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Hello everyone! So in this video we are finally starting with history. I'm going to make a brief

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introduction to the subject. There are a lot of things that you probably know from last year

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or the previous one or from school, but just in case I want to give you some information.

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So obviously the first thing we need to do is to start with the definition of history

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and that you probably know it's a science that is going to study the past but the past of humanity

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not the past of animals or plants everything that is related with us with people and the people that

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are in charge of studying history are the historians los historiadores like for example

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mr carr here that said in 1961 what's history so you have a good definition there

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in history is not made just taking a look to all documents we need to use what

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is called the scientific method that you probably know from other subjects in

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order to study all this evidence that we find from the past that are called

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historical sources so now and you probably have thought why do we need to

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study history, so there has been a lot of opinions about this. For example, history has been seen as

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a teaching of life, es decir, algo que podemos utilizar como una enseñanza para la vida, fijándonos

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en lo que ha pasado en el pasado. There are also some other opinions, like for example, history

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used for political purposes, for example, to promote the national spirit, so we love more

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our country to justify the social order so the people that are rich are rich because of something

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and the people that are poor there is another historical reason no and another possibility is

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to build collective identities so there are groups of people that identify themselves

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with a past a common past like for example the germans

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nowadays what we do with history is to try to give you some competencies for the present

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and to make you ready for preparing yourself for the future so in history and as i told you we are

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going to use historical sources and that are all the remains that we preserve from the past

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we are going to have two different types the primary sources that are the one that came from

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the same period and the secondary sources that came from a later period or

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maybe they were done in the present so in this example you can see the Spanish

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Constitution that is a primary source and this is a book explaining the

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Constitution in the present don't worry about this because I'm going to try to

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help you to understand it during the this term and the next one then the

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Historical sources, apart from primary and secondary sources, depend also on the different types.

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So, we are going to find written sources, oral sources, material sources and audiovisual sources.

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Normally, we need to compare all of them to know more information about the past.

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This is because the historical sources sometimes are genuine, es decir, las podemos creer, or unreliable.

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Es decir, no son fiables.

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Sometimes the information they have can be objective, subjective, or even mistaken.

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So this is why historians can't trust the sources directly.

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We always have to doubt the sources, es decir, tenemos que dudar de todas las pruebas del pasado,

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and we have to contrast or compare all the evidences to try to get the closest possible to the reality or to the truth.

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Es decir, si no las comparamos todas, es muy difícil que podamos llegar a la verdad.

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Tenemos que comparar muchas fuentes de información para ver si nos podemos fiar de ellas

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y aún así, como el pasado nos queda muy atrás en el tiempo,

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no vamos a estar 100% seguros de si la información que tenemos es correcta.

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Then, as you probably have done during first grade, we need to locate history in time.

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This is very important.

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This is what we call dating, es decir, datar cronológicamente.

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And this is one of the most important things that historians have to do,

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because if we don't give order to all the events of the past, they are not going to make sense.

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That is why teachers of history normally ask you to remember the dates,

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because dates are very important.

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This way we can know the causes of the events, es decir,

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podemos reconocer qué ha causado un evento histórico,

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and we also can understand what are the consequences of that event.

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Es decir, qué cambia o qué permanece después de un evento.

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In the presentation, you have information about how we group years,

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but you probably know about this.

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Also, about how to count centuries.

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If you still have doubts about this, take a look and read all of this, okay?

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But if you don't, we can continue.

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so in history normally we are going to have three different spaces of time the minimum unit

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the smallest one is the event a success that is something that is going to happen in a specific

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moment for example a battle or the fall of constantinople or many other things then

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a group of events is going to be the historic context that can be circumstantial

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es decir, coyuntural, algo que pasa en un momento a lo mejor de unos cuantos años

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y después vuelve a cambiar,

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or it can be a system that is something or a period of time

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with similar characteristics that last a long period,

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for example, the Renaissance.

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And then we have the structure or the big system

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that is a long period of time in which the economy, religion, society,

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culture, politics have similar characteristics, for example the modern age.

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So here you can see how the historical processes work.

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We have an instructor that just added last year, feudalism.

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In feudalism we have different contexts, for example the high middle ages with the rebirth

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of cities, and there are a lot of events that happened during that period of time.

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what we have during all this period, during these centuries, is an evolution.

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Things are changing slowly. Finally we have a different context because some

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things change. That is the crisis of the late Middle Ages. If you remember we have

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the Black Death, that could be an event. We have the 100 Years War, the East-West

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Schism and many other events that happened in this period. At the end,

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because a lot of things change we have a new structure because we have a

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different society different economy different political and cultural systems

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and the modern age starts for example a context of this period would be the

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Renaissance that we are going to study in class and we have a lot of events

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there and then in the 17th century there is a crisis there are other events so

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this is how historical processes happen. Sometimes there can be an

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evolution and sometimes, like it happened in 1789, we can have a revolution that

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changed everything in a short period of time. So to continue, you probably know

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about this, but we need to know the difference between these

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factors of historical structure. So we have economy, society, politics and

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and culture. You know what economy is because we have seen it in geography so everything related

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with destruction, production and distribution of goods and services. Then in society we are going

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to study how the different social groups and people are organized. In politics we can have

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domestic and foreign policies and this is how power is distributed or is used. And finally we

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have culture and ideology that are going to be a lot of things related with ideas and values for

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example religion traditions art all of this can be passed to other generations orally or maybe

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written or by actions or we can have remains like paintings technology and so on finally this is the

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thing, every time the historians are working with historical events or processes, we need to ask

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ourselves these questions. First, what are we studying? Es decir, ¿qué estudiamos? Es una

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definición. Who is responsible of this historical process? Es decir, ¿quién es el sujeto, la persona,

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el país o el partido político o el grupo de personas a los que afecta el proceso. Third

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question, where, es decir, tenemos que saber dónde sucede este proceso y hacia dónde se expande si

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no sucede sólo en un lugar. When, the chronology, es decir, cuándo ha pasado, why did it happen,

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por qué ha pasado, cuáles son las causas, puede haber causas económicas, demográficas, políticas,

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puede haber muchos tipos de causas, los iremos viendo. How, es decir, cómo ha sucedido, which

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will be the development of events, es decir, todo lo que ha ido pasando, se nombraría aquí. And why

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is it important is the last part, por qué ha sido importante, qué ha causado, cuáles son las

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consecuencias, cómo ha influido en el periodo e incluso cómo influye en el presente, si así lo

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fuera. So I hope it wasn't a lot of things to digest. Es decir, espero que no haya sido mucho.

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This is what I want you to do for homework. It's a little timeline of things that you are supposed

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to know with all the periods of history. Prehistory that started a long time ago, 2.5 million years

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ago with the first hominids. And it finished with the invention of writing. Then we have the

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ancient age, the middle age, modern age

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and contemporary ages.

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Es decir, quiero que hagáis en vuestro cuaderno

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un eje cronológico

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explicando los distintos periodos

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de la historia, porque si no empezamos sabiendo

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esto, mal vamos, ¿vale?

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This is the last thing, the basic vocabulary

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for history. All of these words

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are words that you are supposed

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to understand. If you don't know

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about any of these

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definitions, ask me

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class or research in a dictionary because it is very important so if you

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have questions and send me a message or ask me in class I'm going to leave you

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with the questions in aula virtual good luck and bye bye