1 00:00:02,029 --> 00:00:22,269 Well, let's explain the passive voice. On page 226 of our book, we can see the following theory on the passive voice. We form the passive using the verb to be, I'm just here, and the past participle. 2 00:00:22,269 --> 00:00:33,990 Guys, you need to have clear the irregular verbs in the third column because many past participle verbs or forms belong to the irregular verbs. 3 00:00:34,189 --> 00:00:38,450 You know that the regular one is ended in "-ity", obviously. 4 00:00:38,850 --> 00:00:49,590 We have here in this chart, I'm not going to pay attention to this for a long time, different tenses, present simple, continuous, present perfect, etc. 5 00:00:49,590 --> 00:01:00,990 And this way, we can see how the passive is formed with the verb to be in one of these tenses and the past participle of the verb used. 6 00:01:01,149 --> 00:01:05,849 For example, still stolen, hold held, released, taken, etc. 7 00:01:07,129 --> 00:01:11,810 The passive is used, I'm just here, to focus attention. 8 00:01:12,030 --> 00:01:15,230 And this is the key point when talking about the passive voice. 9 00:01:15,230 --> 00:01:23,390 focus attention on the person or thing affected by the action rather than on the agent that is 10 00:01:23,390 --> 00:01:30,730 the doer of the action the doer the person who does something because if we want to focus the 11 00:01:30,730 --> 00:01:37,629 attention on the doer on the agent we use either the active voice active or if we use the passive 12 00:01:37,629 --> 00:01:44,109 if we are interested in the agent we will use the preposition by and this way let's see the example 13 00:01:44,109 --> 00:01:50,349 Sue and Mark were brought up by their grandparents this way we create what is 14 00:01:50,349 --> 00:01:55,609 called the agents in Spanish el complemento a gente by their 15 00:01:55,609 --> 00:02:02,250 grandparents when we talk about the instrument not the agent rather the 16 00:02:02,250 --> 00:02:08,930 instrument used by the agent to do the action we use the preposition with he 17 00:02:08,930 --> 00:02:11,490 He was hit on the head with a vase. 18 00:02:12,150 --> 00:02:13,870 Yeah, we are not interested. 19 00:02:14,129 --> 00:02:18,050 On the agent, can you see any by phrase? 20 00:02:18,490 --> 00:02:19,210 You can't. 21 00:02:19,509 --> 00:02:22,210 But we see the instrument with a vase. 22 00:02:23,009 --> 00:02:26,289 And now, listen, pay attention to these four cases. 23 00:02:26,550 --> 00:02:28,969 The agent is not usually included. 24 00:02:29,530 --> 00:02:32,729 One, when it is clear from the context who the agent is. 25 00:02:33,129 --> 00:02:35,310 Colin was arrested for dangerous driving. 26 00:02:35,310 --> 00:02:38,189 Do we need to say that he was arrested by the police? 27 00:02:38,189 --> 00:02:46,129 obviously no when we don't know the agent or the agent is an important my car was stolen yesterday 28 00:02:46,129 --> 00:02:52,590 afternoon who stole the car the thieves but we don't know who specifically the important thing 29 00:02:52,590 --> 00:03:00,849 is that the car was stolen actually an official notices to avoid using you food may not be 30 00:03:00,849 --> 00:03:07,789 consumed on the premises yeah obviously you're not going to say food may not be consumed on the 31 00:03:07,789 --> 00:03:13,009 premises by you indeed we don't use the agent with any personal pronoun by you 32 00:03:13,009 --> 00:03:20,909 by him by them okay and number four when the agent in is people in general Texas 33 00:03:20,909 --> 00:03:25,210 is known as a lone star state so far so good 34 00:03:25,210 --> 00:03:49,240 And well, let's go. Wait a minute. Let's go to one more thing, which is infinitives after passives. An infinitive can be used after the passive. I'm just reading of certain verbs. I repeat certain verbs. 35 00:03:49,240 --> 00:03:55,319 now we will see which verbs we are talking about to talk about widely held beliefs or opinions 36 00:03:56,039 --> 00:04:09,000 keep this um keep this in mind okay let me see if i can do it anyway widely believes or opinions 37 00:04:09,000 --> 00:04:36,220 All right. Well, verbs used in this way include belief, consider, expect, feel, now, report, think, understand. And you can see here the example. Let me do it. Yeah. All right. Thank you. 38 00:04:36,220 --> 00:04:59,240 You can see here some examples. The vase is thought to be over 200 years old. Is thought is verb to be thought past participle and infinitive. In this case the infinitive is to be. But here the president is verb to be expected past participle infinitive to arrive at 9.30 a.m. 39 00:04:59,240 --> 00:05:05,779 That is, is it important who believes or who expects, in this case, the president to arrive? 40 00:05:05,920 --> 00:05:12,019 No, the important thing is that the president will arrive, or the president is expected to arrive. 41 00:05:12,120 --> 00:05:18,259 In Spanish, we translate it as, se espera que el presidente llegue a las nueve y media de la mañana. 42 00:05:18,980 --> 00:05:23,579 Se espera, eso en español es pasiva refleja, ¿sí? 43 00:05:24,759 --> 00:05:27,579 Pasiva refleja, o a veces impersonal, depende. 44 00:05:27,579 --> 00:05:29,680 El presidente es esperado, ¿no? 45 00:05:29,860 --> 00:05:30,480 Que llegue. 46 00:05:30,939 --> 00:05:32,699 Se sonaría muy extraño en nuestra lengua. 47 00:05:33,399 --> 00:05:39,839 Alternatively, at that clause can be used after it plus the passive of this verse. 48 00:05:40,500 --> 00:05:49,120 It is thought that the vase is over 500 years old or it is expected that the president will arrive at 9.30 a.m. 49 00:05:49,120 --> 00:05:54,639 The president is expected to arrive or it is expected that the president will arrive. 50 00:05:55,160 --> 00:05:56,139 Both are okay. 51 00:05:56,139 --> 00:06:03,699 obviously as I have we have already seen when talking about for example reported 52 00:06:03,699 --> 00:06:10,220 speech or modal verbs especially with modal verbs now we see again here the 53 00:06:10,220 --> 00:06:16,800 perfect infinitive remember all the perfect verse in in English and Spanish 54 00:06:16,800 --> 00:06:23,819 also include half so infinitive which is perfect half infinitive always have 55 00:06:23,819 --> 00:06:30,660 never has or had have without to obviously and past participle perfect 56 00:06:30,660 --> 00:06:37,019 infinitive is used to refer to the past for example 15 people are known to have 57 00:06:37,019 --> 00:06:44,160 died in the accident they died some time in the past ten years ago five minutes 58 00:06:44,160 --> 00:06:52,259 ago one week ago I don't know yeah in Spanish se cree o se sabe se sabe que 59 00:06:52,259 --> 00:06:58,120 murieron 15 personas en el accidente, así lo traduciríamos al castellano, or it is known 60 00:06:58,120 --> 00:07:04,259 that 15 people died in the accident, here you see the different structure, it is known that clause 61 00:07:04,259 --> 00:07:11,379 15 people subject and the verb in this case in passing in the accident, so with this little 62 00:07:11,379 --> 00:07:15,959 theory about the passive we are ready to do the exercises, thank you very much.