1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:07,060 As I told you in the last video, the bourgeoisie gained most of the liberal revolutions to 2 00:00:07,060 --> 00:00:13,900 control conservative and defending public order. 3 00:00:13,900 --> 00:00:25,240 So that means the bourgeoisie got the economical power and also the political power. 4 00:00:25,240 --> 00:00:30,100 They were the ones who benefited most of these revolutions. 5 00:00:30,100 --> 00:00:35,100 On the other hand, we have the commoners who did not achieve deeper political and social 6 00:00:35,100 --> 00:00:36,500 transformation. 7 00:00:36,500 --> 00:00:45,380 They still being very poor and they still having not too many rights. 8 00:00:45,380 --> 00:00:47,500 But there is something very important. 9 00:00:47,500 --> 00:00:53,780 They developed the class consciousness, and they began to organize themselves and stand 10 00:00:53,780 --> 00:00:58,660 up the bourgeoisie and the liberal state they had helped to create. 11 00:00:58,660 --> 00:01:06,380 So important things, class consciousness, they organized themselves to protect or to 12 00:01:06,380 --> 00:01:08,420 fight for their rights. 13 00:01:08,420 --> 00:01:16,460 We are talking right here about the workers' rights, universal suffrage and things like 14 00:01:16,460 --> 00:01:17,460 that. 15 00:01:18,460 --> 00:01:27,500 Well, it's during this time that the nationalism appears in Western countries. 16 00:01:27,500 --> 00:01:34,620 That's why we will have to talk about the birth of new states and also the beginning 17 00:01:34,620 --> 00:01:39,940 of some of nationalism in different regions of Europe. 18 00:01:39,940 --> 00:01:48,180 Well, the idea of this nationalism is that a community that shares common and cultural 19 00:01:48,180 --> 00:01:55,060 traits, such language, history, folklore, is the best political framework to develop. 20 00:01:55,060 --> 00:01:59,820 So they should be together. 21 00:01:59,820 --> 00:02:06,300 Therefore, if a region with different type of language, history and folklore that there 22 00:02:06,300 --> 00:02:15,180 is in a country should be, I mean, it's different than the rest. 23 00:02:15,180 --> 00:02:16,620 They should go away. 24 00:02:16,620 --> 00:02:18,500 They should have the independence. 25 00:02:18,500 --> 00:02:21,580 All these movements are going to appear in this moment. 26 00:02:21,580 --> 00:02:24,860 Well, at the end, it's nation, OK? 27 00:02:24,860 --> 00:02:28,700 Because this, they call it a nation. 28 00:02:28,700 --> 00:02:31,940 That's why this is called nationalism. 29 00:02:31,940 --> 00:02:34,940 Then its nation should be confirmed as a state. 30 00:02:34,940 --> 00:02:46,020 So nation for them, it's equal to state, sorry, state, OK? 31 00:02:46,020 --> 00:02:53,180 And the borders of the state should coincide with those of the nation. 32 00:02:53,180 --> 00:02:57,720 So nation and state should be the same. 33 00:02:57,720 --> 00:03:03,480 It was most prominent in territories that were under foreign control and territories 34 00:03:03,480 --> 00:03:10,520 that has aspired to be unified with a political state. 35 00:03:10,520 --> 00:03:16,280 But let's focus in two important situations, the unification of Italy, and then we will 36 00:03:16,280 --> 00:03:19,800 talk about the unification of Germany. 37 00:03:19,800 --> 00:03:25,560 Very quickly, Italy, it was divided in seven states. 38 00:03:25,560 --> 00:03:30,240 Seven independent or independent states. 39 00:03:30,240 --> 00:03:36,640 Some of them under foreign domination, like the North States, they were dominated by Austria. 40 00:03:36,640 --> 00:03:43,320 The main leaders of this union were Victor Manuel II, the king of Piedmont, Sardinia, 41 00:03:43,320 --> 00:03:50,640 his prime minister, the Count de Cubois, and the revolutionary Giuseppe Garibaldi. 42 00:03:50,640 --> 00:03:59,480 We have right here Victor Manuel II, Count Camillo de Cubois, and Giuseppe Garibaldi. 43 00:03:59,480 --> 00:04:07,640 Well I don't want to spend so much time explaining the reasons of this situation, but just if 44 00:04:07,640 --> 00:04:16,160 you want to do a research, just look for the battle of Crimea against France, against Austria 45 00:04:16,160 --> 00:04:21,760 and so on, and you will realize that this is the beginning of this situation. 46 00:04:21,760 --> 00:04:28,640 At the end, with the help of Napoleon, Victor Manuel is going to annex, Victor Manuel who 47 00:04:28,640 --> 00:04:36,360 is the ruler of this Piedmont, is going to annex Lombardy, which is right here, after 48 00:04:36,360 --> 00:04:43,880 the defeating of Austria, while the rest of the states of Italy saw him very brave, saw 49 00:04:43,880 --> 00:04:51,920 him like he was good enough to control or to be the king of the rest of the states. 50 00:04:51,920 --> 00:05:02,280 So he was one important person, and his popularity was very high in the rest of Italy. 51 00:05:02,280 --> 00:05:08,880 Well, we have also Garibaldi, who was a revolutionary, who conquered the kingdom of the two Sicilies 52 00:05:08,880 --> 00:05:15,600 right here, the kingdom of the two Sicilies in the south of Italy, with the army known 53 00:05:15,600 --> 00:05:21,960 as the Expedition of the Thousand, la Expedicion de los Mil, o de los Camisas Rojas, también 54 00:05:21,960 --> 00:05:29,160 se le conoce, with the union of both territories, the north and the south. 55 00:05:29,160 --> 00:05:33,320 In 1860 the kingdom of Italy was proclaimed. 56 00:05:33,320 --> 00:05:42,440 Then they annexed Venice, which is right here, they annexed Venice some few years later, 57 00:05:42,440 --> 00:05:48,640 and then they conquered the Pontifical State, which was right here in the middle of the 58 00:05:48,640 --> 00:05:50,520 peninsula. 59 00:05:50,520 --> 00:05:56,920 So the unification of Italy was achieved in 1870. 60 00:05:56,920 --> 00:06:07,600 This new state adopted a parliamentary monarchy based in Census Sufrit. 61 00:06:07,600 --> 00:06:15,040 Time to talk about the German unification, which I think is more interesting, because 62 00:06:15,040 --> 00:06:23,240 in the future we will talk about things related with this moment. 63 00:06:23,560 --> 00:06:31,720 Well, the unification of Germany, 1864-1871, the Germanic Confederation was made up of 64 00:06:31,720 --> 00:06:39,080 39 states and presided over by Austria. 65 00:06:39,080 --> 00:06:47,680 The unification of these states was led by Prussia, under William I, he was the king, 66 00:06:47,720 --> 00:06:54,040 and his chancellor, who is something like the first minister, Bismarck. 67 00:06:54,040 --> 00:06:59,360 We will talk about Bismarck quite often in the next unit. 68 00:06:59,360 --> 00:07:07,760 Anyway, they, him and him, wanted to unite the German states and exclude Austria, and 69 00:07:07,760 --> 00:07:14,080 this is important, because Austria, it was not just the Austria we know today. 70 00:07:14,080 --> 00:07:21,120 We had to talk about the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and they were very powerful, so they 71 00:07:21,120 --> 00:07:25,680 were going to rule this union, and they just didn't want to. 72 00:07:25,680 --> 00:07:30,920 They want them to control this union. 73 00:07:30,920 --> 00:07:42,080 At the end, Austria was Prussia's rival, so they didn't want to be together in this company. 74 00:07:43,080 --> 00:07:55,160 Well, right here you have a map where it's represented all this territory of these 39 75 00:07:55,160 --> 00:08:03,640 states that they were split up through this territory, and they wanted to join in one 76 00:08:03,640 --> 00:08:05,480 single state. 77 00:08:05,880 --> 00:08:17,640 Well, Prussia confronted Austria, defeating Austria in the Battle of Sadowa in 1866, and 78 00:08:17,640 --> 00:08:24,800 that unifies the northern states, they are going to unify these states, they are going 79 00:08:24,800 --> 00:08:31,240 to exclude the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which is right here. 80 00:08:32,000 --> 00:08:44,680 Well, once Bismarck has achieved to control these two regions right here, Schleswig and 81 00:08:44,680 --> 00:08:56,760 Holstein, by them, and he has united all these 39 states under his ruling, he's going to 82 00:08:56,800 --> 00:09:07,720 attack France to get Alsace and Lorraine, which are two other regions right here, to 83 00:09:07,720 --> 00:09:12,000 control it, to join them to the new territory. 84 00:09:12,000 --> 00:09:18,960 So, at the end, Prussia defeated France in the Battle of Sedan, 1870, very important 85 00:09:18,960 --> 00:09:24,440 date, 1870, there is a war between France and Germany. 86 00:09:25,440 --> 00:09:33,440 Well, at the end, he unified the southern states, incorporating Alsace and Lorraine 87 00:09:33,440 --> 00:09:34,440 from France. 88 00:09:34,440 --> 00:09:44,480 Well, in this moment, it's just in this moment, 1870, it's the beginning of the German Empire 89 00:09:44,480 --> 00:09:47,400 known as the Second Reich, right? 90 00:09:47,400 --> 00:09:54,080 So, Germany became the strongest state in Europe, and Bismarck, the new leader in an 91 00:09:54,080 --> 00:09:57,720 international relations. 92 00:09:57,720 --> 00:10:04,720 The constitution of this new state establishes universal male suffrage and a federal system, 93 00:10:04,720 --> 00:10:05,720 very important. 94 00:10:05,720 --> 00:10:15,800 So, they are going to maintain the 39 states, they are not going to unify in a single state, 95 00:10:15,800 --> 00:10:21,760 but 39 states, but with common laws between them. 96 00:10:21,760 --> 00:10:27,960 So, they are going to have a lot of independence, but in some other things, like the military 97 00:10:27,960 --> 00:10:35,320 and some economical things, they are going together with a single constitution. 98 00:10:35,320 --> 00:10:44,440 So, along this century, the 19th century, many countries appear in the world. 99 00:10:44,440 --> 00:10:50,440 We can talk about the Latin American countries with all the South American countries that 100 00:10:50,440 --> 00:10:58,680 they achieved the independence of Spain and Portugal, during the 20s, Greece, who got 101 00:10:58,680 --> 00:11:10,520 independence from the Ottoman Empire, during, along the 30s, Belgium, from the Low Countries, 102 00:11:11,240 --> 00:11:16,240 they got independence from the Low Countries. 103 00:11:16,240 --> 00:11:23,320 But some others fail, like Ireland, which failed to get the independence of the United 104 00:11:23,320 --> 00:11:24,320 Kingdom. 105 00:11:24,320 --> 00:11:32,560 All the nationalisms are going to appear, like the Catalan countries, or the Basque, 106 00:11:32,560 --> 00:11:39,920 or some other regions in Europe. 107 00:11:39,920 --> 00:11:46,480 And that's it, we have finished this unit, if you have any questions, just please ask 108 00:11:46,480 --> 00:11:48,240 me next day in class.