain to keep the levels of hygiene 181 00:23:20,640 --> 00:23:27,380 to respect the quarantine the quarantines the quarantines were also at that time the 182 00:23:27,380 --> 00:23:44,430 only way to keep the virus aside to keep the virus at bay a raya so it was a very difficult 183 00:23:44,430 --> 00:23:51,470 very difficult to live at that moment in europe and also the the situation that we are living now 184 00:23:55,160 --> 00:24:01,690 and we are going to pay attention now to the symptoms of the plague 185 00:24:01,690 --> 00:24:05,450 luke could you read to my students the symptoms of this plague 186 00:24:08,009 --> 00:24:15,849 all right so what are the symptoms of the plague so on day one the first day um you might notice 187 00:24:15,849 --> 00:24:24,250 painful swellings called bubos appeared in the victim's armpits and groin these 188 00:24:24,250 --> 00:24:28,029 were usually about the size of an egg but could sometimes be as big as an 189 00:24:28,029 --> 00:24:37,910 apple. Swellings means inchazones llamadas bubas. Okay what happened in day two? 190 00:24:37,910 --> 00:24:45,940 Okay day two the victim vomited and developed a fever. Exactly the same like 191 00:24:45,940 --> 00:24:54,500 in the coronavirus yeah day three day three bleeding under the skin caused dark blotches 192 00:24:54,500 --> 00:25:03,039 or spots no blotches all over the body so the black death was even worse because it caused you 193 00:25:03,039 --> 00:25:15,059 dark blotches all over your body we copy the symptoms no no no this is only to no more i'm 194 00:25:15,059 --> 00:25:26,200 not going to ask this great for you man to learn more day four day four day four the disease 195 00:25:26,200 --> 00:25:33,720 attacked the nervous system this caused the victim to suffer spasms the victim was in terrible pain 196 00:25:33,720 --> 00:25:43,880 yes yeah um and day five uh sometimes the bubos would burst or explode 197 00:25:43,880 --> 00:25:49,519 no burst and a foul smelling black liquid oozed from the open boils 198 00:25:49,519 --> 00:25:59,380 yeah um when this happened the victim usually lived however in most cases the victim suffered 199 00:25:59,380 --> 00:26:08,579 of painful death exactly it was better if your bubbles burst because it was the way a way to 200 00:26:08,579 --> 00:26:20,740 survive and this uh virus came from the give me one minute it came the virus the way to transmit 201 00:26:20,740 --> 00:26:30,180 the virus came from the fleas pulgas and when the fleas bite the human beings it was the 202 00:26:30,180 --> 00:26:35,299 way to meet the virus ask me ask away what is what is 203 00:26:38,420 --> 00:26:39,140 what does it mean 204 00:26:50,740 --> 00:26:55,940 of the swelling before, to ooze means to expel the liquid. 205 00:26:57,440 --> 00:26:58,440 And it hurt? 206 00:26:59,440 --> 00:27:04,359 Of course, of course, it hurts a lot. 207 00:27:05,460 --> 00:27:07,759 But we explained the second calamity. 208 00:27:09,460 --> 00:27:13,859 And the only way to, it lasted, it lasted almost five years. 209 00:27:13,859 --> 00:27:18,960 And the only way that they have at that time to survive was 210 00:27:18,960 --> 00:27:26,079 to take extreme measures of hygiene and also to keep the quarantines, 211 00:27:26,079 --> 00:27:30,720 quarantines, the quarantines or the quarantines? The quarantines. 212 00:27:30,720 --> 00:27:33,519 Quarantines, mm-hmm. Quarantines. 213 00:27:33,519 --> 00:27:38,880 It was the only way to keep the virus at bay, 214 00:27:38,880 --> 00:27:43,359 mantenerlo a raya, to keep the virus at bay. 215 00:27:43,359 --> 00:27:48,920 And now we are going to finish with the third calamity, it was famine. 216 00:27:48,960 --> 00:27:51,359 So imagine, they suffer. 217 00:27:51,359 --> 00:27:54,799 It was terrible to live in this century in Europe 218 00:27:54,799 --> 00:27:58,460 because they had a huge war, a massive war. 219 00:27:58,460 --> 00:28:01,660 They have also a massive plague 220 00:28:01,660 --> 00:28:06,359 and they had to deal also with famine and brunas. 221 00:28:06,359 --> 00:28:08,299 Why? Because the 14th century, 222 00:28:08,299 --> 00:28:11,079 it was a period of heavy rainfall, 223 00:28:11,079 --> 00:28:13,420 lluvias muy fuertes. 224 00:28:13,420 --> 00:28:16,759 And as a consequence of this heavy rainfall, 225 00:28:16,759 --> 00:28:21,759 it flooded the crop fields in Undolos Campos. 226 00:28:23,559 --> 00:28:26,660 So it was terrible to live in the 14th century 227 00:28:26,660 --> 00:28:29,900 because they had to deal with famine. 228 00:28:29,900 --> 00:28:34,900 Famine and brunas, which were caused by heavy rainfall, 229 00:28:36,400 --> 00:28:41,400 lluvias muy fuertes, which flooded the crop fields. 230 00:28:41,420 --> 00:28:45,299 And as a result of that, as a result of that, 231 00:28:45,299 --> 00:28:56,180 The seeds, las semillas, were rotten, se pudrieron, and it destroyed the harvests, the crops, las cosechas. 232 00:28:57,779 --> 00:29:02,900 That's why they didn't have enough food. So it was terrible because due to the famine, 233 00:29:03,539 --> 00:29:10,900 they didn't have enough energy to fight against the virus, to fight against the Black Death. 234 00:29:11,779 --> 00:29:14,500 We are very fortunate today because we have enough food 235 00:29:15,619 --> 00:29:21,619 to fight against the coronavirus, but at that time, due to the famine, they didn't have enough 236 00:29:21,619 --> 00:29:29,299 bread, enough vitamins to fight against the Black Death. That's why many, many people died 237 00:29:30,180 --> 00:29:38,900 in this century. So, what were the consequences of these three important calamities? Class, 238 00:29:38,900 --> 00:29:47,140 we're about to finish. So, as I said before, half of the population died, half of the population 239 00:29:47,140 --> 00:29:58,779 died. Before the 14th century, the population was 80 million, but after the crisis, half 240 00:29:58,779 --> 00:30:08,759 of the population died and the population in Europe was more or less 45 million, which 241 00:30:08,759 --> 00:30:12,640 is now the population in Spain so the whole population at that time in Europe 242 00:30:12,640 --> 00:30:19,279 was 45 million which is now the population of Spain obviously after war 243 00:30:19,279 --> 00:30:27,180 plague and famine the economy was completely in decline agriculture was in 244 00:30:27,180 --> 00:30:36,480 crisis trading was in crisis there were many thieves in the roads and due to all 245 00:30:36,480 --> 00:30:46,480 of these problems the society was in conflict why because the nobles fought against the commoners 246 00:30:47,359 --> 00:30:53,839 and commoners in europe made a lot of revolutions in order to get food in order to improve their 247 00:30:53,839 --> 00:31:07,410 conditions so the society was in conflict because commoners fought against nobles commoners you know 248 00:31:08,369 --> 00:31:16,009 common people, peasants fought against the nobles. But I'm going to finish with 249 00:31:16,009 --> 00:31:24,009 one point, one optimistic point, because at the end of the 14th century and 250 00:31:24,009 --> 00:31:29,930 at the beginning of the 15th century there was a recovery in Europe. There was 251 00:31:29,930 --> 00:31:37,089 a recovery in Europe at the beginning of the 15th century. Why? Because the 252 00:31:37,089 --> 00:31:39,130 The population increased. 253 00:31:39,130 --> 00:31:41,309 There was an increase in population. 254 00:31:41,309 --> 00:31:43,289 At the beginning of the 15th century, 255 00:31:43,289 --> 00:31:45,569 there was an increase in population. 256 00:31:45,569 --> 00:31:47,670 Also agriculture improved. 257 00:31:48,509 --> 00:31:50,569 Trading also improved. 258 00:31:50,569 --> 00:31:54,329 If there were more food, they began to trade each other. 259 00:31:55,230 --> 00:31:57,950 Also it increased the level of security 260 00:31:57,950 --> 00:32:01,049 because kings had more power. 261 00:32:01,049 --> 00:32:03,990 So there was an increase in population. 262 00:32:03,990 --> 00:32:06,609 Agriculture and trading improved. 263 00:32:07,089 --> 00:32:13,490 there was uh there was more security at the beginning of the 15th century because kings 264 00:32:13,490 --> 00:32:19,730 recovered the power and they had the money they had the troops to provide security to their 265 00:32:19,730 --> 00:32:29,250 countries and obviously there were less conflicts okay it was the beginning of the modern age 266 00:32:30,210 --> 00:32:41,880 that you are going to study next year okay so at the beginning of the 15th century the situation 267 00:32:41,880 --> 00:32:49,799 improved and we are going to finish with this point when the situation improved there was a 268 00:32:49,799 --> 00:32:59,079 change also in the mindset in the mentality because in the middle ages who was more important 269 00:32:59,079 --> 00:33:07,160 god or the human beings so obviously it was a very religious society and god was more important than 270 00:33:07,160 --> 00:33:16,680 the human beings but now well i mean in the 15th century there was a change in this the mentality 271 00:33:16,680 --> 00:33:22,920 at that time because due to the three important calamities human beings change there was a change 272 00:33:22,920 --> 00:33:30,599 in their mentality they began to think that human beings were more important than god 273 00:33:31,640 --> 00:33:39,319 and it was the beginning of the renaissance it was the beginning of the renaissance el renacimiento 274 00:33:44,759 --> 00:33:48,359 it was the beginning of the renaissance el renacimiento 275 00:33:48,359 --> 00:33:53,240 in europe when human beings became more important than god 276 00:33:53,240 --> 00:33:59,119 and as a consequence there was a huge change in the mentality in the people at 277 00:33:59,119 --> 00:34:03,799 that time and it was the beginning due to this change it was the beginning of 278 00:34:03,799 --> 00:34:10,219 the modern age that you are going to study next year when the human beings 279 00:34:10,219 --> 00:34:18,079 were the center of everything instead of being God so we have finished a class we 280 00:34:18,079 --> 00:34:24,960 We have finished, and now Luis is going to ask you many, many questions, and I'm going 281 00:34:24,960 --> 00:34:25,960 to give you positives. 282 00:34:25,960 --> 00:34:31,210 Okay. 283 00:34:31,210 --> 00:34:36,710 Well, does anyone have any questions for Luis before we get started? 284 00:34:36,710 --> 00:34:38,710 Nope. 285 00:34:38,710 --> 00:34:40,710 Okay. 286 00:34:40,710 --> 00:34:43,610 Well, very good. 287 00:34:43,610 --> 00:34:48,010 So let's just go for it. 288 00:34:48,010 --> 00:34:49,090 First question. 289 00:34:49,090 --> 00:35:02,239 question is why did the Hundred Years War start? What were the causes? So raise your hand. I will 290 00:35:02,239 --> 00:35:12,980 choose you. Can you repeat please? Yes. The question was what was why did the Hundred Years War start?