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Yes, exactly. And they put in power one puppet government. Could you remember this puppet

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government? For example, Nathalie. Nathalie, what was the name of this puppet government

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in France? Alaya. I can see you now, Alaya. Do you remember the name of this puppet government?

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No? Fabian? I can't hear, Fabian. Alejandro? I have nothing to know.

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It was called a Vichy government and it was led by General Pétain.

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Exactly. It was the Vichy government under the rule of General Pétain, exactly, which

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was the puppet government who obeyed directly orders from Hitler. And they divided their

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country into two parts. 60% in the north was for the Germans, 40% for the Vichy government.

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This is the moment when Mussolini did something. Elisa? I have a question. So the Vichy government

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is the one that is on the south of France? Yes. Okay, so that's it. Thanks. And Elisa,

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who took advantage of this situation to join the war? Mussolini. Here's when Mussolini

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decided to take over Albania, right? Exactly. Yes. Okay, I'm really glad because you know

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everything and now we are going to explain the second part of the lesson related to the

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victories of the Axis powers. Are you ready? Do you have your notebooks? Okay, we are going

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to carry on. Okay, class, after the fall of France, Hitler thought that the UK would...

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He expected that the UK... Who is asking me a question? Ah, okay. So after the fall of

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France, after the fall of France, exactly, Hitler expected and thought that the British

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would ask for the terms of peace. Hitler thought that the British would surrender, but it wasn't

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the case. This is the moment when Churchill, who became the prime minister after April

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in 1940, after the campaign in Norway. So this is the moment when Winston Churchill

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said, we will never surrender. Do you remember the... I don't know if you remember the words

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from Churchill. Actually, we are going to read his speech at the end of the class. So

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Hitler thought that the British would surrender, but it wasn't the case. This is the moment

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when Hitler planned the Operation Sea Lion, Operation Leon Marino, when Hitler, together

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with Goering and other important generals in Germany, planned the invasion of Great

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Britain. Exactly. From the summer in 1940 to the autumn in 1940, it took place the Battle

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of Britain, the Battle of Britain, and the German plans were called Operation Sea Lion.

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But the Germans made several mistakes because they planned very carefully, very carefully,

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the invasion of Western Europe, the invasion of France. And that's the reason as they succeed

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on the Western France and Western Europe. But they didn't plan equally the invasion

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of Great Britain. They thought that they had enough ships and planes to cross the English

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Channel, to cross the Canal de la Mancha, but they were not able to control the sea

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and also the skies. It was the RAF, the Royal Air Force. The Royal Air Force in Great Britain

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was really powerful. And as I'm going to say now, this Battle of Britain, Operation Sea

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Lion ended in failure for the first time for the Germans. And it ended in failure for three

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different reasons, for three different reasons that I'm going to explain in a minute. First

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of all, because the Royal Air Force, the Royal Air Force in Great Britain was powerful, more

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powerful and superior to the German Air Force. The planes from Great Britain, the Spitfire,

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the warplanes from Great Britain, such as the Spitfire. This is an image of the Spitfire.

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The Spitfire and the Hurricane. The Hurricane was a bomber, a bombardero. And the Spitfire

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and the Hurricane were superior to the German Air Force. They were better than the German

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Air Force. They do buffer, remember that. So I will say that the Spitfire and the Hurricanes

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were superior than the German bomber, the Heinkel and the Messerschmitt. The Messerschmitt

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was equivalent to the Spitfire and the Spitfire was better. It was superior in terms of technology.

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And actually, Great Britain might produce more planes than the Germans. They were better in

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technology, Great Britain, because they might produce warplanes at a rate of 25 to 7 for the

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Germans. So they were better in technology. And this is one reason of this victory.

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Second reason. Second of all, the radar. The radar was key in this battle because the British

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radar might detect the German aircraft. So when the Germans invaded Great Britain,

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the British developed all these networks of radars. They might detect the German aircraft

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and that's why they were the winners in this battle. This is the second reason.

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And also, the third reason was important. The British intelligence from Bletchley Park,

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the British built a network of espionage in Bletchley Park. Bletchley Park was like a

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palace, which was built close to London. And in Bletchley Park, there were at least

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10,000 people working in this palace to decipher the Luftwaffe radio transmissions.

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So the British intelligence, this is the third reason, the British intelligence

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might decipher the Luftwaffe radio transmissions because the Luftwaffe and also other elements of

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the German army, they were using this machine, the Niedmann machine, to send messages from one army

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to another. But even before in 1935, there was a Polish mathematician, who was Marian Rejewski.

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And the Polish mathematicians were able to decipher for the first time NIMBA. And when the

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Soviet Union and Nazi Germany invaded Poland, the Polish mathematicians sent all this knowledge

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to the French and to the British. And due to this knowledge, Alan Turing was able to build the first

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bomb so as to, in order to decipher all codes from the German army. They deciphered first the

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codes from the Luftwaffe. There's a great movie which explains all of this story.

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I can't remember now the name in Spanish. But it was true. In 1940, there was a meeting between

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Alan Turing and Marian Rejewski. Marian Rejewski, the Polish codebreaker, gave all his knowledge to

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Alan Turing. And with this knowledge, Alan Turing managed to build the first bomb. So Marian Rejewski

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was really, really key in history because with an equation system, he was able to decipher,

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to know about the cables in the NIMBA code. And the British used this knowledge to decipher

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the codes from the Germans. So I will say, to sum up, that I explain more things for you to know

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more. But to sum up, they won in this battle for the RAF, for the radar, and for the ultra-operation.

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The ultra-operation was the operation from Blechley Park when the British deciphered the German

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codes. So it was the first time when Hitler was defeated. And when Hitler was defeated,

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he changed his tactic. Do we have questions? Do we have questions? Ah, yes. Thank you so much,

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Elisa. The film was called The Imitation Game. I think that you can watch it for free on YouTube.

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I've seen it. I think it's on Netflix.

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And also on Netflix, yes. You have time. It's a good movie to know more about this story.

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Thank you so much. So what happened after that? As the British were the winners in the Battle of

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Britain, Hitler changed his tactic. And the new tactic was called the Blitz. The Blitz began in

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September 1940 up to May 1941. And what does it mean, the Blitz? It was the German bombing of most

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of the most important cities in Great Britain. The symbol of this change in the tactics was the

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city of Coventry, because Germany bombed the city center of Coventry. It was almost destroyed.

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And after the bombing, Coventry was a pile of rubble. So this change in tactic for Hitler was a

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complete mistake, because he didn't know that he was about to defeat the rough. But when Hitler

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changed this tactic, it was true that the burden, la carga, of the war came to the citizens in

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Britain instead of having the burden, the forces, the rough, and the army. It was true. But

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the result of this campaign was a mistake for Hitler, because it was true that he bombed

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he bombed different cities in Great Britain. But it was a failure, because he wasn't able to

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defeat definitely Great Britain. Hitler bombed different cities in Great Britain. Actually,

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London, as you can see in the image, was bombed relentlessly, during 57 days.

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London was bombed relentlessly. And it was true that 20,000 people died only in London,

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and in general in Great Britain, 40,000 people died during the blitz. But Hitler,

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with this tactic, when he changed his tactic, tried to destroy the morale in Great Britain.

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He tried also to remove the war production in Great Britain. But in the end, he wasn't

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to defeat Great Britain. So most parts of the infrastructure in Great Britain and above all

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in London were destroyed. It was true that the citizens, the British citizens, had the burden

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in the campaign. But in the end, Great Britain succeeded and Hitler lost the battle against Great

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Britain. Okay? So after that, we need to remember that the blitz ended in May, in the spring of 1941.

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So in the spring in 1941, Hitler changed his tactic again. As he lost against Great Britain,

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Hitler changed his tactic and he moved the war to North Africa.

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Did you understand the first part, the Battle of Britain? If you have questions,

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we can stop here. And if not, I'm going to carry on. Lucas, did you understand everything?

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Lucas, yes. Thank you so much. Enrique, do you have questions?

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Yes, yes. Okay, ask me, ask away.

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Why was the war, the plan, the last plan of Hitler putting the war to Africa?

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Yes, this is a really good question, Enrique, that I'm going to explain in a minute.

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Thank you for the question. Elisa.

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Yes, so the Sea Lion Plan, what exactly did it consist of? Was it to surround Britain?

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No, it was the plan to invade Great Britain by sea with the naval forces, with the German naval

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forces, and also with the planes, with the air forces, with the Luftwaffe. Hitler wanted to use

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both forces. He wanted to combine both forces in order to defeat Great Britain, but they couldn't

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for the three different reasons that I've explained before. Okay, Elisa?

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Yes. More questions?

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More questions? No? So, I'm going to answer, exactly, I'm going to answer Enrique's question

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because it was a really good question. So, why did Hitler move his troops to North Africa?

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That's the key. Why in the spring of... Actually, it was in March in 1941 when Hitler moved his troops to North Africa.

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Thank you for the question, Enrique, because Hitler wanted to avoid an Allied landing in North Africa.

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Hitler was afraid of an Allied landing in North Africa.

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Un desembarco de los aliados en el norte de África.

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He was afraid of that. He wanted to avoid an Allied landing, not only in North Africa,

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but also in Western France. And that's why Hitler, as a result of that, as a consequence,

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he wanted to control North Africa. And also because Germany, at this moment in war,

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ran out of oil. And Hitler was planning to conquer North Africa, completely North Africa,

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from Morocco to Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, up to Egypt, in order to reach the Middle East.

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Because you know that in the Middle East, what is now Syria, Iraq, Palestine, and Iran,

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it had a huge reserve, and also in Saudi Arabia, the huge reserve of oil. Germany was run out of

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oil and that's why Hitler was planning to conquer North Africa in order to get the oil from the

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Middle East. But in June, remember that in June, it was the moment when Italy joined the war.

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He helped Hitler when they invaded Albania. And at the same time, the Italians invaded

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Libya in June 1940. They invaded Libya because Mussolini wanted to have Libya as a colony,

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and also because the vast majority of the British troops in North Africa were in Egypt.

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So General Graziani from Italy attacked from Libya to Egypt. But as I said before, the bulk

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of the British forces, the vast majority of the British forces were in Egypt. They defeated the

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Italians and they began a counter-attack. You don't need to know all these details in the war

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in North Africa, but I'm explaining to you because if not, you're not going to understand

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the result of the battle. So due to this Italian failure, due to this Italian mistake and the

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counter-attack from the British, due to that, it was the moment when Hitler sent the lead

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of the German army to North Africa. Hitler sent the Afrika Korps under the rule of Rommel,

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General Rommel, in order to defeat the British in North Africa in March 1941. And it was true

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that Rommel landed in this city in El Agheila, in Libya, and very, very quickly he received

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the nickname of the Desert Fox, El Zorro del Desierto, because he succeeded and he conquered

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from El Agheila to the city of Sidi Barrani. It was from March to May, but the British again

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recovered. They recovered again and General Oshinlek began another counter-attack and

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Rommel had to, he must retreat from Sidi Barrani to El Agheila again.

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And this is the moment when, due to this failure, Hitler sent more troops to North Africa.

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They prepared a huge army and due to this huge army, from January 1942 to September

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1942, Rommel again recovered the territory to El Agheila up to the important city of El Alamein

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in Egypt. This city was in the Second World War. It was a turning point in 1942

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because it was the most important battle in North Africa between the Germans and the British.

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But I'm not going to explain the result of the battle because we will explain that on the

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following days. So we could say that in 1941, both armies, the Germans against the Allies,

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were fighting in North Africa. They were not able to control completely North Africa and it was

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another failure for Hitler because he couldn't get the resource that the Yemenis needed at that

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time for the war. And this is the moment when Hitler again moved his troops, he changed his

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tactics again and he began the conflict and the campaign in the Balkans. The campaign in the

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Balkans, in Europe, began also in Spain in 1941 up to June in 1941. And I'm going to explain in a

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minute what happened in the Balkans. So you could say that due to this failure in North Africa,

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again Hitler moved the war to the Balkans, to Europe. Do you have questions up to here?

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Or shall I carry on?

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Fabian? Shall I carry on? Do you have questions? Julia?

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Question, teacher.

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I have a question.

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Julia first, then Elisa. Julia.

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So I didn't get what happened in El Alamein.

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I didn't explain it, Julia.

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Yes, but...

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I will say that El Alamein, I will write that El Alamein was the decisive battle in North Africa

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between the allies, Great Britain against the Yemenis. And it was a turning point

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because it was the un punto inflexion because I will explain on the following class that this

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battle, this battle was key for the rest of the Second World War. But I will explain that

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on the following class, okay? Because if not, it's too much. But to sum up, Hitler couldn't

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control North Africa and that's why he moved the war, his troops, to the Balkans, okay?

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So we're going to explain the Balkans. Elisa?

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So, just to be sure, so what happened was that Italy came down to Libya, that was

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British territory before, they invaded it, they got a little bit, then they lost it all,

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then the German troops entered and they regained it, they lost it again, then there was more troops

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that came from Germany, they won it again and then they lost all the territory, right?

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Yes, you don't have to explain all of this in the exam. I'm explaining to you

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to know what happened in this campaign in North Africa. You don't need to know all of this with

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this detail but I think it's a good knowledge to understand what happened in North Africa

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and why Hitler moved his troops to the Balkans, okay Elisa?

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Libya was in a British colony but it has British influence because the British were

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in Egypt which was very close to Libya, okay? And remember that Mussolini wanted to have a

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Roman Empire, that's why the Italians invaded Libya because it was very close from Italy, okay?

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Antonio? Antonio, go on, go on.

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So, after the counterattack of Great Britain, Great Britain took Libya or not?

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Only for a short period of time, Antonio. You don't need to know all of this with this detail

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but General Auchinleck managed to control Libya, as you can see here in the image,

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only from November to May. This mistake... No, but I mean after the counterattack of Italy.

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Italy conquered Libya and attacked Egypt and then Egypt had a counterattack to Libya.

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Yes, yes. Did they conquer Libya at that point?

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Only for a short period of time because also the Germans, after that,

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Hitler sent more troops and Rommel, with these troops created, he made a huge army and with this

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army he launched the final attack not only over Libya but also over Egypt which led to the battle

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of Alamein. Thank you. David? I have a question. When France was defeated, did their possessions

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went to Germany or they were part of the BC government? Well, thank you so much for the

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question. The colonies were for the BC government but the BC government was controlled by the

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Germans. So, for example, what happened with the French colonies? The French colonies were

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controlled by the BC government above all in North Africa but they received orders from Hitler,

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from the Germans. Actually, General Franco tried to join the war together with the Axis.

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He wanted, General Franco wanted to have an empire in North Africa but Hitler would prefer

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to give the French colonies to the BC government instead of giving the French colonies to General

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Franco. Why? Because the Spanish army was weaker than the BC government. Elena?

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So, basically, it was a lot of information and sometimes the audio did not go very well.

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Did you close your microphones? Yeah, yeah, it was closed but I don't know why. There were some

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words that I couldn't hear. So, basically, Hitler sent his troops to North Africa and General Rommel

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was the one who led the troops from Germany. Yes, yes. And basically, what happened is that

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Hitler was not able to control everything there, right? Exactly. And Rommel couldn't get the oil

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that Germany needed at that time and that's why Hitler changed again. He moved the troops to the

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Balkans. Are you ready to explain the Balkans? What happened in the Balkans? I have another

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question. Sorry, Elisa. So, why did the Germans create the BC government instead of just getting

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that piece of land for themselves too? Very good question. Because they didn't have enough

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soldiers, Elisa, to control everything. Okay? That's why they needed some allies

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in the territories that they were invaded. Okay? Elisa?

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Elisa, did you get the information or not?

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Okay. Yes, yes, I did. It's just that I had to mute again. Sorry. Yeah, yeah, I got it. Thanks.

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Okay, perfect. We are going to carry on. So, what happened in the Balkans? Again, it was another

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mistake for the Italians. Mussolini tried to conquer Libya before and it ended in failure.

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And Mussolini, again, planned to conquer Greece from Albania, but it ended in failure.

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So, again, what happened in the Balkans? First of all, Mussolini launched a campaign in order

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to conquer Greece in June 1940, but this campaign ended in failure. And it was a huge mistake

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for the Axis powers. It was a huge mistake for the Axis powers. Because at that moment,

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I will say that in autumn in 1940, Hitler was planning the invasion of the Soviet Union.

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And he trusted Mussolini. Mussolini said to Hitler that he was able to conquer the Balkans.

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Hitler, for this reason, was planning the invasion of the Soviet Union because he thought that the

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only way to put in the peace table Great Britain was to defeat the Soviet Union. Hitler was convinced

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of the planning to invade the Soviet Union. He trusted Mussolini, but Mussolini

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wasn't able to conquer the Balkans. Mussolini was planning to conquer from Albania to Greece,

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but it ended in failure. So, what happened next in April 1941? So, as Mussolini wasn't able to

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conquer the Balkans, Hitler launched another campaign to conquer the Balkans. First, he bombed

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the city of Belgrade. Belgrade was completely destroyed as Hitler had done it in other cities

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in Europe, such as Warsaw, Rotterdam, Coventry. Belgrade was a pile of rubble after this bombing.

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Hitler managed to conquer Yugoslavia first, and then Greece. But the question is,

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why did Hitler move his troops to the Balkans? As I said before, because

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I would say that from autumn in 1940 up to the spring in 1941, Hitler was planning the invasion

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of the Soviet Union. He was planning the Operation Barbarossa, one of the most important pivotal

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moments in history. He was planning the invasion of the Soviet Union on the Eastern Front,

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and Hitler didn't want to have an enemy at his back, an enemy at his tail. That's why Hitler

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invaded the Balkans. He trusted Mussolini first. He thought that Mussolini was capable of conquering

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the Balkans, but he wasn't. This is the moment when Hitler invaded the Balkans because he was

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planning the invasion of the Soviet Union. So, Hitler invaded the Balkans in April and in June,

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he conquered not only Yugoslavia, but also Greece. This is the moment when the German tanks

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entered the Acropolis in Athens, in Athens, in Greece, in Athens.

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So, obviously, Hitler succeeded in the Balkans, but the Germans lost many, many times

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to conquer later on the Soviet Union

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because they had to delay their plans. They had to delay their plans and the Germans were not able

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to launch the campaign over the Soviet Union up to June in 1941. Hitler was planning to invade

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the Soviet Union in the spring and he had to wait up to the summer to invade the Soviet Union.

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And with this, we are going to finish the class today. Julia had a question. Julia, ask away.

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It has, the video has cut and I hadn't heard the final part. The one from the invasion of

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the Soviet Union. Yes, Hitler was planning the invasion of the Soviet Union

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in the spring in 1941, but he had to wait up to the summer because he had to conquer first the

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Balkans so as to avoid an enemy at his back. Okay.