1 00:00:03,180 --> 00:00:05,360 We have to talk about software. 2 00:00:09,539 --> 00:00:13,140 Software is everything we cannot touch in a computer. 3 00:00:13,859 --> 00:00:16,219 Hardware was the physical part, 4 00:00:16,519 --> 00:00:19,100 so every element we can touch, we can see, 5 00:00:19,219 --> 00:00:20,399 we can connect, disconnect, 6 00:00:21,140 --> 00:00:25,579 we can screw, unscrew from a computer, 7 00:00:25,579 --> 00:00:27,420 from, for example, the motherboard, 8 00:00:28,140 --> 00:00:30,780 or the wires, or the peripherals, 9 00:00:30,899 --> 00:00:33,179 everything we can touch is hardware. 10 00:00:33,179 --> 00:00:41,179 so everything we cannot touch is software if we think in our human being a human being has a body 11 00:00:41,179 --> 00:00:48,740 a physical body i think we can touch and it has a very important part but we cannot touch 12 00:00:48,740 --> 00:00:57,179 the thoughts the memories the feelings so it's similar to have both parts of a human body 13 00:00:57,179 --> 00:01:01,200 the physical part and the non-physical part. 14 00:01:01,399 --> 00:01:02,259 So it's the same. 15 00:01:02,399 --> 00:01:05,379 For our computer, we have things we can see 16 00:01:05,379 --> 00:01:08,439 and things we cannot see, but they exist 17 00:01:08,439 --> 00:01:11,060 and they are very important in a computer. 18 00:01:11,900 --> 00:01:12,700 What is software? 19 00:01:13,180 --> 00:01:17,500 Well, software is information, binary information. 20 00:01:18,040 --> 00:01:23,180 We have seen how important is binary codes in a computer 21 00:01:23,180 --> 00:01:27,120 and at the end, all the information is stored 22 00:01:27,120 --> 00:01:35,159 in binary code. So, everything we cannot touch at the end is information and the 23 00:01:35,159 --> 00:01:42,989 different types of information we can have. The first component in software are 24 00:01:42,989 --> 00:01:54,500 programs. A program is basically a group of instructions that are followed in a 25 00:01:54,500 --> 00:02:02,900 specific order to carry out a task. So, is a special code written in a special 26 00:02:02,900 --> 00:02:08,780 language, but at the end is a group, is a set of instructions that have to be 27 00:02:08,780 --> 00:02:15,860 followed in a specific order. To write them we use programming code, programming 28 00:02:15,860 --> 00:02:21,439 language, but we know that a computer doesn't understand this programming 29 00:02:21,439 --> 00:02:27,000 language, so there has to be something between programming language used by the 30 00:02:27,000 --> 00:02:32,659 programmer and machine code used by the computer, by the components of a 31 00:02:32,659 --> 00:02:39,139 and this something between these two elements is called compilation when we 32 00:02:39,139 --> 00:02:45,379 write a program when we make a program instruction by instruction in a specific 33 00:02:45,379 --> 00:02:56,900 language C++ or Java or basic or something it has to be translated into 34 00:02:56,900 --> 00:03:01,620 into binary code to be managed by the components, 35 00:03:01,620 --> 00:03:02,979 by the processor. 36 00:03:02,979 --> 00:03:05,039 The processor is at the end, 37 00:03:05,039 --> 00:03:08,259 the element that is going to take the program 38 00:03:08,259 --> 00:03:11,800 and process the information thanks to this program. 39 00:03:11,800 --> 00:03:19,340 So we write a program in programming language. 40 00:03:19,340 --> 00:03:26,349 The Confuser uses binary code to work. 41 00:03:26,349 --> 00:03:30,210 So between these two things, we have to translate, 42 00:03:30,210 --> 00:03:37,169 we have to compile, and to compile we use a compilation, which is another tool, another 43 00:03:37,169 --> 00:03:46,030 program, to translate programming language into binary code, but we don't manage, we 44 00:03:46,030 --> 00:03:56,509 just make the program and compile the program, and this is. A program is something we use 45 00:03:56,509 --> 00:04:06,030 to create information and to manage information. If we want to create a document, we have to use 46 00:04:06,030 --> 00:04:14,030 a program to create text documents, but when we see the document, we use another kind of program, 47 00:04:14,310 --> 00:04:22,310 okay? When we create sounds, we use a program to record sound, for example, but we have to use 48 00:04:22,310 --> 00:04:31,509 another program to edit to modify this sound file for example so programs are used to create 49 00:04:31,509 --> 00:04:43,139 information and to manage and modify information the second component of software is the operating 50 00:04:43,139 --> 00:04:56,170 system i have put this in second place because operating system is a program a huge program 51 00:04:56,170 --> 00:05:04,970 but it's a program at the end but actually is the main component of software the operating system 52 00:05:04,970 --> 00:05:13,769 is the manager of information in a computer so in the same way we have a processor in hardware 53 00:05:13,769 --> 00:05:21,689 and the processor is something like a brain in a computer we have a main manager of information 54 00:05:21,689 --> 00:05:28,970 the information flow and the information storage and the graphic interface with the user 55 00:05:28,970 --> 00:05:35,850 so this main program is the operating system and the operating system is always running 56 00:05:36,410 --> 00:05:44,410 a text program only runs when i am using when i am with a text document but in the moment i 57 00:05:44,410 --> 00:05:50,230 I close the document, I close as well the program, 58 00:05:50,829 --> 00:05:54,629 but the operating system has to be always running, always. 59 00:05:55,230 --> 00:06:00,509 It doesn't matter if I'm not using anything in the computer, 60 00:06:00,509 --> 00:06:03,230 the operating system has to be running. 61 00:06:05,939 --> 00:06:08,740 The operating system has three main functions. 62 00:06:09,379 --> 00:06:13,399 The first one is to manage and to control the flow of information 63 00:06:13,959 --> 00:06:15,360 between the different parts. 64 00:06:15,360 --> 00:06:24,259 so it's something like the traffic controller okay the other the other application is to 65 00:06:24,259 --> 00:06:33,860 create and use and manage the organization the files and folders structure so when we 66 00:06:33,860 --> 00:06:41,060 need to create a folder when we need to pass a file from one place to another one when we need 67 00:06:41,060 --> 00:06:47,779 to create a new file when we need these kind of things are done thanks to the operating system 68 00:06:47,779 --> 00:06:55,740 and the other main function of the operating system is to define the graphic interface with 69 00:06:55,740 --> 00:07:05,160 the user so this is uh just seeing the screen more or less i can know if this if my computer 70 00:07:05,160 --> 00:07:11,259 So it's a Windows one, or a Mac, or a Linux, just because of the aspect of the different 71 00:07:11,259 --> 00:07:15,339 icons, of the different elements, the directories, the structure. 72 00:07:15,339 --> 00:07:23,420 So seeing the graphic interface, I can know more or less the operating system I have. 73 00:07:23,939 --> 00:07:32,680 Operating systems nowadays we have many, and when talking about phones or tablets, we have 74 00:07:32,680 --> 00:07:33,040 more. 75 00:07:33,040 --> 00:07:38,180 But the main ones, when we talk about confusions, are three. 76 00:07:39,120 --> 00:07:46,560 The three main operating systems are Windows, macOS, and Linux. 77 00:07:47,079 --> 00:07:49,899 These are the three main operating systems. 78 00:07:50,480 --> 00:07:53,899 In a phone, we can have, for example, Android. 79 00:07:54,120 --> 00:07:59,259 Android is made by Google, and it's a special operating system, 80 00:07:59,259 --> 00:08:04,300 but only for small devices, for phones and tablets. 81 00:08:08,600 --> 00:08:11,699 Windows was created by Microsoft, the company, 82 00:08:12,540 --> 00:08:15,180 and is the most extended one. 83 00:08:15,519 --> 00:08:19,680 It's very intuitive, it's quite easy to use, 84 00:08:20,000 --> 00:08:23,680 very friendly with the Windows opening and closing programs, 85 00:08:24,699 --> 00:08:26,680 and it's not very difficult to use. 86 00:08:26,759 --> 00:08:30,019 When you are not used to manage a computer, 87 00:08:30,019 --> 00:08:32,399 it's not very difficult to begin with Windows. 88 00:08:32,679 --> 00:08:36,679 So this is an advantage. 89 00:08:36,679 --> 00:08:41,179 Another positive point is compatible with different machines. 90 00:08:41,179 --> 00:08:47,179 So you can buy an HP or you can buy a Lenovo or you can buy an Acer 91 00:08:47,179 --> 00:08:50,679 and you can install Windows in all of them. 92 00:08:50,679 --> 00:08:55,679 So Windows is very compatible with the different machines. 93 00:08:55,679 --> 00:09:02,080 The other operating system is macOS. 94 00:09:02,080 --> 00:09:19,879 Mac OS was created by Apple and was created for Macintosh computers. Macintosh was a brand of computers. Okay, so the thing is that they created a tool, a software specific for that hardware. 95 00:09:19,879 --> 00:09:29,700 So, it's very common nowadays, if you have an iPhone, you only have the iOS operating system. 96 00:09:30,120 --> 00:09:37,179 You cannot have, for example, you cannot have an HP computer and install their Mac, because they are not compatible. 97 00:09:37,840 --> 00:09:47,340 So, if you want to have macOS, the operating system, you have to have a Mac computer, okay, an Apple computer. 98 00:09:47,340 --> 00:09:58,120 They are linked. And this operating system is quite expensive, but it's very, very powerful with graphic applications. 99 00:09:58,460 --> 00:10:07,340 It's one of the best in graphic applications. And nowadays they are very similar. Windows and Mac, they are very similar in the appearance. 100 00:10:07,340 --> 00:10:15,620 but well they have funds each one have funds and they have they have created 101 00:10:15,620 --> 00:10:26,309 very very reliable clients okay and the last one the last operating system is 102 00:10:26,309 --> 00:10:32,889 Linux. Linux is the one we have in the school and with a version the version we 103 00:10:32,889 --> 00:10:39,509 have in the school is Max is Madrid Linux and it was created by Linus Torvalds 104 00:10:39,509 --> 00:10:48,929 This man was a teacher in the university and he had the idea to create an operating system 105 00:10:48,929 --> 00:10:52,629 independent from Windows or Mac. 106 00:10:52,629 --> 00:10:55,950 And the idea was to create a free operating system. 107 00:10:55,950 --> 00:10:58,769 A free means you don't have to pay. 108 00:10:58,769 --> 00:11:07,570 So the teacher and a group of students got together to design a tool to manage a computer. 109 00:11:07,570 --> 00:11:13,330 And they designed an operating system with one condition, it was open code. 110 00:11:13,330 --> 00:11:21,269 Open code means that everyone who knows can enter in the system and can change the system. 111 00:11:21,269 --> 00:11:28,330 So if you are using a Linux computer but you want to change something, you can because 112 00:11:28,330 --> 00:11:34,570 it is open code, only if you know of course, but you can modify, you can modify, you can 113 00:11:34,570 --> 00:11:42,529 entering the code, you can rewrite the code to make a modification. But the condition is you can 114 00:11:42,529 --> 00:11:49,350 modify, you can change whatever you want, but you have to share your change with the rest of the 115 00:11:49,350 --> 00:11:59,629 community. So Linux has founded a community, a knowledge community. So it is designed in community, 116 00:11:59,629 --> 00:12:08,549 in common. So it can be free because it's supported by many people working in the same 117 00:12:08,549 --> 00:12:14,870 direction. At the beginning, Linux had a very serious problem because when you installed 118 00:12:14,870 --> 00:12:21,190 a mouse or a keyboard, in many occasions, it was not compatible with Linux. But nowadays, 119 00:12:21,769 --> 00:12:29,190 almost everything is compatible with Linux. Linux is free. So you can buy a computer 120 00:12:29,190 --> 00:12:35,990 with no operating system so without paying the license of the operating system and you can 121 00:12:35,990 --> 00:12:43,730 install linux as well so in this case if you only pay the machine you only pay the machine when you 122 00:12:43,730 --> 00:12:51,870 buy a computer with windows or with mac you buy the machine and the operating system so it's another 123 00:12:51,870 --> 00:13:02,750 way to have a cheaper machine working for the same purpose. It's not so versatile, it doesn't have 124 00:13:02,750 --> 00:13:10,269 so many applications as Windows or Apple, but nowadays it's a very, very powerful tool. 125 00:13:12,990 --> 00:13:24,740 Okay, the last component of software are folders and files. A folder is only a structure 126 00:13:24,740 --> 00:13:34,740 in which we store files is just to classify files. The files related to, I don't know, a subject 127 00:13:34,740 --> 00:13:43,139 or a date or a type of folder, we can store them creating a structure to have a good organization, 128 00:13:43,139 --> 00:13:55,279 nothing else. And a file is a special information of a special type that is created by a program. 129 00:13:55,279 --> 00:14:02,419 And depending on the program that creates this information, we have different types 130 00:14:02,419 --> 00:14:03,419 of files. 131 00:14:03,419 --> 00:14:11,840 To know the type of a file without opening, imagine that you want to know if a file is 132 00:14:11,840 --> 00:14:14,580 a text document or an image. 133 00:14:14,580 --> 00:14:19,580 You have to look at the group of letters at the end of the name. 134 00:14:19,580 --> 00:14:29,600 file finishes with a group of letters preceded by a dot. .doc, for example. .doc means a 135 00:14:29,600 --> 00:14:41,340 text document. .png. Png is an image. So, the name of this group of letters at the end 136 00:14:41,340 --> 00:14:51,179 of the name of a file is extension. The extension of a file is not how big it is, no. It's not 137 00:14:51,179 --> 00:14:59,179 the size of a file, no. How many kilobytes, no. The extension of a file is the type of 138 00:14:59,179 --> 00:15:05,259 file. It's the group of letters that are at the end of the name of the file to recognize, 139 00:15:05,259 --> 00:15:12,919 to know the type of file. So it's very important to know the main types of files, the main 140 00:15:12,919 --> 00:15:22,840 extensions. For example, text document. Text document can be doc, can be ODT if we are 141 00:15:22,840 --> 00:15:30,659 using Linux. In Linux we don't have Word, but we have a similar program, Writer, and 142 00:15:30,659 --> 00:15:33,799 This program creates ODT files. 143 00:15:33,960 --> 00:15:35,919 ODT is text file. 144 00:15:36,600 --> 00:15:39,860 And we have as well TXT file, okay? 145 00:15:40,740 --> 00:15:46,639 If we have a spreadsheet, we can have .xls from Excel 146 00:15:46,639 --> 00:15:54,460 or from CalcSheets from OpenOffice as well is ODS, okay? 147 00:15:54,460 --> 00:15:55,799 It's because it's a spreadsheet. 148 00:15:56,179 --> 00:15:58,200 It's to calculate many things. 149 00:15:58,200 --> 00:16:12,240 When we have an image, we can have .jpg, we can have .png, we can have .gif, we can have .bmp files, all of these are images. 150 00:16:14,019 --> 00:16:21,519 In some files, for example, we can have .mp3 file or .wav, for example. 151 00:16:21,519 --> 00:16:30,299 if we add another dimension of these files we create video files sound plus image in movement 152 00:16:30,299 --> 00:16:42,600 we have mp4 we have ad for example wmv for example okay video files when we have html 153 00:16:42,600 --> 00:16:45,820 find, we have a web page, a web site. 154 00:16:46,679 --> 00:16:50,879 If we have a program, an application, we have 155 00:16:50,879 --> 00:16:53,980 a .exe, E-X-E. 156 00:16:54,519 --> 00:16:58,580 E-X-E means that this is a file that can be 157 00:16:58,580 --> 00:17:02,679 executed. That's why this is a program. So, for example, 158 00:17:03,120 --> 00:17:06,440 be very careful if you receive an .exe 159 00:17:06,440 --> 00:17:10,500 file in an email or in a WhatsApp or something 160 00:17:10,500 --> 00:17:17,059 because it can be a virus okay virus at the end is a little program that runs automatically so 161 00:17:17,059 --> 00:17:26,140 if you receive an excel file be sure about the the source of this file before opening 162 00:17:26,140 --> 00:17:34,880 and there is a special file and it's very important nowadays which is a pdf file a pdf 163 00:17:34,880 --> 00:17:42,980 file is between a text file and an image. Why? Because it's a text file, well, it can 164 00:17:42,980 --> 00:17:49,220 be another type, but it's very usual to create a PDF file from a 165 00:17:49,220 --> 00:17:56,559 text file, but it cannot be modified. So, for example, if I make a text document 166 00:17:56,559 --> 00:18:04,059 and I send it by email, but I don't want to have it modified by the 167 00:18:04,059 --> 00:18:13,099 the receivers, I send, instead of a text document, I send a PDF file. A PDF file, the person who 168 00:18:13,099 --> 00:18:21,140 receives the file cannot modify because it's not a text document. It seems to be, but it's not. 169 00:18:21,140 --> 00:18:27,779 So it's a very good option when we have a text document with a special font or with a special 170 00:18:27,779 --> 00:18:35,839 merges or with something but we don't want to modify the file in the 171 00:18:35,839 --> 00:18:42,619 reception for example. So we have finished with compuses, hardware, software 172 00:18:42,619 --> 00:18:47,960 all the components in everything and this is everything you have for the 173 00:18:47,960 --> 00:18:50,299 exam.