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Okay. Did I answer your questions? Great.

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So let's talk about the consolidation and advance of the Christian kingdoms from the 11th up to the 13th century.

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If you can see here this map, class, you will see that in this part of the topic, we are going to analyze how Castile and Aragon,

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Castile and Aragon, which were the most important kingdoms in the medieval time, in these centuries

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plus, they are going to consolidate their kingdoms first, they are going to be more powerful,

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and they are going to take advantage of the Muslims. Why? Van a sacar ventaja de los

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musulmanes they are going to take advantage of the muslims because the muslims had internal problems

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during the taifa kingdoms had internal problems and also later on and castile and aragon as a

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consequence of that we are going to analyze in this part of the lesson how both countries are

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going to take advantage of this situation. They took advantage and they conquered more

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and more territories against the Muslims. So I would say, as an introduction for the topic,

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that the Christian kingdoms from the 11th century up to the 13th century became more powerful,

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more than before. They had better armies, more money, and as a consequence,

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they extended their territories they extended their territories

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because they became more powerful they extended the reconquest as they took advantage of the

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muslim problems as they took advantage of the muslim problems during the taifa kingdoms

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So in this part of the lesson, from the 11th century up to the 13th century, we are going

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to analyze how Castile and Aragon became more powerful than before, they had more money,

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they had more money to invest in their troops, in their soldiers, in their armies, and they

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took advantage of this situation.

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They conquered more and more territories, taking advantage of the Muslim problems during

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the Taifa kingdoms.

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So today, class, we are going to analyze the evolution in only two different Christian

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kingdoms.

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We are going to analyze what happened in Castile and also we are going to travel to Portugal.

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today Castile and Portugal. Let's talk about the evolution in Castile. What happened in

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the kingdoms of Castile, León and Portugal from the 11th up to the 13th century? Write

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down the title that we are going to analyze today, the Kingdom of Castile. We are going

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to see the development or in the kingdoms of castile leon and portugal from the 11th

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up to the 13th century who was the most important king at that time in castile

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we are going to talk about it in a minute did you write it class yes yes okay yes

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yes great great so let's start by looking what happened in castille castille class in the 13th

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century became only one kingdom and the most the most powerful in the iberian peninsula and do you

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You know why? Because in the 13th century, there was one king who was Ferdinand III, Fernando III, Ferdinand III the Saint.

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He received his nickname, Suapodo, because he was very, very religious.

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he strongly he strongly believed in the catholic king

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he was very religious and this is the moment

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when castile and leon became only one kingdom they were unified

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they were unified by fernando the third okay

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So in the year 1230, the king, Fernando III, became the king in Castile and also in León.

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Castile in León, and León became only one kingdom, but it received the name only of Castile.

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So Castile was the most powerful kingdom in the 13th century.

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And Castile became the most powerful kingdom because they were the ones class who defeated

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the Almohads in the battle of Navas de Tolosa.

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So why did Castile become the most important kingdom in the 13th century?

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they were the ones who defeated the Almohads in the Battle of Navas de Tolosa.

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That's why Fernando III, a saint, El Santo, was so powerful.

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And after the Battle of Navas de Tolosa, Ferdinand III, Fernando III, took an important decision.

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Navas de Tolosa, you know that the Battle of Navas de Tolosa took place here in Jaén.

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After the Battle of Navas de Tolosa, Ferdinand III conquered first the Guadalquivir Valley.

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We talked about it in the previous class.

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He conquered the Guadalquivir Valley and also Extremadura, what is now Extremadura.

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extremadura the name of extremadura came from latin from the language from the latin

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and it means x means far away masaya and

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dura came from doido from the river duero and it means extremadura meant at that time

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el territorio que está más allá del duero.

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So we need to remember Fernando the saint

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because he conquered two important places.

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First, he conquered the Guadalquivir Valley

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and after that, the territory of Extremadura, okay?

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Let's carry on.

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So it was true that Fernando the third

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in the year 1230 conquered the Guadalquivir Valley

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Extremadura and later on his son we need to remember also his son Alfonso X carrying on

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conquering more territories for the reconquest we need to remember Alfonso X because he was the one

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who conquered Cadiz and Murcia for the Christians so after Fernando III the saint

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Alfonso X, his son, was the one who was able to conquer Cadiz and Murcia.

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So the territories for the Almohads, for the Muslims, became narrower than before.

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They were losing their territory.

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So Castile was the kingdom which conquered Murcia.

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And that's why in Murcia, if you travel to Murcia now, they are going to talk in Castilian, Castellano. However, if you travel to Alicante, they, some people talk in Valencia because Alicante was conquered by the Kingdom of Aragon.

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However, in the state of that, Murcia was conquered by the Castilians.

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That's why they are talking now in Castilian.

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This is only to Romo.

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So this is the situation.

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This is the situation in the year 1230.

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Ferdinand III, the saint, became the most powerful king at the time.

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Castile managed to be joined forces with León and it was the most important kingdom and

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Ferdinand III was the one who conquered the Guadalquivir valley and Extremadura and then

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his son Alfonso X, Cadiz and Murcia.

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So what happened next?

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This is the situation in Castile.

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explained how Castile became the most powerful kingdom. And now we are going to travel to

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Portugal. What happened in Portugal at that time? Portugal became an independent kingdom from

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León in this year, in 1143. Before that, Portugal belonged to León and Castile.

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So, there was a moment in history when Portuguese people belonged to the same kingdom of León and Castile.

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But in the year 1143, they got the independence.

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The year 1143, this king, Alfonso I, sorry for the names because all kings at that time were called Alfonso's.

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In this case, Afonso I, because it's in Portuguese.

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During the time of Afonso I, it was the moment when Portugal got the independence from León and Castile in 1143.

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And the first capital was Coimbra.

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This is, by the way, Afonso I, with the symbol of Portugal, the cross, and the Catholic Church,

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because they were very religious, they strongly believed in the Catholic Church,

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and they got the symbol of the cross.

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And the first capital was Coimbra.

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This marvelous city, now is a university.

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Luis?

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Yes, Maria?

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Can you repeat the second mind map?

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This one.

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Yes, but...

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Slower. Maria? I can hear.

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We can hear Maria. Could you turn off the microphones?

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Yes, we have the mic.

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sorry what was your question the second this that if you could repeat the second line map but

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without them this one or that one but

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in this in this uh my map this the first part of this one this one we explained it before so

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that's why i didn't repeat it again we explained sorry the previous one

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tell me in spanish

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okay but you explain it you wrote it down before that's why because we explained this

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part about Fernando III and Alfonso X, so don't worry. We are here. We are here in Portugal.

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So as I said before, Portugal became independent in 1143. It was the moment when they got the

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independence from León. And why did Portugal want the independence from León? Because the counts

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from portugal this family in portugal came from france they talk in a language similar to the

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french the its culture came from france and they wanted to have more power they didn't want to

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belong to leon and that's why these counts in portugal wanted to be kings and the first

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count who became king was a forms of the first in the year 1143

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when he got the independence from leon because remember affonso the first came from france

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He talked in another language, in French, and he didn't want to be part of León and Castile anymore.

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So the first capital of Portugal was... what capital?

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Coimbra.

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Coimbra, which is a marvellous place, now it's a university city.

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The university, one of the most prestigious universities in the world is in Coimbra.

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This is a really marvellous place.

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place we are going to go there when we finish this period of quarantine coimbra we must go there and

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it was the first capital for the portuguese over the river duero so we need to remember

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affonso the first because he was the one who managed to get the independence and also he

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established the capital in coimbra and the border in the river tegus in the river tahoe

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so affonso i was really important also because in the year 1147 he conquered up to the the

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the territories up to the river Tegus, Tajo.

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So he settled the border in the river Tegus, Tajo,

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and in this important city of Lisbon, Lisboa.

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But Coimbra was the capital at that time.

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So Alfonso I was really important,

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was so important because he got independence from Leon

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He settled the first capital in Coimbra and he conquered in 1147 up to the river Tegus,

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up to the river Tahoe, up to the city, what is now the city of Lisbon.

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What happened next in Portugal?

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So in Portugal was so important the 12th century during the time of Afonso I and also the 13th century.

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what happened in the 13th century class? Afonso III, who was the Afonso I's grandson,

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was also important for Portugal because he was the one who extended the territory from Lisbon

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up to the south, up to the Algarve. Afonso III was the one who defeated the Muslims

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from lisbon up to the algarve on the coast close to huelva can you repeat yes affonso the fair

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affonso the third king affonso the third you know uh affonso the first grandson was the one who

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conquered

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from Lisbon

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up to the Algarve in the

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south

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he defeated the Muslims

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from the territory from Lisbon

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up to the Algarve

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he expelled them

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he expelled them

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from Portugal

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the vast majority of them

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the vast majority of the Muslims

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were driven to North Africa

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to what is now what country

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Morocco, exactly.

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Morocco.

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Yes.

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This is the territory of the Algarve.

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Another really beautiful place with its marvelous beaches in the Algarve.

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Now it's a touristic place.

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Teresa, do you have a question?

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No te escucho bien porque se te corta y hay gente que todavía tiene los micrófonos.

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Okay, turn off your microphones, please.

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Y se te corta la voz como si no tuvieses cobertura.

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Está como entrecortado.

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Sí.

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¿Es verdad?

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Hugo, apaga el micrófono.

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Okay.

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Now everybody is in silence, Teresa.

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So it has to work.

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Okay.

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Can you repeat the last part?

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Yes

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Don't worry

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So also in the 13th century

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we need to remember Alfonso

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Alfonso III

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Why? Because Alfonso III

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was Alfonso I's

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grandson

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managed to conquer

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from Lisbon

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up to the territories in the Algarve

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He expelled Muslims

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from there

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so the vast majority of them

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the vast majority of the Muslims

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were driven to North Africa

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okay

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this is the territory of

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Algarve now it's a

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touristic place

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many many people in Portugal went there

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during the summer

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and it was Afonso III who

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conquered these territories

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for the Christians

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so

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yes

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Can you put the other mind map? Or is this?

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It's the same.

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Okay, nothing.

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So what was the main consequence when the Portuguese conquered the territory of the Algarve?

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The main consequence was the following.

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Lisbon in the 13th century became the capital for the Portuguese.

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Lisbon became the capital. This is the medieval city of Lisbon with the symbol of the cross.

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This is the medieval neighborhood in Lisbon. It was called Alfama. This is the old medieval

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city in Lisbon. And now we have here in another picture Lisbon from another perspective. But

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The main consequence was that when Alfonso III conquered the Algarve, as a consequence

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of that, Lisbon became the capital.

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When the Portuguese conquered up to the Algarve, they made an alliance with England.

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This is also really important.

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In the 13th century, when they conquered up to the territory of the Algarve, the Portuguese

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made an alliance with England.

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In the year 1385, Portugal and England made an alliance and do you know why?

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Because Castile and Leon wanted to recover Portugal.

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So again, in the year 1385, Portugal and England made an alliance, because Castile...

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An alliance?

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Alianza.

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I'm going to write it down for you, Sara.

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They made an alliance, so they became allies, Portugal and England in the year 1385, because

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Because Castile and Leon wanted to recover the territories in Portugal.

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They knew that the Portuguese reached up to the Algarve territory and Castile and Leon

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wanted to recover Portugal.

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The Castilians and the Leonese made an army.

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They were preparing an army to recover again Portugal and that's why the Portuguese made

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an alliance with England.

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So obviously there was an important battle between Portugal and England against Castile.

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It was the Battle of Aljubarrota, really important for the Portuguese people, really important

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for the Portuguese people if you travel to Portugal, there are many, many monuments in

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honor of the Aljubarrota battle which took place in 1385 and in this battle Portugal and England

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fought against Castile and who were the winners?

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Who were the winners? Who was defeated? Portugal and England were the winners

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and that's why Portugal consolidated its independence. Portugal and England were

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the winners and that's why Portugal consolidated its independence. In the

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year 1386, one year after the battle, Portugal and England signed a treaty.

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They signed a treaty. It was the Treaty of Windsor in 1386. One year later on, after the battle, they signed a treaty, Portugal and England.

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And actually, the King of Portugal, John I, married one queen from England, Philippa of Lancaster.

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and from that moment

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I'm explaining all of this

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from that moment

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Portugal

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Portugal and England

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became allies

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they had an alliance

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they had an alliance

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from that moment

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I will say

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I will say up to

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the year, pay attention

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I'm going to write it down for you

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they had an alliance

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Portugal and England from the year 1385 up to the year 1802 so imagine it was an

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alliance so important for Portugal it was Portugal so it was a weak Kingdom

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they didn't have enough territories and that's why it was really important for

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portugal to make an alliance with england which lasted very long yes ask me and can you repeat the

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year the alliance finished? Yes, in 1802, in the year 1802.

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The alliance lasted from the Treaty of Windsor in 1386 up to 1802, exactly.

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Well done, because in the year 1385 was the Battle of Arrubarrota.

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So it was an alliance which lasted very long and from that moment Portugal became an ally from England

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and Castile was his main enemy.

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so the ally was England the enemy was Castile and actually now if you travel

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to Portugal you could see you might see the special relationship between

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Portugal and England they had a lot of in common they were traders they trade

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together Portugal sold products to England and England in exchange for that

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sold products to Portugal they were allies from that moment from the Middle

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Ages up to the modern age and Castile was the enemy of Portugal and that's why

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now is different because we have more relationships with the Portuguese people

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but in the past we had less relationships than England and this is

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the end of the lesson