1
00:00:03,379 --> 00:00:13,380
Well, we are going to study the last lesson of this course, which is robotic.

2
00:00:13,380 --> 00:00:27,379
Well, humans have tried to build or to create machines which can replace them.

3
00:00:27,379 --> 00:00:43,719
Very often when there is some damage, dangers, when there is dangers, or it's something unhealthy, or it's a very monotonous task.

4
00:00:43,719 --> 00:01:01,960
In these particular cases, we can use robots to replace humans. Nowadays, it is very useful and very often in factories.

5
00:01:01,960 --> 00:01:21,959
However, from my point of view, robots will never have the same properties and the same knowledge and never can reach the same level of humans.

6
00:01:21,959 --> 00:01:34,390
humans. In this slide we are going to introduce us to some content that are very important to

7
00:01:34,390 --> 00:01:44,230
understand robotics. Firstly some definitions, after that control systems, sensor,

8
00:01:45,590 --> 00:01:53,269
arduino board because we are going to do some practice with arduino board, actuators and what

9
00:01:53,269 --> 00:02:08,840
is a robot. We can have automated machines, which is a device that can perform a specific task,

10
00:02:08,840 --> 00:02:17,960
but we can't change this task. Obviously it's better if I can change it, and it is what robots

11
00:02:17,960 --> 00:02:28,599
usually can do they can change its tasks because they usually are a multifunction and reprogramming

12
00:02:28,599 --> 00:02:36,439
reprogramming well reprogrammable and this is the main reason why a robotic is nowadays

13
00:02:36,439 --> 00:02:49,759
a very good, a very popular and very nice science. We can distinguish between analogical, analogic

14
00:02:49,759 --> 00:02:59,360
signal and digital, analogical signal and digital signal. An analogical signal is as you can see in

15
00:02:59,360 --> 00:03:09,599
this picture when the values of this signal are continuous, whereas a digital signal is just only

16
00:03:10,159 --> 00:03:22,139
when the signal just only can have two values which are zero and one. It's also very important

17
00:03:22,139 --> 00:03:30,219
to know what is a control system. A control system is a set of electronic devices or elements

18
00:03:30,219 --> 00:03:40,659
that receive information from the sensor, from the outside, from the inputs and generate some

19
00:03:40,659 --> 00:03:51,719
kind of answer, some kind of output. We can distinguish between open loop and closed loop.

20
00:03:51,719 --> 00:04:18,220
In an open loop, the controller, the control, just only can read the input and then proceeds to create an output, but there isn't any importance with the output's values.

21
00:04:18,220 --> 00:04:27,220
What I'm trying to explain is we haven't any feedback in this kind of loop.

22
00:04:27,220 --> 00:04:36,550
One example of this kind of loop can be, for example, our washing machine.

23
00:04:36,550 --> 00:04:47,269
On the other hand, we can have some control loops in which we can take into consideration

24
00:04:47,269 --> 00:05:00,709
the output value to do a feedback and compare with the input signal

25
00:05:02,310 --> 00:05:15,509
by a comparator. The difference between the signal and the input signal

26
00:05:15,509 --> 00:05:26,069
usually called hero and it's what I am going to control indeed. One example of

27
00:05:26,069 --> 00:05:34,529
this kind of loops could be the thermostatic which can control the

28
00:05:34,529 --> 00:05:53,620
temperature in a room, just in one value of temperature. So most of the control systems

29
00:05:53,620 --> 00:06:07,379
usually are electronic, but our world is plenty of different kinds of physical signals.

30
00:06:07,379 --> 00:06:17,379
So the first thing I have to do is transform this physical signal into an electronic one.

31
00:06:17,379 --> 00:06:25,379
And to do that we usually use inputs or we also call it a transductor.

32
00:06:25,379 --> 00:06:32,379
We can divide the transductor into two main groups.

33
00:06:32,379 --> 00:06:42,379
Digital sensors or digital transductor and analogical transductor. It depends of signal.

34
00:06:42,379 --> 00:06:57,379
Example of analogical transductor or sensor could be the LDR which is a variable resistance with the light.

35
00:06:57,379 --> 00:07:09,379
N, T, C, and P, C, D, which are both also resistant, we can modify with temperature,

36
00:07:09,379 --> 00:07:22,379
and potentiometer, which is resistant, which is different with the position, its value is different with the position.

37
00:07:22,379 --> 00:07:35,379
On the other hand, we have also digital sensors like infrared sensors to distinguish between black and white,

38
00:07:35,379 --> 00:07:51,379
ultrasonic sensors that can measure distances, and a button that is a switch that can only be opened or closed.

39
00:07:51,379 --> 00:08:13,670
I think you are going to do a small research of these sensors to know more about the way they work and so on.

40
00:08:13,670 --> 00:08:35,470
So, these sensors should be connected to the boards. One of the boards that is very popular and is very nice and has a lot of applications would be Arduino board.

41
00:08:35,470 --> 00:08:43,470
Arduino is an open-heart electronic platform for prototyping.

42
00:08:43,470 --> 00:08:59,470
It consists of a board with a microcontroller and we connect sensors, actuators and other elements to this board through its analogic and digital inputs and outputs.

43
00:08:59,470 --> 00:09:08,769
And the way you can program Arduino board is very very easy.

44
00:09:08,769 --> 00:09:18,629
So we are going to do some practice with Arduino and I hope you enjoy it.

45
00:09:18,629 --> 00:09:27,590
A control board is an electronic circuit and performs the basic functions of a computer.

46
00:09:27,590 --> 00:09:39,049
So as a computer you usually have a processing unit, a memory, and also inputs and outputs.

47
00:09:39,049 --> 00:09:53,139
I think it is a way that we can create and design robots or control systems.

48
00:09:53,139 --> 00:10:01,259
So we have inputs, sensors, and we also need some outputs.

49
00:10:01,259 --> 00:10:10,799
This is the two outputs that we are going to study this year, both of them are digital,

50
00:10:10,799 --> 00:10:35,059
of LEDs which are very... it's a diode, but it emits light when it's connected

51
00:10:35,059 --> 00:10:46,960
with the polarity with with the proper polarity because a diodo just only can

52
00:10:46,960 --> 00:10:59,659
let pass the current if it is connected well and the other one are several

53
00:10:59,659 --> 00:11:10,039
servo so servo motors which is the more or less the same they are also a digital output and we

54
00:11:10,039 --> 00:11:27,159
also study better in another another day yes it's a motor but it has some specific control system

55
00:11:27,159 --> 00:11:35,320
which can be used with for example one Arduino or so on and we can have two

56
00:11:35,320 --> 00:11:45,639
types of servo motors so it's better for all of us that I I'll explain later

57
00:11:45,639 --> 00:11:54,559
and finally robots which is a machine obviously but this is a very special

58
00:11:54,559 --> 00:12:07,639
machine. Robots are also multifunctional and reprogrammable which means that they

59
00:12:07,639 --> 00:12:15,620
can do more than one task or tasks depends on its programming and it's

60
00:12:15,620 --> 00:12:24,379
because they have they usually have a control board that is very similar to a

61
00:12:24,379 --> 00:12:33,919
computer so in it in this control board there is always a microcontroller or

62
00:12:33,919 --> 00:12:44,179
microprocessor that can do different things we can classify robots there are

63
00:12:44,179 --> 00:12:53,240
a lot of kinds of robots obviously but we are going to classify robots into two

64
00:12:53,240 --> 00:13:00,320
main categories taking into consideration its structure. One are

65
00:13:00,320 --> 00:13:07,580
industrial robots. In industrial robots the structure is very similar to an arm

66
00:13:07,580 --> 00:13:19,700
and you can distinguish a different part that calls the same as the human

67
00:13:19,700 --> 00:13:43,700
such as rice, for example, the last bar of this arm, and on the other hand there is the mobile robots, which can move.

68
00:13:43,700 --> 00:13:55,700
Industrial robots can also be classified, taking into consideration its movements.

69
00:13:55,700 --> 00:14:03,700
So we can have Cartesian, cylindrical and spherical robots.

70
00:14:03,700 --> 00:14:28,700
For example, they can be used in painting or in stores and other different operations.

71
00:14:28,700 --> 00:14:37,299
And mobile robots can be used to explore, for example, other planets and so on.

72
00:14:37,299 --> 00:14:49,299
Well, this is enough for now, I think, and we will study deeply all these