1 00:00:00,750 --> 00:00:10,070 Hello kids, last week I promised I will record something about the medieval ages for you to have a clear idea of everything. 2 00:00:10,230 --> 00:00:18,109 I will try to do it very quickly and we will resume or summarize the most important aspects. 3 00:00:18,370 --> 00:00:28,089 Look, by seeing this front picture we can have an idea of what this period of time is about. 4 00:00:28,089 --> 00:00:38,710 It is about castles, kings and queens, and who had the power, who were the servants and peasants, okay? 5 00:00:39,329 --> 00:00:40,310 Let's continue. 6 00:00:41,030 --> 00:00:47,490 Look, this period of time is marked by two very important moments. 7 00:00:47,490 --> 00:00:57,490 is when the empire the roman empire fell and it finishes when the discovery of america america 8 00:00:57,490 --> 00:01:08,769 occurs okay so this period is very important or this moment 476 and 1492 it's something or two 9 00:01:08,769 --> 00:01:14,769 periods we have to take into account tenemos que tener en cuenta estos dos momentos principalmente 10 00:01:14,769 --> 00:01:27,310 It is easy to remember because it coincides with the discovery of America, and look, it lasted approximately a thousand years, a little more, this period. 11 00:01:27,310 --> 00:01:39,969 okay in Spain the Romans went out okay because the Visigoths came okay this wasn't called Spain 12 00:01:39,969 --> 00:01:46,689 in that moment but hispania all right and they come from the north of Europe they established 13 00:01:46,689 --> 00:01:57,609 in hispania in 507 okay and they ruled for around through 200 years how are the 14 00:01:57,609 --> 00:02:04,069 Visigoths the government the culture the economy and the religion okay the the 15 00:02:04,069 --> 00:02:13,129 city or the capital city was settled in Toledo okay this was the capital city 16 00:02:13,129 --> 00:02:20,729 and it was governed or this territory was governed by a king okay and under 17 00:02:20,729 --> 00:02:28,310 the king were less important the nobles and the bishops the bishops are the the 18 00:02:28,310 --> 00:02:37,490 clergy okay these people religious people and then we have culture when the 19 00:02:37,490 --> 00:02:43,430 Romans were here they used to speak Latin okay so when the Visigoths came to 20 00:02:43,430 --> 00:02:49,610 Spain they decided to learn a Latin language and they include it okay in 21 00:02:49,610 --> 00:02:56,289 their communication with people who were living in Spanish I will tell you 22 00:02:56,289 --> 00:03:01,250 Los Visigodos adquirieron el latín porque era la lengua que se hablaba en ese momento y 23 00:03:01,250 --> 00:03:05,689 ellos para poder relacionarse con las personas que vivían aquí tenían que 24 00:03:05,689 --> 00:03:11,389 utilizar una lengua común y decidieron aprender latín ok let's continue they 25 00:03:11,389 --> 00:03:19,969 built churches very very very important churches or many ok most of them are in 26 00:03:19,969 --> 00:03:26,569 the north there are many over here ok what about the economy they were farmers 27 00:03:26,569 --> 00:03:31,669 they used to live in villages so what happens if they live in small villages 28 00:03:31,669 --> 00:03:39,050 the cities decreased there were less people in the cities okay population in 29 00:03:39,050 --> 00:03:44,490 cities decreased and then what about the religion so as we said before Romans 30 00:03:44,490 --> 00:03:52,250 were Catholics okay so what did the king decided when he came to to 31 00:03:52,250 --> 00:04:00,430 Spain he decided to convert to Catholicism, ok? Decidieron convertirse al 32 00:04:00,430 --> 00:04:07,189 catolicismo por lo mismo porque ellos cuando vinieron a España o a España ya 33 00:04:07,189 --> 00:04:11,090 se encontraron con que había una religión y entonces adoptaron esa como 34 00:04:11,090 --> 00:04:17,449 su propia religión y el primero o el que se convirtió al cristianismo fue el rey 35 00:04:17,449 --> 00:04:23,449 Who were the muslims? 36 00:04:23,449 --> 00:04:35,209 Well, when the Visigoths were ruling here, it turns out that they came from the south of Africa, other people to conquer Spain. 37 00:04:35,209 --> 00:04:42,389 And at that moment, the Visigoths lost power because they were also divided into territories. 38 00:04:42,389 --> 00:04:51,509 y ellos los árabes o musulmanes decidieron atacar en ese momento en el 39 00:04:51,509 --> 00:05:00,569 que estaban más débiles, más debilitados. Ok, when Muslims came to Spain they 40 00:05:00,569 --> 00:05:10,170 decided to give Hispania a new name Al-Andalus, ok, and they came from the 41 00:05:10,170 --> 00:05:20,089 north of africa as i said before they arrived 200 years after the visigoths in 711 and conquered the 42 00:05:20,089 --> 00:05:34,410 visigoth kingdom they governed for many many centuries until 14 1992 okay almost 800 years or 43 00:05:34,410 --> 00:05:46,170 so all right so um when they started or when they came and decided to establish a new kingdom very 44 00:05:46,170 --> 00:05:56,970 very big right this place or this part wasn't conquered all right but this part that was theirs 45 00:05:56,970 --> 00:06:04,689 esta parte que era de ellos, was divided into small territories, and they were called Taifas kingdoms. 46 00:06:05,689 --> 00:06:12,589 Se dividieron en pequeños territorios para poder gobernarlos, y los llamaron reinos de Taifas, ¿vale? Pequeños territorios. 47 00:06:15,519 --> 00:06:17,360 Okay, how was life in Al-Andalus? 48 00:06:18,000 --> 00:06:24,939 They were, Al-Andalus was governed by caliphates, ruled by caliphs. 49 00:06:24,939 --> 00:06:28,420 They were like kings, ¿no? or governors. 50 00:06:29,439 --> 00:06:31,339 Their religion was Islam. 51 00:06:32,000 --> 00:06:35,279 Muslim people are Islamic, ok? 52 00:06:35,660 --> 00:06:39,540 And they pray it in mosques. 53 00:06:39,839 --> 00:06:43,980 Mosques were very, very important buildings, ok? 54 00:06:44,660 --> 00:06:46,040 Then, what about the economy? 55 00:06:46,360 --> 00:06:47,879 If you have a look at this city, 56 00:06:48,279 --> 00:06:49,199 si vemos esta ciudad, 57 00:06:49,920 --> 00:06:51,939 you can see that there are mercants, 58 00:06:51,939 --> 00:06:55,160 but there are also farmers in the countryside. 59 00:06:55,540 --> 00:06:56,800 También hay granjeros. 60 00:06:56,800 --> 00:07:08,220 In the city, the merchants traded with silk, with rice, with pottery, with gold and spices, okay? 61 00:07:09,420 --> 00:07:23,199 And they used to have this trading, solían intercambiar o solían vender sus productos, they used to sell in the souk. 62 00:07:23,199 --> 00:07:29,459 The souk is like the square, ¿no? Nowadays, era como nuestra plaza actual. 63 00:07:31,199 --> 00:07:36,779 What about the Alcazaba? What about the cities, ¿no? We were talking about them. 64 00:07:37,180 --> 00:07:48,560 They had a souk, which was very important too, and the Alcazaba, which was at the top of the city, was protected with a fortress, ¿ok? 65 00:07:48,560 --> 00:07:55,819 because the caliphs lived here and they were protected right and the farmers 66 00:07:55,819 --> 00:08:01,060 farmers in the countryside they were very very important as well because they 67 00:08:01,060 --> 00:08:10,879 introduced irrigated farming remember that irrigated farming is the the way to 68 00:08:10,879 --> 00:08:21,560 to produce vegetables and crops without taking or paying a lot of attention no 69 00:08:21,560 --> 00:08:28,939 without being the whole day watering the plants they can do it on their own you 70 00:08:28,939 --> 00:08:36,860 water the plant but it does it on its own then what about the products that 71 00:08:36,860 --> 00:08:45,100 that they brought to Hispania, to Al-Ándalus. Ellos trajeron cosas valiosas o cosas que 72 00:08:45,100 --> 00:08:55,299 aquí todavía no existían, like rice, wheat and oranges as well, ok? Wheat is this, rice 73 00:08:55,299 --> 00:09:05,440 you know it. What about silk? What is the meaning of silk? Silk is like these things 74 00:09:05,440 --> 00:09:16,080 that you can see in here es la la seda vale let's continue all right who were the christian kingdoms 75 00:09:16,080 --> 00:09:23,200 well the christian kingdoms came to the north when al-andalus was expanded no when 76 00:09:23,200 --> 00:09:30,799 muslims were expanded they went to the north to the north to the mountains okay and they hide it 77 00:09:30,799 --> 00:09:34,159 Se escondieron en el norte y se protegieron en las montañas. 78 00:09:34,820 --> 00:09:34,940 ¿Ok? 79 00:09:36,860 --> 00:09:38,320 What about the society? 80 00:09:39,120 --> 00:09:45,000 There was always a person who had a lot of power and people who had less power. 81 00:09:45,440 --> 00:09:47,620 Desde el que más tenía poder hasta los que menos. 82 00:09:47,620 --> 00:09:53,500 From the king, then the clergy and the nobles, and the peasants. 83 00:09:53,500 --> 00:10:07,399 The king ruled, but in each territory he had the clergy and his nobles and the lords who were in charge of governing in small areas. 84 00:10:07,399 --> 00:10:22,799 And then they had their peasants who plowed their lands and gave them everything they plowed, everything they harvested, in exchange for giving the lords the food. 85 00:10:22,799 --> 00:10:38,820 Vale? What about the economy and the culture? Well, they were farmers, hemos dicho claro a la tierra, so they were farmers, and they lived in small villages. 86 00:10:39,360 --> 00:10:47,240 Imaginar cómo tenía que ser vivir en el norte, montañoso, pues los pueblos o los lugares donde ellos vivían no podían ser demasiado grandes, ¿no? 87 00:10:47,240 --> 00:10:55,860 What about the culture? They were very rich in culture because they spoke different languages. Galician, Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan. 88 00:10:56,620 --> 00:11:11,259 And finally, when they decided to move to conquer Al-Andalus, they moved from the north to conquer Granada at last. 89 00:11:11,259 --> 00:11:28,759 Okay, the Christian kingdoms expanded and conquered land from Al-Andalus and the Reconquista, which is the same in Spanish than in English, the Reconquista finished in 1492, when Granada was conquered. 90 00:11:28,759 --> 00:11:36,200 Well, what did the Christian kingdoms do? Well, they decided to recover their lands, 91 00:11:36,200 --> 00:11:43,379 partly because at the top they were folded and they barely had space and they needed lands to 92 00:11:43,379 --> 00:11:52,879 expand. Well, they started at the top and they went little by little reaching the end and 93 00:11:52,879 --> 00:11:59,120 this conquest of the most important kingdom that there was at that time, which was Granada, in the end. 94 00:11:59,120 --> 00:12:09,860 The reconquest lasted quite a few years, look, from 1085 to 1492, well, it's practically 95 00:12:09,860 --> 00:12:16,039 400 years, right? That is, this was not conquered overnight. Well, let's see how this was. 96 00:12:16,039 --> 00:12:24,440 First, they started conquering Toledo, which is more or less here, in 1085. 97 00:12:25,340 --> 00:12:31,840 Then, they continued by fighting, by having a battle of Navas de Tolosa, 98 00:12:32,220 --> 00:12:37,100 La Batalla de Navas de Tolosa, which is very famous, in Jaén, 1212. 99 00:12:37,659 --> 00:12:41,559 This is very, very good to remember, very easy to remember, 1212. 100 00:12:42,080 --> 00:12:44,460 The Battle of Navas de Tolosa in Jaén. 101 00:12:44,460 --> 00:12:54,960 Look, from here to here in 200 years, or more or less 150 years, they were here in Jaén, from Toledo to Jaén. 102 00:12:55,519 --> 00:12:58,940 En 150 años habían llegado hasta Jaén, desde aquí aproximadamente. 103 00:13:00,080 --> 00:13:08,720 Then, on the other side of Spain, for example, the Balearic Islands and Valencia, they also decided to conquer it. 104 00:13:08,720 --> 00:13:14,320 And Jaime I was the person who was in charge of this part. 105 00:13:14,460 --> 00:13:17,960 who conquered Balearic Islands and Valencia. 106 00:13:18,639 --> 00:13:23,279 Then, in another part, another very important city was Córdoba, 107 00:13:23,639 --> 00:13:27,960 and they conquered Córdoba in 1236. 108 00:13:28,519 --> 00:13:33,940 Fernando III, Fernando III, conquistó Córdoba. 109 00:13:33,940 --> 00:13:39,480 And then, at last, or the last kingdom who was left was Granada. 110 00:13:40,120 --> 00:13:44,200 In 1492, it was conquered, okay? 111 00:13:44,460 --> 00:13:54,460 It was finally conquered in 1492. It was the last kingdom left of the Al-Ándalus and the most important, okay? 112 00:13:54,460 --> 00:14:02,460 Well, look, we had said they started in Toledo, they arrived in Jaén a few years later, 113 00:14:02,460 --> 00:14:10,460 then they also conquered Valencia and the Balearic Islands, they also decided to take back Cordoba, 114 00:14:10,460 --> 00:14:17,460 to Cordoba, which was another very important city, and finally they arrived in Granada, okay? 115 00:14:17,460 --> 00:14:23,460 Here it is said that the Catholic kings, who were the ones who ruled at that time, 116 00:14:23,460 --> 00:14:30,460 the last place they were given was the Kingdom of Granada and they stayed with the Alhambra. 117 00:14:30,460 --> 00:14:39,460 And that a man arrived at that time who asked them to sail and conquer America. 118 00:14:39,460 --> 00:14:45,460 We will talk about it in the next presentation, in the next topic. 119 00:14:46,139 --> 00:14:49,000 Okay? Stay with the discovery of America. 120 00:14:49,779 --> 00:14:50,200 Bye bye.