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I'm going, hello, I'm going, I'm Candela and I'm going to explain point four medieval cities,

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government and economy.

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So, I'm going to explain city government.

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Initially, city depended on the lay or ecclesiastical lords.

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The abuses of these lords led the religious people to claim the right to govern themselves.

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They created associations called communes that fought to obtain communal charters or

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judications from lords or kings which would warranty their rights and allow them to form

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an autonomous government.

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After gaining freedom, the government of the city was the communal council that was elected

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by the citizens.

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It was responsible for collecting taxes and protecting and defending the city.

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The communal council delegated executive power to the major judges or burgomasters that met

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in a building which was the town or city hall.

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Soon, these positions were sided by the richest or most influential families thus constituting

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an urban aristocracy.

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Now I'm going to explain point four, no, 4.2 about guilds and craftsmen.

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So city craftsmen worked in small workshops located in their houses where they sold handicrafts.

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Those of the same trade would set themselves up in the same street which then received

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the name of the trade such as shoemakers, cutlers, breakers, silversmiths or wavers.

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They were organizing guilds or associations of artisans of the same trade.

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Their objectives were to control production thus avoiding competition by regulating the

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working hours, the prices, the quality of the goods and the holidays.

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They also paid dues to protect sick members, widows and orphans.

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In this picture we can see a craftsman's house and in the flat floor it has the shop

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facing to the street and the workshop.

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The members of the guilds were classified in three categories, the master craftsman,

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the young man and the apprentice.

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The master craftsman was the owner of the workshop and was the expert on his field of

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handicrafts.

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To reach this position he had to have several experience and produce a piece, a qualifying

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piece of work called the masterpiece.

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The young man received a salary for the work and the apprentice was not paid and lived

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with the master craftsman while he was learning the trade.

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Now I'm going to explain the rise of national trade.

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So trade revived in the 11th century.

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In the 11th century this revival was aided to the rise in both agricultural and artisanal

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production.

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The increasing amount of money due to the discovery of silver mines and the increased

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security in the roads because of aggregate.

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Trade was classified in two parts, local business and long distance trade.

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Local business was conducted at homes, workshops and weekly markets where farmers from the

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region sold their agricultural goods and handicrafts.

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Long distance trade was conducted at fairs that were yearly gatherings in certain cities

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where goods from distant places would be sold.

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The revival of long distance trade produced prosperous commercial centers where products

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brought by the sea from distant lands were sold.

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In the Mediterranean coast, Venice, Genoa, Florence, Pisa, Marseille and Barcelona were

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sold.

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In Northern Europe the most important centers were in Lackwell, Hamburg, Vienna and Bruges.

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This intense commercial activity boosted the creation of trade associations such as guilds

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and handsets and payments in currency enveloped exchanges and as the emerge of bankers and

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money exchangers.