1 00:00:02,029 --> 00:00:04,269 Good morning boys and girls, how are you? 2 00:00:04,969 --> 00:00:16,089 Today in this video I'm going to make a review of all the units we have been learning during the course about biology, about the living things. 3 00:00:16,329 --> 00:00:23,510 There are three units we have done during the course since September where we have been studying about living things. 4 00:00:23,989 --> 00:00:28,390 I'm going to start with unit 1 which was the organization of living things. 5 00:00:28,390 --> 00:00:34,310 Do you remember? And the three most important things that you need to remember in this unit, 6 00:00:34,390 --> 00:00:42,070 in unit one, are what is a living thing. The living things are made of cells and the cells 7 00:00:42,070 --> 00:00:47,829 create different types of tissues, organs, the organization. We're going to review it 8 00:00:47,829 --> 00:00:54,390 first now. And the basic functions that all living things perform. So we're going to start. 9 00:00:54,390 --> 00:01:22,109 But what is a living thing? Do you remember what's the difference between an animal, for example, in a car? A living thing, you can recognize a living thing because a living thing is born, a living thing is born, it grows, it reproduces, and it dies. 10 00:01:22,109 --> 00:01:30,109 These are the four things a living thing can do and a non-living thing cannot do. 11 00:01:30,109 --> 00:01:35,109 This is very important. All living things have been born, all living things grow. 12 00:01:35,109 --> 00:01:39,109 Even if they are tiny or very small, they also grow a little. 13 00:01:39,109 --> 00:01:43,109 All living things can reproduce and all living things in the end die. 14 00:01:43,109 --> 00:01:47,109 Because dying is a part of living, it's the last part of living. 15 00:01:47,109 --> 00:01:50,109 This is important, I think you know it. 16 00:01:50,109 --> 00:01:55,349 and then let's go with these living things are made of cells do you remember 17 00:01:55,349 --> 00:02:02,030 that a cell is the basic unit of life okay is the minimum unit which is alive 18 00:02:02,030 --> 00:02:06,629 in a living thing do you remember that living things can be made of only one 19 00:02:06,629 --> 00:02:17,650 cell then we have a unicellular organism living things can be made of more than 20 00:02:17,650 --> 00:02:27,550 one cell okay a lot of cells these are the multicellular organisms okay this is 21 00:02:27,550 --> 00:02:32,090 important and it's also important to know that in multicellular organisms a 22 00:02:32,090 --> 00:02:36,669 cell there are many different types of cells so you remember the nerve cells 23 00:02:36,669 --> 00:02:41,949 the blood cells but no we're not going to concentrate on this now I just want 24 00:02:41,949 --> 00:02:51,250 to remember that cells of the same type come together and together they form tissues, ok? 25 00:02:51,250 --> 00:03:01,409 So cells, I'm going to change the color so that you can see it better, cells form tissues, 26 00:03:01,409 --> 00:03:14,669 tissues together form different types of organs, and organs form systems, okay? 27 00:03:14,669 --> 00:03:23,430 Do you remember the example? For example, a nerve cell, a nerve cell together, lots 28 00:03:23,430 --> 00:03:29,129 of nerve cells together, can form the brain tissue. The brain tissue forms the 29 00:03:29,129 --> 00:03:36,810 organ which is the brain. And the brain together with the nerves and other 30 00:03:36,810 --> 00:03:43,770 organs form our nervous system that help us with the interaction functions. 31 00:03:43,770 --> 00:03:49,650 So this is one example. This is important that cells make tissues, tissues 32 00:03:49,650 --> 00:03:55,050 make organs and organs make systems. And then the other important thing 33 00:03:55,050 --> 00:03:59,009 about the organization of living things are the basic functions of living 34 00:03:59,009 --> 00:04:07,250 things, okay? In order to perform these, to grow, to reproduce, living things need to do the three 35 00:04:07,250 --> 00:04:22,269 basic functions that all living things do, which are nutrition, reproduction, and, you know, 36 00:04:22,550 --> 00:04:35,029 interaction, okay? These things, all living things perform these different functions, okay? 37 00:04:35,029 --> 00:04:40,529 and that's it let's it's important to remember that all the systems in our 38 00:04:40,529 --> 00:04:45,050 body and in the body of all the different animals and plants and they 39 00:04:45,050 --> 00:04:48,649 each system is used to perform a different function okay do you remember 40 00:04:48,649 --> 00:04:53,370 for nutrition humans we have a lot of different systems like for example the 41 00:04:53,370 --> 00:05:00,350 digestive system the respiratory system because remember that nutrition also 42 00:05:00,350 --> 00:05:09,790 means to take in the oxygen that our cells need. Respiratory, the circulatory system, 43 00:05:09,790 --> 00:05:15,230 the excretory system, these systems are used to perform the function of nutrition. To perform 44 00:05:15,230 --> 00:05:20,189 the function of reproduction, it's easy, the reproductive system, the female and the male 45 00:05:20,189 --> 00:05:27,949 reproductive system in humans, and for interaction, which is to interact with the rest of the 46 00:05:27,949 --> 00:05:32,269 environment and with the rest of the living things around us we use the nervous system 47 00:05:32,269 --> 00:05:39,209 we use the locomotive system which are the bones and the muscles okay if we don't have a skeleton 48 00:05:39,209 --> 00:05:47,430 and muscles we couldn't move so it's important for our interaction too okay the skeleton the muscles 49 00:05:47,430 --> 00:05:55,410 and also the senses okay the organs for the senses the eyes the ears which are connected to the brain 50 00:05:55,410 --> 00:06:00,410 so they are also part of the nervous system in a way okay so this is important thing about the 51 00:06:00,410 --> 00:06:06,930 unit one you're going to do an activity today about it okay let's go to unit two which was 52 00:06:06,930 --> 00:06:14,529 about the classification of living things here it is yes okay classification of living things 53 00:06:14,529 --> 00:06:20,350 do you remember that all living things you know now what living things are all living things which 54 00:06:20,350 --> 00:06:26,310 perform these three different functions of interaction, nutrition, and reproduction, 55 00:06:26,310 --> 00:06:33,589 they can be divided into five different big groups, which are called kingdoms. These kingdoms 56 00:06:33,589 --> 00:06:41,209 are the monera, the protoctista, the fungi, the plants, and the animals. Let's review 57 00:06:41,209 --> 00:06:48,970 them for a little while. What do you remember about the monera? The monera was a group of 58 00:06:48,970 --> 00:06:56,160 living things, a kingdom of living things, where all the living things are unicellular. 59 00:06:56,160 --> 00:07:07,600 An example of monera are the bacteria. Remember that the virus, which is so in fashion nowadays, 60 00:07:07,600 --> 00:07:15,160 viruses are not considered a real living thing, because they need to be in another living 61 00:07:15,160 --> 00:07:20,259 thing to perform their functions like and I don't know if they do nutrition 62 00:07:20,259 --> 00:07:24,720 but to reproduce they need to be inside of another living thing okay when they 63 00:07:24,720 --> 00:07:29,100 are alone in the air they are not alive so they are not considered a living 64 00:07:29,100 --> 00:07:34,519 thing per se like in in these groups so monera yes monera are living things we 65 00:07:34,519 --> 00:07:39,040 have the bacteria as the most important example protoc-tista this is difficult 66 00:07:39,040 --> 00:07:42,759 this kingdom is difficult because some of them are unicellular some of them are 67 00:07:42,759 --> 00:07:52,879 not and we can have two types of protoctista if you remember we had the algae algae i think it's 68 00:07:52,879 --> 00:08:01,540 pronounced and the protozoa do you remember i told you protozoa means old animal or the 69 00:08:01,540 --> 00:08:09,120 first animals protozoa are unicellular do you remember the amoeba and the paramecium which 70 00:08:09,120 --> 00:08:16,000 were like this they are unicellular with cilia do you remember this okay just for you to remember 71 00:08:16,000 --> 00:08:24,959 that these tiny living things are protoctista and the algae which look like plants why are they not 72 00:08:24,959 --> 00:08:31,439 plants because they don't reproduce with seeds okay and some of them don't perform the photosynthesis 73 00:08:31,439 --> 00:08:35,279 but they look like plants okay and the fungi what do you remember about the fungi 74 00:08:35,279 --> 00:08:42,279 There were also two main types of fungi that we have studied, which are the mushrooms. 75 00:08:42,279 --> 00:08:50,240 The mushrooms are multicellular, and we see the mushrooms. 76 00:08:50,240 --> 00:08:57,240 These are the reproductive organs of mushrooms. Really, the mushrooms are here, with hyphae. 77 00:08:57,240 --> 00:09:01,610 I don't know how they pronounce this. 78 00:09:01,610 --> 00:09:08,769 And we also had the yeast. Do you remember the experiment we did with my friend Maria? 79 00:09:09,330 --> 00:09:11,649 With yeast, la levadura. 80 00:09:12,870 --> 00:09:16,509 Yeast is a kind of fungi. It's another kind of liver. 81 00:09:17,049 --> 00:09:21,149 And now let's go with plants and animals, which are the most important ones. 82 00:09:21,929 --> 00:09:25,110 Both of them are multicellular. 83 00:09:28,090 --> 00:09:31,049 Always, all the animals and all the plants are multicellular. 84 00:09:31,049 --> 00:09:35,149 In fungi and protoctista, they can be multicellular or unicellular. 85 00:09:35,789 --> 00:09:38,110 Okay, so in plants, what do you remember about plants? 86 00:09:38,529 --> 00:09:42,950 Plants cannot move, but they produce their own food. 87 00:09:43,070 --> 00:09:43,950 This is very important. 88 00:09:44,649 --> 00:09:54,230 Produce their own food in a process we call, how do we call it? 89 00:09:54,490 --> 00:09:55,710 I think you know it. 90 00:09:56,289 --> 00:09:56,850 Photosynthesis. 91 00:09:58,070 --> 00:10:02,679 They need other things, of course. 92 00:10:02,679 --> 00:10:08,679 they don't make magically their food, they need the sunlight, they need water, minerals, 93 00:10:08,679 --> 00:10:14,080 but these things they need are not living things, that's why they are producers. 94 00:10:14,080 --> 00:10:17,100 So important things you need to know about the classification of plants. 95 00:10:17,100 --> 00:10:30,659 We have studied two types of plants, the non-seed plants and the seed plants. 96 00:10:30,659 --> 00:10:37,460 plants reproduce by seeds, as the name says, and in seed plants we have two different types 97 00:10:38,259 --> 00:10:50,860 which have strange names. Do you remember the gymnosperm and the angiosperm? Gymnosperms, 98 00:10:50,860 --> 00:10:58,059 which means semilla desnuda, do you remember? Gymnosperms are like the pines, the pine cones, 99 00:10:58,059 --> 00:11:08,019 the seed grows in a pine, you can see the seed, and the angiosperm, the seeds grow inside a fruit. 100 00:11:08,179 --> 00:11:12,419 And they also used to have beautiful big flowers. 101 00:11:13,399 --> 00:11:15,480 Gymnosperms also have flowers, but they are very tiny. 102 00:11:16,940 --> 00:11:18,639 Gymnosperms and angiosperms. 103 00:11:19,120 --> 00:11:20,379 What about the non-seed plants? 104 00:11:20,460 --> 00:11:22,039 They don't reproduce by seeds. 105 00:11:22,360 --> 00:11:23,820 They reproduce by spores. 106 00:11:24,379 --> 00:11:28,500 And there are two important types, which are the fern. 107 00:11:30,080 --> 00:11:31,879 Eletros, sorry, it's with an N. 108 00:11:32,320 --> 00:11:32,820 Fern. 109 00:11:33,960 --> 00:11:35,759 Do you remember that? 110 00:11:35,759 --> 00:11:37,840 I think it was Elsa. 111 00:11:38,179 --> 00:11:47,799 brought us a leaf of fern, which looks like this, and on a part of a leaf we can see the 112 00:11:47,799 --> 00:11:55,080 tiny spores, ok? They used to reproduce. We have the fern and the mosses, el musgo. Do 113 00:11:55,080 --> 00:12:01,179 you remember? Mosses also don't have seeds, they have spores that grow in tiny capsules, 114 00:12:01,179 --> 00:12:08,019 ok? Just for you to remember. Ok, now let's go with the animals! In animals 115 00:12:08,019 --> 00:12:19,440 we have two types. Do you remember which are they? We have the invertebrates. They don't 116 00:12:19,440 --> 00:12:31,860 have a backbone. And we have six types of invertebrates. We have the porifera, which 117 00:12:31,860 --> 00:12:38,620 are the sponges. Very simple animals. You have an outline of this in your notebooks. 118 00:12:38,620 --> 00:12:47,299 can have a look at it. And we have the porifera, we have the echinoderm, for 119 00:12:47,299 --> 00:12:54,500 example the starfish. They don't have bones, but they have a very hard shell on 120 00:12:54,500 --> 00:12:59,360 the outside. Then we have the mollusks. 121 00:13:03,360 --> 00:13:07,039 We have three types of mollusks, but I'm not going to tell them here because I 122 00:13:07,039 --> 00:13:14,320 have space. They have the gastropods, the bivalves and the cephalopods. They have a shell. For example, 123 00:13:14,320 --> 00:13:23,120 the snail has a shell here. The squid, el calamar, also has a shell on the inside. And the 124 00:13:26,000 --> 00:13:32,080 clams, for example, las almejas, which have two shells. Okay, they are mollusks. 125 00:13:32,080 --> 00:13:45,799 We have the cnidarians, for example the jellyfish and the coral was also cnidarian. 126 00:13:45,799 --> 00:14:03,470 We have the annelids, annelids which look like this. They don't have any legs or 127 00:14:03,470 --> 00:14:08,870 any parts of the body, any covering. The annelids. And the most common one, the 128 00:14:08,870 --> 00:14:16,259 one that we see everywhere which are the arthropods. Remember there are four types 129 00:14:16,259 --> 00:14:20,679 of arthropods, I'm not going to write them, but all the arthropods have the 130 00:14:20,679 --> 00:14:27,299 body segmented in some parts, for example insects have three parts, the head, the 131 00:14:27,299 --> 00:14:34,379 thorax and the abdomen. We have the arachnids with two parts, the 132 00:14:34,379 --> 00:14:38,779 crustaceans with two parts as well and the myriapods with a lot of different 133 00:14:38,779 --> 00:14:46,440 parts. Some of them have antennae, and they also have legs, articulated legs. You remember 134 00:14:46,440 --> 00:14:54,399 the insects have six legs, the arachnids have eight, the crustaceans have ten, and the myriapods 135 00:14:54,399 --> 00:14:59,159 a lot of them, okay? The arthropods. And they have their body covered with an exoskeleton, 136 00:14:59,159 --> 00:15:05,399 a hard shell. It's not really a shell, it looks like a very hard skin, okay? The arthropods. 137 00:15:05,399 --> 00:15:11,220 of them are the invertebrates. And the vertebrates, which are the easiest ones, I think, are the 138 00:15:11,220 --> 00:15:37,419 fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. Do you remember the fish who have scales and 139 00:15:37,419 --> 00:15:45,679 gills to breathe under the water. The amphibians, which look first like fish, like tiny fish, 140 00:15:45,679 --> 00:15:53,039 and then they have a metamorphosis and they develop the legs and the lungs to breathe 141 00:15:53,039 --> 00:16:01,200 the air. The reptiles, which have scales, but they also have legs, except the snake. 142 00:16:01,200 --> 00:16:04,480 They have snails and they have lungs. 143 00:16:04,480 --> 00:16:08,320 They breathe on the air. 144 00:16:08,320 --> 00:16:13,340 And the birds, which have beak, feathers, wings. 145 00:16:13,340 --> 00:16:14,340 Some of them can fly. 146 00:16:14,340 --> 00:16:16,759 Many of them can fly, but some of them can't. 147 00:16:16,759 --> 00:16:19,139 Two legs, beaks and feathers. 148 00:16:19,139 --> 00:16:22,519 And mammals have their body covered in fur. 149 00:16:22,519 --> 00:16:26,139 I don't know which type of animal is this. 150 00:16:26,139 --> 00:16:30,980 It looks like a sheep. 151 00:16:30,980 --> 00:16:38,659 the body covered in fur and they are viviparous. They are the only animals that are viviparous. 152 00:16:38,659 --> 00:16:44,899 All the rest of the animals are oviparous. They are born with eggs. They are born in 153 00:16:44,899 --> 00:16:51,559 eggs. With some exceptions here which are not viviparous or oviparous. They reproduce 154 00:16:51,559 --> 00:16:58,659 by dividing or some of them also spores. But most of the animals are oviparous. They reproduce 155 00:16:58,659 --> 00:17:05,559 laying eggs. Okay? Do you remember this? So we will work on it tomorrow on Tuesday. 156 00:17:05,559 --> 00:17:12,539 Okay? Now let's go for the last unit we learned about 11 things which are the 157 00:17:12,539 --> 00:17:19,440 ecosystems. Ecosystems. What do you remember about ecosystems? We learned them 158 00:17:19,440 --> 00:17:27,039 in the beginning of the year, in January. Okay? We have ecosystems are made of what 159 00:17:27,039 --> 00:17:45,180 What two things are they made of? They are made of the biotope and the biostenosis. 160 00:17:45,180 --> 00:18:04,140 The biotope is the physical environment, all the non-living things, the water, the rocks, also the temperature, the weather... 161 00:18:04,140 --> 00:18:12,279 they also inflate the ecosystem. And the biocenotes are the living things, all the living 162 00:18:12,279 --> 00:18:20,799 things that live in an ecosystem. They can be animals, plants, monera, insects, whatever. 163 00:18:23,619 --> 00:18:30,259 All these living things in an environment have a relationship, they are related together. 164 00:18:30,259 --> 00:18:45,000 And one of the most important relationships they have is the trophic relationship. Do you remember trophic means eating? And we have like a chain. Do you remember this chain I drew a lot of times? 165 00:18:45,000 --> 00:19:06,460 We have the plants, which are called the producers, because as we said, as I told you in the other slide, they make their own food without the need of any other animal, any other living thing. 166 00:19:06,460 --> 00:19:11,680 they just make their own food with the sun. They are the producers. The animals 167 00:19:11,680 --> 00:19:18,240 that eat the producers, which are herbivores, for example the rabbit, they 168 00:19:18,240 --> 00:19:32,259 are called primary consumers. Primary consumers, okay? They are herbivores. The 169 00:19:32,259 --> 00:19:43,490 The animals that eat the primary consumers, for example let's draw a fox, they are carnivores 170 00:19:43,490 --> 00:19:55,500 or sometimes they are omnivores, they are called the secondary consumers. 171 00:19:55,500 --> 00:19:59,460 And then we have the animals that eat the secondary consumers. 172 00:19:59,460 --> 00:20:15,029 What can eat a fox, I don't know, a bear, maybe a bear, a wild bear, with four legs 173 00:20:15,029 --> 00:20:16,029 please not five. 174 00:20:16,029 --> 00:20:30,079 A bear eats the fox, so it's a tertiary consumer, but when all these animals and plants die, 175 00:20:30,079 --> 00:20:38,059 the remains of the animals are eaten by, do you remember, this important tiny bacteria 176 00:20:38,059 --> 00:20:43,059 and fungi, they are called the decomposers, decomposers. 177 00:20:50,059 --> 00:20:53,740 They are very important in an ecosystem, okay? 178 00:20:53,740 --> 00:20:56,759 Because they decompose the decaying matter 179 00:20:56,759 --> 00:21:01,240 of all the animals and plants when they die, okay? 180 00:21:01,240 --> 00:21:03,579 Now let's go for the types of ecosystems. 181 00:21:03,579 --> 00:21:06,940 You did a beautiful work on the types of ecosystems. 182 00:21:06,940 --> 00:21:13,940 There are many types of ecosystems, and in each different ecosystem, different living things can live. 183 00:21:13,940 --> 00:21:25,940 Do you remember? We have the ocean, we have the desert, we have the Mediterranean forest, the forest, or the temperate forest. 184 00:21:25,940 --> 00:21:36,940 We have the rainforest, la selva, which is in humid equatorial ecosystems, a tropical rainforest. 185 00:21:38,940 --> 00:21:50,700 We have the prairie, we have coastal ecosystems, we have a lot of different ecosystems. 186 00:21:50,700 --> 00:21:57,700 Ah, ok, you remember the poles. Polar ecosystems. 187 00:21:57,700 --> 00:22:04,700 Ok, in each of these ecosystems we have a different biotope and a different biocenosis. 188 00:22:04,700 --> 00:22:07,700 Ok, and then the changes to ecosystems. 189 00:22:07,700 --> 00:22:10,700 Do you remember there were two types of changes to ecosystems? 190 00:22:10,700 --> 00:22:16,700 We have the natural changes and the artificial changes. 191 00:22:16,700 --> 00:22:37,650 The natural changes can be due to climate change, can be due to fires that might happen, for example from a lightning, or from special weather conditions, or from earthquakes, terremotos. 192 00:22:37,650 --> 00:22:44,089 Then ecosystems change, but it's a natural process. 193 00:22:44,089 --> 00:22:57,009 And then we have the artificial changes. Do you remember when people do something to ecosystems and they change? We can have these artificial changes to ecosystems. 194 00:22:57,009 --> 00:23:17,519 For example, do you remember deforestation? When people take too many trees. We also have the forest fires that some people make when they forget to light, to put off the fire for barbecue. 195 00:23:17,519 --> 00:23:25,079 we have different types, and of course the pollution, when we throw a lot of 196 00:23:25,079 --> 00:23:32,759 garbage in the forest or contaminating products from factories, we can have 197 00:23:32,759 --> 00:23:37,259 pollution in rivers, in forests, so all these changes are very bad for the 198 00:23:37,259 --> 00:23:42,759 ecosystems. Many living things can die and the ecosystems of course change. 199 00:23:42,759 --> 00:23:49,240 so this is a review of everything we have learned from September to January 200 00:23:49,240 --> 00:23:54,220 February about living things okay in this course I hope it's been useful for 201 00:23:54,220 --> 00:23:59,000 you I will give you some little worksheets to do and then you can 202 00:23:59,000 --> 00:24:04,059 tell me anything if you have any question okay see you