1 00:00:01,520 --> 00:00:06,339 In this video we are going to begin with the unit 2 so we are going to study liberalism and nationalism 2 00:00:07,940 --> 00:00:12,660 As you are going to see liberalism is going to be divided in two types of liberalism 3 00:00:13,279 --> 00:00:16,480 Political liberalism that is going to be related with the relation 4 00:00:16,780 --> 00:00:23,620 Between the government the person that is ruling the country and the ruled people. It means the citizens 5 00:00:24,199 --> 00:00:29,980 And economic liberalism is related with the economy and finally the idea of nationalism 6 00:00:29,980 --> 00:00:34,560 So let's start with liberalism. First, what is liberalism? 7 00:00:34,560 --> 00:00:41,460 So as you can see we are going to talk about political liberalism and this political liberalism is based on the ideas of 8 00:00:42,880 --> 00:00:47,079 Rousseau, Montesquieu, Voltaire and John Locke. It means all the 9 00:00:47,880 --> 00:00:49,299 Enlightenment ideas 10 00:00:49,299 --> 00:00:54,840 and this political liberalism first of all is going to defend the 11 00:00:55,420 --> 00:00:58,320 the freedom and the individual rights of the population 12 00:00:58,320 --> 00:01:17,319 So this idea of freedom of individual rights means that the population of a country must be free, free to vote, free to elect, and that everyone is going to be equal because all of them are going to have individual rights. 13 00:01:17,319 --> 00:01:22,700 rights so we are going to be we are going to have all right to vote we are 14 00:01:22,700 --> 00:01:30,040 going to have all right to to believe on what we want the right to to a speech 15 00:01:30,040 --> 00:01:37,420 okay to to a speech freely or speak freely about anything we want etc so the 16 00:01:37,420 --> 00:01:42,879 idea of liberalism means everyone is going to be equal we are going to have 17 00:01:42,879 --> 00:01:47,620 all the same rights and second we are going to be free because we are going to 18 00:01:47,620 --> 00:01:57,659 select we are going to elect our our government or our ruler freely second 19 00:01:57,659 --> 00:02:03,319 this liberalism is going to be based on the idea of equality before the law it 20 00:02:03,319 --> 00:02:09,460 means everyone is going to be equal before the law this means that there is 21 00:02:09,460 --> 00:02:15,400 not going to be privileges so everyone is going to be judged in the same way 22 00:02:15,400 --> 00:02:22,419 as I feel they watch it is nobler Clara or serious campesino she commences 23 00:02:22,419 --> 00:02:26,860 el mismo crimen versus who'd gather them and they want that's equality before the 24 00:02:26,860 --> 00:02:31,840 law okay so even if you are a novel if you are part of the clergy or you are 25 00:02:31,840 --> 00:02:37,719 just a peasant if you made the same crime okay you are going to be judged in 26 00:02:37,719 --> 00:02:44,039 the same way okay the law is going to be applied to you in the same way so that's 27 00:02:44,039 --> 00:02:48,580 equality before the law there is not going to be privileges in the society we 28 00:02:48,580 --> 00:02:54,780 are going to have a society based on money so if you are in the top of the 29 00:02:54,780 --> 00:02:58,460 societies because you have more money if you are in the bottom of the societies 30 00:02:58,460 --> 00:03:04,539 because you have less less money but the law is going to be applied equally to 31 00:03:04,539 --> 00:03:12,240 you in spite of the fact that you have a lot of money or you have a few so that's equality before 32 00:03:12,240 --> 00:03:18,400 the law also we are going to talk about national sovereignty the idea of national sovereignty means 33 00:03:18,400 --> 00:03:28,479 everyone everyone um the the i mean the the power is going to reside is going to be laid on people 34 00:03:28,479 --> 00:03:35,479 it means God is not going to elect the monarch is the population why because 35 00:03:35,479 --> 00:03:39,939 the power is not going to be in the monarch is not going to be in God is 36 00:03:39,939 --> 00:03:44,979 going to be in the population in the nation that is why we talk about 37 00:03:44,979 --> 00:03:54,000 national sovereignty okay the nation is going to have the power okay so this the 38 00:03:54,000 --> 00:04:01,199 nation is going to elect the ruler. Why? Because everyone is going to have the 39 00:04:01,199 --> 00:04:05,400 same rights, everyone is going to have freedom, is going to be free to vote and 40 00:04:05,400 --> 00:04:12,840 because everyone is equal before the law. So if we have, if we believe on national 41 00:04:12,840 --> 00:04:17,240 sovereignty is because we believe in inequality before the law, everyone is 42 00:04:17,240 --> 00:04:22,980 going to be equal before the law and because we believe that everyone 43 00:04:22,980 --> 00:04:31,079 must have the same individual rights and the freedom to elect the ruler so that's 44 00:04:31,079 --> 00:04:37,860 the idea of national sovereignty where the liberalism is based also on the idea 45 00:04:37,860 --> 00:04:42,720 of separation of powers it means executive legislative and judiciary so 46 00:04:42,720 --> 00:04:48,000 the king or the ruler is not going to have all the powers and also 47 00:04:48,000 --> 00:04:52,439 liberalism is going to be based on the creation of a basic law called 48 00:04:52,439 --> 00:04:58,839 constitution and this constitution remember is based on the idea of social contract a contract 49 00:04:58,839 --> 00:05:07,720 between the ruler and the rule people so that's the idea this constitution is going to is going 50 00:05:07,720 --> 00:05:14,279 to control or limit the power of the king and is going to embody this national sovereignty is going 51 00:05:14,279 --> 00:05:21,079 to represent this national sovereignty why because this constitution is going to be voted by the 52 00:05:21,079 --> 00:05:27,980 population in this constitution the population is going to set the role of 53 00:05:27,980 --> 00:05:35,839 the king the powers of the key the limit limited powers of the key and this 54 00:05:35,839 --> 00:05:41,620 Constitution is going to establish also the separation of power is the main the 55 00:05:41,620 --> 00:05:47,839 most important a law or the main law in the country so remember the area of 56 00:05:47,839 --> 00:05:53,160 social contract and constitution is a Rousseau idea is an idea of Rousseau Rousseau's idea 57 00:05:53,160 --> 00:06:01,040 separation of powers is the was proposed first by John Locke and after that Montesquieu the 58 00:06:01,040 --> 00:06:07,639 idea of national sovereignty was proposed by Rousseau and the equality before the law of 59 00:06:07,639 --> 00:06:14,720 freedom of individual rights rights was proposed by John Locke in the 18th century so these ideas 60 00:06:14,720 --> 00:06:22,279 of John Locke these ideas of Montesquieu and Rousseau are going to create this 61 00:06:22,279 --> 00:06:32,089 political liberalism this ideology that we call political liberalism the other 62 00:06:32,089 --> 00:06:38,029 the other liberalism is economic liberalism and we have already studied 63 00:06:38,029 --> 00:06:45,350 this economic liberalism so the basis of economic liberalism were set or 64 00:06:45,350 --> 00:06:52,069 proposed by Adam Smith okay here you have Adam Smith he wrote this 65 00:06:52,069 --> 00:06:58,910 this book the wealth of nations in 1776 and he established the three main ideas 66 00:06:58,910 --> 00:07:03,949 of this economic liberalism the first idea is that the state should not 67 00:07:03,949 --> 00:07:11,529 intervene on economy it means the state must not establish extra tax extra taxes 68 00:07:11,529 --> 00:07:32,189 It means no tools, no tolls, sorry, aduanas to eliminate the tolls, to reduce the amount of taxes in order to encourage or promote the freedom of movement of the goods and the traders and the merchants. 69 00:07:32,189 --> 00:07:58,949 So the idea is the state must not set the prices, the quality, the quantity, the state must not create new taxes or new tolls, they prefer the state not to have all these things, no taxes, no tolls, no prices set, etc., in order to encourage the economy to grow, because he believes in the law of the offer and demand, the supply and demand. 70 00:07:58,949 --> 00:08:18,949 Second, he is going to support the idea of freedom of business, it means you can create your own company and you are going to compete with the other companies based on the idea of the law of supply and demand 71 00:08:18,949 --> 00:08:26,470 so no guilds he is going to be against the guilds so what he is going to support is not to set the 72 00:08:26,470 --> 00:08:33,029 prices not to set the quality not to set the quantity okay just to create different companies 73 00:08:33,029 --> 00:08:40,370 that they are going to compete one to the other that one with you and finally the idea of the law 74 00:08:40,370 --> 00:08:47,149 supply and demand we have already studied this and we and we explained in class that if the supply 75 00:08:47,149 --> 00:08:52,269 is high it means we have a lot of products to sell but the demand it means the population the 76 00:08:52,269 --> 00:08:59,470 customers the number of customers that they want to buy this these products is low so the price 77 00:08:59,470 --> 00:09:05,549 is going to decrease okay if the supply is high and the demand is low the price is going to decrease 78 00:09:06,110 --> 00:09:10,509 okay because we have a lot of products to sell but we have a few people to buy them 79 00:09:10,509 --> 00:09:19,750 so that's why this low supply and demand establishes that that the price is going 80 00:09:19,750 --> 00:09:24,309 to be set due to this relation between the supply and demand a high supply and 81 00:09:24,309 --> 00:09:34,669 a low demand means low prices and on the other way if the supplies are a few okay 82 00:09:34,669 --> 00:09:39,549 and the demand is really high it means we have a few products to sell but we 83 00:09:39,549 --> 00:09:44,049 have a lot of people to buy them that they want to buy their products the 84 00:09:44,049 --> 00:09:49,870 price of the products is going to increase okay so that's the law of 85 00:09:49,870 --> 00:09:55,809 supply and demand if the supply is high and the demand is low the price is going 86 00:09:55,809 --> 00:10:01,350 to decrease if the supply is low and the demand is high the price is going to 87 00:10:01,350 --> 00:10:07,129 increase okay this is what is explained here when the supply exceeds the demand 88 00:10:07,129 --> 00:10:12,450 the producers have to reduce the prices to stimulate sales. Similarly, when the 89 00:10:12,450 --> 00:10:22,129 demand is higher than supply, buyers are pushing up the price of goods, okay? So if 90 00:10:22,129 --> 00:10:26,990 you look at this explanation, what you can see is economic liberalism 91 00:10:26,990 --> 00:10:32,190 means no intervention in economy, what they want is freedom of business, they 92 00:10:32,190 --> 00:10:36,289 don't want the state to intervene and just let the relation between the supply 93 00:10:36,289 --> 00:10:44,629 and demand with no loss okay to control this supply and demand okay so let do let do the 94 00:10:44,629 --> 00:10:53,350 economy okay let let the economy to interact and to evolve freely so that's why the motto 95 00:10:53,350 --> 00:11:00,389 a lemma is let do let pass in in french is let se faire let se passer it means let do the economy 96 00:11:00,389 --> 00:11:05,990 let pass not intervene there must not be intervention in the economy in the economy 97 00:11:05,990 --> 00:11:13,730 okay so that's the economic liberalism and it's the basis of our economic system nowadays 98 00:11:13,730 --> 00:11:20,009 as well as the political liberalism is the basis of our political system nowadays 99 00:11:20,009 --> 00:11:27,710 finally we need to talk about nationalism and its consequences okay first of all what we need to do 100 00:11:27,710 --> 00:11:34,509 to describe to define what is a nation a nation is a group of people with the same language 101 00:11:35,149 --> 00:11:44,830 with the same um as i said the same language the same um the same language the same culture 102 00:11:44,830 --> 00:11:51,230 and also they are going to live inside the same frontiers the same boundaries 103 00:11:51,950 --> 00:11:57,549 okay so a nation is a group of people that they share they they share the language 104 00:11:57,710 --> 00:12:05,929 the culture and the frontiers so nationalism is an ideology that is going 105 00:12:05,929 --> 00:12:12,049 to propose or is going to support the idea of a nation that a nation 106 00:12:12,049 --> 00:12:19,370 any nation has the right to create their own state it means if there is a nation 107 00:12:19,370 --> 00:12:23,750 it means a group of people with the same language the same culture and the same 108 00:12:23,750 --> 00:12:30,750 frontiers they are going to have the right el derecho to create their own nation that is why 109 00:12:30,750 --> 00:12:35,769 in spain catalonia that they have the same language that they have the same frontiers 110 00:12:35,769 --> 00:12:43,610 that they have the same um that they have the same culture they want to be independent because they 111 00:12:43,610 --> 00:12:52,769 they are going to propose the independence idea based on nationalism okay so nationalism is this 112 00:12:52,769 --> 00:13:02,500 ideology that is going to establish that a nation has the right to create their own state so what 113 00:13:02,500 --> 00:13:07,200 is going to happen due to nationalism that we have if we have a state with more than one nation 114 00:13:07,200 --> 00:13:13,399 inside these nations are going to are they are going to want to create their own state for 115 00:13:13,399 --> 00:13:23,100 example catalonia the vast country calitria etc but if we have a nation and more than one country 116 00:13:23,100 --> 00:13:33,100 Inside these nations, they are going to be unified. That is what is going to happen in Italy and Germany, we are going to see it now. 117 00:13:33,100 --> 00:13:41,100 So let's see, nationalism means the right or the ideology that defends the right of a nation to create their own state. 118 00:13:41,100 --> 00:13:47,100 Look at this map, you can see in Europe different nations inside the same boundaries. 119 00:13:47,100 --> 00:13:51,840 for example France is most of France is going to have the same ethnic group but 120 00:13:51,840 --> 00:13:56,940 as you can see the Britannia and Alsace and Lorraine they have a different 121 00:13:56,940 --> 00:14:04,019 nation or in Spain Galicia and Portugal form the same nation while Catalonia 122 00:14:04,019 --> 00:14:08,500 Baleares and Valencia they they form the same nation as well as the Basque 123 00:14:08,500 --> 00:14:15,659 country and Navarre they form the same nation Italy most of Italy is going to 124 00:14:15,659 --> 00:14:20,860 have the same ethnic groups ethnic group but for example Germany Germany is going to have the same 125 00:14:20,860 --> 00:14:28,240 ethnic group as most of Switzerland part of a part of France that is Alsace and Lorraine Luxembourg 126 00:14:28,240 --> 00:14:37,240 and Austria and part of Italy so the is you if you see okay the idea of nationalism is 127 00:14:37,240 --> 00:14:45,500 one nation must have or or has the right to create their own country so for example if we follow this 128 00:14:45,500 --> 00:14:54,740 rule Spain must be more than one country, Galicia should be with Portugal, Valencia 129 00:14:54,740 --> 00:14:58,659 and Catalonia along with Baleares should create their own country, the Basque 130 00:14:58,659 --> 00:15:02,120 country and Navarre they should create their own country and the rest of Spain 131 00:15:02,120 --> 00:15:07,759 must be another country. Also France, Bretagne must be independent, these two 132 00:15:07,759 --> 00:15:13,340 territories must be add to Catalonia and Valencia and Baleares as well as 133 00:15:13,340 --> 00:15:18,620 switzerland austria part of italy and part of france and luxembourg must be part of germany 134 00:15:19,179 --> 00:15:24,220 so that's the idea of nationalism we have a nation a group with the same language the same 135 00:15:24,779 --> 00:15:28,379 culture and the same boundaries and they have the right to create their own state 136 00:15:29,100 --> 00:15:35,179 that's why this nationalism that spread across europe in the 19th century have two consequences 137 00:15:35,740 --> 00:15:40,620 if we have a plurinational empire it means an empire with more than one nation inside 138 00:15:40,620 --> 00:15:46,139 they are going to try they are going to go they are going to split up they are going to divide 139 00:15:46,139 --> 00:15:52,779 in different countries for example austria russia or turkey let's see here we have the austrian 140 00:15:52,779 --> 00:15:59,019 empire here we have the russian empire and here we have the ottoman the turkish empire the ottoman 141 00:15:59,019 --> 00:16:05,659 empire you see greece is inside the ottoman empire so greece is going to turn independent 142 00:16:05,659 --> 00:16:12,940 due to nationalism. For example, the Austrian Empire is going to have in present-day Austria, 143 00:16:12,940 --> 00:16:19,899 present-day Hungary, present-day Czech Republic or Slovakia, etc., as well as Russia, Estonia, 144 00:16:19,899 --> 00:16:29,659 Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Ukraine, etc. So what we are going to see is in Europe these empires 145 00:16:29,659 --> 00:16:36,940 are going to be divided into different countries due to nationalism for example these are the 146 00:16:36,940 --> 00:16:44,139 nations the ethnic groups inside the austrian empire so this austrian empire is going to be 147 00:16:44,139 --> 00:16:50,299 divided into different countries for example croatia is this one nowadays present day or 148 00:16:50,299 --> 00:17:00,570 eslovenia this is russia and the different national groups kazakhstan uzbekistan turbanistan 149 00:17:00,570 --> 00:17:07,690 tajikistan ukraine all these territories with different nations are going to create a new 150 00:17:08,730 --> 00:17:16,569 nation so one nation one state that's the idea of nationalism and of course if we have 151 00:17:16,569 --> 00:17:22,210 for example Italy is one nation but we have in Italy more than one country so 152 00:17:22,210 --> 00:17:26,289 what is going to happen due to nationalism all these territories are 153 00:17:26,289 --> 00:17:32,029 going to be unified based on this idea or Germany Germany we have Prussia we 154 00:17:32,029 --> 00:17:37,329 have Hanover Baviera part of Austria so Germany is going to be created it's 155 00:17:37,329 --> 00:17:44,509 going to be unified due to this idea of one nation one country or for example 156 00:17:44,509 --> 00:17:49,730 the El Reino de los Países Bajos okay the Kingdom of the Netherlands is going 157 00:17:49,730 --> 00:17:53,509 to be divided into Belgium and the Netherlands because Belgium and the 158 00:17:53,509 --> 00:18:00,259 Netherlands are two different nations so examples Greece is going to turn 159 00:18:00,259 --> 00:18:05,599 independent because was part of the Ottoman Empire but they they formed the 160 00:18:05,599 --> 00:18:10,099 same the one nation so Greece is going to turn independent in the 19th century 161 00:18:10,099 --> 00:18:16,460 second Italy and Germany is going to create one only one nation based on the 162 00:18:16,460 --> 00:18:21,859 idea of one only one country based on the idea of one country one nation as 163 00:18:21,859 --> 00:18:30,539 well as Italy and the Belgian Revolution is going to divide the kingdom of the 164 00:18:30,539 --> 00:18:34,720 Netherlands that was the Netherlands and Belgium in two countries why this 165 00:18:34,720 --> 00:18:39,220 division between the Netherlands and Belgium because Belgium's they will 166 00:18:39,220 --> 00:18:46,099 speak a different language French and Balloon and the Netherlands are 167 00:18:46,099 --> 00:18:54,259 speaking Dutch. Also in the Netherlands they believe in Calvinism, one of the branches of 168 00:18:54,259 --> 00:19:00,420 Christianism, and in Belgium they are Catholics. So there is a clear division between these two 169 00:19:00,420 --> 00:19:10,900 territories. Here we have one nation, Belgium, based on Catholicism and a different language, 170 00:19:10,900 --> 00:19:17,220 and the Netherlands based on a different language Dutch and a different religion that is going to be 171 00:19:17,220 --> 00:19:23,619 a protestant religion Calvinism so what we are going to see due to this Belgian revolution 172 00:19:25,299 --> 00:19:32,180 that is a national revolution is the division between these two countries so nationalism 173 00:19:32,180 --> 00:19:38,180 is going to or divide plurinational states it means an estate with more than one nation inside 174 00:19:38,180 --> 00:19:43,700 or to unify different countries that form one nation. 175 00:19:45,140 --> 00:19:50,099 And with this we finish with the definition of liberalism and nationalism. 176 00:19:50,099 --> 00:19:54,259 The first Atlantic Revolution is the American Revolution. 177 00:19:54,259 --> 00:20:01,539 We have already studied it with Jenna, so in the next class we will begin with the French Revolution.