0 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:03,000 No curso económicos e prática do UPC 1 00:00:03,000 --> 00:00:04,000 queremos que che que permitidos 2 00:00:05,000 --> 00:00:07,000 para estes entas asfieldas 3 00:00:07,000 --> 00:00:08,000 sleeves 4 00:00:09,000 --> 00:00:12,000 ... 5 00:00:12,000 --> 00:00:13,000 por aquí 6 00:00:14,000 --> 00:00:15,000 o escénico 7 00:00:16,000 --> 00:00:17,000 a vez que 8 00:00:18,000 --> 00:00:20,000 cobran 9 00:00:21,000 --> 00:00:21,000 um 10 00:00:21,000 --> 00:00:22,000 gestor 11 00:00:22,000 --> 00:00:23,000 onde 12 00:00:24,000 --> 00:00:24,000 so 13 00:00:24,000 --> 00:00:24,000 o 14 00:00:24,000 --> 00:00:25,000 p 15 00:00:25,000 --> 00:00:25,000 e 16 00:00:25,000 --> 00:00:25,000 f 17 00:00:25,000 --> 00:00:25,000 f 18 00:00:25,000 --> 00:00:25,000 s 19 00:00:27,000 --> 00:00:27,000 ais 20 00:00:27,000 --> 00:00:28,000 I 21 00:00:28,000 --> 00:00:29,000 fa 22 00:00:29,000 --> 00:00:29,000 Buy 23 00:00:30,000 --> 00:00:31,000 antes de que as cosas ven 24 00:00:31,000 --> 00:00:32,000 e que costan 25 00:00:33,000 --> 00:00:34,000 pero é moi fácil porque 26 00:00:34,000 --> 00:00:35,000 cualquier molécula 27 00:00:35,000 --> 00:00:36,000 que se socorra 28 00:00:36,000 --> 00:00:37,000 é imposible 29 00:00:37,000 --> 00:00:38,000 para a vida 30 00:00:40,000 --> 00:00:41,000 unha sección fácil de llevar 31 00:00:42,000 --> 00:00:43,000 llevo 138 32 00:00:45,000 --> 00:00:46,000 e Javier me pediu 33 00:00:46,000 --> 00:00:47,000 que 34 00:00:47,000 --> 00:00:48,000 me dera este título 35 00:00:48,000 --> 00:00:49,000 de tóctel 36 00:00:49,000 --> 00:00:50,000 das moléculas imprescindibles 37 00:00:50,000 --> 00:00:51,000 para a vida 38 00:00:51,000 --> 00:00:52,000 e eu li adicionado 39 00:00:52,000 --> 00:00:53,000 deixo un pouco de trampa 40 00:00:53,000 --> 00:00:55,000 de un animal vertebrado 41 00:00:55,000 --> 00:00:56,000 porque ella senón 42 00:00:56,000 --> 00:00:57,000 era imposible elegir 43 00:00:57,000 --> 00:00:58,000 e un pouco 44 00:00:58,000 --> 00:00:59,000 salvo 45 00:00:59,000 --> 00:01:00,000 as últimas primeras 46 00:01:00,000 --> 00:01:01,000 já veréis que están 47 00:01:01,000 --> 00:01:02,000 vestidas casi 48 00:01:02,000 --> 00:01:03,000 casi 49 00:01:03,000 --> 00:01:04,000 non sei se á moito 50 00:01:04,000 --> 00:01:05,000 pero 51 00:01:05,000 --> 00:01:06,000 por mis preferencias 52 00:01:06,000 --> 00:01:07,000 personales 53 00:01:07,000 --> 00:01:08,000 máis que por razones 54 00:01:08,000 --> 00:01:09,000 objetivas 55 00:01:10,000 --> 00:01:11,000 nos vamos a pegar 56 00:01:11,000 --> 00:01:12,000 a primeira molécula 57 00:01:12,000 --> 00:01:13,000 a máis obvia 58 00:01:13,000 --> 00:01:14,000 e aquí si que non hai 59 00:01:14,000 --> 00:01:15,000 subjetividades 60 00:01:15,000 --> 00:01:16,000 el agua 61 00:01:19,000 --> 00:01:20,000 que será? 62 00:01:20,000 --> 00:01:21,000 normalmente 63 00:01:21,000 --> 00:01:22,000 de unha vez 64 00:01:22,000 --> 00:01:23,000 eu diría 65 00:01:23,000 --> 00:01:24,000 Javier Pérez de Canel 66 00:01:24,000 --> 00:01:25,000 que foi o fundador 67 00:01:25,000 --> 00:01:26,000 do Centro de Astrobiología 68 00:01:26,000 --> 00:01:27,000 en España 69 00:01:27,000 --> 00:01:28,000 e un gran 70 00:01:28,000 --> 00:01:29,000 fundador 71 00:01:29,000 --> 00:01:30,000 dicir que as moléculas 72 00:01:30,000 --> 00:01:31,000 de agua 73 00:01:31,000 --> 00:01:32,000 eran como 74 00:01:32,000 --> 00:01:33,000 cabezas de niqui 75 00:01:34,000 --> 00:01:35,000 nas cuales tenemos 76 00:01:36,000 --> 00:01:37,000 non se pode acercar 77 00:01:38,000 --> 00:01:39,000 como cabezas de niqui 78 00:01:39,000 --> 00:01:40,000 nas cuales tenemos 79 00:01:41,000 --> 00:01:42,000 o oxígeno 80 00:01:42,000 --> 00:01:43,000 os dos hidrógenos 81 00:01:43,000 --> 00:01:44,000 entón se falaba 82 00:01:44,000 --> 00:01:45,000 de cabezas de niqui 83 00:01:45,000 --> 00:01:46,000 e é unha 84 00:01:46,000 --> 00:01:47,000 similitud 85 00:01:47,000 --> 00:01:48,000 ou unha comparación 86 00:01:48,000 --> 00:01:49,000 boa 87 00:01:49,000 --> 00:01:50,000 pero que na realidade 88 00:01:50,000 --> 00:01:51,000 non é moi exacta 89 00:01:51,000 --> 00:01:52,000 provavelmente porque 90 00:01:52,000 --> 00:01:53,000 Pérez de Canel 91 00:01:53,000 --> 00:01:54,000 non é químico 92 00:01:54,000 --> 00:01:55,000 é físico 93 00:01:55,000 --> 00:01:56,000 o que na realidade 94 00:01:56,000 --> 00:01:57,000 cando tenemos 95 00:01:57,000 --> 00:01:58,000 unha molécula 96 00:01:58,000 --> 00:01:59,000 de agua 97 00:01:59,000 --> 00:02:00,000 non é este 98 00:02:00,000 --> 00:02:01,000 dibuixo de 99 00:02:01,000 --> 00:02:02,000 cabezas de niqui 100 00:02:02,000 --> 00:02:03,000 sino un tetraedro 101 00:02:03,000 --> 00:02:04,000 en el cual 102 00:02:04,000 --> 00:02:05,000 si tenemos 103 00:02:05,000 --> 00:02:06,000 dos protones 104 00:02:06,000 --> 00:02:07,000 e unho 105 00:02:07,000 --> 00:02:08,000 tenemos 106 00:02:08,000 --> 00:02:09,000 dos pares 107 00:02:09,000 --> 00:02:10,000 de electrones 108 00:02:10,000 --> 00:02:11,000 ocupando aquí 109 00:02:11,000 --> 00:02:12,000 unhos orbitales 110 00:02:12,000 --> 00:02:13,000 moleculares 111 00:02:13,000 --> 00:02:14,000 en realidade 112 00:02:14,000 --> 00:02:15,000 o agua 113 00:02:15,000 --> 00:02:16,000 é un tetraedro 114 00:02:16,000 --> 00:02:17,000 é un tetraedro 115 00:02:17,000 --> 00:02:18,000 que tene 116 00:02:18,000 --> 00:02:19,000 unhas propiedades 117 00:02:19,000 --> 00:02:20,000 alucinantes 118 00:02:20,000 --> 00:02:21,000 porque 119 00:02:21,000 --> 00:02:22,000 por que 120 00:02:22,000 --> 00:02:23,000 o agua 121 00:02:23,000 --> 00:02:24,000 o metano 122 00:02:24,000 --> 00:02:25,000 seguro que 123 00:02:26,000 --> 00:02:27,000 pero ficaros 124 00:02:28,000 --> 00:02:29,000 tene 16 unidades 125 00:02:29,000 --> 00:02:30,000 de masa atómica 126 00:02:30,000 --> 00:02:31,000 o agua 127 00:02:31,000 --> 00:02:32,000 18 128 00:02:32,000 --> 00:02:33,000 é prácticamente 129 00:02:33,000 --> 00:02:34,000 a mesma molécula 130 00:02:34,000 --> 00:02:35,000 agora 131 00:02:35,000 --> 00:02:36,000 entra na ebullición 132 00:02:36,000 --> 00:02:37,000 no menos 133 00:02:37,000 --> 00:02:38,000 162 grados 134 00:02:39,000 --> 00:02:40,000 é imposible 135 00:02:40,000 --> 00:02:41,000 tene vida 136 00:02:41,000 --> 00:02:42,000 tal como 137 00:02:42,000 --> 00:02:43,000 conocemos 138 00:02:43,000 --> 00:02:44,000 claro 139 00:02:44,000 --> 00:02:45,000 colo este tetraedro 140 00:02:45,000 --> 00:02:46,000 en cambio 141 00:02:46,000 --> 00:02:47,000 o agua 142 00:02:47,000 --> 00:02:48,000 como sabes 143 00:02:48,000 --> 00:02:49,000 de sobra 144 00:02:49,000 --> 00:02:50,000 entra aquí en grado 145 00:02:50,000 --> 00:02:51,000 porque tene 146 00:02:51,000 --> 00:02:52,000 propiedades 147 00:02:52,000 --> 00:02:53,000 que non tene 148 00:02:53,000 --> 00:02:54,000 pesar de ser 149 00:02:54,000 --> 00:02:55,000 que non tene 150 00:02:55,000 --> 00:02:56,000 el 151 00:02:56,000 --> 00:02:57,000 el metal 152 00:02:57,000 --> 00:02:58,000 como 153 00:02:58,000 --> 00:02:59,000 ser polarizada 154 00:02:59,000 --> 00:03:00,000 ser asimétrica 155 00:03:00,000 --> 00:03:01,000 é verdade 156 00:03:01,000 --> 00:03:02,000 que tene unha zona polar 157 00:03:02,000 --> 00:03:03,000 unha zona 158 00:03:03,000 --> 00:03:04,000 unha zona 159 00:03:04,000 --> 00:03:06,000 de densidade de carga positiva 160 00:03:06,000 --> 00:03:07,000 e unha densidade de carga negativa 161 00:03:07,000 --> 00:03:08,000 luego tene 162 00:03:08,000 --> 00:03:09,000 unha 163 00:03:09,000 --> 00:03:10,000 propiedade 164 00:03:10,000 --> 00:03:11,000 que é que 165 00:03:11,000 --> 00:03:12,000 con estes dos 166 00:03:12,000 --> 00:03:13,000 protones 167 00:03:13,000 --> 00:03:14,000 incluso 168 00:03:14,000 --> 00:03:15,000 con el oxígeno 169 00:03:15,000 --> 00:03:16,000 ben como donador 170 00:03:16,000 --> 00:03:17,000 ben como afector 171 00:03:17,000 --> 00:03:18,000 pode formar 172 00:03:18,000 --> 00:03:19,000 enlaces de hidro 173 00:03:20,000 --> 00:03:21,000 todas as propiedades 174 00:03:21,000 --> 00:03:22,000 del agua 175 00:03:22,000 --> 00:03:23,000 todas as propiedades 176 00:03:23,000 --> 00:03:24,000 raritas del agua 177 00:03:24,000 --> 00:03:25,000 que el agua 178 00:03:25,000 --> 00:03:26,000 nos parece que é 179 00:03:26,000 --> 00:03:27,000 como o máis normal 180 00:03:27,000 --> 00:03:28,000 pero en realidad 181 00:03:28,000 --> 00:03:29,000 é a molécula 182 00:03:29,000 --> 00:03:30,000 máis rara 183 00:03:30,000 --> 00:03:31,000 casi todas 184 00:03:31,000 --> 00:03:32,000 as outras moléculas 185 00:03:32,000 --> 00:03:33,000 como agora vamos a ver 186 00:03:33,000 --> 00:03:34,000 rápidamente 187 00:03:34,000 --> 00:03:35,000 algunas 188 00:03:35,000 --> 00:03:36,000 algunas propiedades 189 00:03:36,000 --> 00:03:38,000 é moi distinta 190 00:03:38,000 --> 00:03:40,000 entón 191 00:03:40,000 --> 00:03:41,000 é porque 192 00:03:41,000 --> 00:03:42,000 estas tres propiedades 193 00:03:42,000 --> 00:03:43,000 que pone aquí 194 00:03:43,000 --> 00:03:44,000 é asimétrica 195 00:03:44,000 --> 00:03:45,000 está polarizada 196 00:03:45,000 --> 00:03:46,000 en realidad 197 00:03:46,000 --> 00:03:47,000 é o mesmo 198 00:03:47,000 --> 00:03:48,000 e portanto 199 00:03:48,000 --> 00:03:49,000 se comporta 200 00:03:49,000 --> 00:03:50,000 como un pequeno imán 201 00:03:50,000 --> 00:03:51,000 un pequeno 202 00:03:51,000 --> 00:03:52,000 dipolo eléctrico 203 00:03:52,000 --> 00:03:53,000 e sobre todo 204 00:03:53,000 --> 00:03:54,000 e además 205 00:03:54,000 --> 00:03:55,000 esta capacidade 206 00:03:55,000 --> 00:03:56,000 de formar 207 00:03:56,000 --> 00:03:57,000 enlaces de hidrógeno 208 00:03:57,000 --> 00:03:58,000 de formar 209 00:03:58,000 --> 00:03:59,000 redes 210 00:03:59,000 --> 00:04:00,000 bien 211 00:04:00,000 --> 00:04:01,000 el agua además 212 00:04:01,000 --> 00:04:02,000 e já respecto á vida 213 00:04:02,000 --> 00:04:03,000 desde o que estamos hablando 214 00:04:03,000 --> 00:04:04,000 nos determina 215 00:04:04,000 --> 00:04:05,000 unha propiedade 216 00:04:05,000 --> 00:04:06,000 moi importante 217 00:04:06,000 --> 00:04:07,000 que é 218 00:04:07,000 --> 00:04:08,000 en que márgenes 219 00:04:08,000 --> 00:04:09,000 de temperatura 220 00:04:09,000 --> 00:04:10,000 va a haber vida 221 00:04:10,000 --> 00:04:11,000 en realidad 222 00:04:11,000 --> 00:04:12,000 deberíamos hablar 223 00:04:12,000 --> 00:04:13,000 en que márgenes 224 00:04:13,000 --> 00:04:14,000 de presión 225 00:04:14,000 --> 00:04:15,000 e temperatura 226 00:04:15,000 --> 00:04:16,000 deberíamos 227 00:04:16,000 --> 00:04:17,000 e debemos 228 00:04:17,000 --> 00:04:18,000 va a haber vida 229 00:04:18,000 --> 00:04:19,000 cando hai agua líquida 230 00:04:19,000 --> 00:04:20,000 presión atmosférica 231 00:04:20,000 --> 00:04:21,000 pois já sabemos 232 00:04:21,000 --> 00:04:22,000 entre C-100º 233 00:04:22,000 --> 00:04:23,000 e I 234 00:04:23,000 --> 00:04:24,000 e encontramos 235 00:04:24,000 --> 00:04:25,000 microorganismos 236 00:04:25,000 --> 00:04:26,000 en el polo 237 00:04:26,000 --> 00:04:27,000 en los polos 238 00:04:27,000 --> 00:04:28,000 en Antártida 239 00:04:28,000 --> 00:04:29,000 e encontramos 240 00:04:29,000 --> 00:04:30,000 microorganismos 241 00:04:30,000 --> 00:04:31,000 en las 242 00:04:31,000 --> 00:04:32,000 por ejemplo 243 00:04:32,000 --> 00:04:33,000 en las 244 00:04:33,000 --> 00:04:34,000 en los estanques 245 00:04:34,000 --> 00:04:35,000 en las pozas 246 00:04:35,000 --> 00:04:36,000 en las pozas 247 00:04:36,000 --> 00:04:37,000 de agua 248 00:04:37,000 --> 00:04:38,000 prácticamente hirviendo 249 00:04:38,000 --> 00:04:39,000 de los sitios 250 00:04:39,000 --> 00:04:40,000 comunidades 251 00:04:40,000 --> 00:04:41,000 donde 252 00:04:41,000 --> 00:04:42,000 hay caíses 253 00:04:42,000 --> 00:04:43,000 en hecho 254 00:04:43,000 --> 00:04:44,000 hai bacterias 255 00:04:44,000 --> 00:04:45,000 que 256 00:04:45,000 --> 00:04:46,000 eses colores tan bonitos 257 00:04:46,000 --> 00:04:47,000 non son sino bacterias 258 00:04:47,000 --> 00:04:48,000 que viven 259 00:04:48,000 --> 00:04:49,000 en diferentes temperaturas 260 00:04:49,000 --> 00:04:50,000 pero se nos vamos 261 00:04:50,000 --> 00:04:51,000 a las profundidades 262 00:04:51,000 --> 00:04:52,000 marinas 263 00:04:52,000 --> 00:04:53,000 donde hai 264 00:04:53,000 --> 00:04:54,000 unha inmensa 265 00:04:54,000 --> 00:04:55,000 presión 266 00:04:55,000 --> 00:04:56,000 por la cantidad 267 00:04:56,000 --> 00:04:57,000 de agua 268 00:04:57,000 --> 00:04:58,000 que hai encima 269 00:04:58,000 --> 00:04:59,000 pois resulta 270 00:04:59,000 --> 00:05:00,000 que el agua 271 00:05:00,000 --> 00:05:01,000 non hirve 272 00:05:01,000 --> 00:05:02,000 a pesar de estar 273 00:05:02,000 --> 00:05:03,000 a 100 y pico 274 00:05:03,000 --> 00:05:04,000 grados 275 00:05:04,000 --> 00:05:05,000 e hai animales 276 00:05:05,000 --> 00:05:06,000 non son microorganismos 277 00:05:06,000 --> 00:05:07,000 que viven 278 00:05:07,000 --> 00:05:08,000 a esas temperaturas 279 00:05:08,000 --> 00:05:09,000 e outra propiedad 280 00:05:09,000 --> 00:05:10,000 moi importante 281 00:05:10,000 --> 00:05:11,000 es que 282 00:05:11,000 --> 00:05:12,000 a maior parte 283 00:05:12,000 --> 00:05:13,000 de los 284 00:05:13,000 --> 00:05:14,000 compuestos 285 00:05:14,000 --> 00:05:15,000 que conocemos 286 00:05:15,000 --> 00:05:16,000 cuando son sólidos 287 00:05:16,000 --> 00:05:17,000 son máis densos 288 00:05:17,000 --> 00:05:18,000 cuando son líquidos 289 00:05:18,000 --> 00:05:19,000 ¿verdad? 290 00:05:19,000 --> 00:05:20,000 porque 291 00:05:20,000 --> 00:05:21,000 el agua 292 00:05:21,000 --> 00:05:22,000 no hirve 293 00:05:22,000 --> 00:05:23,000 precisamente 294 00:05:23,000 --> 00:05:24,000 por esta capacidad 295 00:05:24,000 --> 00:05:25,000 de formar 296 00:05:25,000 --> 00:05:26,000 estas redes 297 00:05:26,000 --> 00:05:27,000 de las que 298 00:05:27,000 --> 00:05:28,000 nos hablamos 299 00:05:28,000 --> 00:05:29,000 si o hielo 300 00:05:29,000 --> 00:05:30,000 non hirve 301 00:05:30,000 --> 00:05:31,000 chegaría o inverno 302 00:05:31,000 --> 00:05:32,000 se congelaría 303 00:05:32,000 --> 00:05:33,000 a superficie do mar 304 00:05:33,000 --> 00:05:34,000 o hielo 305 00:05:34,000 --> 00:05:35,000 se hundiría 306 00:05:35,000 --> 00:05:36,000 estaría tan abaixo 307 00:05:36,000 --> 00:05:37,000 que nunca 308 00:05:37,000 --> 00:05:38,000 volvería a dar-lo 309 00:05:38,000 --> 00:05:39,000 o sol 310 00:05:39,000 --> 00:05:40,000 e 311 00:05:40,000 --> 00:05:41,000 se mantendría 312 00:05:41,000 --> 00:05:42,000 congelado 313 00:05:42,000 --> 00:05:43,000 e así 314 00:05:43,000 --> 00:05:44,000 al cabo 315 00:05:44,000 --> 00:05:45,000 dunos pocos anos 316 00:05:45,000 --> 00:05:46,000 non moitos 317 00:05:46,000 --> 00:05:47,000 todo o mar 318 00:05:47,000 --> 00:05:48,000 estaría congelado 319 00:05:48,000 --> 00:05:49,000 y estaría completamente 320 00:05:49,000 --> 00:05:50,000 distinto 321 00:05:50,000 --> 00:05:51,000 a como lo conocemos 322 00:05:51,000 --> 00:05:52,000 y es como lo conocemos 323 00:05:52,000 --> 00:05:53,000 porque 324 00:05:53,000 --> 00:05:54,000 el hielo flota 325 00:05:54,000 --> 00:05:55,000 ademas 326 00:05:55,000 --> 00:05:56,000 el agua 327 00:05:56,000 --> 00:05:57,000 es una sustancia 328 00:05:57,000 --> 00:05:58,000 que esto es un poco 329 00:05:58,000 --> 00:05:59,000 de trampa 330 00:05:59,000 --> 00:06:00,000 que es hidroxilica 331 00:06:00,000 --> 00:06:01,000 claro 332 00:06:01,000 --> 00:06:02,000 hidroxilica 333 00:06:02,000 --> 00:06:03,000 quere decir 334 00:06:03,000 --> 00:06:04,000 que me gusta 335 00:06:04,000 --> 00:06:05,000 estar con el agua 336 00:06:05,000 --> 00:06:06,000 lo del agua 337 00:06:06,000 --> 00:06:07,000 es la hidroxilica 338 00:06:07,000 --> 00:06:08,000 number one 339 00:06:08,000 --> 00:06:09,000 y quere decir 340 00:06:09,000 --> 00:06:10,000 que no se mezcla 341 00:06:10,000 --> 00:06:11,000 con las hidrofóbicas 342 00:06:11,000 --> 00:06:12,000 o hidrófobas 343 00:06:12,000 --> 00:06:13,000 mejor 344 00:06:13,000 --> 00:06:14,000 los químicos 345 00:06:14,000 --> 00:06:15,000 nos dicen 346 00:06:15,000 --> 00:06:16,000 que o yo soy químico 347 00:06:16,000 --> 00:06:17,000 pero se me ha olvidado 348 00:06:17,000 --> 00:06:18,000 tanto de cambiar 349 00:06:18,000 --> 00:06:19,000 la bioquímica 350 00:06:19,000 --> 00:06:20,000 nos dicen 351 00:06:20,000 --> 00:06:21,000 que no hablemos 352 00:06:21,000 --> 00:06:22,000 de hidrofóbico 353 00:06:22,000 --> 00:06:23,000 o hidroquímico 354 00:06:23,000 --> 00:06:24,000 sino de hidrófilo 355 00:06:24,000 --> 00:06:25,000 e hidrófobo 356 00:06:25,000 --> 00:06:26,000 y yo creo 357 00:06:26,000 --> 00:06:27,000 que tiene razón 358 00:06:27,000 --> 00:06:28,000 el caso es que 359 00:06:28,000 --> 00:06:29,000 como todos sabemos 360 00:06:29,000 --> 00:06:30,000 el aceite 361 00:06:30,000 --> 00:06:31,000 y el agua 362 00:06:31,000 --> 00:06:32,000 no se mezclan 363 00:06:32,000 --> 00:06:33,000 precisamente 364 00:06:33,000 --> 00:06:34,000 porque el aceite 365 00:06:34,000 --> 00:06:35,000 los hidrocarburos 366 00:06:35,000 --> 00:06:36,000 esencialmente 367 00:06:36,000 --> 00:06:37,000 no tienen moléculas 368 00:06:37,000 --> 00:06:38,000 ni que puedan formar 369 00:06:38,000 --> 00:06:39,000 en datos de hidrófeno 370 00:06:39,000 --> 00:06:40,000 ni que puedan 371 00:06:40,000 --> 00:06:41,000 formar 372 00:06:41,000 --> 00:06:42,000 ni boros 373 00:06:42,000 --> 00:06:43,000 ni suelos 374 00:06:43,000 --> 00:06:44,000 que están cargados 375 00:06:44,000 --> 00:06:45,000 todo esto 376 00:06:45,000 --> 00:06:46,000 con matices 377 00:06:46,000 --> 00:06:47,000 entonces cuando yo trato 378 00:06:47,000 --> 00:06:48,000 de meter 379 00:06:48,000 --> 00:06:49,000 una molécula 380 00:06:49,000 --> 00:06:50,000 en este caso 381 00:06:50,000 --> 00:06:51,000 dentro del agua 382 00:06:51,000 --> 00:06:52,000 una molécula hidrofóbica 383 00:06:52,000 --> 00:06:53,000 como el propio 384 00:06:53,000 --> 00:06:54,000 metano 385 00:06:54,000 --> 00:06:55,000 del que hablábamos antes 386 00:06:55,000 --> 00:06:56,000 se forma un clatrato 387 00:06:56,000 --> 00:06:57,000 es decir 388 00:06:57,000 --> 00:06:58,000 se forma 389 00:06:58,000 --> 00:06:59,000 la estructura 390 00:06:59,000 --> 00:07:00,000 más estable posible 391 00:07:00,000 --> 00:07:01,000 para aislar a esa molécula 392 00:07:01,000 --> 00:07:02,000 del resto 393 00:07:02,000 --> 00:07:03,000 de moléculas de agua 394 00:07:03,000 --> 00:07:04,000 se forma 395 00:07:04,000 --> 00:07:05,000 como una caja 396 00:07:05,000 --> 00:07:06,000 alrededor de ella 397 00:07:06,000 --> 00:07:07,000 estos clatratos 398 00:07:07,000 --> 00:07:08,000 sólo tienen lugar 399 00:07:08,000 --> 00:07:09,000 a grandes 400 00:07:09,000 --> 00:07:10,000 versiones 401 00:07:10,000 --> 00:07:11,000 de hecho 402 00:07:11,000 --> 00:07:12,000 existen 403 00:07:12,000 --> 00:07:13,000 en el fondo del mar 404 00:07:13,000 --> 00:07:14,000 en determinadas circunstancias 405 00:07:14,000 --> 00:07:15,000 sobre todo 406 00:07:15,000 --> 00:07:16,000 cuando hay 407 00:07:16,000 --> 00:07:17,000 actividad volcánica 408 00:07:17,000 --> 00:07:18,000 porque ahí salen 409 00:07:18,000 --> 00:07:19,000 muchos gases 410 00:07:19,000 --> 00:07:20,000 del fondo del mar 411 00:07:20,000 --> 00:07:21,000 y se pueden llegar 412 00:07:21,000 --> 00:07:22,000 a formar estos clatratos 413 00:07:22,000 --> 00:07:23,000 normalmente 414 00:07:23,000 --> 00:07:24,000 simplemente 415 00:07:24,000 --> 00:07:25,000 no se mezcla 416 00:07:25,000 --> 00:07:26,000 entonces vamos a tener 417 00:07:26,000 --> 00:07:27,000 moléculas 418 00:07:27,000 --> 00:07:28,000 que no son solubles 419 00:07:28,000 --> 00:07:29,000 en agua 420 00:07:29,000 --> 00:07:30,000 que van a ser imprescindibles 421 00:07:30,000 --> 00:07:31,000 para la vida 422 00:07:31,000 --> 00:07:32,000 como ya sabemos 423 00:07:32,000 --> 00:07:33,000 pero sobre todo 424 00:07:33,000 --> 00:07:34,000 lo que vamos a tener 425 00:07:34,000 --> 00:07:35,000 es 426 00:07:35,000 --> 00:07:36,000 moléculas 427 00:07:36,000 --> 00:07:37,000 imprescindibles 428 00:07:37,000 --> 00:07:38,000 para la vida 429 00:07:38,000 --> 00:07:39,000 que van a ser 430 00:07:39,000 --> 00:07:40,000 anfibáticas 431 00:07:40,000 --> 00:07:41,000 es decir 432 00:07:41,000 --> 00:07:42,000 jabones 433 00:07:42,000 --> 00:07:43,000 ¿verdad? 434 00:07:43,000 --> 00:07:44,000 porque utilizamos 435 00:07:44,000 --> 00:07:45,000 el jabón 436 00:07:45,000 --> 00:07:46,000 porque el jabón 437 00:07:46,000 --> 00:07:47,000 puede formar 438 00:07:47,000 --> 00:07:48,000 una micela 439 00:07:48,000 --> 00:07:49,000 que es 440 00:07:49,000 --> 00:07:50,000 soluble 441 00:07:50,000 --> 00:07:51,000 en agua 442 00:07:51,000 --> 00:07:52,000 por fuera 443 00:07:52,000 --> 00:07:53,000 y disueve 444 00:07:53,000 --> 00:07:54,000 la grasa 445 00:07:54,000 --> 00:07:55,000 que tenemos 446 00:07:55,000 --> 00:07:56,000 en las manchas 447 00:07:56,000 --> 00:07:57,000 dentro de esta micela 448 00:07:57,000 --> 00:07:58,000 estas son 449 00:07:58,000 --> 00:07:59,000 las moléculas 450 00:07:59,000 --> 00:08:00,000 anfibáticas 451 00:08:00,000 --> 00:08:01,000 normalmente 452 00:08:01,000 --> 00:08:02,000 tienen 453 00:08:02,000 --> 00:08:03,000 una cabecita 454 00:08:03,000 --> 00:08:04,000 polar 455 00:08:04,000 --> 00:08:05,000 y una larga 456 00:08:05,000 --> 00:08:06,000 cola hidrófoba 457 00:08:06,000 --> 00:08:07,000 esto sí 458 00:08:07,000 --> 00:08:08,000 nos va a venir 459 00:08:08,000 --> 00:08:09,000 de sobre 460 00:08:09,000 --> 00:08:10,000 yo creo 461 00:08:10,000 --> 00:08:11,000 que a todos 462 00:08:11,000 --> 00:08:12,000 nos va a venir 463 00:08:12,000 --> 00:08:13,000 de sobre 464 00:08:13,000 --> 00:08:14,000 pero nos va a tener 465 00:08:14,000 --> 00:08:15,000 rebaso 466 00:08:15,000 --> 00:08:16,000 ahora esto no nos vale 467 00:08:16,000 --> 00:08:17,000 no nos resulta 468 00:08:17,000 --> 00:08:18,000 de mucha utilidad 469 00:08:18,000 --> 00:08:19,000 si somos una célula 470 00:08:19,000 --> 00:08:20,000 porque la célula 471 00:08:20,000 --> 00:08:21,000 tiene que tener 472 00:08:21,000 --> 00:08:22,000 agua por fuera 473 00:08:22,000 --> 00:08:23,000 y agua por dentro 474 00:08:23,000 --> 00:08:24,000 por eso 475 00:08:24,000 --> 00:08:25,000 la mayoría 476 00:08:25,000 --> 00:08:26,000 de las membranas 477 00:08:26,000 --> 00:08:27,000 y como volveremos a esto 478 00:08:27,000 --> 00:08:28,000 están formadas 479 00:08:28,000 --> 00:08:29,000 por moléculas 480 00:08:29,000 --> 00:08:30,000 anfibáticas 481 00:08:30,000 --> 00:08:31,000 de otro tipo 482 00:08:31,000 --> 00:08:32,000 que son los fosfolipidos 483 00:08:32,000 --> 00:08:33,000 y se forman 484 00:08:33,000 --> 00:08:34,000 micelas 485 00:08:34,000 --> 00:08:35,000 y ya para acabar 486 00:08:35,000 --> 00:08:36,000 con el agua 487 00:08:36,000 --> 00:08:37,000 pues también 488 00:08:37,000 --> 00:08:38,000 hay que mencionar 489 00:08:38,000 --> 00:08:39,000 que en agua 490 00:08:39,000 --> 00:08:40,000 se ioniza 491 00:08:40,000 --> 00:08:41,000 este bilirio crótico 492 00:08:41,000 --> 00:08:42,000 cae aquí 493 00:08:42,000 --> 00:08:43,000 todo lo que ya 494 00:08:43,000 --> 00:08:44,000 hemos añadido 495 00:08:44,000 --> 00:08:45,000 hay que añadir 496 00:08:45,000 --> 00:08:46,000 que el agua 497 00:08:46,000 --> 00:08:47,000 es susceptible 498 00:08:47,000 --> 00:08:48,000 de captar 499 00:08:48,000 --> 00:08:49,000 grises de protones 500 00:08:49,000 --> 00:08:50,000 en todo esto 501 00:08:50,000 --> 00:08:51,000 se basa 502 00:08:51,000 --> 00:08:52,000 la química 503 00:08:52,000 --> 00:08:53,000 de lo que 504 00:08:53,000 --> 00:08:54,000 llamamos el pH 505 00:08:54,000 --> 00:08:55,000 y que 506 00:08:55,000 --> 00:08:56,000 entre otras cosas 507 00:08:56,000 --> 00:08:57,000 esto también 508 00:08:57,000 --> 00:08:58,000 justifica 509 00:08:58,000 --> 00:08:59,000 entre muchas otras razones 510 00:08:59,000 --> 00:09:00,000 que cuando 511 00:09:00,000 --> 00:09:01,000 trabajemos 512 00:09:01,000 --> 00:09:02,000 con cualquier 513 00:09:02,000 --> 00:09:03,000 molécula química 514 00:09:03,000 --> 00:09:04,000 y por supuesto 515 00:09:04,000 --> 00:09:05,000 las de la vida 516 00:09:05,000 --> 00:09:06,000 vamos a tener 517 00:09:06,000 --> 00:09:07,000 que usar 518 00:09:07,000 --> 00:09:08,000 tampones 519 00:09:08,000 --> 00:09:09,000 en cambio 520 00:09:09,000 --> 00:09:10,000 a veces 521 00:09:10,000 --> 00:09:11,000 a veces se nos olvida 522 00:09:11,000 --> 00:09:12,000 que el pH 523 00:09:12,000 --> 00:09:13,000 es escalada logarítmica 524 00:09:13,000 --> 00:09:14,000 y que un cambio 525 00:09:14,000 --> 00:09:15,000 de 0 a 1 526 00:09:15,000 --> 00:09:16,000 en realidad 527 00:09:16,000 --> 00:09:17,000 es un cambio enorme 528 00:09:17,000 --> 00:09:18,000 y una unidad de pH 529 00:09:18,000 --> 00:09:19,000 es un cambio enorme 530 00:09:19,000 --> 00:09:20,000 ¿de acuerdo? 531 00:09:20,000 --> 00:09:21,000 son 10 veces más 532 00:09:21,000 --> 00:09:22,000 ¿de acuerdo? 533 00:09:22,000 --> 00:09:23,000 entonces 534 00:09:23,000 --> 00:09:24,000 aunque nos parezca 535 00:09:24,000 --> 00:09:25,000 que solo ha cambiado 536 00:09:25,000 --> 00:09:26,000 un poquito 537 00:09:26,000 --> 00:09:27,000 o dos 538 00:09:27,000 --> 00:09:28,000 un poquito 539 00:09:28,000 --> 00:09:29,000 la concentración 540 00:09:29,000 --> 00:09:30,000 de protones 541 00:09:30,000 --> 00:09:31,000 ha cambiado sensibilmente 542 00:09:31,000 --> 00:09:32,000 entonces va a haber 543 00:09:32,000 --> 00:09:33,000 que mantener 544 00:09:33,000 --> 00:09:34,000 esas concentraciones 545 00:09:34,000 --> 00:09:35,000 ajustadas 546 00:09:35,000 --> 00:09:36,000 dicho esto 547 00:09:36,000 --> 00:09:37,000 nos vamos con 548 00:09:37,000 --> 00:09:38,000 lo que sería 549 00:09:38,000 --> 00:09:39,000 la segunda molécula 550 00:09:39,000 --> 00:09:40,000 según 551 00:09:41,000 --> 00:09:42,000 además es que viene 552 00:09:42,000 --> 00:09:43,000 en mia cuenta 553 00:09:43,000 --> 00:09:44,000 porque esta es la más pequeña 554 00:09:44,000 --> 00:09:45,000 dudo que se os pueda ocurrir 555 00:09:45,000 --> 00:09:46,000 una molécula 556 00:09:46,000 --> 00:09:47,000 imprescindible 557 00:09:47,000 --> 00:09:48,000 para la vida 558 00:09:48,000 --> 00:09:49,000 más pequeña que el agua 559 00:09:49,000 --> 00:09:50,000 seguro que sí 560 00:09:50,000 --> 00:09:51,000 pero 561 00:09:51,000 --> 00:09:52,000 no sé 562 00:09:52,000 --> 00:09:53,000 complicado 563 00:09:53,000 --> 00:09:54,000 imprescindible 564 00:09:54,000 --> 00:09:55,000 y molécula 565 00:09:55,000 --> 00:09:56,000 por ahí para 566 00:09:56,000 --> 00:09:57,000 y lo que también 567 00:09:57,000 --> 00:09:58,000 estoy seguro 568 00:09:58,000 --> 00:09:59,000 es que no se os va a ocurrir 569 00:09:59,000 --> 00:10:00,000 otra molécula 570 00:10:00,000 --> 00:10:01,000 más grande 571 00:10:01,000 --> 00:10:02,000 para ti 572 00:10:02,000 --> 00:10:03,000 e imprescindible 573 00:10:03,000 --> 00:10:04,000 para la vida 574 00:10:04,000 --> 00:10:05,000 que el ADN 575 00:10:05,000 --> 00:10:06,000 el ADN 576 00:10:06,000 --> 00:10:07,000 es una molécula 577 00:10:07,000 --> 00:10:08,000 que tiene carisma 578 00:10:08,000 --> 00:10:09,000 que tiene 579 00:10:09,000 --> 00:10:10,000 ya hasta hablan 580 00:10:10,000 --> 00:10:11,000 del ADN 581 00:10:11,000 --> 00:10:12,000 cuando hablan 582 00:10:12,000 --> 00:10:13,000 de los futbolistas 583 00:10:13,000 --> 00:10:14,000 el ADN 584 00:10:14,000 --> 00:10:15,000 del club 585 00:10:15,000 --> 00:10:16,000 el ADN 586 00:10:16,000 --> 00:10:17,000 este 587 00:10:17,000 --> 00:10:18,000 como se llama 588 00:10:18,000 --> 00:10:19,000 Benzema 589 00:10:19,000 --> 00:10:20,000 tiene su ADN 590 00:10:20,000 --> 00:10:21,000 el de Ter Goles 591 00:10:21,000 --> 00:10:22,000 ya esto 592 00:10:22,000 --> 00:10:23,000 el ADN 593 00:10:23,000 --> 00:10:24,000 ha conseguido 594 00:10:24,000 --> 00:10:25,000 permear 595 00:10:25,000 --> 00:10:26,000 en la cultura popular 596 00:10:26,000 --> 00:10:27,000 pero no fue 597 00:10:27,000 --> 00:10:28,000 siempre así 598 00:10:28,000 --> 00:10:29,000 y no fue 599 00:10:29,000 --> 00:10:30,000 hasta 1944 600 00:10:30,000 --> 00:10:31,000 cuando por primera vez 601 00:10:31,000 --> 00:10:32,000 se demostró 602 00:10:32,000 --> 00:10:33,000 que el ADN 603 00:10:33,000 --> 00:10:34,000 era 604 00:10:34,000 --> 00:10:35,000 el depositario 605 00:10:35,000 --> 00:10:36,000 de la herencia 606 00:10:36,000 --> 00:10:37,000 fijaos 607 00:10:37,000 --> 00:10:38,000 en aquellos momentos 608 00:10:38,000 --> 00:10:39,000 los bioquímicos 609 00:10:39,000 --> 00:10:40,000 entonces 610 00:10:40,000 --> 00:10:41,000 se llamaban 611 00:10:41,000 --> 00:10:42,000 químicos fisiológicos 612 00:10:42,000 --> 00:10:43,000 no sé dónde ponerme 613 00:10:43,000 --> 00:10:44,000 como me lo está grabando 614 00:10:44,000 --> 00:10:45,000 bueno 615 00:10:49,000 --> 00:10:50,000 o sea, hacían 616 00:10:50,000 --> 00:10:51,000 fisiología química 617 00:10:51,000 --> 00:10:52,000 o que se llamaba 618 00:10:52,000 --> 00:10:53,000 fisiología química 619 00:10:53,000 --> 00:10:54,000 tenían dos posibilidades 620 00:10:54,000 --> 00:10:55,000 a la hora ya 621 00:10:55,000 --> 00:10:56,000 más o menos 622 00:10:56,000 --> 00:10:57,000 cuando ya se sabía 623 00:10:57,000 --> 00:10:58,000 lo que era un gen 624 00:10:58,000 --> 00:10:59,000 se sabía que había 625 00:10:59,000 --> 00:11:00,000 información ahí guardada 626 00:11:00,000 --> 00:11:01,000 teníamos dos posibilidades 627 00:11:01,000 --> 00:11:02,000 una 628 00:11:02,000 --> 00:11:03,000 un código 629 00:11:03,000 --> 00:11:04,000 de cuatro letras 630 00:11:05,000 --> 00:11:06,000 la DNA 631 00:11:06,000 --> 00:11:07,000 o un código 632 00:11:08,000 --> 00:11:09,000 las proteínas 633 00:11:09,000 --> 00:11:10,000 para hacer una cosa tan compleja 634 00:11:10,000 --> 00:11:11,000 como nosotros 635 00:11:11,000 --> 00:11:12,000 ¿cuál habríais vosotros elegido? 636 00:11:13,000 --> 00:11:14,000 el de 20 letras 637 00:11:14,000 --> 00:11:15,000 ¿no? 638 00:11:15,000 --> 00:11:16,000 un lenguaje mucho más elaborado 639 00:11:17,000 --> 00:11:18,000 fijaos que esto es un poco 640 00:11:18,000 --> 00:11:19,000 erróneo 641 00:11:19,000 --> 00:11:20,000 puesto que hoy en día 642 00:11:20,000 --> 00:11:21,000 trabajamos con un código 643 00:11:21,000 --> 00:11:22,000 de dos letras 644 00:11:22,000 --> 00:11:23,000 en la informática 645 00:11:23,000 --> 00:11:24,000 y fijaos lo que se puede hacer 646 00:11:25,000 --> 00:11:26,000 bueno, por aquellos tiempos 647 00:11:26,000 --> 00:11:27,000 tampoco había ordenadores 648 00:11:29,000 --> 00:11:30,000 casi no había ni el concepto 649 00:11:31,000 --> 00:11:32,000 de 650 00:11:32,000 --> 00:11:33,000 de computación 651 00:11:34,000 --> 00:11:35,000 entonces este señor 652 00:11:35,000 --> 00:11:36,000 es Averill 653 00:11:36,000 --> 00:11:37,000 y la cleoquilacarci 654 00:11:38,000 --> 00:11:39,000 siempre se suele poner Averill 655 00:11:39,000 --> 00:11:40,000 de ejemplo 656 00:11:40,000 --> 00:11:41,000 hicieron el siguiente experimento 657 00:11:42,000 --> 00:11:43,000 cogieron 658 00:11:43,000 --> 00:11:44,000 unas bacterias 659 00:11:44,000 --> 00:11:45,000 de hemococo 660 00:11:45,000 --> 00:11:46,000 que eran patógenas 661 00:11:47,000 --> 00:11:48,000 extrajeron 662 00:11:50,000 --> 00:11:51,000 por un lado 663 00:11:51,000 --> 00:11:52,000 añadieron 664 00:11:52,000 --> 00:11:53,000 una proteasa 665 00:11:53,000 --> 00:11:54,000 para eliminar todas las proteínas 666 00:11:55,000 --> 00:11:56,000 por otro lado 667 00:11:56,000 --> 00:11:57,000 añadieron 668 00:11:57,000 --> 00:11:58,000 una ribonucleasa 669 00:11:58,000 --> 00:11:59,000 para eliminar 670 00:11:59,000 --> 00:12:00,000 todo el RNA 671 00:12:00,000 --> 00:12:01,000 y por otro lado 672 00:12:01,000 --> 00:12:02,000 añadieron 673 00:12:03,000 --> 00:12:04,000 al extracto 674 00:12:04,000 --> 00:12:05,000 que habían hecho 675 00:12:05,000 --> 00:12:06,000 patógenas 676 00:12:06,000 --> 00:12:07,000 una adeneasa 677 00:12:07,000 --> 00:12:08,000 y eliminaron todo el DNA 678 00:12:09,000 --> 00:12:10,000 y con esos materiales 679 00:12:10,000 --> 00:12:11,000 transformaron 680 00:12:11,000 --> 00:12:12,000 bacterias iguales 681 00:12:12,000 --> 00:12:13,000 que no eran patógenas 682 00:12:14,000 --> 00:12:15,000 y sólo se volvieron patógenas 683 00:12:16,000 --> 00:12:17,000 aquellas 684 00:12:17,000 --> 00:12:18,000 en las que 685 00:12:19,000 --> 00:12:20,000 o sólo dejaron 686 00:12:20,000 --> 00:12:21,000 de volverse 687 00:12:21,000 --> 00:12:22,000 patógenas 688 00:12:22,000 --> 00:12:23,000 aquellas en las que no había DNA 689 00:12:25,000 --> 00:12:26,000 este experimento 690 00:12:26,000 --> 00:12:27,000 ni siquiera se lo creía la gente 691 00:12:28,000 --> 00:12:29,000 porque 692 00:12:29,000 --> 00:12:30,000 fue tan rompelor 693 00:12:30,000 --> 00:12:31,000 que 694 00:12:31,000 --> 00:12:32,000 no puede ser 695 00:12:32,000 --> 00:12:33,000 que el DNA 696 00:12:33,000 --> 00:12:34,000 que en el fondo 697 00:12:34,000 --> 00:12:35,000 es mítica 698 00:12:35,000 --> 00:12:36,000 mucho 699 00:12:36,000 --> 00:12:37,000 DNA 700 00:12:37,000 --> 00:12:38,000 es una molécula 701 00:12:38,000 --> 00:12:39,000 tonta 702 00:12:39,000 --> 00:12:40,000 que no hace nada 703 00:12:40,000 --> 00:12:41,000 es como el disco duro 704 00:12:41,000 --> 00:12:42,000 del ordenador 705 00:12:42,000 --> 00:12:43,000 que es el disco duro 706 00:12:43,000 --> 00:12:44,000 y que hacéis con él 707 00:12:44,000 --> 00:12:45,000 si no tenéis software 708 00:12:45,000 --> 00:12:46,000 nada 709 00:12:46,000 --> 00:12:47,000 y si no tenéis hardware 710 00:12:47,000 --> 00:12:48,000 tampoco 711 00:12:48,000 --> 00:12:49,000 entonces era como 712 00:12:49,000 --> 00:12:50,000 no puede ser 713 00:12:50,000 --> 00:12:51,000 hasta tal punto que 714 00:12:51,000 --> 00:12:52,000 nunca 715 00:12:52,000 --> 00:12:53,000 recibieron un fenómeno 716 00:12:55,000 --> 00:12:56,000 esto el fenómeno 717 00:12:56,000 --> 00:12:57,000 también está bastante 718 00:12:57,000 --> 00:12:58,000 modificado 719 00:12:59,000 --> 00:13:00,000 empezaron a crecer 720 00:13:00,000 --> 00:13:01,000 sobre todo 721 00:13:01,000 --> 00:13:02,000 porque ya 722 00:13:02,000 --> 00:13:03,000 el clima era más favorable 723 00:13:03,000 --> 00:13:04,000 fueron pasando los años 724 00:13:04,000 --> 00:13:05,000 y no mucho después 725 00:13:06,000 --> 00:13:07,000 pero ocho años después 726 00:13:07,000 --> 00:13:08,000 estos dos señores 727 00:13:08,000 --> 00:13:09,000 además ahora que está 728 00:13:09,000 --> 00:13:10,000 tan de moda 729 00:13:10,000 --> 00:13:11,000 hablar de la contribución 730 00:13:11,000 --> 00:13:12,000 de las mujeres a la ciencia 731 00:13:13,000 --> 00:13:14,000 Martha Chase 732 00:13:14,000 --> 00:13:15,000 y este no recuerdo 733 00:13:15,000 --> 00:13:16,000 cual es el nombre 734 00:13:16,000 --> 00:13:17,000 lo pone aquí 735 00:13:17,000 --> 00:13:18,000 y Alfred Hersey 736 00:13:18,000 --> 00:13:19,000 hicieron el siguiente experimento 737 00:13:20,000 --> 00:13:21,000 dijeron 738 00:13:21,000 --> 00:13:22,000 vamos a marcar 739 00:13:27,000 --> 00:13:28,000 vamos a marcar 740 00:13:28,000 --> 00:13:29,000 con radioactividad 741 00:13:30,000 --> 00:13:31,000 tenemos un bacterio 742 00:13:31,000 --> 00:13:32,000 tenemos un bacteriófago 743 00:13:32,000 --> 00:13:33,000 el bacteriófago 744 00:13:33,000 --> 00:13:34,000 está formado 745 00:13:34,000 --> 00:13:35,000 por fuera 746 00:13:35,000 --> 00:13:36,000 de proteínas 747 00:13:36,000 --> 00:13:37,000 y alberga 748 00:13:37,000 --> 00:13:38,000 una fórmula de DNA 749 00:13:38,000 --> 00:13:39,000 e infecta las bacterias 750 00:13:40,000 --> 00:13:41,000 y las bacterias 751 00:13:41,000 --> 00:13:42,000 sufren una modificación 752 00:13:43,000 --> 00:13:44,000 por algo que les inyecta 753 00:13:45,000 --> 00:13:46,000 cambian 754 00:13:46,000 --> 00:13:47,000 ¿de acuerdo? 755 00:13:47,000 --> 00:13:48,000 se producen alteraciones 756 00:13:48,000 --> 00:13:49,000 genéticas 757 00:13:49,000 --> 00:13:50,000 luego 758 00:13:50,000 --> 00:13:51,000 si 759 00:13:51,000 --> 00:13:52,000 estas modificaciones 760 00:13:52,000 --> 00:13:53,000 pueden ser 761 00:13:53,000 --> 00:13:54,000 porque se inyecte 762 00:13:54,000 --> 00:13:55,000 proteína 763 00:13:55,000 --> 00:13:56,000 o porque se inyecte 764 00:13:57,000 --> 00:13:58,000 ADN 765 00:13:59,000 --> 00:14:00,000 ¿de acuerdo? 766 00:14:00,000 --> 00:14:01,000 vamos a marcar 767 00:14:03,000 --> 00:14:04,000 vamos a marcar 768 00:14:06,000 --> 00:14:07,000 el ADN 769 00:14:07,000 --> 00:14:08,000 con fósforo 32 770 00:14:09,000 --> 00:14:10,000 que es un aumento 771 00:14:10,000 --> 00:14:11,000 radioactivo 772 00:14:11,000 --> 00:14:12,000 que apenas aparecen 773 00:14:12,000 --> 00:14:13,000 las proteínas 774 00:14:13,000 --> 00:14:14,000 y vamos a marcar 775 00:14:16,000 --> 00:14:17,000 que no necesariamente 776 00:14:17,000 --> 00:14:18,000 que no aparecen 777 00:14:18,000 --> 00:14:19,000 las proteínas del fago 778 00:14:20,000 --> 00:14:21,000 y vamos a marcar 779 00:14:24,000 --> 00:14:25,000 las proteínas 780 00:14:25,000 --> 00:14:26,000 con azufre 35 781 00:14:26,000 --> 00:14:27,000 que es también radioactivo 782 00:14:28,000 --> 00:14:29,000 y que aparecen 783 00:14:29,000 --> 00:14:30,000 las proteínas del fago 784 00:14:31,000 --> 00:14:32,000 y vamos a ver 785 00:14:32,000 --> 00:14:33,000 cuando las bacterias 786 00:14:33,000 --> 00:14:34,000 se vuelven radioactivas 787 00:14:35,000 --> 00:14:36,000 y solo se volvía radioactiva 788 00:14:36,000 --> 00:14:37,000 en la que estaba el DNA marcado 789 00:14:38,000 --> 00:14:39,000 lo cual esto probaba 790 00:14:40,000 --> 00:14:41,000 y ya 791 00:14:41,000 --> 00:14:42,000 el clima 792 00:14:42,000 --> 00:14:43,000 ya os digo 793 00:14:43,000 --> 00:14:44,000 era más favorable 794 00:14:44,000 --> 00:14:45,000 con ello 795 00:14:45,000 --> 00:14:46,000 acordaros 796 00:14:46,000 --> 00:14:47,000 en el año 1953 797 00:14:47,000 --> 00:14:48,000 se publica la estructura 798 00:14:48,000 --> 00:14:49,000 del DNA precisamente 799 00:14:50,000 --> 00:14:51,000 ya en un clima 800 00:14:51,000 --> 00:14:52,000 estimado 801 00:14:52,000 --> 00:14:53,000 y entonces esto ya parece 802 00:14:53,000 --> 00:14:54,000 que a partir de aquí 803 00:14:54,000 --> 00:14:55,000 ya todo el mundo asume 804 00:14:55,000 --> 00:14:56,000 que el DNA 805 00:14:57,000 --> 00:14:58,000 es 806 00:14:58,000 --> 00:14:59,000 el repositario 807 00:14:59,000 --> 00:15:00,000 de la información genética 808 00:15:01,000 --> 00:15:02,000 ya se sabe 809 00:15:02,000 --> 00:15:03,000 como está formado 810 00:15:03,000 --> 00:15:04,000 bien rápido con esto 811 00:15:05,000 --> 00:15:06,000 y se 812 00:15:06,000 --> 00:15:07,000 formula 813 00:15:07,000 --> 00:15:08,000 la 814 00:15:09,000 --> 00:15:10,000 estructura 815 00:15:10,000 --> 00:15:11,000 en donde dice 816 00:15:11,000 --> 00:15:12,000 por Watson y Crick 817 00:15:12,000 --> 00:15:13,000 con 818 00:15:14,000 --> 00:15:15,000 parte 819 00:15:15,000 --> 00:15:16,000 de los resultados 820 00:15:16,000 --> 00:15:17,000 de Rosalind Hathaway 821 00:15:18,000 --> 00:15:19,000 me podría pasar 822 00:15:19,000 --> 00:15:20,000 solo una hora 823 00:15:20,000 --> 00:15:21,000 hablando 824 00:15:21,000 --> 00:15:22,000 de este conflicto 825 00:15:23,000 --> 00:15:24,000 que aparte yo tengo 826 00:15:24,000 --> 00:15:25,000 una idea 827 00:15:25,000 --> 00:15:26,000 o una visión 828 00:15:26,000 --> 00:15:27,000 un poquito distinta 829 00:15:27,000 --> 00:15:28,000 que es demasiado simplista 830 00:15:28,000 --> 00:15:29,000 pues la simplista 831 00:15:29,000 --> 00:15:30,000 es 832 00:15:30,000 --> 00:15:31,000 pobrecilla 833 00:15:31,000 --> 00:15:32,000 parece que 834 00:15:32,000 --> 00:15:33,000 Rosalind Franklin 835 00:15:33,000 --> 00:15:34,000 era 836 00:15:34,000 --> 00:15:35,000 la madre Teresa de Calcuta 837 00:15:36,000 --> 00:15:37,000 y además idiota 838 00:15:37,000 --> 00:15:38,000 y no era ni la madre Teresa de Calcuta 839 00:15:38,000 --> 00:15:39,000 ni idiota 840 00:15:40,000 --> 00:15:41,000 pero si 841 00:15:41,000 --> 00:15:42,000 hubo ahí un conflicto 842 00:15:42,000 --> 00:15:43,000 que todos conocéis 843 00:15:43,000 --> 00:15:44,000 y bueno 844 00:15:44,000 --> 00:15:45,000 en definitiva 845 00:15:45,000 --> 00:15:46,000 se publica 846 00:15:46,000 --> 00:15:47,000 la 847 00:15:47,000 --> 00:15:48,000 doble edición 848 00:15:49,000 --> 00:15:50,000 y entonces la tercera molécula 849 00:15:51,000 --> 00:15:52,000 ya casi 850 00:15:52,000 --> 00:15:53,000 por 851 00:15:53,000 --> 00:15:54,000 de manera obvia 852 00:15:55,000 --> 00:15:56,000 va a ser el RNA 853 00:15:56,000 --> 00:15:57,000 no, no, no 854 00:15:57,000 --> 00:15:58,000 el RNA 855 00:15:58,000 --> 00:15:59,000 ¿en qué se diferencia 856 00:15:59,000 --> 00:16:00,000 el RNA 857 00:16:00,000 --> 00:16:01,000 de 858 00:16:02,000 --> 00:16:03,000 de las 859 00:16:04,000 --> 00:16:05,000 del DNA 860 00:16:05,000 --> 00:16:06,000 del ADN? 861 00:16:06,000 --> 00:16:07,000 pues que es una molécula 862 00:16:07,000 --> 00:16:08,000 de hebra única 863 00:16:08,000 --> 00:16:09,000 que no solo 864 00:16:09,000 --> 00:16:10,000 se organiza 865 00:16:10,000 --> 00:16:11,000 en doble hélice 866 00:16:11,000 --> 00:16:12,000 que también 867 00:16:12,000 --> 00:16:13,000 lo que pasa que 868 00:16:13,000 --> 00:16:14,000 cuando tiene doble hélice 869 00:16:14,000 --> 00:16:15,000 es con ella misma 870 00:16:15,000 --> 00:16:16,000 es la misma hebra 871 00:16:16,000 --> 00:16:17,000 que se enrolla 872 00:16:17,000 --> 00:16:18,000 en forma de doble hélice 873 00:16:19,000 --> 00:16:20,000 que está mucho más 874 00:16:20,000 --> 00:16:21,000 empaquetada 875 00:16:21,000 --> 00:16:22,000 que el ADN 876 00:16:22,000 --> 00:16:23,000 que es mucho más pequeña 877 00:16:24,000 --> 00:16:25,000 y que tiene 878 00:16:25,000 --> 00:16:26,000 un OH 879 00:16:26,000 --> 00:16:27,000 aquí 880 00:16:34,000 --> 00:16:35,000 aquí 881 00:16:36,000 --> 00:16:37,000 y esto es claro 882 00:16:38,000 --> 00:16:39,000 fijaros, el agua 883 00:16:39,000 --> 00:16:40,000 ¿qué es? 884 00:16:40,000 --> 00:16:41,000 OH 885 00:16:42,000 --> 00:16:43,000 ¿y cuál es la reacción 886 00:16:43,000 --> 00:16:44,000 más importante 887 00:16:44,000 --> 00:16:45,000 de degradación 888 00:16:45,000 --> 00:16:46,000 que tiene lugar 889 00:16:46,000 --> 00:16:47,000 en los seres vivos? 890 00:16:47,000 --> 00:16:48,000 la hidrolisis 891 00:16:49,000 --> 00:16:50,000 rotura por ese 892 00:16:50,000 --> 00:16:51,000 OH en el agua 893 00:16:53,000 --> 00:16:54,000 si yo planto aquí 894 00:16:54,000 --> 00:16:55,000 simula fácilmente 895 00:16:55,000 --> 00:16:56,000 una hidrolisis 896 00:16:57,000 --> 00:16:58,000 se autodegrada 897 00:16:59,000 --> 00:17:00,000 así 898 00:17:00,000 --> 00:17:01,000 con matices 899 00:17:01,000 --> 00:17:03,000 esta es una de las principales causas 900 00:17:03,000 --> 00:17:04,000 aparte de otras 901 00:17:04,000 --> 00:17:05,000 por las que 902 00:17:06,000 --> 00:17:07,000 el RNA 903 00:17:07,000 --> 00:17:08,000 es mucho más inestable 904 00:17:08,000 --> 00:17:09,000 que el DNA 905 00:17:09,000 --> 00:17:10,000 y por la que 906 00:17:10,000 --> 00:17:11,000 se ha podido secuenciar 907 00:17:11,000 --> 00:17:12,000 el DNA 908 00:17:12,000 --> 00:17:13,000 de mamuts 909 00:17:14,000 --> 00:17:15,000 de neandertales 910 00:17:15,000 --> 00:17:16,000 pero jamás se oiréis 911 00:17:16,000 --> 00:17:17,000 que se ha recuperado 912 00:17:17,000 --> 00:17:18,000 el RNA 913 00:17:18,000 --> 00:17:19,000 o el ARN 914 00:17:19,000 --> 00:17:20,000 de este tipo de 915 00:17:20,000 --> 00:17:21,000 restos 916 00:17:21,000 --> 00:17:22,000 porque no 917 00:17:22,000 --> 00:17:23,000 es tan estable 918 00:17:23,000 --> 00:17:24,000 y esta es una 919 00:17:24,000 --> 00:17:25,000 de las principales razones 920 00:17:26,000 --> 00:17:27,000 y luego 921 00:17:27,000 --> 00:17:28,000 además 922 00:17:28,000 --> 00:17:29,000 puede tener 923 00:17:29,000 --> 00:17:30,000 actividad catalítica 924 00:17:30,000 --> 00:17:31,000 y esto es muy importante 925 00:17:31,000 --> 00:17:32,000 porque está relacionado 926 00:17:32,000 --> 00:17:33,000 con 927 00:17:33,000 --> 00:17:34,000 ese mundo 928 00:17:34,000 --> 00:17:35,000 de RNA 929 00:17:35,000 --> 00:17:36,000 que parece 930 00:17:36,000 --> 00:17:37,000 que creemos 931 00:17:37,000 --> 00:17:38,000 que suponemos 932 00:17:38,000 --> 00:17:39,000 que pudo ser 933 00:17:39,000 --> 00:17:40,000 donde salió la vida 934 00:17:40,000 --> 00:17:41,000 con el RNA 935 00:17:41,000 --> 00:17:42,000 catalítico 936 00:17:42,000 --> 00:17:43,000 precisamente 937 00:17:43,000 --> 00:17:44,000 también porque 938 00:17:44,000 --> 00:17:45,000 tiene ese OH 939 00:17:45,000 --> 00:17:46,000 y le permite 940 00:17:46,000 --> 00:17:47,000 catalizar 941 00:17:47,000 --> 00:17:48,000 ciertas reacciones 942 00:17:48,000 --> 00:17:49,000 no creáis 943 00:17:49,000 --> 00:17:50,000 que son reacciones 944 00:17:50,000 --> 00:17:51,000 raras 945 00:17:51,000 --> 00:17:52,000 por ejemplo 946 00:17:52,000 --> 00:17:53,000 la telomerasa 947 00:17:53,000 --> 00:17:54,000 que no 948 00:17:54,000 --> 00:17:55,000 viene aquí 949 00:17:55,000 --> 00:17:56,000 que no voy a hablar 950 00:17:56,000 --> 00:17:57,000 ni de ella 951 00:17:57,000 --> 00:17:58,000 que es esta que 952 00:17:58,000 --> 00:17:59,000 nos da una metida 953 00:17:59,000 --> 00:18:00,000 de la edad biológica 954 00:18:00,000 --> 00:18:01,000 que tenemos 955 00:18:01,000 --> 00:18:02,000 la telomerasa 956 00:18:02,000 --> 00:18:03,000 es una 957 00:18:03,000 --> 00:18:04,000 tiene una 958 00:18:04,000 --> 00:18:05,000 esparcialmente 959 00:18:05,000 --> 00:18:06,000 una 960 00:18:06,000 --> 00:18:07,000 esparcialmente 961 00:18:07,000 --> 00:18:08,000 una 962 00:18:08,000 --> 00:18:09,000 ribocima 963 00:18:09,000 --> 00:18:10,000 una enzima 964 00:18:10,000 --> 00:18:11,000 de RNA 965 00:18:11,000 --> 00:18:12,000 y sobre todo 966 00:18:12,000 --> 00:18:13,000 el ribosoma 967 00:18:13,000 --> 00:18:14,000 que se utilizan 968 00:18:14,000 --> 00:18:15,000 las proteínas 969 00:18:15,000 --> 00:18:16,000 es una ribocima 970 00:18:16,000 --> 00:18:17,000 pura y pura 971 00:18:17,000 --> 00:18:18,000 el residuo 972 00:18:18,000 --> 00:18:19,000 catalítico 973 00:18:19,000 --> 00:18:20,000 es de RNA 974 00:18:20,000 --> 00:18:21,000 no de proteína 975 00:18:22,000 --> 00:18:23,000 y esto también 976 00:18:23,000 --> 00:18:24,000 viene a cuento 977 00:18:24,000 --> 00:18:25,000 esto se va a cambiar 978 00:18:25,000 --> 00:18:26,000 un poquito 979 00:18:26,000 --> 00:18:27,000 porque Monod 980 00:18:27,000 --> 00:18:28,000 Yakov 981 00:18:28,000 --> 00:18:29,000 y Crick 982 00:18:29,000 --> 00:18:30,000 otra vez Crick 983 00:18:30,000 --> 00:18:31,000 Crick es la persona 984 00:18:31,000 --> 00:18:32,000 que menos experimentos 985 00:18:32,000 --> 00:18:33,000 ha hecho en la historia 986 00:18:33,000 --> 00:18:34,000 de la ciencia 987 00:18:34,000 --> 00:18:35,000 pero más descubrimientos 988 00:18:35,000 --> 00:18:36,000 ha hecho 989 00:18:36,000 --> 00:18:37,000 solo a base de pensar 990 00:18:37,000 --> 00:18:38,000 a lo mejor Einstein 991 00:18:38,000 --> 00:18:39,000 o Einstein 992 00:18:41,000 --> 00:18:42,000 habla de lo que le llaman 993 00:18:42,000 --> 00:18:43,000 la criada 994 00:18:43,000 --> 00:18:44,000 o el dogma 995 00:18:44,000 --> 00:18:45,000 de la biología molecular 996 00:18:45,000 --> 00:18:46,000 ademas era un gran 997 00:18:46,000 --> 00:18:47,000 vendedor 998 00:18:47,000 --> 00:18:48,000 y esto 999 00:18:48,000 --> 00:18:49,000 como lo de 1000 00:18:49,000 --> 00:18:50,000 la 1001 00:18:51,000 --> 00:18:52,000 la unidad de Dios 1002 00:18:52,000 --> 00:18:53,000 que somos Dioses 1003 00:18:53,000 --> 00:18:54,000 uno y trino 1004 00:18:54,000 --> 00:18:55,000 la Santísima Trinidad 1005 00:18:55,000 --> 00:18:56,000 y quitando esa analogía 1006 00:18:56,000 --> 00:18:57,000 metí ahí 1007 00:18:57,000 --> 00:18:58,000 una historia 1008 00:18:58,000 --> 00:18:59,000 y es que 1009 00:18:59,000 --> 00:19:00,000 el ADN 1010 00:19:00,000 --> 00:19:01,000 se replica 1011 00:19:01,000 --> 00:19:02,000 se transcribe 1012 00:19:02,000 --> 00:19:03,000 a RNA 1013 00:19:03,000 --> 00:19:04,000 y en RNA 1014 00:19:04,000 --> 00:19:05,000 se traducen 1015 00:19:05,000 --> 00:19:06,000 proteínas 1016 00:19:06,000 --> 00:19:07,000 y esto se sostiene 1017 00:19:07,000 --> 00:19:08,000 solo parcialmente 1018 00:19:08,000 --> 00:19:09,000 hoy sabemos 1019 00:19:09,000 --> 00:19:10,000 que la mayoría 1020 00:19:10,000 --> 00:19:11,000 de los ARN 1021 00:19:11,000 --> 00:19:12,000 son 1022 00:19:12,000 --> 00:19:13,000 los ARN 1023 00:19:13,000 --> 00:19:14,000 mensajeros 1024 00:19:14,000 --> 00:19:15,000 que son 1025 00:19:15,000 --> 00:19:16,000 los que llevan 1026 00:19:16,000 --> 00:19:17,000 la información 1027 00:19:17,000 --> 00:19:18,000 que se traducen 1028 00:19:18,000 --> 00:19:19,000 proteínas 1029 00:19:20,000 --> 00:19:21,000 voy un poco rápido 1030 00:19:21,000 --> 00:19:22,000 porque sino 1031 00:19:22,000 --> 00:19:23,000 me voy saltando 1032 00:19:23,000 --> 00:19:24,000 no saltando 1033 00:19:24,000 --> 00:19:25,000 apreviando 1034 00:19:25,000 --> 00:19:26,000 el ARN 1035 00:19:26,000 --> 00:19:27,000 ribosomal 1036 00:19:27,000 --> 00:19:28,000 o ribosómico 1037 00:19:28,000 --> 00:19:29,000 que es el que 1038 00:19:29,000 --> 00:19:30,000 conforma 1039 00:19:30,000 --> 00:19:31,000 la estructura 1040 00:19:31,000 --> 00:19:32,000 principal 1041 00:19:32,000 --> 00:19:33,000 que 1042 00:19:33,000 --> 00:19:34,000 sintetiza 1043 00:19:34,000 --> 00:19:35,000 la máquina 1044 00:19:35,000 --> 00:19:36,000 que sintetiza 1045 00:19:36,000 --> 00:19:37,000 estas proteínas 1046 00:19:37,000 --> 00:19:38,000 y el ARN 1047 00:19:38,000 --> 00:19:39,000 de transferencia 1048 00:19:40,000 --> 00:19:41,000 que es el que 1049 00:19:42,000 --> 00:19:43,000 esencialmente 1050 00:19:44,000 --> 00:19:45,000 actúa 1051 00:19:45,000 --> 00:19:46,000 como si fuese 1052 00:19:46,000 --> 00:19:47,000 la interfase 1053 00:19:47,000 --> 00:19:48,000 es el descodificador 1054 00:19:49,000 --> 00:19:50,000 descodifica 1055 00:19:50,000 --> 00:19:51,000 la información 1056 00:19:51,000 --> 00:19:52,000 del ARN 1057 00:19:52,000 --> 00:19:53,000 mensajero 1058 00:19:53,000 --> 00:19:54,000 en proteínas 1059 00:19:54,000 --> 00:19:55,000 ¿de acuerdo? 1060 00:19:55,000 --> 00:19:56,000 es el traductor 1061 00:19:57,000 --> 00:19:58,000 es la piedra 1062 00:19:58,000 --> 00:19:59,000 roseta 1063 00:19:59,000 --> 00:20:00,000 de la biología 1064 00:20:00,000 --> 00:20:01,000 molecular 1065 00:20:01,000 --> 00:20:02,000 así que es lo que 1066 00:20:02,000 --> 00:20:03,000 queremos decir 1067 00:20:04,000 --> 00:20:05,000 el ARN 1068 00:20:05,000 --> 00:20:06,000 además 1069 00:20:06,000 --> 00:20:07,000 y esto es una curiosidad 1070 00:20:07,000 --> 00:20:08,000 pero es lo que quiero decir 1071 00:20:08,000 --> 00:20:09,000 sabéis ahora 1072 00:20:09,000 --> 00:20:10,000 hayendo la fusilio 1073 00:20:10,000 --> 00:20:11,000 por cierto 1074 00:20:11,000 --> 00:20:12,000 la teórica 1075 00:20:12,000 --> 00:20:13,000 cuarta dosis 1076 00:20:13,000 --> 00:20:14,000 de la molecula 1077 00:20:14,000 --> 00:20:15,000 de las vacunas 1078 00:20:15,000 --> 00:20:16,000 de ARN 1079 00:20:16,000 --> 00:20:17,000 mensajero 1080 00:20:17,000 --> 00:20:18,000 contra la COVID 1081 00:20:19,000 --> 00:20:20,000 y 1082 00:20:20,000 --> 00:20:21,000 sabéis que al principio 1083 00:20:21,000 --> 00:20:22,000 a la persona 1084 00:20:22,000 --> 00:20:23,000 que consiguió 1085 00:20:24,000 --> 00:20:26,000 que esto tuviese éxito 1086 00:20:26,000 --> 00:20:27,000 que es también otra mujer 1087 00:20:27,000 --> 00:20:28,000 de apellido Calico 1088 00:20:28,000 --> 00:20:29,000 no me acuerdo como se llama 1089 00:20:29,000 --> 00:20:30,000 húngara 1090 00:20:30,000 --> 00:20:31,000 estuvieron a punto de echarlo 1091 00:20:31,000 --> 00:20:32,000 de Estados Unidos 1092 00:20:32,000 --> 00:20:33,000 porque 1093 00:20:33,000 --> 00:20:34,000 ni le daba proyecto ni nada 1094 00:20:34,000 --> 00:20:35,000 le parecía que lo que estaba haciendo 1095 00:20:35,000 --> 00:20:36,000 era una chorrada 1096 00:20:36,000 --> 00:20:37,000 porque ella estaba tratando 1097 00:20:37,000 --> 00:20:38,000 de fabricar 1098 00:20:39,000 --> 00:20:40,000 moléculas que se pudiesen 1099 00:20:40,000 --> 00:20:41,000 insertar 1100 00:20:41,000 --> 00:20:42,000 en un ser vivo 1101 00:20:42,000 --> 00:20:43,000 e produxesen proteínas 1102 00:20:43,000 --> 00:20:44,000 moléculas de ARN 1103 00:20:44,000 --> 00:20:45,000 mensajero 1104 00:20:46,000 --> 00:20:47,000 lo que ocurre es que 1105 00:20:47,000 --> 00:20:48,000 el sistema inmune 1106 00:20:48,000 --> 00:20:49,000 la rechaza 1107 00:20:49,000 --> 00:20:50,000 cuando la reconoce 1108 00:20:52,000 --> 00:20:53,000 pero ella se dio cuenta 1109 00:20:53,000 --> 00:20:54,000 que aquí tenemos 1110 00:20:54,000 --> 00:20:55,000 en todos los TRNAS 1111 00:20:56,000 --> 00:20:57,000 una base rara 1112 00:20:57,000 --> 00:20:58,000 que es el pseudouracino 1113 00:21:00,000 --> 00:21:01,000 y que los TRNAS 1114 00:21:01,000 --> 00:21:02,000 no producen rechazo 1115 00:21:04,000 --> 00:21:05,000 esto fue lo que le llevo 1116 00:21:05,000 --> 00:21:06,000 a decir 1117 00:21:06,000 --> 00:21:07,000 pues vamos a sustituir 1118 00:21:07,000 --> 00:21:08,000 en el ARN 1119 00:21:08,000 --> 00:21:09,000 mensajero 1120 00:21:09,000 --> 00:21:10,000 los pseudouracinos 1121 00:21:10,000 --> 00:21:11,000 por pseudouracino 1122 00:21:12,000 --> 00:21:13,000 y eso es lo que ha permitido 1123 00:21:13,000 --> 00:21:14,000 la vacuna 1124 00:21:14,000 --> 00:21:15,000 exactamente eso 1125 00:21:15,000 --> 00:21:16,000 aparte de un envolver 1126 00:21:16,000 --> 00:21:17,000 de lipídica 1127 00:21:17,000 --> 00:21:18,000 muy importante 1128 00:21:19,000 --> 00:21:20,000 que permite 1129 00:21:21,000 --> 00:21:22,000 inyectar 1130 00:21:23,000 --> 00:21:24,000 ese 1131 00:21:25,000 --> 00:21:26,000 ese mensaje 1132 00:21:27,000 --> 00:21:29,000 siguiendo con los ácidos nucleicos 1133 00:21:29,000 --> 00:21:30,000 hay ácidos nucleicos 1134 00:21:30,000 --> 00:21:31,000 que llamamos 1135 00:21:31,000 --> 00:21:32,000 hay ácidos 1136 00:21:33,000 --> 00:21:34,000 hay 1137 00:21:34,000 --> 00:21:35,000 y diciendo 1138 00:21:35,000 --> 00:21:36,000 siguiendo con los ácidos nucleicos 1139 00:21:36,000 --> 00:21:37,000 y asumiendo que están formados 1140 00:21:37,000 --> 00:21:38,000 por nucleotidos 1141 00:21:38,000 --> 00:21:39,000 como sabéis de sobra 1142 00:21:40,000 --> 00:21:41,000 podemos decir 1143 00:21:41,000 --> 00:21:42,000 que hay ácidos nucleicos 1144 00:21:43,000 --> 00:21:44,000 hay, perdón 1145 00:21:44,000 --> 00:21:45,000 nucleotidos 1146 00:21:45,000 --> 00:21:46,000 no nucleicos 1147 00:21:46,000 --> 00:21:47,000 que no necesariamente 1148 00:21:47,000 --> 00:21:48,000 forman parte 1149 00:21:48,000 --> 00:21:49,000 de los ácidos nucleicos 1150 00:21:49,000 --> 00:21:50,000 y que son muy importantes 1151 00:21:51,000 --> 00:21:52,000 y yo voy a hablar de dos 1152 00:21:53,000 --> 00:21:54,000 de este voy a hablar 1153 00:21:54,000 --> 00:21:55,000 porque si os fijáis 1154 00:21:58,000 --> 00:21:59,000 este soy yo 1155 00:22:00,000 --> 00:22:01,000 el ARN císmico 1156 00:22:01,000 --> 00:22:02,000 A Martínez del Bozo 1157 00:22:04,000 --> 00:22:05,000 císmico 1158 00:22:07,000 --> 00:22:08,000 esta molécula 1159 00:22:08,000 --> 00:22:09,000 es 1160 00:22:09,000 --> 00:22:10,000 extraordinariamente 1161 00:22:11,000 --> 00:22:12,000 unísima 1162 00:22:12,000 --> 00:22:13,000 porque participa 1163 00:22:13,000 --> 00:22:14,000 en todas las reacciones 1164 00:22:15,000 --> 00:22:16,000 de lo que llamamos 1165 00:22:16,000 --> 00:22:17,000 el segundo mensajero 1166 00:22:17,000 --> 00:22:18,000 es decir 1167 00:22:18,000 --> 00:22:19,000 tenemos 1168 00:22:19,000 --> 00:22:20,000 la superficie 1169 00:22:20,000 --> 00:22:21,000 de una célula 1170 00:22:21,000 --> 00:22:22,000 formada 1171 00:22:22,000 --> 00:22:23,000 como ya sabemos 1172 00:22:23,000 --> 00:22:24,000 es una barrera 1173 00:22:24,000 --> 00:22:25,000 que 1174 00:22:25,000 --> 00:22:26,000 no es fácilmente 1175 00:22:26,000 --> 00:22:27,000 franqueable 1176 00:22:27,000 --> 00:22:28,000 llega un mensaje 1177 00:22:28,000 --> 00:22:29,000 del exterior 1178 00:22:29,000 --> 00:22:30,000 en forma de neurotransmisor 1179 00:22:30,000 --> 00:22:31,000 u hormona 1180 00:22:31,000 --> 00:22:32,000 se une un receptor 1181 00:22:33,000 --> 00:22:34,000 se activan 1182 00:22:34,000 --> 00:22:35,000 una serie de enzimas 1183 00:22:35,000 --> 00:22:36,000 e al final 1184 00:22:36,000 --> 00:22:37,000 una que se llama 1185 00:22:37,000 --> 00:22:38,000 Adenilato ciclasa 1186 00:22:38,000 --> 00:22:39,000 porque cicla 1187 00:22:39,000 --> 00:22:40,000 el adenosino monofosfato 1188 00:22:42,000 --> 00:22:43,000 y este adenosino monofosfato 1189 00:22:43,000 --> 00:22:44,000 activa 1190 00:22:44,000 --> 00:22:45,000 lo que llamamos 1191 00:22:45,000 --> 00:22:46,000 una reacción encascada 1192 00:22:48,000 --> 00:22:49,000 se empiezan normalmente 1193 00:22:49,000 --> 00:22:50,000 a fosforilar proteínas 1194 00:22:51,000 --> 00:22:52,000 enzimas 1195 00:22:52,000 --> 00:22:53,000 que se activan 1196 00:22:53,000 --> 00:22:54,000 y se desactivan 1197 00:22:54,000 --> 00:22:55,000 y está detrás 1198 00:22:56,000 --> 00:22:57,000 o en medio 1199 00:22:57,000 --> 00:22:58,000 o mejor 1200 00:22:58,000 --> 00:22:59,000 de prácticamente 1201 00:22:59,000 --> 00:23:00,000 todas las respuestas 1202 00:23:00,000 --> 00:23:01,000 a un estímulo exterior 1203 00:23:01,000 --> 00:23:02,000 en un vertebral 1204 00:23:03,000 --> 00:23:04,000 ¿de acuerdo? 1205 00:23:04,000 --> 00:23:05,000 entonces 1206 00:23:05,000 --> 00:23:06,000 no tiene a lo mejor 1207 00:23:06,000 --> 00:23:07,000 no es tan conocido 1208 00:23:07,000 --> 00:23:08,000 pero tiene 1209 00:23:08,000 --> 00:23:09,000 mucho importancia 1210 00:23:10,000 --> 00:23:11,000 y otro 1211 00:23:11,000 --> 00:23:12,000 muy importante 1212 00:23:12,000 --> 00:23:13,000 es el ATP 1213 00:23:14,000 --> 00:23:15,000 el ATP de que os suena vosotros 1214 00:23:16,000 --> 00:23:17,000 de la energía 1215 00:23:17,000 --> 00:23:18,000 no sólo de la energía 1216 00:23:18,000 --> 00:23:19,000 el ATP 1217 00:23:19,000 --> 00:23:20,000 es lo que llamamos 1218 00:23:20,000 --> 00:23:21,000 la moneda energética universal 1219 00:23:22,000 --> 00:23:23,000 todos los 1220 00:23:25,000 --> 00:23:26,000 organismos 1221 00:23:26,000 --> 00:23:27,000 utilizamos 1222 00:23:27,000 --> 00:23:28,000 al intercambiar 1223 00:23:28,000 --> 00:23:29,000 energía entre 1224 00:23:29,000 --> 00:23:30,000 nuestras células 1225 00:23:30,000 --> 00:23:31,000 prácticamente 1226 00:23:31,000 --> 00:23:32,000 la misma molécula 1227 00:23:32,000 --> 00:23:33,000 ATP 1228 00:23:33,000 --> 00:23:34,000 a veces GTP 1229 00:23:34,000 --> 00:23:35,000 con aquí una guanina 1230 00:23:35,000 --> 00:23:36,000 en medio de una adenosina 1231 00:23:37,000 --> 00:23:38,000 pero alguno 1232 00:23:38,000 --> 00:23:39,000 ou una guanina 1233 00:23:39,000 --> 00:23:40,000 perdón 1234 00:23:40,000 --> 00:23:41,000 alguno se plantea 1235 00:23:41,000 --> 00:23:42,000 ¿por qué es eso? 1236 00:23:42,000 --> 00:23:43,000 ¿por qué la molécula 1237 00:23:43,000 --> 00:23:44,000 es altamente energética? 1238 00:23:45,000 --> 00:23:46,000 porque aquí tenemos 1239 00:23:47,000 --> 00:23:48,000 esto es un enlace 1240 00:23:48,000 --> 00:23:49,000 este 1241 00:23:49,000 --> 00:23:50,000 estos son 1242 00:23:50,000 --> 00:23:51,000 anidridos 1243 00:23:51,000 --> 00:23:52,000 anidridos 1244 00:23:52,000 --> 00:23:53,000 son enlaces 1245 00:23:53,000 --> 00:23:54,000 entre dos 1246 00:23:54,000 --> 00:23:55,000 ácidos 1247 00:23:55,000 --> 00:23:56,000 y esto es brutalmente 1248 00:23:56,000 --> 00:23:57,000 inestable 1249 00:23:57,000 --> 00:23:58,000 de hecho 1250 00:23:58,000 --> 00:23:59,000 el ATP 1251 00:23:59,000 --> 00:24:00,000 no es por ir así 1252 00:24:00,000 --> 00:24:01,000 sino que va conectado 1253 00:24:01,000 --> 00:24:02,000 con magnesio 1254 00:24:02,000 --> 00:24:03,000 que lo estabiliza 1255 00:24:03,000 --> 00:24:04,000 estas 1256 00:24:04,000 --> 00:24:05,000 son altamente 1257 00:24:05,000 --> 00:24:06,000 negativo 1258 00:24:06,000 --> 00:24:07,000 negativo 1259 00:24:07,000 --> 00:24:08,000 están deseando 1260 00:24:08,000 --> 00:24:09,000 separarse 1261 00:24:09,000 --> 00:24:10,000 se repelen 1262 00:24:10,000 --> 00:24:11,000 entonces cuando 1263 00:24:11,000 --> 00:24:12,000 se rompe el ATP 1264 00:24:12,000 --> 00:24:13,000 cuando el ATP 1265 00:24:13,000 --> 00:24:14,000 excede 1266 00:24:14,000 --> 00:24:15,000 sus fosfatos 1267 00:24:15,000 --> 00:24:16,000 se libera 1268 00:24:16,000 --> 00:24:17,000 mucha energía 1269 00:24:17,000 --> 00:24:18,000 esta molécula 1270 00:24:18,000 --> 00:24:19,000 muy inestable 1271 00:24:19,000 --> 00:24:20,000 ¿de acuerdo? 1272 00:24:20,000 --> 00:24:21,000 de hecho 1273 00:24:21,000 --> 00:24:22,000 tiene una vida muy corta 1274 00:24:22,000 --> 00:24:23,000 no se almacena 1275 00:24:23,000 --> 00:24:24,000 la energía 1276 00:24:24,000 --> 00:24:25,000 en forma de ATP 1277 00:24:25,000 --> 00:24:26,000 que hay muchas 1278 00:24:26,000 --> 00:24:27,000 otras formas 1279 00:24:27,000 --> 00:24:28,000 algunas de las cuales 1280 00:24:28,000 --> 00:24:29,000 ya te vamos a ver ahora 1281 00:24:29,000 --> 00:24:30,000 pero además 1282 00:24:30,000 --> 00:24:31,000 este fosfato 1283 00:24:31,000 --> 00:24:32,000 el que está en gamma 1284 00:24:32,000 --> 00:24:33,000 que está en el extremo 1285 00:24:33,000 --> 00:24:34,000 es precisamente 1286 00:24:34,000 --> 00:24:35,000 el que participa 1287 00:24:35,000 --> 00:24:36,000 en todas estas 1288 00:24:36,000 --> 00:24:37,000 reacciones 1289 00:24:37,000 --> 00:24:38,000 de fosfodilación 1290 00:24:38,000 --> 00:24:39,000 las famosas 1291 00:24:39,000 --> 00:24:40,000 quinasas 1292 00:24:40,000 --> 00:24:41,000 eso se suena 1293 00:24:41,000 --> 00:24:42,000 quinasas 1294 00:24:42,000 --> 00:24:43,000 ¿no? 1295 00:24:43,000 --> 00:24:44,000 no se 1296 00:24:44,000 --> 00:24:45,000 las quinasas 1297 00:24:45,000 --> 00:24:46,000 son las enzimas 1298 00:24:46,000 --> 00:24:47,000 que añaden fosfatos 1299 00:24:47,000 --> 00:24:48,000 a otras enzimas 1300 00:24:48,000 --> 00:24:49,000 y las encienden 1301 00:24:49,000 --> 00:24:50,000 o las apagan 1302 00:24:50,000 --> 00:24:51,000 unas veces 1303 00:24:51,000 --> 00:24:52,000 las enciende 1304 00:24:52,000 --> 00:24:53,000 y otras las apagan 1305 00:24:53,000 --> 00:24:54,000 y siempre 1306 00:24:54,000 --> 00:24:55,000 es a partir 1307 00:24:55,000 --> 00:24:56,000 de ATP 1308 00:24:56,000 --> 00:24:57,000 ¿de acuerdo? 1309 00:24:57,000 --> 00:24:58,000 y se desencadenan 1310 00:24:58,000 --> 00:24:59,000 todas estas 1311 00:24:59,000 --> 00:25:00,000 reacciones 1312 00:25:00,000 --> 00:25:01,000 encascadas 1313 00:25:04,000 --> 00:25:05,000 el ATP además 1314 00:25:05,000 --> 00:25:06,000 se sintetiza 1315 00:25:06,000 --> 00:25:07,000 en las mitocondrias 1316 00:25:07,000 --> 00:25:08,000 esencialmente 1317 00:25:08,000 --> 00:25:09,000 donde aquí 1318 00:25:09,000 --> 00:25:10,000 no me puedo ir 1319 00:25:10,000 --> 00:25:11,000 a 1320 00:25:11,000 --> 00:25:12,000 en realidad 1321 00:25:12,000 --> 00:25:13,000 es uno de mis temas 1322 00:25:13,000 --> 00:25:14,000 favoritos 1323 00:25:14,000 --> 00:25:15,000 cuando explico 1324 00:25:15,000 --> 00:25:16,000 bioquímica 1325 00:25:16,000 --> 00:25:17,000 y 1326 00:25:17,000 --> 00:25:18,000 es la cadena 1327 00:25:18,000 --> 00:25:19,000 de transporte 1328 00:25:19,000 --> 00:25:20,000 eso sí 1329 00:25:20,000 --> 00:25:21,000 os suena 1330 00:25:21,000 --> 00:25:22,000 la cadena 1331 00:25:22,000 --> 00:25:23,000 de transporte 1332 00:25:23,000 --> 00:25:24,000 electrónico 1333 00:25:24,000 --> 00:25:25,000 en la mitocondria 1334 00:25:25,000 --> 00:25:26,000 que produce 1335 00:25:26,000 --> 00:25:27,000 un gradiente 1336 00:25:27,000 --> 00:25:28,000 de protones 1337 00:25:28,000 --> 00:25:29,000 estos protones 1338 00:25:29,000 --> 00:25:30,000 hacen que 1339 00:25:30,000 --> 00:25:31,000 una enzima como esta 1340 00:25:31,000 --> 00:25:32,000 se meten por aquí 1341 00:25:32,000 --> 00:25:33,000 un canal 1342 00:25:33,000 --> 00:25:34,000 y hacen que 1343 00:25:34,000 --> 00:25:35,000 esto gire 1344 00:25:35,000 --> 00:25:36,000 y ese giro 1345 00:25:36,000 --> 00:25:37,000 cataliza 1346 00:25:37,000 --> 00:25:38,000 la formación 1347 00:25:38,000 --> 00:25:39,000 de ATP 1348 00:25:39,000 --> 00:25:40,000 en esta parte 1349 00:25:40,000 --> 00:25:41,000 de la ATPasa 1350 00:25:41,000 --> 00:25:42,000 esta ATPasa 1351 00:25:42,000 --> 00:25:43,000 yo os he traído 1352 00:25:43,000 --> 00:25:44,000 un vídeo 1353 00:25:44,000 --> 00:25:45,000 pero vos he visto 1354 00:25:45,000 --> 00:25:46,000 que no va 1355 00:25:46,000 --> 00:25:47,000 pero 1356 00:25:47,000 --> 00:25:48,000 buscad 1357 00:25:48,000 --> 00:25:49,000 ATPasa 1358 00:25:49,000 --> 00:25:50,000 cuando 1359 00:25:50,000 --> 00:25:51,000 onde queráis 1360 00:25:51,000 --> 00:25:52,000 y vais a ver 1361 00:25:52,000 --> 00:25:53,000 que es alucinante 1362 00:25:53,000 --> 00:25:54,000 porque es 1363 00:25:54,000 --> 00:25:55,000 normalmente 1364 00:25:55,000 --> 00:25:56,000 una novia 1365 00:25:56,000 --> 00:25:57,000 sabéis lo que 1366 00:25:57,000 --> 00:25:58,000 es una novia, no? 1367 00:25:58,000 --> 00:25:59,000 sabéis lo que 1368 00:25:59,000 --> 00:26:00,000 es un molino 1369 00:26:00,000 --> 00:26:01,000 un molino de agua 1370 00:26:01,000 --> 00:26:02,000 pues esto es 1371 00:26:02,000 --> 00:26:03,000 un grano 1372 00:26:03,000 --> 00:26:04,000 lo que ocurre 1373 00:26:04,000 --> 00:26:05,000 es que 1374 00:26:05,000 --> 00:26:06,000 se hace ATP 1375 00:26:06,000 --> 00:26:07,000 ¿de acuerdo? 1376 00:26:07,000 --> 00:26:08,000 esto se fabrica 1377 00:26:08,000 --> 00:26:09,000 en las mitocondrias 1378 00:26:09,000 --> 00:26:10,000 ya no sé 1379 00:26:10,000 --> 00:26:11,000 que número 1380 00:26:11,000 --> 00:26:12,000 de molécula 1381 00:26:12,000 --> 00:26:13,000 es esta 1382 00:26:13,000 --> 00:26:14,000 he perdido 1383 00:26:14,000 --> 00:26:15,000 la cuestión 1384 00:26:15,000 --> 00:26:16,000 pero es la sexta 1385 00:26:16,000 --> 00:26:17,000 la sexta 1386 00:26:17,000 --> 00:26:18,000 el colágeno 1387 00:26:18,000 --> 00:26:19,000 el colágeno 1388 00:26:19,000 --> 00:26:20,000 así dicho 1389 00:26:20,000 --> 00:26:21,000 le pasa 1390 00:26:21,000 --> 00:26:22,000 como al DNA 1391 00:26:22,000 --> 00:26:23,000 es 1392 00:26:23,000 --> 00:26:24,000 un poco 1393 00:26:24,000 --> 00:26:25,000 alodina 1394 00:26:25,000 --> 00:26:26,000 pero el colágeno 1395 00:26:26,000 --> 00:26:27,000 en cantidad 1396 00:26:27,000 --> 00:26:28,000 es la molécula 1397 00:26:28,000 --> 00:26:29,000 más abundante 1398 00:26:29,000 --> 00:26:30,000 perdón 1399 00:26:30,000 --> 00:26:31,000 la proteína 1400 00:26:31,000 --> 00:26:32,000 más abundante 1401 00:26:32,000 --> 00:26:33,000 de los vertebrados 1402 00:26:33,000 --> 00:26:34,000 porque ahora os voy a decir 1403 00:26:34,000 --> 00:26:35,000 el colágeno 1404 00:26:35,000 --> 00:26:36,000 es 1405 00:26:36,000 --> 00:26:37,000 la 1406 00:26:37,000 --> 00:26:38,000 parte 1407 00:26:38,000 --> 00:26:39,000 principal 1408 00:26:39,000 --> 00:26:40,000 de huesos 1409 00:26:40,000 --> 00:26:41,000 tendones 1410 00:26:41,000 --> 00:26:42,000 piel 1411 00:26:42,000 --> 00:26:43,000 y toda la matriz 1412 00:26:43,000 --> 00:26:44,000 extracelular 1413 00:26:44,000 --> 00:26:45,000 los vasos 1414 00:26:45,000 --> 00:26:46,000 amines 1415 00:26:46,000 --> 00:26:47,000 todo lo que nos da 1416 00:26:47,000 --> 00:26:48,000 forma 1417 00:26:48,000 --> 00:26:49,000 es el andamiaje 1418 00:26:49,000 --> 00:26:50,000 de los seres 1419 00:26:50,000 --> 00:26:51,000 vivos 1420 00:26:51,000 --> 00:26:52,000 de los vertebrados 1421 00:26:52,000 --> 00:26:53,000 lo que nos mantiene 1422 00:26:53,000 --> 00:26:54,000 la forma 1423 00:26:54,000 --> 00:26:55,000 y la estabilidad 1424 00:26:55,000 --> 00:26:56,000 mecánica 1425 00:26:56,000 --> 00:26:57,000 y precisamente 1426 00:26:57,000 --> 00:26:58,000 para que cuando 1427 00:26:58,000 --> 00:26:59,000 nos vayamos a duchar 1428 00:26:59,000 --> 00:27:00,000 no nos disolvamos 1429 00:27:00,000 --> 00:27:01,000 el colágeno 1430 00:27:01,000 --> 00:27:02,000 forma 1431 00:27:02,000 --> 00:27:03,000 una serie 1432 00:27:03,000 --> 00:27:04,000 de fibras 1433 00:27:04,000 --> 00:27:05,000 es una proteína 1434 00:27:05,000 --> 00:27:06,000 fibrosa 1435 00:27:06,000 --> 00:27:07,000 podemos medir 1436 00:27:07,000 --> 00:27:08,000 las proteínas 1437 00:27:08,000 --> 00:27:09,000 basicamente en dos 1438 00:27:09,000 --> 00:27:10,000 muy rápidamente 1439 00:27:10,000 --> 00:27:11,000 diciendo 1440 00:27:11,000 --> 00:27:12,000 que hay las seis globulares 1441 00:27:12,000 --> 00:27:13,000 solubles en agua 1442 00:27:13,000 --> 00:27:14,000 y las seis fibrosas 1443 00:27:14,000 --> 00:27:15,000 no solubles en agua 1444 00:27:15,000 --> 00:27:16,000 aunque como siempre 1445 00:27:16,000 --> 00:27:17,000 con las proteínas 1446 00:27:17,000 --> 00:27:18,000 hay excepciones 1447 00:27:18,000 --> 00:27:19,000 estas 1448 00:27:19,000 --> 00:27:20,000 triples hélices 1449 00:27:20,000 --> 00:27:21,000 porque también 1450 00:27:21,000 --> 00:27:22,000 en eso 1451 00:27:22,000 --> 00:27:23,000 se asemejan 1452 00:27:23,000 --> 00:27:24,000 del DNA 1453 00:27:24,000 --> 00:27:25,000 se asocian 1454 00:27:25,000 --> 00:27:26,000 de tres en tres 1455 00:27:26,000 --> 00:27:27,000 y forman 1456 00:27:27,000 --> 00:27:28,000 una triuniente 1457 00:27:28,000 --> 00:27:29,000 se van uniendose 1458 00:27:29,000 --> 00:27:30,000 se van uniendo 1459 00:27:30,000 --> 00:27:31,000 se van uniendo 1460 00:27:31,000 --> 00:27:32,000 hasta hacer 1461 00:27:32,000 --> 00:27:33,000 lo que vemos 1462 00:27:33,000 --> 00:27:34,000 un tendón 1463 00:27:34,000 --> 00:27:35,000 lo vemos 1464 00:27:35,000 --> 00:27:36,000 ¿verdad? 1465 00:27:36,000 --> 00:27:37,000 y es prácticamente 1466 00:27:37,000 --> 00:27:38,000 solo colágeno 1467 00:27:38,000 --> 00:27:39,000 esto que 1468 00:27:39,000 --> 00:27:40,000 fijaos 1469 00:27:40,000 --> 00:27:41,000 cuando la persona 1470 00:27:41,000 --> 00:27:42,000 hace como es pollo 1471 00:27:42,000 --> 00:27:43,000 en las 1472 00:27:43,000 --> 00:27:44,000 en los burritos 1473 00:27:44,000 --> 00:27:45,000 de pollo 1474 00:27:45,000 --> 00:27:46,000 como hay unos tendones 1475 00:27:46,000 --> 00:27:47,000 en la parte 1476 00:27:47,000 --> 00:27:48,000 que no ablaniza 1477 00:27:48,000 --> 00:27:49,000 eso es colágeno 1478 00:27:49,000 --> 00:27:50,000 entonces esto nos va a dar 1479 00:27:50,000 --> 00:27:51,000 estabilidad mecánica 1480 00:27:51,000 --> 00:27:52,000 estamos aquí 1481 00:27:52,000 --> 00:27:53,000 del pie 1482 00:27:53,000 --> 00:27:54,000 por supuesto 1483 00:27:54,000 --> 00:27:55,000 por los músculos 1484 00:27:55,000 --> 00:27:56,000 por los músculos 1485 00:27:56,000 --> 00:27:57,000 como se fijan 1486 00:27:57,000 --> 00:27:58,000 a los huesos 1487 00:27:59,000 --> 00:28:00,000 ¿de acuerdo? 1488 00:28:00,000 --> 00:28:01,000 es una molécula 1489 00:28:01,000 --> 00:28:02,000 fundamental 1490 00:28:02,000 --> 00:28:03,000 y otra cosa 1491 00:28:03,000 --> 00:28:04,000 que no sabe 1492 00:28:04,000 --> 00:28:05,000 mucha gente 1493 00:28:05,000 --> 00:28:06,000 es que precisamente 1494 00:28:06,000 --> 00:28:07,000 esta estructura 1495 00:28:07,000 --> 00:28:08,000 el triple hélice 1496 00:28:08,000 --> 00:28:09,000 gran parte 1497 00:28:09,000 --> 00:28:10,000 de la resolución 1498 00:28:10,000 --> 00:28:11,000 de ella 1499 00:28:11,000 --> 00:28:12,000 fue la tesis 1500 00:28:12,000 --> 00:28:13,000 de Francis Crick 1501 00:28:13,000 --> 00:28:15,000 que Francis Crick 1502 00:28:15,000 --> 00:28:16,000 determinó 1503 00:28:16,000 --> 00:28:17,000 la estructura 1504 00:28:17,000 --> 00:28:18,000 del DNA 1505 00:28:18,000 --> 00:28:19,000 sin que eso 1506 00:28:19,000 --> 00:28:20,000 fuese su tesis 1507 00:28:20,000 --> 00:28:21,000 todavía no era doctor 1508 00:28:21,000 --> 00:28:22,000 porque el estaba 1509 00:28:22,000 --> 00:28:23,000 en un laboratorio 1510 00:28:23,000 --> 00:28:24,000 que era de proteínas 1511 00:28:24,000 --> 00:28:25,000 un laboratorio 1512 00:28:25,000 --> 00:28:26,000 de proteínas 1513 00:28:26,000 --> 00:28:27,000 en el que precisamente 1514 00:28:27,000 --> 00:28:28,000 se determinó 1515 00:28:28,000 --> 00:28:29,000 esto lo voy a saltar 1516 00:28:29,000 --> 00:28:30,000 porque salió mujer 1517 00:28:30,000 --> 00:28:31,000 además 1518 00:28:31,000 --> 00:28:32,000 faltan cosas 1519 00:28:32,000 --> 00:28:33,000 se determinó 1520 00:28:33,000 --> 00:28:34,000 la estructura 1521 00:28:34,000 --> 00:28:35,000 de la primera 1522 00:28:35,000 --> 00:28:36,000 proteína 1523 00:28:36,000 --> 00:28:37,000 la hemoglobina 1524 00:28:37,000 --> 00:28:38,000 y casi 1525 00:28:38,000 --> 00:28:39,000 simultáneamente 1526 00:28:39,000 --> 00:28:40,000 la hemoglobina 1527 00:28:40,000 --> 00:28:41,000 que es de la que 1528 00:28:41,000 --> 00:28:42,000 yo voy a hablar aquí 1529 00:28:42,000 --> 00:28:43,000 que hace la hemoglobina? 1530 00:28:43,000 --> 00:28:44,000 pues a veces 1531 00:28:44,000 --> 00:28:45,000 transporta 1532 00:28:45,000 --> 00:28:46,000 la oxígeno 1533 00:28:46,000 --> 00:28:47,000 ¿de acuerdo? 1534 00:28:47,000 --> 00:28:48,000 la hemoglobina 1535 00:28:48,000 --> 00:28:49,000 transporta 1536 00:28:49,000 --> 00:28:50,000 la oxígeno 1537 00:28:50,000 --> 00:28:51,000 y la hemoglobina 1538 00:28:51,000 --> 00:28:52,000 tiene una 1539 00:28:52,000 --> 00:28:53,000 estructura 1540 00:28:53,000 --> 00:28:54,000 que es 1541 00:28:54,000 --> 00:28:55,000 la hemoglobina 1542 00:28:55,000 --> 00:28:56,000 que es 1543 00:28:56,000 --> 00:28:57,000 la hemoglobina 1544 00:28:57,000 --> 00:28:58,000 tiene una propiedad 1545 00:28:58,000 --> 00:28:59,000 que es difícil 1546 00:28:59,000 --> 00:29:00,000 de explicar rápido 1547 00:29:00,000 --> 00:29:01,000 que está formada 1548 00:29:01,000 --> 00:29:02,000 la hemoglobina 1549 00:29:02,000 --> 00:29:03,000 está formada 1550 00:29:03,000 --> 00:29:04,000 por cuatro 1551 00:29:04,000 --> 00:29:05,000 piezas 1552 00:29:05,000 --> 00:29:06,000 cuatro subunidades 1553 00:29:06,000 --> 00:29:07,000 iguales 1554 00:29:07,000 --> 00:29:08,000 decimos 1555 00:29:08,000 --> 00:29:09,000 y pueden estar 1556 00:29:09,000 --> 00:29:10,000 en dos conformaciones 1557 00:29:10,000 --> 00:29:11,000 en una conformación 1558 00:29:11,000 --> 00:29:12,000 un el oxígeno 1559 00:29:12,000 --> 00:29:13,000 y en la otra 1560 00:29:13,000 --> 00:29:14,000 no 1561 00:29:14,000 --> 00:29:15,000 para simplificar 1562 00:29:15,000 --> 00:29:16,000 y esa conformación 1563 00:29:16,000 --> 00:29:17,000 puede cambiar 1564 00:29:17,000 --> 00:29:18,000 en función 1565 00:29:18,000 --> 00:29:19,000 de factores 1566 00:29:19,000 --> 00:29:20,000 ambientales 1567 00:29:20,000 --> 00:29:21,000 ¿que ocurre? 1568 00:29:21,000 --> 00:29:22,000 cuando la hemoglobina 1569 00:29:22,000 --> 00:29:23,000 llega a los pulmones 1570 00:29:23,000 --> 00:29:24,000 en los pulmones 1571 00:29:24,000 --> 00:29:25,000 siempre hay 1572 00:29:25,000 --> 00:29:26,000 oxígeno de sobra 1573 00:29:26,000 --> 00:29:27,000 da igual 1574 00:29:27,000 --> 00:29:28,000 como está 1575 00:29:28,000 --> 00:29:29,000 la hemoglobina 1576 00:29:29,000 --> 00:29:30,000 se va a saturar 1577 00:29:30,000 --> 00:29:31,000 de oxígeno 1578 00:29:31,000 --> 00:29:32,000 y va a seguir 1579 00:29:32,000 --> 00:29:33,000 repartiendo 1580 00:29:33,000 --> 00:29:34,000 el oxígeno 1581 00:29:34,000 --> 00:29:35,000 con los tejidos 1582 00:29:35,000 --> 00:29:36,000 pero según 1583 00:29:36,000 --> 00:29:37,000 se le va acabando 1584 00:29:37,000 --> 00:29:38,000 el oxígeno 1585 00:29:38,000 --> 00:29:39,000 caber 1586 00:29:39,000 --> 00:29:40,000 resulta 1587 00:29:40,000 --> 00:29:41,000 más difícil 1588 00:29:41,000 --> 00:29:42,000 soltarlo 1589 00:29:42,000 --> 00:29:43,000 ¿de acuerdo? 1590 00:29:43,000 --> 00:29:44,000 porque le va quedando 1591 00:29:44,000 --> 00:29:45,000 menos 1592 00:29:45,000 --> 00:29:46,000 en lo que ocurre 1593 00:29:46,000 --> 00:29:47,000 es que 1594 00:29:47,000 --> 00:29:48,000 hay otros 1595 00:29:48,000 --> 00:29:49,000 factores 1596 00:29:49,000 --> 00:29:50,000 que ocurre 1597 00:29:50,000 --> 00:29:51,000 según nos vamos 1598 00:29:51,000 --> 00:29:52,000 alejando 1599 00:29:52,000 --> 00:29:53,000 de los pulmones 1600 00:29:53,000 --> 00:29:54,000 que va aumentando 1601 00:29:55,000 --> 00:29:56,000 va disminuyendo 1602 00:29:56,000 --> 00:29:57,000 el oxígeno 1603 00:29:57,000 --> 00:29:58,000 y que va aumentando? 1604 00:29:58,000 --> 00:29:59,000 el dióxido de carbono 1605 00:29:59,000 --> 00:30:00,000 el dióxido de carbono 1606 00:30:00,000 --> 00:30:01,000 el dióxido de carbono 1607 00:30:01,000 --> 00:30:02,000 es 1608 00:30:02,000 --> 00:30:03,000 ácido carbónico 1609 00:30:03,000 --> 00:30:04,000 cuando se disuelve 1610 00:30:04,000 --> 00:30:05,000 en agua 1611 00:30:05,000 --> 00:30:06,000 es ácido carbónico 1612 00:30:06,000 --> 00:30:07,000 es decir 1613 00:30:07,000 --> 00:30:08,000 CO2 1614 00:30:08,000 --> 00:30:09,000 baja de ácido 1615 00:30:09,000 --> 00:30:10,000 y ambos factores 1616 00:30:10,000 --> 00:30:11,000 hacen que la hemoglobina 1617 00:30:11,000 --> 00:30:12,000 cambie 1618 00:30:12,000 --> 00:30:13,000 a esa exposición 1619 00:30:13,000 --> 00:30:14,000 en la que 1620 00:30:14,000 --> 00:30:15,000 une el oxígeno 1621 00:30:15,000 --> 00:30:16,000 por eso 1622 00:30:16,000 --> 00:30:17,000 digamos que 1623 00:30:17,000 --> 00:30:18,000 la afinidad 1624 00:30:18,000 --> 00:30:19,000 la capacidad 1625 00:30:19,000 --> 00:30:20,000 de unir 1626 00:30:20,000 --> 00:30:21,000 la hemoglobina 1627 00:30:21,000 --> 00:30:22,000 va variando 1628 00:30:22,000 --> 00:30:23,000 a lo largo 1629 00:30:23,000 --> 00:30:24,000 del sanguíneo 1630 00:30:24,000 --> 00:30:25,000 y se va desprendiendo 1631 00:30:25,000 --> 00:30:26,000 de esas 1632 00:30:26,000 --> 00:30:27,000 moléculas 1633 00:30:27,000 --> 00:30:28,000 de oxígeno 1634 00:30:28,000 --> 00:30:29,000 según 1635 00:30:29,000 --> 00:30:30,000 se van necesitando 1636 00:30:30,000 --> 00:30:31,000 eso se modula 1637 00:30:31,000 --> 00:30:32,000 directamente 1638 00:30:32,000 --> 00:30:33,000 por el pH 1639 00:30:33,000 --> 00:30:34,000 y por 1640 00:30:34,000 --> 00:30:35,000 la cantidad 1641 00:30:35,000 --> 00:30:36,000 de CO2 1642 00:30:36,000 --> 00:30:37,000 que suelta 1643 00:30:37,000 --> 00:30:38,000 en la sangre 1644 00:30:38,000 --> 00:30:39,000 no sólo 1645 00:30:39,000 --> 00:30:40,000 pero principalmente 1646 00:30:40,000 --> 00:30:41,000 ¿de acuerdo? 1647 00:30:41,000 --> 00:30:42,000 y esto es 1648 00:30:42,000 --> 00:30:43,000 alucinante 1649 00:30:43,000 --> 00:30:44,000 para mi 1650 00:30:44,000 --> 00:30:45,000 porque 1651 00:30:45,000 --> 00:30:46,000 la hemoglobina 1652 00:30:46,000 --> 00:30:47,000 lo que tiene 1653 00:30:47,000 --> 00:30:48,000 es una cavidad 1654 00:30:48,000 --> 00:30:49,000 en sus cuatro 1655 00:30:49,000 --> 00:30:50,000 subunidades 1656 00:30:50,000 --> 00:30:51,000 tiene una cavidad 1657 00:30:51,000 --> 00:30:52,000 hidrófoba 1658 00:30:52,000 --> 00:30:53,000 no entra 1659 00:30:53,000 --> 00:30:54,000 al agua 1660 00:30:54,000 --> 00:30:55,000 como no entra 1661 00:30:55,000 --> 00:30:56,000 al agua 1662 00:30:56,000 --> 00:30:57,000 este hierro 1663 00:30:57,000 --> 00:30:58,000 que es perroso 1664 00:30:58,000 --> 00:30:59,000 no se oxida 1665 00:30:59,000 --> 00:31:00,000 férmico 1666 00:31:00,000 --> 00:31:01,000 fijaos 1667 00:31:01,000 --> 00:31:02,000 cuando 1668 00:31:02,000 --> 00:31:03,000 yo me corto 1669 00:31:03,000 --> 00:31:04,000 me sale 1670 00:31:04,000 --> 00:31:05,000 sangre 1671 00:31:05,000 --> 00:31:06,000 la sangre 1672 00:31:06,000 --> 00:31:07,000 sempre 1673 00:31:07,000 --> 00:31:08,000 sale 1674 00:31:08,000 --> 00:31:09,000 roja 1675 00:31:09,000 --> 00:31:10,000 aunque sea 1676 00:31:10,000 --> 00:31:11,000 sangre erosa 1677 00:31:11,000 --> 00:31:12,000 porque 1678 00:31:12,000 --> 00:31:13,000 en el momento 1679 00:31:13,000 --> 00:31:14,000 en que me corto 1680 00:31:14,000 --> 00:31:15,000 como hay oxígeno 1681 00:31:15,000 --> 00:31:16,000 en el aire 1682 00:31:16,000 --> 00:31:17,000 se oxígena 1683 00:31:17,000 --> 00:31:18,000 a tope 1684 00:31:18,000 --> 00:31:19,000 pero si la dejo 1685 00:31:19,000 --> 00:31:20,000 secar 1686 00:31:20,000 --> 00:31:21,000 ¿como se pone? 1687 00:31:21,000 --> 00:31:22,000 la proteína 1688 00:31:22,000 --> 00:31:23,000 se desnaturaliza 1689 00:31:23,000 --> 00:31:24,000 pierde 1690 00:31:24,000 --> 00:31:25,000 sus propiedades 1691 00:31:25,000 --> 00:31:26,000 el hierro 1692 00:31:26,000 --> 00:31:27,000 deja de estar metido 1693 00:31:27,000 --> 00:31:28,000 en ese oxígeno 1694 00:31:28,000 --> 00:31:29,000 hidrófobo 1695 00:31:29,000 --> 00:31:30,000 y se oxida 1696 00:31:30,000 --> 00:31:31,000 a ferroso 1697 00:31:32,000 --> 00:31:33,000 y los que fuman 1698 00:31:33,000 --> 00:31:34,000 tienen 1699 00:31:34,000 --> 00:31:35,000 mucho más 1700 00:31:35,000 --> 00:31:36,000 cantidad 1701 00:31:36,000 --> 00:31:37,000 de hemoglobina 1702 00:31:37,000 --> 00:31:38,000 en su sangre 1703 00:31:38,000 --> 00:31:39,000 con el hierro 1704 00:31:39,000 --> 00:31:40,000 férmico 1705 00:31:40,000 --> 00:31:41,000 y por tanto 1706 00:31:41,000 --> 00:31:42,000 respiran peor 1707 00:31:42,000 --> 00:31:43,000 que no sepáis 1708 00:31:43,000 --> 00:31:44,000 por culpa 1709 00:31:44,000 --> 00:31:45,000 del tabaco 1710 00:31:45,000 --> 00:31:46,000 bien 1711 00:31:46,000 --> 00:31:47,000 ese cambio 1712 00:31:47,000 --> 00:31:48,000 se debe 1713 00:31:48,000 --> 00:31:49,000 a lo siguiente 1714 00:31:49,000 --> 00:31:50,000 bien 1715 00:31:50,000 --> 00:31:51,000 este es el grupo E 1716 00:31:51,000 --> 00:31:52,000 esto lo quiero contar 1717 00:31:52,000 --> 00:31:53,000 porque es 1718 00:31:53,000 --> 00:31:54,000 yo me calucí 1719 00:31:54,000 --> 00:31:55,000 este es el grupo E 1720 00:31:55,000 --> 00:31:56,000 ¿vale? 1721 00:31:56,000 --> 00:31:57,000 y en el centro está el hierro 1722 00:31:57,000 --> 00:31:58,000 y hay dos histidinas 1723 00:31:58,000 --> 00:31:59,000 que son dos aminoácidos 1724 00:31:59,000 --> 00:32:00,000 uno 1725 00:32:00,000 --> 00:32:01,000 que llamamos 1726 00:32:01,000 --> 00:32:02,000 la histidina 1727 00:32:02,000 --> 00:32:03,000 próxima 1728 00:32:03,000 --> 00:32:04,000 que sujeta 1729 00:32:04,000 --> 00:32:05,000 el hierro 1730 00:32:05,000 --> 00:32:06,000 en su posición 1731 00:32:06,000 --> 00:32:07,000 y otra 1732 00:32:07,000 --> 00:32:08,000 entre las cuales 1733 00:32:08,000 --> 00:32:09,000 es la histidina distal 1734 00:32:09,000 --> 00:32:10,000 entre las cuales 1735 00:32:10,000 --> 00:32:11,000 se coloca 1736 00:32:11,000 --> 00:32:12,000 el oxígeno 1737 00:32:12,000 --> 00:32:13,000 es decir 1738 00:32:13,000 --> 00:32:14,000 grupo E 1739 00:32:14,000 --> 00:32:15,000 el hierro 1740 00:32:15,000 --> 00:32:16,000 una histidina 1741 00:32:16,000 --> 00:32:17,000 unida al hierro 1742 00:32:17,000 --> 00:32:18,000 en los dos 1743 00:32:19,000 --> 00:32:20,000 el oxígeno 1744 00:32:20,000 --> 00:32:21,000 se coloca 1745 00:32:21,000 --> 00:32:22,000 entre el hierro 1746 00:32:22,000 --> 00:32:23,000 y el hidrógeno 1747 00:32:24,000 --> 00:32:25,000 ¿de acuerdo? 1748 00:32:27,000 --> 00:32:28,000 cuando 1749 00:32:28,000 --> 00:32:29,000 la hemoglobina 1750 00:32:29,000 --> 00:32:30,000 pasa 1751 00:32:37,000 --> 00:32:38,000 no, es igual 1752 00:32:38,000 --> 00:32:39,000 cuando la hemoglobina 1753 00:32:39,000 --> 00:32:40,000 pasa al estado 1754 00:32:40,000 --> 00:32:41,000 en el que 1755 00:32:41,000 --> 00:32:42,000 pede con más facilidad 1756 00:32:42,000 --> 00:32:43,000 el hierro 1757 00:32:43,000 --> 00:32:44,000 y el oxígeno 1758 00:32:44,000 --> 00:32:45,000 a ese B 1759 00:32:45,000 --> 00:32:46,000 lo que ocurre 1760 00:32:46,000 --> 00:32:47,000 es que este hierro 1761 00:32:48,000 --> 00:32:49,000 no está exactamente 1762 00:32:49,000 --> 00:32:50,000 no está exactamente 1763 00:32:50,000 --> 00:32:51,000 no está exactamente 1764 00:32:51,000 --> 00:32:52,000 no está exactamente 1765 00:32:52,000 --> 00:32:53,000 no está exactamente 1766 00:32:53,000 --> 00:32:54,000 en el mismo plano 1767 00:32:54,000 --> 00:32:55,000 está 0,4 Ármonos 1768 00:32:55,000 --> 00:32:56,000 por debajo 1769 00:32:56,000 --> 00:32:57,000 esta histidina 1770 00:32:57,000 --> 00:32:58,000 esta X 1771 00:32:58,000 --> 00:32:59,000 tira el hierro 1772 00:32:59,000 --> 00:33:00,000 un poquito 1773 00:33:00,000 --> 00:33:01,000 hacia abajo 1774 00:33:01,000 --> 00:33:02,000 ¿de acuerdo? 1775 00:33:02,000 --> 00:33:03,000 0,4 Ármonos 1776 00:33:03,000 --> 00:33:04,000 ¿os imagináis lo que es? 1777 00:33:12,000 --> 00:33:13,000 creo que 1778 00:33:13,000 --> 00:33:14,000 lo voy a decir 1779 00:33:14,000 --> 00:33:15,000 un poco en memoria 1780 00:33:15,000 --> 00:33:16,000 porque a genera 1781 00:33:16,000 --> 00:33:17,000 podemos 1782 00:33:17,000 --> 00:33:18,000 cortar 1783 00:33:18,000 --> 00:33:19,000 un billete 1784 00:33:19,000 --> 00:33:20,000 de banco 1785 00:33:20,000 --> 00:33:21,000 en láminas 1786 00:33:21,000 --> 00:33:22,000 en esta 1787 00:33:22,000 --> 00:33:23,000 en esta 1788 00:33:23,000 --> 00:33:24,000 en esta 1789 00:33:24,000 --> 00:33:25,000 en este sentido 1790 00:33:25,000 --> 00:33:26,000 en este sentido 1791 00:33:26,000 --> 00:33:27,000 láminas 1792 00:33:27,000 --> 00:33:28,000 de un monstruo 1793 00:33:28,000 --> 00:33:29,000 si no me estoy equivocando 1794 00:33:29,000 --> 00:33:30,000 podremos hacer 1795 00:33:30,000 --> 00:33:31,000 un billete 1796 00:33:31,000 --> 00:33:32,000 de láminas 1797 00:33:32,000 --> 00:33:33,000 eso es un monstruo 1798 00:33:33,000 --> 00:33:34,000 un movimento 1799 00:33:34,000 --> 00:33:35,000 cuando entra el oxígeno 1800 00:33:35,000 --> 00:33:36,000 al meterse aquí 1801 00:33:36,000 --> 00:33:37,000 tira el hierro 1802 00:33:37,000 --> 00:33:38,000 hacia arriba 1803 00:33:38,000 --> 00:33:39,000 la histidina 1804 00:33:39,000 --> 00:33:40,000 se mueve 1805 00:33:40,000 --> 00:33:41,000 y isto hace 1806 00:33:41,000 --> 00:33:42,000 la histidina 1807 00:33:42,000 --> 00:33:43,000 se mueve 1808 00:33:43,000 --> 00:33:44,000 y isto hace 1809 00:33:44,000 --> 00:33:45,000 la histidina 1810 00:33:45,000 --> 00:33:46,000 y esto hace 1811 00:33:46,000 --> 00:33:47,000 la histidina 1812 00:33:47,000 --> 00:33:48,000 y ya puede soltar 1813 00:33:48,000 --> 00:33:49,000 el oxígeno 1814 00:33:49,000 --> 00:33:50,000 es decir 1815 00:33:50,000 --> 00:33:51,000 respiramos 1816 00:33:51,000 --> 00:33:52,000 gracias a un movimento 1817 00:33:52,000 --> 00:33:53,000 molecular 1818 00:33:53,000 --> 00:33:54,000 de 0,4 1819 00:33:54,000 --> 00:33:55,000 Ármonos 1820 00:33:55,000 --> 00:33:56,000 de menos de 1 1821 00:33:56,000 --> 00:33:57,000 Ármonos 1822 00:33:58,000 --> 00:33:59,000 y otra cosa 1823 00:33:59,000 --> 00:34:00,000 muy interesante 1824 00:34:02,000 --> 00:34:03,000 mamás veo que hay 1825 00:34:03,000 --> 00:34:04,000 muchas mujeres aquí 1826 00:34:05,000 --> 00:34:06,000 yo 1827 00:34:06,000 --> 00:34:07,000 suelo hacer la broma 1828 00:34:07,000 --> 00:34:08,000 de que los 1829 00:34:08,000 --> 00:34:09,000 otros 1830 00:34:10,000 --> 00:34:11,000 los hijos en general 1831 00:34:11,000 --> 00:34:12,000 son una auténtica 1832 00:34:15,000 --> 00:34:16,000 son los parásitos 1833 00:34:19,000 --> 00:34:20,000 y no 1834 00:34:20,000 --> 00:34:21,000 no es el peor momento 1835 00:34:21,000 --> 00:34:22,000 cuando están en el útero 1836 00:34:22,000 --> 00:34:23,000 pero ya en el útero 1837 00:34:23,000 --> 00:34:24,000 no son 1838 00:34:24,000 --> 00:34:25,000 porque 1839 00:34:25,000 --> 00:34:26,000 alguna vez 1840 00:34:26,000 --> 00:34:27,000 nos habéis planteado 1841 00:34:27,000 --> 00:34:28,000 como respira 1842 00:34:28,000 --> 00:34:29,000 un feto 1843 00:34:31,000 --> 00:34:32,000 a través de la 1844 00:34:32,000 --> 00:34:33,000 sanidad de la madre 1845 00:34:33,000 --> 00:34:34,000 pero 1846 00:34:35,000 --> 00:34:36,000 si el feto 1847 00:34:36,000 --> 00:34:37,000 y la madre 1848 00:34:37,000 --> 00:34:38,000 tuviesen la misma hemoglobina 1849 00:34:39,000 --> 00:34:40,000 si tuviesen 1850 00:34:40,000 --> 00:34:41,000 la misma afinidad 1851 00:34:41,000 --> 00:34:42,000 por la hemoglobina 1852 00:34:42,000 --> 00:34:43,000 el feto no 1853 00:34:43,000 --> 00:34:44,000 la madre 1854 00:34:44,000 --> 00:34:45,000 acapararía 1855 00:34:45,000 --> 00:34:46,000 todo el oxígeno 1856 00:34:46,000 --> 00:34:47,000 ¿entenderon 1857 00:34:47,000 --> 00:34:48,000 yo decir? 1858 00:34:48,000 --> 00:34:49,000 es que los fetos 1859 00:34:49,000 --> 00:34:50,000 mientras son fetos 1860 00:34:50,000 --> 00:34:51,000 tienen muchas proteínas 1861 00:34:51,000 --> 00:34:52,000 que no tienen luego 1862 00:34:52,000 --> 00:34:53,000 cuando son adultos 1863 00:34:53,000 --> 00:34:54,000 y una de ellas 1864 00:34:54,000 --> 00:34:55,000 es la hemoglobina 1865 00:34:55,000 --> 00:34:56,000 una hemoglobina 1866 00:34:56,000 --> 00:34:57,000 distinta 1867 00:34:57,000 --> 00:34:58,000 que tiene 1868 00:34:58,000 --> 00:34:59,000 más capacidad 1869 00:34:59,000 --> 00:35:00,000 para coger el oxígeno 1870 00:35:00,000 --> 00:35:01,000 y literalmente 1871 00:35:01,000 --> 00:35:02,000 la placenta 1872 00:35:02,000 --> 00:35:03,000 le roba 1873 00:35:03,000 --> 00:35:04,000 el oxígeno 1874 00:35:04,000 --> 00:35:05,000 a la madre 1875 00:35:05,000 --> 00:35:06,000 es un parásito 1876 00:35:06,000 --> 00:35:07,000 de bajos 1877 00:35:07,000 --> 00:35:08,000 es un parásito 1878 00:35:08,000 --> 00:35:09,000 de bajos 1879 00:35:09,000 --> 00:35:10,000 es un parásito 1880 00:35:10,000 --> 00:35:11,000 de bajos 1881 00:35:12,000 --> 00:35:13,000 y en el momento 1882 00:35:13,000 --> 00:35:14,000 en que nace 1883 00:35:14,000 --> 00:35:15,000 en minutos 1884 00:35:15,000 --> 00:35:16,000 se apaga 1885 00:35:16,000 --> 00:35:17,000 el gel 1886 00:35:17,000 --> 00:35:18,000 que produce la hemoglobina fetal 1887 00:35:18,000 --> 00:35:19,000 y empieza a producir 1888 00:35:19,000 --> 00:35:20,000 hemoglobina adulta 1889 00:35:21,000 --> 00:35:22,000 cuando ya empieza 1890 00:35:22,000 --> 00:35:23,000 a no depender 1891 00:35:23,000 --> 00:35:24,000 de la madre 1892 00:35:24,000 --> 00:35:25,000 y muchos casos 1893 00:35:25,000 --> 00:35:26,000 de estos 1894 00:35:26,000 --> 00:35:27,000 que llaman 1895 00:35:27,000 --> 00:35:28,000 de la muerte súbita 1896 00:35:28,000 --> 00:35:29,000 de un recién nacido 1897 00:35:29,000 --> 00:35:30,000 es porque 1898 00:35:30,000 --> 00:35:31,000 eso no ha tenido lugar 1899 00:35:31,000 --> 00:35:32,000 y fijaos 1900 00:35:32,000 --> 00:35:33,000 encontraras 1901 00:35:33,000 --> 00:35:34,000 uno podría pensar 1902 00:35:34,000 --> 00:35:35,000 en una atmósfera 1903 00:35:35,000 --> 00:35:36,000 de mucho oxígeno 1904 00:35:36,000 --> 00:35:37,000 si yo tengo 1905 00:35:37,000 --> 00:35:38,000 una proteína 1906 00:35:38,000 --> 00:35:39,000 que no suelta 1907 00:35:39,000 --> 00:35:40,000 el oxígeno 1908 00:35:40,000 --> 00:35:41,000 porque está acostumbrada 1909 00:35:41,000 --> 00:35:42,000 a tirar 1910 00:35:42,000 --> 00:35:43,000 el de la madre 1911 00:35:43,000 --> 00:35:44,000 y le ponemos 1912 00:35:44,000 --> 00:35:45,000 en una zona 1913 00:35:45,000 --> 00:35:46,000 donde tampoco 1914 00:35:46,000 --> 00:35:47,000 está bien oxigenada 1915 00:35:47,000 --> 00:35:48,000 no ya respira bien 1916 00:35:48,000 --> 00:35:49,000 no respira bien 1917 00:35:49,000 --> 00:35:50,000 y se acaba un gel 1918 00:35:51,000 --> 00:35:52,000 es por eso 1919 00:35:52,000 --> 00:35:53,000 en muchos casos 1920 00:35:53,000 --> 00:35:54,000 porque no ha habido 1921 00:35:54,000 --> 00:35:55,000 este cambio 1922 00:35:55,000 --> 00:35:56,000 genético 1923 00:35:56,000 --> 00:35:57,000 de que se encienda 1924 00:35:57,000 --> 00:35:58,000 un gel 1925 00:35:58,000 --> 00:35:59,000 y se apague 1926 00:36:01,000 --> 00:36:02,000 y vamos ahora 1927 00:36:02,000 --> 00:36:03,000 con los hidratos de carbono 1928 00:36:03,000 --> 00:36:04,000 los hidratos de carbono 1929 00:36:04,000 --> 00:36:05,000 yo elegí 1930 00:36:05,000 --> 00:36:06,000 el glucógeno 1931 00:36:06,000 --> 00:36:07,000 porque el glucógeno 1932 00:36:07,000 --> 00:36:08,000 es 1933 00:36:08,000 --> 00:36:09,000 el 1934 00:36:09,000 --> 00:36:10,000 reservorio 1935 00:36:10,000 --> 00:36:11,000 principal 1936 00:36:11,000 --> 00:36:12,000 la almacén 1937 00:36:12,000 --> 00:36:13,000 principal 1938 00:36:13,000 --> 00:36:14,000 de 1939 00:36:15,000 --> 00:36:16,000 hidratos de carbono 1940 00:36:18,000 --> 00:36:19,000 en los vertebrados 1941 00:36:19,000 --> 00:36:20,000 ya sé que está de moda 1942 00:36:20,000 --> 00:36:21,000 hablar 1943 00:36:21,000 --> 00:36:22,000 que el azúcar es malo 1944 00:36:22,000 --> 00:36:23,000 el azúcar es bueno 1945 00:36:23,000 --> 00:36:24,000 entonces estas cosas 1946 00:36:24,000 --> 00:36:25,000 que tampoco 1947 00:36:25,000 --> 00:36:26,000 ahora me voy a enrollar mucho 1948 00:36:26,000 --> 00:36:27,000 pero 1949 00:36:27,000 --> 00:36:28,000 la glucosa 1950 00:36:28,000 --> 00:36:29,000 no ya el azúcar 1951 00:36:29,000 --> 00:36:30,000 la glucosa 1952 00:36:30,000 --> 00:36:31,000 es imprescindible 1953 00:36:31,000 --> 00:36:32,000 para la vida 1954 00:36:32,000 --> 00:36:33,000 vamos 1955 00:36:34,000 --> 00:36:35,000 entre otras cosas 1956 00:36:35,000 --> 00:36:36,000 el glucauristo 1957 00:36:36,000 --> 00:36:37,000 tiene matices 1958 00:36:37,000 --> 00:36:38,000 el cerebro 1959 00:36:38,000 --> 00:36:39,000 solo consume 1960 00:36:39,000 --> 00:36:40,000 glucosa 1961 00:36:40,000 --> 00:36:41,000 porque es un exquisito 1962 00:36:41,000 --> 00:36:42,000 así que 1963 00:36:42,000 --> 00:36:43,000 tener cuidado 1964 00:36:43,000 --> 00:36:44,000 tener mucho cuidado 1965 00:36:44,000 --> 00:36:45,000 con todas 1966 00:36:45,000 --> 00:36:46,000 las dietas 1967 00:36:46,000 --> 00:36:47,000 estas exageradas 1968 00:36:47,000 --> 00:36:48,000 nunca hay que exagerar 1969 00:36:48,000 --> 00:36:49,000 con las dietas 1970 00:36:49,000 --> 00:36:50,000 el caso es que 1971 00:36:50,000 --> 00:36:51,000 el glucógeno 1972 00:36:51,000 --> 00:36:52,000 la glucosa 1973 00:36:52,000 --> 00:36:53,000 se almacena 1974 00:36:53,000 --> 00:36:54,000 en el músculo 1975 00:36:54,000 --> 00:36:55,000 y en el hígado 1976 00:36:55,000 --> 00:36:56,000 amidón 1977 00:36:56,000 --> 00:36:57,000 ¿verdad? 1978 00:36:57,000 --> 00:36:58,000 hoy se iba a hablar 1979 00:36:58,000 --> 00:36:59,000 de amidón 1980 00:36:59,000 --> 00:37:00,000 y fijaros 1981 00:37:00,000 --> 00:37:01,000 la glucosa 1982 00:37:01,000 --> 00:37:02,000 y por tanto 1983 00:37:02,000 --> 00:37:03,000 el glucógeno 1984 00:37:03,000 --> 00:37:04,000 tiene un montón 1985 00:37:04,000 --> 00:37:05,000 de OHs 1986 00:37:05,000 --> 00:37:06,000 se parece a agua 1987 00:37:06,000 --> 00:37:07,000 a lo bestia 1988 00:37:07,000 --> 00:37:08,000 entonces 1989 00:37:08,000 --> 00:37:09,000 empieza a meter 1990 00:37:09,000 --> 00:37:10,000 glucosa 1991 00:37:10,000 --> 00:37:11,000 glucosa 1992 00:37:11,000 --> 00:37:12,000 glucosa 1993 00:37:12,000 --> 00:37:13,000 glucosa 1994 00:37:13,000 --> 00:37:14,000 glucosa 1995 00:37:14,000 --> 00:37:15,000 glucógeno 1996 00:37:15,000 --> 00:37:16,000 dentro 1997 00:37:16,000 --> 00:37:17,000 porque no almacena 1998 00:37:17,000 --> 00:37:18,000 la glucosa 1999 00:37:18,000 --> 00:37:19,000 directamente 2000 00:37:19,000 --> 00:37:20,000 porque la glucosa 2001 00:37:20,000 --> 00:37:21,000 es soluble en agua 2002 00:37:21,000 --> 00:37:22,000 entonces 2003 00:37:22,000 --> 00:37:23,000 empezaría 2004 00:37:23,000 --> 00:37:24,000 a almacenarse 2005 00:37:24,000 --> 00:37:25,000 a almacenarse 2006 00:37:25,000 --> 00:37:26,000 a almacenarse 2007 00:37:26,000 --> 00:37:27,000 y las células 2008 00:37:27,000 --> 00:37:28,000 se irían echando 2009 00:37:28,000 --> 00:37:29,000 echando 2010 00:37:29,000 --> 00:37:30,000 echando 2011 00:37:30,000 --> 00:37:31,000 echando 2012 00:37:31,000 --> 00:37:32,000 echando 2013 00:37:32,000 --> 00:37:33,000 echando 2014 00:37:33,000 --> 00:37:34,000 y las irían explotando 2015 00:37:34,000 --> 00:37:35,000 se produciría 2016 00:37:35,000 --> 00:37:36,000 un desarrollo 2017 00:37:36,000 --> 00:37:37,000 está impedido 2018 00:37:37,000 --> 00:37:38,000 no está soluble 2019 00:37:38,000 --> 00:37:39,000 en agua 2020 00:37:39,000 --> 00:37:40,000 y no produce 2021 00:37:40,000 --> 00:37:41,000 este efecto 2022 00:37:41,000 --> 00:37:42,000 de OHs 2023 00:37:42,000 --> 00:37:43,000 por eso 2024 00:37:43,000 --> 00:37:44,000 el glucógeno 2025 00:37:44,000 --> 00:37:45,000 se almacena 2026 00:37:45,000 --> 00:37:46,000 de esta manera 2027 00:37:46,000 --> 00:37:47,000 con la grasa 2028 00:37:47,000 --> 00:37:48,000 que hoy no lo voy a decir 2029 00:37:48,000 --> 00:37:49,000 lo que se forma 2030 00:37:49,000 --> 00:37:50,000 es una 2031 00:37:50,000 --> 00:37:51,000 vacuola 2032 00:37:51,000 --> 00:37:52,000 una 2033 00:37:52,000 --> 00:37:53,000 gola 2034 00:37:53,000 --> 00:37:54,000 una gota 2035 00:37:54,000 --> 00:37:55,000 de grasa 2036 00:37:55,000 --> 00:37:56,000 literalmente 2037 00:37:56,000 --> 00:37:57,000 dentro de la célula 2038 00:37:57,000 --> 00:37:58,000 pero la grasa 2039 00:37:58,000 --> 00:37:59,000 no produce 2040 00:37:59,000 --> 00:38:00,000 este efecto 2041 00:38:00,000 --> 00:38:01,000 porque la grasa 2042 00:38:01,000 --> 00:38:02,000 es insoluble en agua 2043 00:38:02,000 --> 00:38:03,000 ¿de acuerdo? 2044 00:38:03,000 --> 00:38:04,000 entonces 2045 00:38:04,000 --> 00:38:05,000 este es un truquillo 2046 00:38:05,000 --> 00:38:06,000 que usan las células 2047 00:38:06,000 --> 00:38:07,000 para explotar 2048 00:38:07,000 --> 00:38:08,000 para almacenarse 2049 00:38:08,000 --> 00:38:09,000 y bueno 2050 00:38:09,000 --> 00:38:10,000 el glucógeno 2051 00:38:10,000 --> 00:38:11,000 ya os digo 2052 00:38:11,000 --> 00:38:12,000 es imprescindible 2053 00:38:12,000 --> 00:38:13,000 para medir 2054 00:38:13,000 --> 00:38:14,000 es una molécula 2055 00:38:14,000 --> 00:38:15,000 muy ramificada 2056 00:38:15,000 --> 00:38:16,000 que forma 2057 00:38:16,000 --> 00:38:17,000 hélices 2058 00:38:17,000 --> 00:38:18,000 grábulos 2059 00:38:18,000 --> 00:38:19,000 y que 2060 00:38:19,000 --> 00:38:20,000 cuya 2061 00:38:20,000 --> 00:38:21,000 degradación 2062 00:38:21,000 --> 00:38:22,000 y síntesis 2063 00:38:22,000 --> 00:38:23,000 está también 2064 00:38:23,000 --> 00:38:24,000 regulada 2065 00:38:24,000 --> 00:38:25,000 con una 2066 00:38:25,000 --> 00:38:26,000 sede 2067 00:38:26,000 --> 00:38:27,000 de reacciones 2068 00:38:27,000 --> 00:38:28,000 en cascada 2069 00:38:28,000 --> 00:38:29,000 de fosforilaciones 2070 00:38:29,000 --> 00:38:30,000 de fosforilaciones 2071 00:38:30,000 --> 00:38:31,000 en las cuales 2072 00:38:31,000 --> 00:38:32,000 con 2073 00:38:32,000 --> 00:38:33,000 la denilatozinclasión 2074 00:38:33,000 --> 00:38:34,000 participa 2075 00:38:34,000 --> 00:38:35,000 nuestro 2076 00:38:35,000 --> 00:38:36,000 segundo 2077 00:38:36,000 --> 00:38:37,000 mensajero 2078 00:38:37,000 --> 00:38:38,000 otra molécula 2079 00:38:38,000 --> 00:38:39,000 clave 2080 00:38:39,000 --> 00:38:40,000 para que 2081 00:38:40,000 --> 00:38:41,000 podamos 2082 00:38:41,000 --> 00:38:42,000 sintetizar 2083 00:38:42,000 --> 00:38:43,000 o degradar 2084 00:38:43,000 --> 00:38:44,000 glucógeno 2085 00:38:44,000 --> 00:38:45,000 y ya 2086 00:38:45,000 --> 00:38:46,000 vamos a acabar 2087 00:38:46,000 --> 00:38:47,000 con los líquidos 2088 00:38:47,000 --> 00:38:48,000 esto 2089 00:38:48,000 --> 00:38:49,000 me ha dado 2090 00:38:49,000 --> 00:38:50,000 a sensación 2091 00:38:50,000 --> 00:38:51,000 de que 2092 00:38:51,000 --> 00:38:52,000 lo sabíais 2093 00:38:52,000 --> 00:38:53,000 entonces 2094 00:38:53,000 --> 00:38:54,000 las membranas 2095 00:38:54,000 --> 00:38:55,000 como necesitamos 2096 00:38:55,000 --> 00:38:56,000 agua afuera 2097 00:38:56,000 --> 00:38:57,000 y agua dentro 2098 00:38:57,000 --> 00:38:58,000 para las membranas 2099 00:38:58,000 --> 00:38:59,000 usamos 2100 00:38:59,000 --> 00:39:00,000 fosforilaciones 2101 00:39:00,000 --> 00:39:01,000 que son 2102 00:39:01,000 --> 00:39:02,000 una cabeza 2103 00:39:02,000 --> 00:39:03,000 polar 2104 00:39:03,000 --> 00:39:04,000 unida 2105 00:39:04,000 --> 00:39:05,000 a uno 2106 00:39:05,000 --> 00:39:06,000 dos OHs 2107 00:39:06,000 --> 00:39:07,000 del glicerol 2108 00:39:07,000 --> 00:39:08,000 y 2109 00:39:08,000 --> 00:39:09,000 dos ácidos 2110 00:39:09,000 --> 00:39:10,000 grasos 2111 00:39:10,000 --> 00:39:11,000 o por lo menos 2112 00:39:11,000 --> 00:39:12,000 dos cadenas 2113 00:39:12,000 --> 00:39:13,000 largas 2114 00:39:13,000 --> 00:39:14,000 hidrófobas 2115 00:39:14,000 --> 00:39:15,000 unidas 2116 00:39:15,000 --> 00:39:16,000 a los otros 2117 00:39:16,000 --> 00:39:17,000 dos OHs 2118 00:39:17,000 --> 00:39:18,000 del glicerol 2119 00:39:18,000 --> 00:39:19,000 dependiendo 2120 00:39:19,000 --> 00:39:20,000 de lo que 2121 00:39:20,000 --> 00:39:21,000 pongamos aquí 2122 00:39:21,000 --> 00:39:22,000 que esto 2123 00:39:22,000 --> 00:39:23,000 é o ácido 2124 00:39:23,000 --> 00:39:24,000 fosfatírico 2125 00:39:24,000 --> 00:39:25,000 vamos a tener 2126 00:39:25,000 --> 00:39:26,000 multitud 2127 00:39:26,000 --> 00:39:27,000 de ácido 2128 00:39:27,000 --> 00:39:28,000 fosfatírico 2129 00:39:28,000 --> 00:39:29,000 que 2130 00:39:29,000 --> 00:39:30,000 nos 2131 00:39:30,000 --> 00:39:31,000 van a 2132 00:39:31,000 --> 00:39:32,000 dar lugar 2133 00:39:32,000 --> 00:39:33,000 a las membranas 2134 00:39:33,000 --> 00:39:34,000 y además 2135 00:39:34,000 --> 00:39:35,000 destos 2136 00:39:35,000 --> 00:39:36,000 glicerofosfolíticos 2137 00:39:36,000 --> 00:39:37,000 basados en 2138 00:39:37,000 --> 00:39:38,000 glicerol 2139 00:39:38,000 --> 00:39:39,000 vamos a tener 2140 00:39:39,000 --> 00:39:40,000 ácidos 2141 00:39:40,000 --> 00:39:41,000 basados en 2142 00:39:41,000 --> 00:39:42,000 la espingosina 2143 00:39:42,000 --> 00:39:43,000 que la única 2144 00:39:43,000 --> 00:39:44,000 diferencia 2145 00:39:44,000 --> 00:39:45,000 es que 2146 00:39:45,000 --> 00:39:46,000 el alcohol 2147 00:39:46,000 --> 00:39:47,000 ahora no es 2148 00:39:47,000 --> 00:39:48,000 el glicerol 2149 00:39:48,000 --> 00:39:49,000 sino que 2150 00:39:49,000 --> 00:39:50,000 el alcohol 2151 00:39:50,000 --> 00:39:51,000 trae ya 2152 00:39:51,000 --> 00:39:52,000 en una 2153 00:39:52,000 --> 00:39:53,000 de las cadenas 2154 00:39:53,000 --> 00:39:54,000 largas 2155 00:39:54,000 --> 00:39:55,000 y a la otra 2156 00:39:55,000 --> 00:39:56,000 le podemos 2157 00:39:56,000 --> 00:39:57,000 también 2158 00:39:57,000 --> 00:39:58,000 añadir 2159 00:39:58,000 --> 00:39:59,000 un ácido 2160 00:40:00,000 --> 00:40:01,000 una vez más 2161 00:40:01,000 --> 00:40:02,000 este OH 2162 00:40:03,000 --> 00:40:04,000 fijaros que 2163 00:40:05,000 --> 00:40:06,000 aquí 2164 00:40:06,000 --> 00:40:07,000 este OH 2165 00:40:07,000 --> 00:40:08,000 no está 2166 00:40:08,000 --> 00:40:09,000 este OH 2167 00:40:09,000 --> 00:40:10,000 le va a permitir 2168 00:40:10,000 --> 00:40:11,000 formar enlaces 2169 00:40:11,000 --> 00:40:12,000 hidrógenos 2170 00:40:12,000 --> 00:40:13,000 con eso 2171 00:40:13,000 --> 00:40:14,000 el comportamiento 2172 00:40:14,000 --> 00:40:15,000 de la espingomielina 2173 00:40:15,000 --> 00:40:16,000 en las membranas 2174 00:40:16,000 --> 00:40:17,000 es muy 2175 00:40:17,000 --> 00:40:18,000 distinto 2176 00:40:18,000 --> 00:40:19,000 que en 2177 00:40:19,000 --> 00:40:20,000 los 2178 00:40:20,000 --> 00:40:21,000 glicerofosfolíticos 2179 00:40:21,000 --> 00:40:22,000 y se habla 2180 00:40:22,000 --> 00:40:23,000 de hecho 2181 00:40:23,000 --> 00:40:24,000 cuando se descubrió 2182 00:40:24,000 --> 00:40:25,000 se dice espingomielina 2183 00:40:25,000 --> 00:40:26,000 esta es una 2184 00:40:26,000 --> 00:40:27,000 espingomielina 2185 00:40:27,000 --> 00:40:28,000 nada más 2186 00:40:28,000 --> 00:40:29,000 es un líquido 2187 00:40:29,000 --> 00:40:30,000 tan enigmático 2188 00:40:30,000 --> 00:40:31,000 e incomprensible 2189 00:40:31,000 --> 00:40:32,000 como 2190 00:40:32,000 --> 00:40:33,000 la esfinge 2191 00:40:33,000 --> 00:40:34,000 es decir 2192 00:40:34,000 --> 00:40:35,000 de eso 2193 00:40:37,000 --> 00:40:38,000 finalmente 2194 00:40:38,000 --> 00:40:39,000 una de mis moléculas 2195 00:40:39,000 --> 00:40:40,000 favoritas 2196 00:40:40,000 --> 00:40:41,000 sino mi favorita 2197 00:40:41,000 --> 00:40:42,000 el colesterol 2198 00:40:42,000 --> 00:40:43,000 el colesterol 2199 00:40:45,000 --> 00:40:46,000 pues es una 2200 00:40:46,000 --> 00:40:47,000 molécula 2201 00:40:47,000 --> 00:40:48,000 extraordinariamente 2202 00:40:48,000 --> 00:40:49,000 hidrófoba 2203 00:40:49,000 --> 00:40:50,000 toda ella 2204 00:40:50,000 --> 00:40:51,000 es hidrófoba 2205 00:40:51,000 --> 00:40:52,000 salvo una vez más 2206 00:40:53,000 --> 00:40:54,000 el OH 2207 00:40:55,000 --> 00:40:56,000 el OH este 2208 00:40:56,000 --> 00:40:57,000 le va a permitir 2209 00:40:57,000 --> 00:40:58,000 interaccionar con el agua 2210 00:40:58,000 --> 00:40:59,000 pero todo lo demás 2211 00:40:59,000 --> 00:41:00,000 es absolutamente 2212 00:41:00,000 --> 00:41:01,000 insoluble 2213 00:41:02,000 --> 00:41:03,000 es una molécula 2214 00:41:03,000 --> 00:41:04,000 esto no lo digáis así 2215 00:41:04,000 --> 00:41:05,000 como lo voy a decir yo 2216 00:41:05,000 --> 00:41:06,000 porque no es correcto 2217 00:41:07,000 --> 00:41:08,000 desde el punto de vista 2218 00:41:08,000 --> 00:41:09,000 estricto 2219 00:41:09,000 --> 00:41:10,000 no es plana 2220 00:41:10,000 --> 00:41:11,000 pero es plana 2221 00:41:11,000 --> 00:41:12,000 es una molécula 2222 00:41:12,000 --> 00:41:13,000 plana 2223 00:41:13,000 --> 00:41:14,000 que por tanto 2224 00:41:14,000 --> 00:41:15,000 se puede pegar muy bien 2225 00:41:15,000 --> 00:41:16,000 a las cadenas 2226 00:41:16,000 --> 00:41:17,000 de los fosfolíticos 2227 00:41:17,000 --> 00:41:18,000 e interaccionar 2228 00:41:18,000 --> 00:41:19,000 con las cadenas 2229 00:41:19,000 --> 00:41:20,000 la estructura del colesterol 2230 00:41:20,000 --> 00:41:21,000 que fue justo 2231 00:41:21,000 --> 00:41:22,000 la que determinó 2232 00:41:22,000 --> 00:41:23,000 que no es estrictamente 2233 00:41:23,000 --> 00:41:24,000 hablando plana 2234 00:41:24,000 --> 00:41:25,000 es decir 2235 00:41:25,000 --> 00:41:26,000 que no es como 2236 00:41:26,000 --> 00:41:27,000 un benzeno 2237 00:41:27,000 --> 00:41:28,000 sino que tiene 2238 00:41:28,000 --> 00:41:29,000 esta forma de silla 2239 00:41:29,000 --> 00:41:30,000 en montar 2240 00:41:30,000 --> 00:41:31,000 porque son detraídos 2241 00:41:31,000 --> 00:41:32,000 son enlaces simples 2242 00:41:32,000 --> 00:41:33,000 la determinó 2243 00:41:33,000 --> 00:41:34,000 Dorothy 2244 00:41:34,000 --> 00:41:35,000 Crawford 2245 00:41:35,000 --> 00:41:36,000 Hodgkin 2246 00:41:36,000 --> 00:41:37,000 que es una de mis científicas 2247 00:41:37,000 --> 00:41:38,000 favoritas 2248 00:41:38,000 --> 00:41:39,000 y una de las personas 2249 00:41:39,000 --> 00:41:40,000 en las que 2250 00:41:40,000 --> 00:41:41,000 claramente 2251 00:41:42,000 --> 00:41:43,000 claramente 2252 00:41:43,000 --> 00:41:44,000 por ser mujer 2253 00:41:44,000 --> 00:41:45,000 claramente 2254 00:41:45,000 --> 00:41:46,000 se 2255 00:41:46,000 --> 00:41:47,000 la menospreció 2256 00:41:47,000 --> 00:41:48,000 en su labor 2257 00:41:49,000 --> 00:41:50,000 hasta tal punto 2258 00:41:50,000 --> 00:41:51,000 que esta mujer 2259 00:41:51,000 --> 00:41:52,000 determinó la estructura 2260 00:41:53,000 --> 00:41:54,000 de dimensional 2261 00:41:54,000 --> 00:41:55,000 del colesterol 2262 00:41:56,000 --> 00:41:57,000 de la penicilina 2263 00:41:58,000 --> 00:41:59,000 de la insulina 2264 00:42:00,000 --> 00:42:01,000 y de la vitamina B12 2265 00:42:04,000 --> 00:42:05,000 y a pesar de ello 2266 00:42:05,000 --> 00:42:06,000 solo le dieron 2267 00:42:06,000 --> 00:42:07,000 un premio Nobel 2268 00:42:07,000 --> 00:42:08,000 y porque 2269 00:42:10,000 --> 00:42:11,000 ya tarde 2270 00:42:11,000 --> 00:42:12,000 Max Ferris 2271 00:42:12,000 --> 00:42:13,000 que fue el que 2272 00:42:13,000 --> 00:42:14,000 recibió 2273 00:42:14,000 --> 00:42:15,000 el que 2274 00:42:15,000 --> 00:42:16,000 determinó 2275 00:42:16,000 --> 00:42:17,000 la estructura 2276 00:42:17,000 --> 00:42:18,000 da hemoglobina 2277 00:42:18,000 --> 00:42:19,000 entre otras cosas 2278 00:42:19,000 --> 00:42:20,000 por la ayuda 2279 00:42:20,000 --> 00:42:21,000 que le dio ella 2280 00:42:21,000 --> 00:42:22,000 por las medidas 2281 00:42:22,000 --> 00:42:23,000 que le dio ella 2282 00:42:23,000 --> 00:42:24,000 le dijo 2283 00:42:24,000 --> 00:42:25,000 que le daba vergüenza 2284 00:42:25,000 --> 00:42:26,000 que esta persona 2285 00:42:26,000 --> 00:42:27,000 no tuviese 2286 00:42:27,000 --> 00:42:28,000 el premio Nobel 2287 00:42:28,000 --> 00:42:29,000 que era vergonzoso 2288 00:42:29,000 --> 00:42:30,000 que lo tuviese 2289 00:42:30,000 --> 00:42:31,000 enganado 2290 00:42:31,000 --> 00:42:32,000 y como los ganadores 2291 00:42:32,000 --> 00:42:33,000 de un premio Nobel 2292 00:42:33,000 --> 00:42:34,000 están en el comité 2293 00:42:34,000 --> 00:42:35,000 del siguiente 2294 00:42:35,000 --> 00:42:36,000 del tribunal 2295 00:42:36,000 --> 00:42:37,000 que decide el siguiente 2296 00:42:37,000 --> 00:42:38,000 cuando retocó 2297 00:42:38,000 --> 00:42:39,000 el estado 2298 00:42:39,000 --> 00:42:40,000 de su premio Nobel 2299 00:42:40,000 --> 00:42:41,000 dijo que había quedado 2300 00:42:41,000 --> 00:42:42,000 en el premio Nobel 2301 00:42:42,000 --> 00:42:43,000 atrapado 2302 00:42:43,000 --> 00:42:44,000 y que por cierto 2303 00:42:44,000 --> 00:42:45,000 estaba casada 2304 00:42:45,000 --> 00:42:46,000 con un arqueólogo 2305 00:42:46,000 --> 00:42:47,000 que trabajaba en Egipto 2306 00:42:47,000 --> 00:42:48,000 y que tuvo que estudiar 2307 00:42:48,000 --> 00:42:49,000 en una universidad 2308 00:42:49,000 --> 00:42:50,000 solo para mujeres 2309 00:42:50,000 --> 00:42:51,000 aquí los españoles 2310 00:42:51,000 --> 00:42:52,000 tenemos muy mala fama 2311 00:42:52,000 --> 00:42:53,000 pero el Reino Unido 2312 00:42:53,000 --> 00:42:54,000 es ella 2313 00:42:54,000 --> 00:42:55,000 en ese sentido 2314 00:42:55,000 --> 00:42:56,000 bueno el caso 2315 00:42:56,000 --> 00:42:57,000 es que el colesterol 2316 00:42:57,000 --> 00:42:58,000 gracias a su OH 2317 00:42:58,000 --> 00:42:59,000 se mete aquí 2318 00:42:59,000 --> 00:43:00,000 y yo digo 2319 00:43:00,000 --> 00:43:01,000 que bucea 2320 00:43:01,000 --> 00:43:02,000 porque este OH 2321 00:43:02,000 --> 00:43:03,000 puede interaccionar 2322 00:43:03,000 --> 00:43:04,000 como es hidrofílico 2323 00:43:04,000 --> 00:43:05,000 puede interaccionar 2324 00:43:05,000 --> 00:43:06,000 con las cabezas 2325 00:43:06,000 --> 00:43:07,000 hidrofílicas 2326 00:43:07,000 --> 00:43:08,000 de los fosfolíticos 2327 00:43:08,000 --> 00:43:09,000 y no solo eso 2328 00:43:09,000 --> 00:43:10,000 sino que como tiene 2329 00:43:10,000 --> 00:43:11,000 ese OH 2330 00:43:11,000 --> 00:43:12,000 y puede hacer 2331 00:43:12,000 --> 00:43:13,000 un enlace 2332 00:43:13,000 --> 00:43:14,000 de hidrógeno 2333 00:43:14,000 --> 00:43:15,000 con la espina 2334 00:43:15,000 --> 00:43:16,000 y con la espina 2335 00:43:16,000 --> 00:43:17,000 y con la espina 2336 00:43:17,000 --> 00:43:18,000 y con la espina 2337 00:43:18,000 --> 00:43:19,000 y con la espina 2338 00:43:19,000 --> 00:43:20,000 y con la espina 2339 00:43:20,000 --> 00:43:21,000 y con la espina 2340 00:43:21,000 --> 00:43:22,000 y no solo eso 2341 00:43:22,000 --> 00:43:23,000 la espingonielina 2342 00:43:23,000 --> 00:43:24,000 es el único lípido 2343 00:43:24,000 --> 00:43:25,000 que se hace amigo de él 2344 00:43:25,000 --> 00:43:26,000 él solo puede 2345 00:43:26,000 --> 00:43:27,000 interaccionar 2346 00:43:27,000 --> 00:43:28,000 digamos así 2347 00:43:28,000 --> 00:43:29,000 íntimamente 2348 00:43:29,000 --> 00:43:30,000 con la espingonielina 2349 00:43:30,000 --> 00:43:31,000 de tal manera 2350 00:43:31,000 --> 00:43:33,000 que, fijaros 2351 00:43:33,000 --> 00:43:34,000 lo protege del agua 2352 00:43:34,000 --> 00:43:36,000 uniéndose a ella 2353 00:43:36,000 --> 00:43:37,000 y yo digo 2354 00:43:37,000 --> 00:43:38,000 que se dan besitos 2355 00:43:38,000 --> 00:43:39,000 y bailan en las neumadas 2356 00:43:39,000 --> 00:43:40,000 y esto 2357 00:43:40,000 --> 00:43:41,000 es el origen 2358 00:43:41,000 --> 00:43:42,000 de lo que 2359 00:43:42,000 --> 00:43:43,000 han sido 2360 00:43:43,000 --> 00:43:44,000 las balsas lipídicas 2361 00:43:44,000 --> 00:43:45,000 ¿no habéis ido a hablar de eso? 2362 00:43:45,000 --> 00:43:46,000 las balsas lipídicas 2363 00:43:46,000 --> 00:43:47,000 se producen 2364 00:43:47,000 --> 00:43:48,000 los RAS 2365 00:43:48,000 --> 00:43:49,000 precisamente 2366 00:43:49,000 --> 00:43:50,000 porque el colesterol 2367 00:43:50,000 --> 00:43:51,000 y la espingonielina 2368 00:43:51,000 --> 00:43:52,000 se quieren 2369 00:43:52,000 --> 00:43:53,000 y ya para acabar 2370 00:43:53,000 --> 00:43:54,000 muy deprisa 2371 00:43:54,000 --> 00:43:55,000 que me da más buena 2372 00:43:55,000 --> 00:43:56,000 que el colesterol 2373 00:43:56,000 --> 00:43:57,000 no es ni malo 2374 00:43:57,000 --> 00:43:58,000 ni bueno 2375 00:43:58,000 --> 00:43:59,000 ni feo 2376 00:43:59,000 --> 00:44:00,000 el colesterol 2377 00:44:00,000 --> 00:44:01,000 es imprescindible 2378 00:44:01,000 --> 00:44:02,000 primero 2379 00:44:02,000 --> 00:44:03,000 porque mantiene 2380 00:44:03,000 --> 00:44:04,000 las neumadas 2381 00:44:04,000 --> 00:44:05,000 en el estado 2382 00:44:05,000 --> 00:44:06,000 que nos permite 2383 00:44:06,000 --> 00:44:07,000 estar vivos 2384 00:44:07,000 --> 00:44:08,000 pero además 2385 00:44:08,000 --> 00:44:09,000 es el precursor 2386 00:44:09,000 --> 00:44:10,000 de un montón 2387 00:44:10,000 --> 00:44:11,000 de moléculas 2388 00:44:11,000 --> 00:44:12,000 fisiológicamente 2389 00:44:12,000 --> 00:44:13,000 importantes 2390 00:44:13,000 --> 00:44:14,000 las sales gliares 2391 00:44:14,000 --> 00:44:15,000 que las permite 2392 00:44:15,000 --> 00:44:16,000 digerir 2393 00:44:16,000 --> 00:44:17,000 los lípidos 2394 00:44:17,000 --> 00:44:18,000 y la espingonielina 2395 00:44:18,000 --> 00:44:19,000 las sales gliares 2396 00:44:19,000 --> 00:44:20,000 que las permite 2397 00:44:20,000 --> 00:44:21,000 digerir 2398 00:44:21,000 --> 00:44:22,000 los lípidos 2399 00:44:22,000 --> 00:44:23,000 la vitamina D 2400 00:44:23,000 --> 00:44:24,000 que nos permite 2401 00:44:24,000 --> 00:44:25,000 tener 2402 00:44:25,000 --> 00:44:26,000 un esqueleto 2403 00:44:26,000 --> 00:44:27,000 de colágeno 2404 00:44:27,000 --> 00:44:28,000 como Dios manda 2405 00:44:28,000 --> 00:44:29,000 cuando falta 2406 00:44:29,000 --> 00:44:30,000 la vitamina D 2407 00:44:30,000 --> 00:44:31,000 el colágeno 2408 00:44:31,000 --> 00:44:32,000 se resqueará 2409 00:44:32,000 --> 00:44:33,000 dicho así rápido 2410 00:44:33,000 --> 00:44:34,000 y todas 2411 00:44:34,000 --> 00:44:35,000 las hormonas 2412 00:44:35,000 --> 00:44:36,000 esteroideas 2413 00:44:36,000 --> 00:44:37,000 que a mí me gustan 2414 00:44:37,000 --> 00:44:38,000 y más en los tiempos 2415 00:44:38,000 --> 00:44:39,000 que corren 2416 00:44:39,000 --> 00:44:40,000 y no sé 2417 00:44:40,000 --> 00:44:41,000 si acabar con esto 2418 00:44:41,000 --> 00:44:42,000 va a ser un poco 2419 00:44:42,000 --> 00:44:43,000 de termino 2420 00:44:43,000 --> 00:44:44,000 donde no me llamen 2421 00:44:44,000 --> 00:44:45,000 como el colesterol 2422 00:44:45,000 --> 00:44:46,000 se transforma 2423 00:44:46,000 --> 00:44:47,000 en testosterona 2424 00:44:47,000 --> 00:44:48,000 se transforma 2425 00:44:48,000 --> 00:44:49,000 en estradiol 2426 00:44:49,000 --> 00:44:50,000 y como esto 2427 00:44:50,000 --> 00:44:51,000 si uno tiene 2428 00:44:51,000 --> 00:44:52,000 más testosterona 2429 00:44:52,000 --> 00:44:53,000 o más estradiol 2430 00:44:53,000 --> 00:44:54,000 viene determinado 2431 00:44:54,000 --> 00:44:55,000 genéticamente 2432 00:44:55,000 --> 00:44:56,000 y nos va a hacer 2433 00:44:56,000 --> 00:44:57,000 que seamos 2434 00:44:57,000 --> 00:44:58,000 hombres 2435 00:44:58,000 --> 00:44:59,000 o mujeres 2436 00:44:59,000 --> 00:45:00,000 ósea que hasta 2437 00:45:00,000 --> 00:45:01,000 en eso 2438 00:45:01,000 --> 00:45:02,000 el colesterol 2439 00:45:02,000 --> 00:45:03,000 juega 2440 00:45:03,000 --> 00:45:04,000 un papel 2441 00:45:04,000 --> 00:45:05,000 importante 2442 00:45:05,000 --> 00:45:06,000 e por eso 2443 00:45:06,000 --> 00:45:07,000 me parece 2444 00:45:07,000 --> 00:45:08,000 que 2445 00:45:08,000 --> 00:45:09,000 el colesterol 2446 00:45:09,000 --> 00:45:10,000 es una de las moléculas 2447 00:45:10,000 --> 00:45:11,000 impercindibles 2448 00:45:11,000 --> 00:45:12,000 para la vida 2449 00:45:12,000 --> 00:45:13,000 y esto es 2450 00:45:13,000 --> 00:45:14,000 lo que yo 2451 00:45:14,000 --> 00:45:15,000 considero 2452 00:45:15,000 --> 00:45:16,000 importante