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Hello class. Today we are going to explain the liberal revolutions of the 19th century.

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Basically because after the important Congress of Vienna, there were many, many revolutions

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in the 20s, 30s and 40s. Today we are going to explain only the revolutions in the 20s

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and 30s. Because in the first half of the 19th century, due to the restoration of absolutism

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during the conference in Vienna, and also due to the spread of liberalism during the

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time of the French Revolution, it caused different revolutions in Europe. It gave rise to a new wave

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of revolutions in Europe that I'm going to explain in a moment. So remember that during

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the old regime, the essential ideology was absolutism. However, by contrast, during the

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Enlightenment and the American Revolution and the French Revolution, liberalism emerged.

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And this is the moment when absolutism and liberalism collide with each other after the

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conference in Vienna. So it was true that absolutism was restored during the conference

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of Vienna, but do you think that it was possible at that moment, after the American Revolution,

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after the French Revolution, to stop liberalism? Obviously not, because many, many people at that

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time felt that it was the moment to break the old regime and to spread the ideas of liberalism and

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nationalism. And these feelings led to a situation with more and more revolutions. So liberalism

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gave rise to a new wave of revolutions, and I'm going to explain the first one.

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So the first wave of revolution happened basically in the 20s, and the area of these revolutions

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was basically the Mediterranean Sea and Russia. So the revolution in 1820 covered the area of the

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Mediterranean Sea and Russia. I would say that they were concentrated in both locations, in the

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Mediterranean Sea and also in Russia, as you might see here on the picture. So this is the moment in

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the 1820s when the liberals were tired of absolutism. Obviously they didn't agree with

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the restoration during the Vienna conference, and for this reason different liberals, such as army

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officials, who were progressives, and also different secret societies, such as the Mainz

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Survey. The Mainz Survey was a secret society who was composed of liberal people, such as teachers,

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professors at the university, important authors in literature, and also politicians and lawyers

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who were in favor of liberalism. So the new wave of liberal revolutions began

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in Spain under the rule of General Riego. I don't know if you remember General Riego,

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he was the man who convinced the troops from the king to fight against the king, because the king

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wanted to send all these troops to America to stop the liberal revolution in South America,

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and General Riego convinced the monarchies, the troops, to fight against the king. He succeeded, he

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imposed a liberal regime for only three years, and from Spain the liberal revolution

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spread to Portugal, and also to different locations on the Mediterranean Sea, such as the south of Italy

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and Greece. The liberal revolution happened at the same time in the Russian Empire,

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but to be honest, it was true that the kings at the beginning accepted the liberal ideas,

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they accepted liberal constitutions, but in the end they imposed absolutism again.

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And the best example happened in Spain, if you remember, because Riego imposed a liberal regime

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for only three years, but in 1822 the Vienna Conference met in Verona, in the city of Italy

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of Verona, and there they decided to send an army force to impose absolutism again.

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They succeeded because the 100,000 sons of Saint Louis, the army from France, to impose

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absolutism again, succeeded, and for this reason

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it ended with the death of General Riego. He was hanged in Plaza de la Cebada,

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very close from our school, in Cervantes school, in the area of Latina, and this is the place where

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regrettably Riego was hanged. So I would say that the only liberal revolution that succeeded

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in the 1820s was in Greece, and in Greece the liberal revolution succeeded because basically

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Greek people didn't want to live at that moment under the rule of the Ottoman Empire.

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Greece was only a province of the Ottoman Empire, but due to the liberal ideas, due to liberalism,

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the Greek people, the commoners, who were called the kleftes,

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they made an alliance with the bourgeoisie, with rich people in Greece, and they got the support

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from an important empire, from the British Empire, and for this reason, both together, the commoners

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in Greece, the kleftes, together with the bourgeoisie and the British managed to defeat the Ottoman

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Empire. As a result of that, the revolution in Greece succeeded. Greece became independent

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from the Ottoman Empire due to the revolution in 1820. So let's explain now what happened in the

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revolution in 1830. The revolution in 1830 began all over Europe, but obviously the most important

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country was France. In France, I'm going to remember that Louis XVIII, the Bourbon King,

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died in 1824, and he was replaced by an absolutist king, who was Charles X. I would say that Charles

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X was even more absolutist than Louis XVIII, and for this reason, due to the ideas of the

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Enlightenment and the French Revolution in France, many, many people were angry for this situation.

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They didn't want to live under the rule of an absolutist king, and as a consequence of that,

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Charles III was overthrown. It began the revolution with the ousting of Charles X.

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The absolutist king was replaced due to the revolution, due to the liberal revolution in 1830

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by a constitutional monarch, who was Louis-Philippe. This is the famous... I'm going to stop here to explain

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the revolution in 1830. This is the famous painting of liberty, guidance, the people,

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and here we might see in the first part of the picture the liberty, guidance, different groups,

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social groups in the society of France. Here we might see a member of the bourgeoisie.

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This is basically the proper clothes for a bourgeois, and also here we might see a member

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of the common people, a little boy, a teenager from the commoners. So, in this painting,

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this painting depicts the idea that liberty, the symbol of the liberty,

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led different important groups in France who were in favor of the revolution, such as the bourgeoisie

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and the common people. So, this revolution brought a new king in power. He was a member of the bourgeoisie

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Louis-Philippe, and if we compare this image in contrast with this one, here the clothes were

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from a proper absolutist king, and however, by contrast, we might see here that Louis-Philippe

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was wearing the proper clothes for a member of the bourgeoisie. If you want to know more about the

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revolution in France in 1830, I would strongly recommend to watch Los Miserables by Victor Hugo.

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If we have time, we are going to watch some minutes of this movie which was based on the famous

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novel by Victor Hugo. So, class, what were the consequences of the revolution in 1830 from France?

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The revolution spread to different countries in Europe. Maybe the most important one was

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Belgium because Belgium became independent from Holland at that moment in 1830. Belgium was

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completely different from Holland in terms of the economy and in terms of the mindset

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because Belgium was basically Catholic, Holland was basically Protestant. In Belgium, they spoke

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French in the vast majority of the country and, however, by contrast, in

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Netherlands, in Holland, they spoke Dutch. Belgium at that time was more agrarian than Holland.

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Holland was more industrial. Holland had more relationships with Great Britain and Belgium,

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by contrast, had more relationship with France. For all of these differences between themselves,

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Belgium became independent in 1830 under the rule of this monarch, King Leopold. Very important

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because in the second half of the 19th century, he conquered one important colony in Africa like

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Congo. So, Belgium became independent after the revolution in France. Also in France, we need to

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remember that the absolutist king Charles III was replaced by a member of the bourgeoisie,

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Louis-Philippe, and also the revolution spread to Prussia and also to Poland and finally to

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Italy. I'm going to explain briefly why. Basically, in Prussia, because different states such as

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Hanover and the area of the rule in Frankfurt didn't want to live under the rule of the

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absolutist king in Prussia, that's why they began the liberal revolution in those areas,

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but it ended in failure. Also, the Polish people, you know that Poland disappeared after the

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Conference of Vienna. Russia controlled this area, the area of the Kingdom of Poland, but the Polish

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people wanted to get the independence from the Austrian Empire and also from the Russian Empire,

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but the revolution ended in failure and Russia carried on controlling the area of Warsaw,

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Warsaw. Finally, I'm going to explain what happened in the Italian states.

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The Italian states wanted to get the independence from the church kingdoms, from the Vatican,

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from the Holy See, and also you know that the north of Italy was controlled by Austria, the

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area of Venice. So, the Italian states wanted to get the independence from Austria and also from

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the Vatican, the Holy See. The Holy See was protected also by France, but this is not the

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moment when the revolution succeeded in Italy. Italian people had to wait a little bit more

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to the second half of the 19th century to get the independence. Now, at this moment, the revolution

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in 1840, in 1930, and in 1848 ended in failure in Italy and its main leader Garibaldi had to wait

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more for the second half of the 19th century. So, as a conclusion, I would say that the liberal

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leaders after the revolution in 1820 and also in the 30s, many many liberal leaders came into power

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in all of these countries, but when they got the power, they limited rights and freedoms.

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Surprisingly, when, and I'm going to give you an example to understand this concept,

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surprisingly, when Louis-Philippe in France came into power, Louis-Philippe

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limited rights and freedom to the commoners. He imposed, again, the limited

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sensory suffrage, which allowed only the rich bourgeoisie, the moderate bourgeoisie, to basically

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have the right to vote, and for this reason, many many commoners were excluded from power.

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They became even angrier than before, they became really really angry, and this situation

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led to different revolutions in the 40s. The main revolution happened in France in 1840,

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but this is another story. Don't skip the following lessons, because I will explain this

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portrait, liberty, guidance, the people, and I will explain also the revolutions in the 40s.

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Thank you for your attention, and bye bye, have a good day.